Name: Jun Christopher Gutierrez School & Year: DVM3

Student Number:2021-121297 Course Facilitator: Jiff Nasser Velasco

Anti – Microbial
Drugs Mode of Action Therapeutic use
Sulfonamides
Sulfamethazine used in cattle, sheep, and swine in the control of respiratory and
Sulfamethazine gastrointestinal infections and to promote growth in swine. It is slowly excreted,
sulfaquinoxaline and therapeutic levels are maintained in plasma for 24 hours with a single dose.

Sulfadimethoxine - long-acting sulfonamide used in all species for the treatment of systemic and
soft tissue infections and coccidiosis. Sulfadimethoxine is more soluble and less
toxic than sulfamethazine. The plasma half-life is 10-15 hours
Sulfathiazole rapidly excreted sulfonamide used in swine and poultry as a feed or water
additive to treat respiratory and enteric diseases. In addition, sulfathiazole,
along with sulfamethazine and sulfapyridine, is used to treat acute infections
in food-producing animals.

Sulfachlorpyridazine rapidly absorbed and rapidly excreted sulfonamide used in cattle and swine
Sulfonamides competitively inhibit
for the therapy of respiratory and enteric infections, especially colibacillosis.
dihydropteroate synthetase, the enzyme that
Sulfisoxazole - treat urinary tract infections in small animals. They are rapidly excreted and
catalyzes the incorporation of PABA into
sulfamethoxazole very soluble; thus, high concentrations may be attained in urine with minimal
dihydrofolic acid.
danger of renal crystalluria.

Sulfacetamide only sulfonamide that can be prepared as a sodium salt at a neutral pH and
thus can be used in ophthalmic preparations.

Sulfasalazine therapy of enteric diseases (e.g., colitis and inflammatory bowel disease/IBD) in
dogs and cats. It is cleaved by intestinal bacteria to sulfapyridine and 5-
aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), which have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory
actions, respectively
Potentiated a reduced rate of development of bacterial resistance and bactericidal against
sulfonamides aerobic g- bacteria, staphylococci, excellent against salmonella typhi, shigella,
hemophilus influenza and drug of choice for pneumocystis carinii. Used in the
treatment of susceptible infections in all species.
FLUOROQUINOLONES
enrofloxacin
The fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
norfloxacin sub-unit A, an enzyme that controls DNA
ciprofloxacin supercoiling as the replicating strands separate
BETA-LACTAMS
penicillins Penicillins bind to and inhibit the transpeptidase
involved in the cross-linking of the bacterial cell
wall, the third and final step in cell wall
synthesis. The weakened cell wall ruptures,
resulting in cell death.
cephalosphorins Like the penicillins, the cephalosporins inhibit the
third stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis (i.e., the
cross-linking of the peptidoglycan chain).
Cephalosporins are bactericidal.
cephamycins These are a subgroup of cephalosporin antibiotics.
They work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall
synthesis. Specifically, cephamycins target
penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial
cell wall.
carbapenems These are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, similar
to penicillins and cephalosporins. Carbapenems
also inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding
to PBPs.
are used in the treatment of dermal, respiratory (pasteurella, hemophilus,
mycoplasma), UTI and prostatitis in dogs and cats .and GIT infections e.g.
salmonella in food animals
are used in the treatment of dermal, respiratory (pasteurella, hemophilus,
mycoplasma), UTI and prostatitis in dogs and cats .and GIT infections e.g.
salmonella in food animals
Used in all species: GIT, respiratory, urogenital, bone and soft tissue infections.
Useful for antibiotic prophylaxis due of their ability to penetrate tissues and body
fluids.
Cephamycins are primarily used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. They are
particularly effective against gram-negative bacteria, including some strains that
are resistant to other antibiotics. Cephamycins are commonly used to treat
infections such as intra-abdominal infections, pelvic infections, surgical site
infections, and respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
They are often reserved for severe infections or cases where other antibiotics
have failed due to resistance. Carbapenems are used to treat infections such as
complicated urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, pneumonia, skin
and soft tissue infections, and bacterial sepsis. However, due to the emergence of
carbapenem-resistant bacteria, their use is carefully monitored and reserved for
situations where they are truly necessary.
MONOBACTAMS
aztreonam Aztreonam specifically targets and binds to Aztreonam is often used in situations where patients have allergies to other
penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins or cephalosporins, as it generally lacks
bacterial cell wall. By doing so, it interferes with cross-reactivity with these antibiotics.
the formation of the bacterial cell wall, ultimately
leading to cell death.
Aminoglycosides

avilamycin
tobramycin Tobramycin is similar to gentamicin but has more potent antipseudomonal
activity
amikacin are effective against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Staphylococcus, and
Corynebacterium species, as well as g- aerobes. They are used in all species for
the treatment of septicemia and all susceptible infections of the skin, respiratory
tract, ear, eye, and urinary tract.

neomycin
The aminoglycosides bind to the 30S ribosome
and inhibit the rate of protein synthesis and the
gentamicin fidelity of messenger ribonucleic and mRNA
translation, resulting in the synthesis of abnormal
proteins. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal.
Neomycin is administered orally to treat enteric infections and topically to treat
skin, ear, and eye infections
are effective against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Staphylococcus, and
Corynebacterium species, as well as g- aerobes. They are used in all species for
the treatment of septicemia and all susceptible infections of the skin, respiratory
tract, ear, eye, and urinary tract.

streptomycin are the oldest members of this class of antibiotics. Their use has declined
with the advent of broader spectrum aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin and
amikacin.

kanamycin Kanamycin has a spectrum of activity similar to that of gentamicin, except it is

not effective against Pseudomonas species. Kanamycin is used in dogs and cats
to treat gram-negative infections of the skin and soft tissue, urinary tract, and
respiratory tract.
aminocyclitols
spectinomycin Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial Spectinomycin is primarily used to treat infections caused by certain gram-
 30S ribosomal subunit, specifically to the 16S
rRNA. By binding to this site, spectinomycin
interferes with the initiation complex formation
during protein synthesis.
neomycin Neomycin belongs to the class of aminoglycoside
antibiotics. It works by binding to the bacterial
30S ribosomal subunit, specifically to the 16S
rRNA. This binding interferes with the accurate
reading of mRNA during protein synthesis,
leading to the production of defective proteins
and ultimately bacterial cell death.
TETRACYCLINES
oxytetracycline
chlortetracycline
doxycycline
Tetracyclines, which are bacteriostatic, inhibit
bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S
ribosome and preventing attachment of aminoacyl
transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) to the mRNA-
minocycline ribosome complex. They block the addition of
amino acids to the growing peptide chain.
CHLORAMPHENICOL
thiamphenicol Chloramphenicol, a bacteriostatic agent, binds to
the bacterial 50S ribosome unit to inhibit peptide
florfenicol bond formation and protein synthesis
negative bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotics such as
penicillins or cephalosporins. It is often used as an alternative treatment for
gonorrhea, particularly when patients are allergic to or cannot tolerate other
first-line antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, or fluoroquinolones.
neomycin has both topical and oral formulations and is used for a variety of
purposes including the treatment of skin infections and hepatic encephalopathy.
are used in the treatment of local and systemic bacterial, chlamydial, rickettsial,
and protozoal infections in cattle, sheep, horses, and swine. These agents are
also used as feed additives and growth promoters in cattle and swine.
treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections in dogs and cats and
as specific therapy for infections caused by Borrelia (Lyme disease), Brucella,
haemobartonella, and Ehrlichia species. These agents are also effective in the
treatment of psittacosis in birds.
the use of minocycline should be guided by susceptibility testing and
appropriate clinical judgment to ensure optimal efficacy and to prevent the
development of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, minocycline can cause various
side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, photosensitivity reactions,
and rare but serious adverse effects such as drug-induced lupus and intracranial
hypertension, which should be monitored during treatment.
Thiamphenicol is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections in
humans and animals.
Florfenicol is a synthetic analog of thiamphenicol with similar antibacterial
properties. Its therapeutic uses are also similar to thiamphenicol
 MACROLIDES
tilmicosin ‘pulmotil’ Tilmicosin is used only in cattle for the treatment of respiratory disease caused
by Pasteurella species.

tylosin ‘tylan’ Tylosin is used in dogs and cats for the treatment of chronic colitis.

tulatromycin ‘draxxin Tulathromycin is a macrolide antibiotic primarily used in veterinary medicine. It

macrolides effectively inhibit the growth and
proliferation of susceptible bacteria, leading to
azithromycin
their therapeutic efficacy in treating various
bacterial infections, including respiratory tract
oleandomycin
kitasamycin infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and
certain sexually transmitted infections.
spiramycin
erythromycin
LINCOSAMIDES
lincomycin The lincosamides, which are bacteriostatic, bind
to the bacterial 50S ribosome to inhibit protein
synthesis. Because this is the same binding site
clindamycin of chloramphenicol and the macrolides,
combination therapy should be avoided.
has a broad spectrum of activity against various bacterial pathogens commonly
found in livestock.
An alternative to penicillin in allergic individuals as it has similar , although not
identical , antibacterial spectrum
Oleandomycin and kitasamycin are both antibiotics primarily used in veterinary
medicine to treat respiratory and enteric infections in livestock.
Spiramycin is primarily used to treat bacterial infections such as toxoplasmosis,
chlamydia, and other infections during pregnancy to prevent transmission to the
fetus.
It is the drug of choice for the treatment of enteritis caused by Campylobacter
jejuni in dogs and foals and for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals
Lincomycin is used in swine for the control and treatment of swine dysentery
and the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and some mycoplasma
infections
Clindamycin is used in dogs and cats for periodontal disease, osteomyelitis,
dermatitis, and deep soft tissue infections caused by Gram-positive organisms.
It is used for treating toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats.

MISCELLANEOUS
ANTIBACTERIALS

AMINOCYCLITOLS
Spectinomycin Aminocyclitols bind to the 30S ribosome and Spectinomycin is used in dogs, cats, horses, swine, and poultry for the
inhibit protein synthesis. Unlike the treatment of enteric and respiratory disease.
aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols are bacteriostatic.
apramycin Apramycin is used in swine and calves for the treatment of enteric diseases

METRONIDAZOLE
dimetridazole Metronidazole is taken up by anaerobic bacteria
ronidazole and protozoa and reduced to a cytotoxic
tinidazole metabolite that disrupts DNA. Metronidazole is
bactericidal at concentrations equal to or slightly
higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration
RIFAMYCINS
rifampicin Rifampin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase, preventing initiation of RNA
synthesis. It is bactericidal.
PLEUROMUTILINS
tiamulin Tiamulin binds to the 50S bacterial ribosome to
inhibit protein synthesis. Its mechanism of action
and spectrum of activity are similar to those of
the macrolides such as tylosin.
VANCOMYCIN
Vancomycin blocks the second step of bacterial
cell wall synthesis by inhibiting polymer release
from the cell membrane. It is bactericidal.
BACITRACIN
Bacitracin inhibits the second step of cell wall
synthesis and is bactericidal.
POLYMYXINS
POLYMYXINS B Polymyxin interacts with phospholipids in the
bacterial cell membrane to produce a detergent-
especially colibacillosis.
is used in dogs, cats, and horses for the treatment of severe infections caused
by anaerobic pathogens, especially pelvic, genitourinary, and respiratory tract
infections and brain abscesses. Dimetridazole use in the treatment of Serpulina
hyodysenteria (bloody stools), Giardia, Balantidium, Histomonas and aerobic and
anaerobic g+ bacteria.
Rifampin is combined with erythromycin in the treatment of R. equi infections in
foals.
Tiamulin is used in poultry and swine for the control and treatment of
pneumonia (Hemophilus), dysentery (Brachyspira/Serpulina hyodysenteria),
ileitis (Lawsonia inracellularis), colitis (Brachyspira pilosicoli), and enzootic
pneumonia/CRD (Mycoplasma). Synergistic with tetracyclines.
Vancomycin is a reserve antibiotic used IV for methicillin-resistant S. aureus
infections of bone and soft tissue in dogs and cats and antibiotic induced
enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile
Bacitracin inhibits the second step of cell wall synthesis and is bactericidal.
Polymyxin B is used topically to treat Gram-negative infections of the skin, eye,
and ear in all species. It is usually combined with bacitracin for broad-spectrum
 like effect and membrane disruption. It is rapidly
bactericidal, > activity on g- bacteria
POLYMYXINS E (enterobacter: E. coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella,
Bordetella, Shigella, Pseudomonas) than g+
bacteria but no proteus activity.
NITROFURANS
Nitrofurantoin Nitrofurans are reduced by bacteria to reactive
intermediates that inhibit the enzyme systems of
Nitrofurazone carbohydrate metabolism. They may also block
mRNA translation. Nitrofurans are broad-
Furazolidone spectrum (coccidia, trypanosoma, trichomonas,
mycoplasma, salmonella, E. coli, klebsiella,
proteus, G+ bacteria and anaerobes) and
bacteriostatic.
antibacterial effects.
Polymyxin B and E is administered orally to cattle and swine for the treatment of
Gram-negative enteric infections.
Nitrofurantoin is occasionally used in the treatment of lower urinary tract
infections in dogs and cats. It is most effective in an acid urine.
Nitrofurazone is used topically as an antibacterial ointment, powder, and water-
soluble wound dressing in all species
Furazolidone and nitrofurazone against coccidiosis, E.coli, mycoplasma and
salmonella in poultry and swine.

ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
Drugs Mode of Action Therapeutic uses
GRISEOFULVIN Griseofulvin is actively taken up by growing dermatophytes Griseofulvin is used in dogs, cats, and horses for multifocal
(ringworm). It binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and dermatophyte infections.
mitosis. Griseofulvin is fungistatic and its action is slow-infected cells
must be shed and replaced with uninfected cells.

KETOCONAZOLE Ketoconazole inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cytoplasmic In dogs, cats, horses, and birds, ketoconazole is used to treat
membranes by blocking cytochrome P-450 enzymes. It is fungistatic systemic mycoses and severe yeast infections.
In dogs and cats, high dosages are used to treat
hyperadrenocorticism.
 AMPHOTERICIN Amphotericin B binds to the ergosterol of fungal cell membranes to
B form pores or channels, which results in leakage of cell
contents. Amphotericin B is fungicidal.
FLUCYTOSINE Flucytosine, which is fungicidal, inhibits thymidylate synthetase,
thereby inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis in susceptible fungi.
Antiparasitic Agents
Drugs Mode of Action
EXTERNAL
ANTIPARASITICS
INSECTICIDES Insecticides work by targeting the nervous system, growth
regulation, respiration, gut function, or metabolism of insects to
control and eliminate insect populations
ORGANOPHOSPHATES The organophosphate insecticides inhibit acetylcholine (ACh)
breakdown by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) irreversibly
(see Chapter 2 V A). The thio compounds must be metabolized
to oxy compounds in order to inhibit AChE.
CARBAMATES Carbamates inhibit AChE via carbamylation. Their effects are
more reversible than those of the organophosphates.
CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS
Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections in
dogs, cats, horses, and birds. Combination with ketoconazole
reduces toxicity
Amphotericin B is used with flucytosine in the treatment of
CNS, bone, and ocular infections
It is used alone in treating aspergillosis and candidiasis in
psittacine birds.
Therapeutic Uses
Insecticides are used on animals to control mites, fleas, ticks,
and flies, in the environment to control flies and other insects,
and on feedstuffs.
they are predominantly employed in veterinary medicine to
control parasites such as ticks, mites, and fleas on livestock and
pets. Additionally, organophosphates have been used in the
treatment of certain medical conditions such as head lice
infestations and scabies
some carbamates, such as physostigmine and pyridostigmine,
have medical applications in the treatment of certain
conditions, including myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, and nerve
agent poisoning.
 Chlorinated ethane They prevent the closure of sodium (Na+) channels, leading to
an increase in intracellular Na+ concentrations. Subsequently,
the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is increased through the
action of the Na+ -Ca2+ antiporter (exchanger).
They block Ca2+ -ATPase to inhibit sequestration of Ca2+.

Hexachlorocyclohexane . Lindane antagonizes -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. are used primarily to control screwworm and ear tick
s infestations in cattle, horses, swine, sheep, and goats.
INSECT GROWTH
REGULATORS

cyromazine Cyromazine alter the deposition of chitin into the cuticle rather It is commonly used to control the larvae of flies in livestock
than its synthesis. operations, particularly in the treatment of manure or areas
where flies breed. Additionally, it may be used in the control of
certain crop pests, such as leafminers, in agriculture.
fenoxycarb Fenoxycarb and methroprene mimic the actions of the juvenile It disrupts the development and reproduction of insects by
hormones of insects. These preparations maintain the larvae in mimicking juvenile insect hormones, leading to developmental
an immature stage and interfere with reproductive organ abnormalities, sterility, and population control. It is commonly
differentiation applied to control pests such as mosquitoes, fleas, and moths
in various settings, including agricultural crops, urban areas,
and animal husbandry.
Methoprene Fenoxycarb and methoprene are sprayed in households and on
animals to prevent eggs, pupae, and larvae from developing
into adult fleas. These drugs are effective for at least 21
weeks. Methoprene is also available as a flea collar for dogs
BOTANICALS Pyrethroids block nicotinic receptors. Pyrethroids exert a rapid “knockdown” effect but have little
Pyrethroids increase GABA release. residual activity. The “knockdown” effect may or may not be
fatal; therefore, these agents are usually combined with other
insecticides or a synergist (e.g., piperonyl butoxide) to increase
insecticidal activity. Synergists inhibit induction of the
microsomal enzymes that degrade pyrethroids.
 OTHER
INSECTICIDES

Amitraz Amitraz activates octopamine receptors in arthropods Amitraz is used to eliminate mites, lice, and ticks in dogs,
swine, and cattle. No pre-slaughter withdrawal period is
necessary in cattle, and it can be used on lactating dairy cattle
without incurring a withdrawal period for milk following
application.
Lufenuron . Lufenuron inhibits chitin synthesis. (Chitin is an essential Lufenuron is used in dogs and cats older than 6 weeks of age
constituent of flea eggshells and the exoskeleton of immature to control fleas. It is effective against eggs and immature
fleas.) fleas, but has no proven effect on adult fleas.

Avamectins
ivermectin Interacts with the GABA and glutamate gated- channels leading control ecto and endoparasites including whipworm,
Doramectin to flaccid paralysis of parasites. lungworm, eyeworm, microfilaria and demodex mites, but
excluding tapeworm and flukes. Safe for pregnant animals.

Selamectin Treatment and prevention of flea and ear mite infestations,

sarcoptic acariasis, biting lice and adult roundworm.
Moxidectin Treatment and prevention of flea and ear mite infestations,
angiostronglycosis and heartworm.
Fipronil Interact with ligand-gate chloride channels , blocking pre and Treatment and prevention of flea infestation and tick and flea
and post synthetic transfer of chloride ions
Neonicotinoids agonists on the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors in insects; Imidacloprid is also used in public health efforts to control
inhibits cholinergic transmission, resulting in paralysis and death. disease-carrying vectors such as mosquitoes and sandflies..
Imidacloprid applied as spot-on; used to control fleas and lice on both dogs to control external parasites on pets and livestock. It is
and cats commonly found in flea and tick control products for dogs and
cats, as well as in products for controlling lice and fleas on
livestock.
Nitenpyram administered PO; used to kill fleas in dogs and cats Fleas on dogs and cats. Should be used as a part of a fully
integrated flea control program.
Dinotefuran derived from in acetylcholine; 3rd generation topical spot-on; control external parasites such as fleas and ticks on dogs and
control fleas cats. Dinotefuran may be found in certain topical spot-on
 treatments or collars designed to protect pets from these
pests.
ANTINEMATODAL AGENTS (NEMATOCIDES)
BENZIMIDAZOLES

Thiabendazole Thiabendazole inhibits fumarate reductase, which catalyzes the
formation of succinate from fumarate. Interference with
succinate formation leads to the inhibition of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) formation
benzimidazoles
Albendazole
Fenbendazole
Benzimidazoles inhibit tubulin polymerization; it is believed that
the other observed effects, including inhibition of cellular
flubendazole transport and energy metabolism, are consequences of the
depolymerization of microtubules. Inhibition of these secondary
events appears to play an essential role in the lethal effect on
worms.
mebendazole
. Thiabendazole is effective against major gastrointestinal
nematodes. It is not effective against whipworms,
lungworms, or filariae.
Benzimidazoles are widely used as anthelmintic agents to treat
parasitic worm infections in animals, including gastrointestinal
nematodes, lungworms, and liver flukes.
are effective against major gastrointestinal worms (in both the
adult and larval stages). In addition, they are effective against
lungworms, eyeworm and tapeworm. However, they are
ineffective against filariae.
It is effective against a broad spectrum of gastrointestinal
nematodes, including roundworms, whipworms, and
hookworms, as well as certain tapeworms.
Mebendazole is used for the treatment of trichinosis,
particularly at the muscular stage of Trichinella spiralis.

oxfendazole are effective against major gastrointestinal worms (in both the
adult and larval stages). In addition, they are effective against
lungworms, eyeworm and tapeworm. However, they are
ineffective against filariae.

oxibendazole Oxibendazole is used to treat gastrointestinal nematode infections in

livestock, including cattle, sheep, goats, and horses.

netobimin Netobimin is used to treat gastrointestinal nematode infections in

 cattle, sheep, and goats.

thiophanate Thiophanate is primarily used as a fungicide in agriculture to control

fungal diseases in crops.

febantel febantel are effective against ascarids, hookworms, tapeworm

and whipworms.

NICOTINE-LIKE NEMATOCIDES
Levamisole Levamisole is effective against most mature gastrointestinal
worms, eyeworm and lungworms, but it has marginal activity
against Strogyloides and immature gastrointestinal worms.
Butamisole Levamisole paralyzes worms by causing depolarizing Butamisole is an injectable used to treat whipworms and
neuromuscular blockade. hookworms in dogs. Butamisole has microfilaricidal activity
against heartworms; therefore, it may cause anaphylactic
reactions when inadvertently used in microfilaremic animals.

Pyrantel Pyrantel is effective against all GIT nematodes, but its

activity against whipworms is erratic.
paralyze worms by causing depolarizing neuromuscular
Morantel blockade. Morantel is effective against stomach worms, nodular worms,
and other principal intestinal worms.

Organophosphate

Dichlorvos In Pigs and dogs treatment, dichlorvos is effective against

The organophosphate nematocides inhibit ACh breakdown by whipworms, nodular worms, Strongyloides,
irreversibly inhibiting AChE. hookworms, and ascarids in pigs and dogs. It has little or
no activity against migrating larvae of ascarids and
hookworms.
Trichlorfon Trichlorfon is used mainly in horses. Is spectrum of activity
is similar to that of dichlorvos. It is one of the safest
organophosphates and thus can be used in fish ponds
Coumaphos
ANTIBIOTICS
Ivermectin Ivermectin activates the GABAA-receptor-
chloride channel macromolecular complex, thus
inhibiting neurotransmission in both arthropods
and animals. It may also increase the release of
GABA from nerve terminals.
Milbemycin It activates the GABAA-receptor-chloride
channel macromolecular complex, thus
inhibiting neurotransmission in both arthropods
and animals. It may also increase the release of
GABA from nerve terminals.
Coumaphos is used in cattle to control stomach worms,
whipworms, and Cooperia. To improve safety, the drug is
given orally as a feed supplement at the rate of 2 mg/kg/day
for 6 consecutive days.
(1) Ruminants. Ivermectin is effective against all major
gastrointestinal worms and lungworms and eyeworm. The standard dose
is 0.2 mg/kg administered orally or subcutaneously.
(2) Horses. It is effective against bots, stomach worms, strongyles,
pinworms, eyeworm and ascarids. The dose and route of administration
are the same as for ruminants.
(3) Pigs. Ivermectin is effective against major gastrointestinal worms,
lungworms, and kidney worms. It is not effective against Trichinella during
the muscular stage. The standard dose is 0.3 mg/kg administered
subcutaneously.
(4) Dogs
(a) Ivermectin is effective against ascarids, hookworms, and
whipworms at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg. However, this dose may not be safe
in some breeds (e.g., collies) and is therefore not approved for dogs.
(b) It is effective as a microfilaricide (50 µg/kg) and heartworm
preventive (6-12 µg/kg). The use of ivermectin as a microfilaricide is an
extra label use.
(5) All species. Ivermectin is effective against all ectoparasites. It is
used especially to control mites.
Milbemycin is approved for use in dogs only and is effective against the
infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis, hookworms, whipworms, and
ascarids. Milbemycin at the recommended dose of 0.5 mg/kg can be used
in all dog breeds, including collies, and is safe in pregnant dogs and
breeders.
 ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS
Decoquinate Decoquinate may block DNA synthesis by
inhibiting DNA gyrase.
Na+ ionophores Na+ ionophores facilitate the transport of Na+
into cells, elevating intracellular Na+
concentrations. As a result, certain
mitochondrial functions (e.g., substrate
oxidations) and ATP hydrolysis are inhibited.
Amprolium – Amprolium prevents coccidia from utilizing
(Amprol/Merial) thiamine by blocking thiamine receptors.
Nicarbazin (maxiban: Unknown
‘nicarbazin+narasin/elanco)
, narasin (monteban/elanco)
(a) Decoquinate is approved for use in calves, young goats, and
broilers for the prevention of coccidiosis. It is not effective for treating
clinical coccidiosis.
(b) It should be effective against all species of avian Eimeria on the first
sporozoite stage. Use is limited because of its tendency to induce drug
resistance (attributable to its action on such an early stage of the asexual
cycle of the coccidia).
(c) It is effective against bovine Eimeria, E. bovis, and E. zuernii and
caprine E. christenseni and E. ninakohlyakimovae.
(a) Ionophores are effective against all Eimeria species in chickens,
cattle, and sheep.
(i) Monensin (elancoban) is approved for use in cattle and sheep.
(ii) Lasalocid is approved for use in cattle, sheep, and chickens for
prevention of coccidiosis. In chickens, it attacks the first generation of
trophozoites and schizonts. The pre-slaughter withdrawal period for
lasalocid is 5 days in chickens.
(iii) Salinomycin (salocin/intervet)is approved for use in chickens only.
The pre-slaughter withdrawal is not required.
(b) Ionophores are also used as growth promoters.
Amprolium is the only anticoccidial agent that can be used in laying birds
and cattle for both the prevention and treatment of outbreaks.
(a) It is effective against the first generation of trophozoites and
schizonts.
(b) Amprolium is rarely used alone, because E. maxima, E. mivati, and
other species are resistant; combination with sulfa drugs increases the
efficacy of amprolium against these organisms in chickens.
Nicarbazin is approved for use in chickens to prevent coccidiosis outbreaks.
(a) It is effective against all Eimeria species.
(b) Its peak activity is on second-generation trophozoites.
 Robenidine The mechanism of action is undetermined. Its Robenidine is approved for use in chickens to prevent outbreaks of
peak activity is on the first generation schizonts. coccidiosis. It is effective against all Eimeria species.

Sulfonamides Sulfonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by These drugs are used for both the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis
acting as competitive inhibitors of p- outbreaks in all species.
aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism (a) They are more effective against the intestinal than cecal species of
cycle. coccidia.
(b) Their peak activity is against the second-generation schizonts.
(c) Use of these drugs does not impair immunity development.

Antifolate compounds These drugs block the conversion of Ormetoprim and pyrimethamine are synergistic with sulfa drugs; when
dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, thereby combined with a sulfonamide, they are used to treat coccidiosis outbreaks
inhibiting thymidine synthesis in protozoans and and toxoplasmosis. The pre-slaughter withdrawal period for sulfonamides
bacteria. plus ormetoprim is 5-10 days in chickens.

Metronidazole A ferredoxin-linked metabolite of metronidazole Metronidazole is a broad-spectrum antiprotozoal drug that is effective
disrupts DNA synthesis in protozoans and against giardiasis, histomoniasis, babesiosis, trichomoniasis, and
bacteria. amebiasis. It is approved as a human drug and has been used largely in
small animals.

ANTIFUNGAL

Griseofulvin Griseofulvin is actively taken up by growing Griseofulvin is used in dogs, cats, and horses for multifocal dermatophyte
dermatophytes (ringworm). It binds to infections.
microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and
mitosis. Griseofulvin is fungistatic and its action
is slow-infected cells must be shed and replaced
with uninfected cells.

Ketoconazole Ketoconazole inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol In dogs, cats, horses, and birds, ketoconazole is used to treat systemic
 in fungal cytoplasmic membranes by blocking mycoses and severe yeast infections.
cytochrome P-450 enzymes. It is fungistatic. b. In dogs and cats, high dosages are used to treat
hyperadrenocorticism.

Amphotericin b Amphotericin B binds to the ergosterol of fungal a. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections in dogs,
cell membranes to form pores or channels, cats, horses, and birds. Combination with ketoconazole reduces toxicity.
which results in leakage of cell contents. b. Amphotericin B is used with flucytosine in the treatment of CNS,
Amphotericin B is fungicidal. bone, and ocular infections.

Flucytosine Flucytosine, which is fungicidal, inhibits a. Flucytosine is combined with amphotericin B for synergistic action in
thymidylate synthetase, thereby inhibiting DNA the treatment of cryptococcosis (especially meningeal cryptococcosis) in
and RNA synthesis in susceptible fungi. dogs and cats.
b. It is used alone in treating aspergillosis and candidiasis in psittacine
birds.

ANTIPARASITIC

External antiparasitics Many insecticides act upon the insect's nervous Insecticides are used on animals to control mites, fleas, ticks, and flies, in
(insecticides) system (e.g., cholinesterase inhibition), while the environment to control flies and other insects, and on feedstuffs.
others act as growth regulators or endotoxins.

Organophosphates The organophosphate insecticides inhibit Cholinesterase inhibition, which in large doses makes these agents
acetylcholine (ACh) breakdown by inhibiting effective pesticides, also may be useful in other doses for treating
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) irreversibly (see dementia
 Chapter 2 V A). The thio compounds must be
metabolized to oxy compounds in order to
inhibit AChE.
Carbamates Carbamates inhibit AChE via carbamylation.
Their effects are more reversible than those of
the organophosphates.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated ethane These insecticides increase cytosolic calcium
(Ca2+) concentrations via two mechanisms.
(1) They prevent the closure of sodium
(Na+) channels, leading to an increase in
intracellular Na+ concentrations. Subsequently,
the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is increased
through the action of the Na+ -Ca2+ antiporter
(exchanger).
(2) They block Ca2+ -ATPase to inhibit
sequestration of Ca2+.
Hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane antagonizes -aminobutyric acid (GABA)
receptors.
Insect Growth Regulators Cyromazine alters the deposition of chitin into
the cuticle rather than its synthesis. Fenoxycarb
and methoprene mimic the actions of the
juvenile hormones of insects. These
preparations maintain the larvae in an immature
stage and interfere with reproductive organ
differentiation.
They act as deworming agents, combating internal parasites like
roundworms and tapeworms, and as ectoparasiticides, controlling external
pests such as fleas and ticks. Some carbamates serve as muscle relaxants
or anticonvulsants, aiding in managing muscle spasms and seizures in
animals.
These compounds are primarily known as industrial chemicals and
pesticides rather than therapeutic agents for animals. These compounds
are highly toxic and can cause a range of adverse health effects, including
irritation of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal distress, neurological
symptoms, organ damage, and even death in severe cases.
Use in veterinary medicine is limited and generally discouraged due to the
availability of safer and more effective alternatives.
a. Fecal maggot control. Cyromazine is administered in the feed to
control fecal maggots in poultry, houseflies, mosquitoes and blow fly larvae
in sheep.
b. Flea control
(1) Fenoxycarb and methoprene are sprayed in households and on
animals to prevent eggs, pupae, and larvae from developing into adult
fleas. These drugs are effective for at least 21 weeks. Methoprene is also
available as a flea collar for dogs.
(2) Fenoxycarb and methoprene are mixed with pyrethroids to kill adult
 fleas.

Botanicals

Rotenone Rotenone inhibits cellular respiratory metabolism (1) Rotenone is used to kill fleas, lice, ticks, and mites. It has fast
by blocking electron generation from reduced “knockdown” action on all arthropods, with little persistence.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). As a (2) Rotenone is also used to kill unwanted fish in ponds and lakes.
result, oxidation of lactate, glutamate, and other
substances is reduced and nerve conduction is
adversely affected.

Pyrethroids (1) Pyrethroids block nicotinic receptors. Pyrethroids exert a rapid “knockdown” effect but have little residual
(2) Pyrethroids increase GABA release. activity. The “knockdown” effect may or may not be fatal; therefore, these
agents are usually combined with other insecticides or a synergist (e.g.,
piperonyl butoxide) to increase insecticidal activity. Synergists inhibit
induction of the microsomal enzymes that degrade pyrethroids.

Amitraz Amitraz activates octopamine receptors in (1) Amitraz is used to eliminate mites, lice, and ticks in dogs, swine,
arthropods. and cattle. No pre-slaughter withdrawal period is necessary in cattle, and
it can be used on lactating dairy cattle without incurring a withdrawal
period for milk following application.
(2) Three to six bi-weekly treatments may be used to control
demodectic mange.

Lufenuron (Program) Lufenuron inhibits chitin synthesis. (Chitin is an Lufenuron is used in dogs and cats older than 6 weeks of age to control
essential constituent of flea eggshells and the fleas. It is effective against eggs and immature fleas, but has no proven
exoskeleton of immature fleas.) effect on adult fleas.

ANTINEMATODAL AGENTS (NEMATOCIDES)

Benzimidazoles

Thiabendazole Thiabendazole inhibits fumarate reductase, (1) Ruminants. Thiabendazole is effective against major
which catalyzes the formation of succinate from gastrointestinal nematodes. It is not effective against whipworms,
 fumarate. Interference with succinate formation
leads to the inhibition of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) formation.
Other benzimidazoles Benzimidazoles inhibit tubulin polymerization; it
is believed that the other observed effects,
including inhibition of cellular transport and
energy metabolism, are consequences of the
depolymerization of microtubules. Inhibition of
these secondary events appears to play an
essential role in the lethal effect on worms.
Benzimidazoles progressively deplete energy
reserves and inhibit excretion of waste products
and protective factors from parasite cells;
therefore, an important factor in their efficacy is
prolongation of contact time between drug and
parasite. Cross-resistance can exist among all
members of this group because they act on the
same receptor protein, β-tubulin, which is
altered in resistant organisms such that none of
the benzimidazoles can bind to the receptor with
high affinity.
Nematode-like Nematocides
lungworms, or filariae.
(2) Horses.
(a) Thiabendazole is effective against strongyles, but large doses are
needed to kill Strongylus vulgaris. It is not effective against immature
strongyles.
(b) Thiabendazole is used to treat intestinal threadworms and
pinworms.
(c) Thiabendazole has some degree of larvicidal and ovicidal activity;
however, it is not effective against bots.
(1) Ruminants. Albendazole, fenbendazole, and oxfendazole are
effective against major gastrointestinal worms (in both the adult and larval
stages). In addition, they are effective against lungworms, eye worms and
tapeworms. However, they are ineffective against filariae.
(2) Horses. Fenbendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole, oxibendazole,
and febantel have activity similar to that of thiabendazole. In addition,
they are effective against ascarids, eye worms and tapeworms.
(a) Fenbendazole is effective against Habronema.
(b) Mebendazole is active against lungworms at dosages of 15-20
mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days.
(3) Dogs and cats. Fenbendazole, mebendazole, oxibendazole, and
febantel are effective against ascarids, hookworms, tapeworms and
whipworms.
(a) Febantel is the only agent approved for use in cats.
(b) Three to five consecutive daily dosages are usually necessary.
(4) Mebendazole is used for the treatment of trichinosis, particularly at
the muscular stage of Trichinella spiralis.
(5) These agents have more larvicidal and ovicidal activity than
thiabendazole.
(6) Triclabendazole – effective for immature and mature liver fluke, no
activity against roundworm and tapeworm, use for acute fascioliasis.
 Levamisole Levamisole paralyzes worms by causing
depolarizing neuromuscular blockade.
(1) Ruminants. Levamisole is effective against most mature
gastrointestinal worms, eyeworm and lungworms, but it has marginal
activity against Strongyloides and immature gastrointestinal worms.
(2) Pigs. It is effective against ascarids, intestinal threadworms,
lungworms, nodular worms, and kidney worms.
(3) Dogs. The use of levamisole as a microfilaricide for canine
heartworms is an extra label use.

Pyrantel and morantel Like levamisole, pyrantel and morantel paralyze (1) Horses. Pyrantel is effective against strongyles, ascarids, and
worms by causing depolarizing neuromuscular pinworms, but not against bots.
blockade. (2) Pigs. Pyrantel is effective against ascarids, nodular worms, and
stomach worms.
(3) Dogs. Pyrantel is effective against all GIT nematodes, but its
activity against whipworms is erratic.
(4) Ruminants. Morantel is effective against stomach worms, nodular
worms, and other principal intestinal worms.

Organophosphates The organophosphate nematocides inhibit ACh Organophosphates are effective against the major gastrointestinal
breakdown by irreversibly inhibiting AChE. parasites.
a. Dichlorvos
(1) Pigs and dogs. Dichlorvos is effective against whipworms,
nodular worms, Strongyloides, hookworms, and ascarids in pigs and dogs.
It has little or no activity against migrating larvae of ascarids and
hookworms.
b. Trichlorfon is used mainly in horses. Its spectrum of activity is
similar to that of dichlorvos. It is one of the safest organophosphates and
thus can be used in fish ponds.
c. Coumaphos is used in cattle to control stomach worms, whipworms,
and Cooperia. To improve safety, the drug is given orally as a feed
supplement at the rate of 2 mg/kg/day for 6 consecutive days.
 MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBACTERIALS

Minocyclitols Aminocyclitols bind to the 30S ribosome and a. Spectinomycin is used in dogs, cats, horses, swine, and poultry for
(spectinomycin, apramycin inhibit protein synthesis. Unlike the the treatment of enteric and respiratory disease.
‘apralan’) aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols are b. Apramycin is used in swine and calves for the treatment of enteric
bacteriostatic. diseases especially colibacillosis.

Metronidazole – Metronidazole is taken up by anaerobic bacteria Metronidazole is used in dogs, cats, and horses for the treatment of severe
dimetridazole, ronidazole, and protozoa and reduced to a cytotoxic infections caused by anaerobic pathogens, especially pelvic, genitourinary,
tinidazole metabolite that disrupts DNA. Metronidazole is and respiratory tract infections and brain abscesses. Dimetridazole is used
bactericidal at concentrations equal to or slightly in the treatment of Serpulina hyodysenteriae (bloody stools), Giardia,
higher than the minimal inhibitory Balantidium, Histomonas and aerobic and anaerobic g+ bacteria.
concentration. The precise mode of action is
unclear, but it seems that after the drug enters
a susceptible organism it is first reduced and
then binds to DNA, causing loss of the helical
structure, strand breakage, and impairment of
DNA function. Only susceptible organisms
(bacteria and protozoa) appear to be capable of
metabolizing the drug.

Rifamycins (rifampicin) Rifampin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA Rifampin is combined with erythromycin in the treatment of R. equi
polymerase, preventing initiation of RNA infections in foals.
synthesis. It is bactericidal.

Pleuromutilins – tiamulin, Tiamulin binds to the 50S bacterial ribosome to Tiamulin is used in poultry and swine for the control and treatment of
valnemulin (2x as active) inhibit protein synthesis. Its mechanism of pneumonia (Haemophilus), dysentery (Brachyspira/Serpulina
action and spectrum of activity are similar to hyodysenteriae), ileitis (Lawsonia intracellularis), colitis (Brachyspira
those of the macrolides such as tylosin. pilosicoli), and enzootic pneumonia/CRD (Mycoplasma). Synergistic with

Vancomycin Vancomycin blocks the second step of bacterial
cell wall synthesis by inhibiting polymer release
from the cell membrane. It is bactericidal.
Bacitracin Bacitracin inhibits the second step of cell wall
synthesis and is bactericidal.
Polymyxins B & E (colistin) Polymyxin interacts with phospholipids in the
bacterial cell membrane to produce a detergent-
like effect and membrane disruption. It is more
rapidly bactericidal, > activity on g- bacteria
(enterobacter: E. coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella,
Bordetella, Shigella, Pseudomonas) than g+
bacteria but no proteus activity.
Nitrofurans e.g., Nitrofurans are reduced by bacteria to reactive
nitrofurantoin, intermediates that inhibit the enzyme systems of
nitrofurazone, furazolidone carbohydrate metabolism. They may also block
mRNA translation. Nitrofurans are broad-
spectrum (coccidia, trypanosoma, trichomonas,
mycoplasma, salmonella, E. coli, klebsiella,
proteus, G+ bacteria and anaerobes) and
bacteriostatic.
tetracyclines.
Vancomycin is a reserve antibiotic used IV for methicillin-resistant S.
aureus infections of bone and soft tissue in dogs and cats and antibiotic
induced enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile.
in ointments and solutions and is frequently combined with polymyxin B or
neomycin or both to treat topical infections.
b. It is also added to swine and poultry rations to prevent and treat
enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile (alternative to vancomycin) and
to promote growth.
a. Polymyxin B is used topically to treat Gram-negative infections of
the skin, eye, and ear in all species. It is usually combined with bacitracin
for broad-spectrum antibacterial effects.
b. Polymyxin B and E is administered orally to cattle and swine for the
treatment of Gram-negative enteric infections.
a. Nitrofurantoin is occasionally used in the treatment of lower urinary
tract infections in dogs and cats. It is most effective in acid urine.
b. Nitrofurazone is used topically as an antibacterial ointment, powder,
and water-soluble wound dressing in all species.
c. Furazolidone and nitrofurazone against coccidiosis, E.coli,
mycoplasma and salmonella in poultry and swine.