CEBU NORMAL UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education

Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Name: Lucina Mae B. Chiong University email: main.20000572@cnu.edu.ph

Degree/Program: BSEd- Mathematics Bloc/Year: 3rd year, 3A

PRE-ASSESSMENT IN CALCULUS III

Instruction: Recall and provide a short definition of the flashed pictures.

1. Coordinate System – A coordinate system is a system that uses numbers or coordinates to

determine the position of a point or geometric element within a geographic framework. Also, a
coordinate system or frame of reference is used to locate the position of any point, which points
are often plotted as an ordered pair (x, y), referred to as coordinates. The horizontal number line is
named as X-axis and the vertical number line is understood as Y-axis and therefore the point of
intersection of those two axes is understood as the origin, and it's denoted as "O". Additionally, a
coordinate system is a scheme that allows us to identify any point in the plane or in three-
dimensional space by a set of numbers. Furthermore, a coordinate system is a system consisting
of a set of points, lines, or surfaces, with each point having a unique location, or coordinate, that
is assigned to it. Lastly, there are three types of coordinate systems that are commonly used: the
Cartesian coordinate system, the polar coordinate system, and the spherical coordinate system.

2. Conic Sections – A conic section is a figure formed by the intersection of a plane and a right
circular cone. Depending on the angle of the plane with respect to the cone, a conic section may
be a circle (a special kind of ellipse), an ellipse, a parabola, or a hyperbola. The conic sections are
the nondegenerate curves generated by the intersections of a plane with one or two nappes of a
cone. A cone generally has two identical conical shapes known as nappes. We can get various
shapes depending upon the angle of the cut between the plane and the cone and its nappe. A cone
with two identical nappes is used to produce the conic sections. An ellipse is a conic section that
is formed when a plane intersects with the cone at an angle. The circle is a special type of ellipse
where the cutting plane is parallel to the base of the cone. A hyperbola is formed when the
interesting plane is parallel to the axis of the cone and intersects with both the nappes of the double
cone. When the intersecting plane cuts at an angle to the surface of the cone, we get a conic section
named the parabola (Hilbert and Cohn-Vossen 1999, p. 8). Lastly, the ellipse and hyperbola are
known as central conics.
3. Derivatives – In finance, a derivative is a security with a price that is dependent upon or
derived from one or more underlying assets. The derivative itself is a contract between two or more
parties based upon the asset or assets. Its value is determined by fluctuations in the underlying
asset. The term derivative refers to a type of financial contract whose value is dependent on an
underlying asset, group of assets, or benchmark. Also, derivative is a contract that derives its value
from the performance of an underlying entity. This underlying entity can be an asset, index, or
interest rate, and is often simply called the "underlying". In mathematics, the derivative is the rate
of change of a function with respect to a variable. Derivatives are fundamental to the solution of
problems in calculus and differential equations. A derivative in calculus is the rate of change of a
quantity y with respect to another quantity x. It is also termed the differential coefficient of y with
respect to x. In general, scientists observe changing systems (dynamical systems) to obtain the rate
of change of some variable of interest, incorporate this information into some differential equation,
and use integration techniques to obtain a function that can be used to predict the behaviour of the
original system under diverse conditions. Geometrically, the derivative of a function can be
interpreted as the slope of the graph of the function or, more precisely, as the slope of the tangent
line at a point. Derivatives can be generalized to functions of several real variables. In this
generalization, the derivative is reinterpreted as a linear transformation whose graph is (after an
appropriate translation) the best linear approximation to the graph of the original function.
4. Relations & Functions – Relations and functions define a mapping between two sets
(Inputs and Outputs) such that they have ordered pairs of the form (Input, Output). Relation and
function are very important concepts in algebra. They are used widely in mathematics as well as
in real life. The relation shows the relationship between input and output. Whereas, a function is a
relation which derives one output for each given input. Moreover, relation is a subset of the
Cartesian product or simply, a bunch of points (ordered pairs). In other words, the relation between
the two sets is defined as the collection of the ordered pair, in which the ordered pair is formed by
the object from each set. A relation R from a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian product
A × B. The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and the second
element of the ordered pairs in A × B. On the contrary, a function is a relation which describes that
there should be only one output for each input (or) we can say that a special kind of relation (a set
of ordered pairs), which follows a rule i.e., every x-value should be associated with only one y-
value is called a function. A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every
element of set A has one and only one image in set B. In other words, no two distinct elements of
B have the same pre-image. The basic difference between a relation and a function is that in a
relation, a single input may have multiple outputs. Whereas in a function, each input has a single
output.
5. Velocity & Acceleration – Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. Velocity is the
change in position (location) of an object per unit time. e.g., a bus traveling at a velocity of 60
miles per hour from North to South. The SI unit of velocity is meters per second (m/s). In general,
it is important to indicate the direction of motion when specifying the velocity. In other words, it
is a vector quantity, as opposed to a scalar quantity that would specify the speed without
mentioning the direction. Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity of an object per unit time.
The SI unit of acceleration is meters per second per second i.e., meters per second squared (m/s2).
e.g., the acceleration of a free-falling object on Earth is 9.8 m/s2 because of Earth's gravity.
Velocity and Acceleration are both vector quantities i.e. both magnitude and direction are required
to fully specify them. Velocity is a vector quantity because it consists of both magnitude and
direction. Acceleration is also a vector quantity as it is just the rate of change of velocity.
Acceleration is also a vector and will have both magnitudes, a value, and direction.
6. Vector Functions – A vector-valued function, also referred to as a vector function, is a
mathematical function of one or more variables whose range is a set of multidimensional vectors
or infinite-dimensional vectors. In other words, a vector-valued function is a function where the
domain is a subset of the real numbers and the range returns a set of vectors. The vector functions
allow us to visualize functions in two or three-dimensional coordinate systems and account for
another element: the direction of the curve. Similar to parametric functions, vector functions
depend on parameters to visualize their graphs. These functions are most helpful when we’re
observing different types of curvatures. What makes a vector function or vector-valued function
special is that its input values are real numbers, yet its output is a set of vectors. Lastly, vector
functions are extremely helpful when we want to visualize curves in space while accounting for
the curves’ directions.
7. Cylinder – In mathematics, a cylinder is a three-dimensional solid that holds two parallel
bases joined by a curved surface at a fixed distance. These bases are normally circular in shape
(like a circle), and the center of the two bases is joined by a line segment, which is called the axis.
The perpendicular distance between the bases is the height, "h" and the distance from the axis to
the outer surface is the radius, "r" of the cylinder. The axis of a cylinder is the segment containing
the centers of the two bases. If the axis is perpendicular to the planes of the two bases, the cylinder
is a right cylinder ; otherwise, it is an oblique cylinder. Geometrically, cylinder has been considered
as a prism with a circle as its base.
8. Arc Length – Arc length is better defined as the distance along the part of the circumference
of any circle or any curve (arc). Any distance along the curved line that makes up the arc is known
as the arc length. In other words, arc length is the distance between two points along a section of
a curve. A part of a curve or a part of a circumference of a circle is called Arc. All of them have a
curve in their shape. The length of an arc is longer than any straight line distance between its
endpoints (a chord). The length of an arc is simply the length of its "portion" of the circumference.