There are several method to obtain surface water profile.

profile
 Direct Integration
 Numerical Integration
 Direct Step Method
 Graphical Integration
 Numerical/Computer
N merical/Comp ter Methods

Those method can identified;

 Depth (y) at some distances/lengths (L/x)
 Distances/lengths from one point to one point when both
depth are known

 IIn GVF
GVF, y andd V vary slowly,
slowly
l l,
and the free surface is stable
flow,Sf 
 In contrast to uniform flow,S
S0. Now, flow depth reflects the
dynamic
d i balance
b l bbetween
t
gravity, shear force, and inertial
effects
ff t
 To derive how how the depth
varies
i withi h x, consider
id theh totall
head
 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
Important Formulas

V 2 V2
H  zb  y  E  y
2g 2g

H  zb  E
d H dz dE dE
=  = So  S f
dx dx dx dx
d y S0 - S f
=
dx 1 - Fr 2

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW COMPUTATIONS

dE _
d y S0 - S f
= So  S f =
dx dx 1 - Fr2
E: specific energy

Analytical solutions to the equations above not available for the most
yp y encountered open
typically p channel flow situations.

A finite difference approach

pp is applied
pp to the GVF pproblems.

Channel is divided into short reaches and computations are carried out
from one end of the reach to the other.
 In general, a step method is characterized by dividing the
channel into short reaches and carrying the computation step by
step from one end of the reach to the other.
 The direct step method is a simple step method applicable to
prismatic channel.
channel

DIRECT STEP METHOD

ED  EU _
= So  Sf
x
Sf : average friction
slope in the reach

A nonuniform water surface profile

_
1
S f  (S fu  S fD )
2

n 2 Vu2 n 2 VD2
S fu  4 / 3 S fD  4/3
Ru RD
Manning
M i Formula
F l is
i sufficient
ffi i t to
t accurately
t l
evaluate the slope of total energy line, Sf
DIRECT STEP METHOD

X 
ED  EU

y D  
 VD2 / 2g  y U  VU2 / 2g 
_ _
So  Sf So  Sf
Subcritical Flow Supercritical Flow
The condition at the downstream is The condition at the upstream
p is
known known

yD, VD and SfD

f are known yu, Vu and Sfuf are known

Chose an appropriate value for yu Chose an appropriate value for yD

Calculate the corresponding Vu , Sfu Calculate the corresponding SfD, VD and

and Sf Sf

Then Calculate X Then Calculate X

 Example
A trapezoidal concrete-lined channel has a constant bed slope of
0.0015, a bed width of 3 m and side slopes 1:1. A control gate
increased the depth immediately to 4.0m when the discharge is 19
m3/s.
/s Compute WSP to a depth 5% greater than the uniform flow
depth (n=0.017).

Solution
The first task is to calculate the critical and normal depths.

Using Manning formula, the depth of uniform flow:

1
Q  AR 2 / 3S1 / 2 yo = 1.725 m
n
Using the critical flow condition, the critical depth:
2
Q T
Fr  3
2
yc = 1.364 m
gA
It can be realized that the profile should be M1 since yo > yc
That is to say, the possibility is valid in our problem.
 y A R E E Sf Avg (Sf) So-Avg(Sf) x x
Solution 4
3.9
28
26.91
1.9562
1.9179
4.0235
3.9254 -0.09806
5.439E-05
6.046E-05 5.743E-05 0.001442573 -67.98
0
-67.98
3.8 25.84 1.8795 3.8276 -0.097852 6.736E-05 6.391E-05 0.001436089 -68.14 -136.11
3.7 24.79 1.8410 3.7299 -0.097616 7.524E-05 7.13E-05 0.0014287 -68.33 -204.44
3.6 23.76 1.8024 3.6326 -0.097348 8.425E-05 7.974E-05 0.001420256 -68.54 -272.98
3.5 22.75 1.7636 3.5356 -0.097042 9.46E-05 8.943E-05 0.001410574 -68.80 -341.78
3.4 21.76 1.7247 3.4389 -0.096692 0.0001065 0.0001006 0.001399435 -69.09 -410.87
3.3 20.79 1.6856 3.3426 -0.096289 0.0001203 0.0001134 0.001386573 -69.44 -480.32
3.2 19.84 1.6463 3.2467 -0.095826 0.0001363 0.0001283 0.001371667 -69.86 -550.18
3.1 18.91 1.6069 3.1515 -0.095289 0.000155 0.0001457 0.001354321 -70.36 -620.54
3 18 1.5672 3.0568 -0.094666
0.094666 0.0001769 0.0001659 0.001334051 -70.96
70.96 -691.50
691.50
2.9 17.11 1.5273 2.9629 -0.093938 0.0002026 0.0001897 0.001310255 -71.69 -763.19
2.8 16.24 1.4872 2.8698 -0.093086 0.000233 0.0002178 0.001282186 -72.60 -835.79
2.7 15.39 1.4469 2.7777 -0.092081 0.0002692 0.0002511 0.001248906 -73.73 -909.52
26
2.6 14 56
14.56 1 4062
1.4062 2 6868
2.6868 -0 090891
-0.090891 0 0003124
0.0003124 0 0002908
0.0002908 0 00120923
0.00120923 -75 16
-75.16 -984 68
-984.68
2.5 13.75 1.3653 2.5973 -0.089473 0.0003643 0.0003384 0.001161648 -77.02 -1061.71
2.4 12.96 1.3240 2.5095 -0.087774 0.0004272 0.0003958 0.00110422 -79.49 -1141.20
2.3 12.19 1.2824 2.4238 -0.085724 0.0005039 0.0004656 0.001034431 -82.87 -1224.07
22
2.2 11 44
11.44 1 2404
1.2404 2 3406
2.3406 -0.083232
0 083232 0 0005981
0.0005981 0 000551
0.000551 0 000948987
0.000948987 -87.71
87 71 -1311.77
1311 77
2.1 10.71 1.1980 2.2604 -0.080181 0.0007148 0.0006565 0.000843526 -95.06 -1406.83
2 10 1.1552 2.1840 -0.076413 0.0008608 0.0007878 0.000712201 -107.29 -1514.12
1.9 9.31 1.1118 2.1123 -0.071716 0.0010451 0.0009529 0.000547075 -131.09 -1645.21
yo + (0.05
(0 05 yo) 18
1.8 8 64
8.64 1 0678
1.0678 2 0465
2.0465 -0.0658
0 0658 0 0012805
0.0012805 0 0011628
0.0011628 0 000337216
0.000337216 -195.13
195 13 -1840.34
1840 34
5
4 .5
4
3 .5
3
B o tto m S lo p e
y (m)

2 .5
W a t e r S u r fa c e
2
1 .5
1
0 .5
0
-2 0 0 0 -1 5 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0
D ista n c e (m )