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Effects of microhabitat factors on the distribution of

black shama (Copsychus cebuensis Steere) in Argao
Watershed Reserve, Cebu, Philippines
Article in Asia Life Sciences · July 2015
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ASIA LIFE SCIENCES
The Asian International Journal of Life Sciences
ISSN 0117-3375
Volume 24, Number 2 July-December 2015
CONTENTS
469 A new distribution record of Hoya espaldoniana
Kloppenburg, Siar & Cajano (Section Acanthostemma:
Apocynaceae) A.S. Hadsall, M.A.O. Cajano,
I.A.F. Lambio & M. Alejado
477 Relationship between above- and below-ground
biomass for 18-year-old Abies holophylla under
different stand conditions H.-H. Lee & D.-H. Lee
493 The Philippine genus Stilbotes Stal and a new tribe
of Asopinae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) V.P. Gapud
499 Competitive ability of weedy rice against cultivated
rice in the Philippines E.C.Martin & I.R. Tanzo
507 Formulation of an environment and social impact
assessment tool for small scale economic activities in
coastal areas in the Philippines C.A. Cabrido, Jr.
537 Morphological variations of the white goby (Glossogo-
bius giuris Hamilton 1822, Teleostei: Gobiidae) in three
lakes of Southern Luzon, Philippines J.G. Campang &
P.P. Ocampo
Cont. on Next Page
Reviewers for this Issue: Dr. Nelly S. Aggangan, Prof. J.V.

Bariuan, Prof. A.R. Buan, Dr. Y.-C. Byun, Dr. L.A.
Corpuz-Raros, Dr. V.P. Gapud, Dr. K.G. Gruèzo, Dr. Wm.Sm.
Gruèzo, Dr. Y. Janous, Dr. R.L. Lapitan, Dr. X. Liu, Dr. J. Ma,
Prof. M. Mallari-Cuerdo, Prof. J.A. Margate, Prof. A.P. Mercado,
Prof. R.N. Monte, Prof. O. Motlagh, Dr. O.M. Nuñeza,
Prof. R.R. Saplaco, Dr. M. Shojafar, Dr. R. Wang & Dr. D. Zhang.

Contents
559 Guideposts in land use planning and allocation in the
Philippines C.A. Cabrido, Jr. & M.L.T. Munarriz
575 Enhancement of growth and yield of upland rice
(Oryza sativa L.) by actinomycetes J.A. Cruz,
E.F. Delfin & E.S. Paterno
585 Using Surestream and High-Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA) networks to construct ubiquitous
learning environment K.-T. Sun & H.-T. Chan
601 Nature farming and himalayanisation: Food
subsistence strategies by the Mangyan Alangan Tribe of
Naujan, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines A.M.Caringal &
J.A.D. Guarde
629 A flowchart-based programming environment for
improving problem solving skills of Cs minors in
computer programming D. Hooshyar, R.B. Ahmad,
S. Shamshirband, M. Yousefi & S.-J. Horng
647 Body image, body mass index and the experience of
Hiya in physical education among Filipino female
university students Z.R.T. Brebante & J.Y. Cagas
661 Strategic global sourcing: Procurement decision
concepts in the aviation manufacturing industry
C. Kowalski & M. Fiedler
679 Outdoor activities: Source of healthy living and
cultural legacy R.N. Monte, A.R. Buan &
J.S. Dela Cruz
689 Effects of microhabitat factors on the distribution of
Watershed Reserve, Cebu, Philippines A.B.B. Malaki
Contents
703
Comparison of exercise versus sport participation
motives among Filipino university students J.Y. Cagas,
E.J. Manalastas, B. Torre & C. Sanchez-Pituk
715 Grain-filling process in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.
‘PSB Rc18’) under water deficit is enhanced by nitrogen
fertilization B.U. Tizon-Salazar, P.C. Sta. Cruz,
B.M. Salazar, E.A. Aguilar & R.B. Badayos
727 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
phosphorylates BimEL Ser69 via ERK1/2 pathway
Y. Sun, Y. Mao, S. Gu & Y. Xie
737 Stressors and stress responses of Filipino college
students M.R. Dy, K. Espiritu-Santo,
M.P. Ferido & R.D. Sanchez
761 Mangamaru: A creative indigenous Kapampangan
folkdance (Philippines) M.E. Santos, J.G. Tubera &
J.T. Martin
777 Termiticidal activity of wild mushroom species
(Agaricus and Hebeloma) C.T. Navalta & T.A. Estrabo
789 Family correlates of adolescent volunteerism
B.A. Lalap & M.R. Dy
809 Characterization and analysis of date palm (Phoenix
dactylifera L.) karyotypes O.A. Hagelamin &
A.M.M. Alzahrani
823 Strategic logistics planning for flood disaster
prevention of economic zones in the Greater Manila
Area, Philippines J.T. Castro
841 Determinants of employee’s acceptance of a
compressed workweek scheme: A case study
M.B. Sundo, S. Fujii, M.S. Madlangbayan,
E.V. Ana & P.P. Velasco

Contents
857 Enhancing learning performance using grouping
optimization based on social relationships and genetic
algorithm C.-Y. Chang, C.-T. Chen, M.-H. Chen,
R.-C. Chen & S.-P. Suen
865 Reviewers -Asia Life Sciences Volume 24, No. 2, 2015
869 Board of Editors -Asia Life Sciences Volume 24, No. 2
2015
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Actual Date of Publication: Asia Life Sciences Volume 24,

Number 2 (July-December) 2015 - 30 March 2015.
ASIA LIFE SCIENCES 24(2): 689-701, 2015
Effects of microhabitat factors on the distribution of

Watershed Reserve, Cebu, Philippines
A RCHIEBALD BALTAZAR B. M ALAKI1, *
Point count method was used to determine the number of encounter or contact with
Copsychus cebuensis Steere (black shama) while microhabitat factors were determined using
GIS and other appropriate instruments and by calculation. Results suggest that elevation,
slope, shrub cover and tree density had negative effects on C. cebuensis distribution. This
means that the higher the values of these variables the lower the distribution of the target
species, C. cebuensis. As regard to exposure, north-facing slope had positive effect on
C. cebuensis distribution which means higher distribution, while west-facing slope had
negative effect. While distance from point-count station to intermittent stream or valley
bottom and canopy cover had positive effects which means that the nearer the point-count
stations to the valley bottom and the higher the value of canopy cover, the higher is the
C. cebuensis distribution. The various effects of microhabitat factors on the distribution
of the target species could be used as benchmark in predicting the habitat quality for
C. cebuensis. Hence, this could be utilized as an aid in making decision for further
conservation and management planning for the target species.
Keywords: microhabitat variables, spatial distribution, black shama, Copsychus cebuensis,

Argao Watershed Reserve, Cebu, Philippines
1
Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Cebu Technological University Argao Campus,
Lamacan, Argao, Cebu, Philippines e-mail: archlam68@yahoo.com, Mobile: 0906-552-2308.
*
PhD in Environmental Science Graduate, School of Environmental Science and Management,
University of the Philippines Los Baῆos College 4031, Laguna, Philippines and Former Scholar,
DOST-SEI ASTHRDP administered by Department of Science and Technology (DOST)-PCAARRD.
Received 31 December 2014; Accepted 19 February 2015

Malaki 2015
INTRODUCTION
Generally, the survival of many species of birds’ is relatively dependent on
the fluctuating environmental variables such as microhabitat and microclimate
(Rosli et al. 2012). However, these responses may vary with species physiological
tolerance, and most especially to nestlings (Hayworth & Weathers 1984, Burton
1995, Thomas et al. 2001, Harrison et al. 2003, Huntley et al. 2006, Hitch & Leberg
2007, Devictor et al. 2008, Virkkala et al. 2008, Rosli et al. 2012). In reality, species
that need forest interior may avoid edges due to changes in microclimate, vegetation
structure or high density predators or blood parasites (Yahner & Scott 1998; Malcom
1994, Marini et al. 1995, Stephens et al. 2003).
Black shama (Copsychus cebuensis Steere) is locally known as ‘siloy’ and is
endemic to Cebu Island, Philippines. A sedentary, non-migratory, and insectivorous
bird species that feeds on insects normally black beetles (Kennedy et al. 2000). This
bird species belongs to the order Passeriformis and Muscicapidae family which
inhabits primary forest, in the dense undergrowth of secondary habitats - usually
within a few meters from the ground where it is secretive, more often heard than
seen, in bamboo grooves, thickets and/or along steep ravines―particularly beside
ridge-top and valley-bottoms with a high percentage of canopy cover (Kennedy et
al. 2000, Birdlife International 2012). It breeds from February up to September.
According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Red List of Threatened Species in 2012, this species qualifies as endangered as it
has a very small range and population, both of which are continuously declining
(Birdlife International 2012). Additionally, it suffers severe fragmentation owing
to extreme pressure on the few remaining, already highly degraded, tracts of
forest in Cebu Province that still support subpopulations (Birdlife International
2012). Likewise, biodiversity in Argao watershed is pervasively threatened from
degradation posed by human activities including settlement, land use conversion,
shifting cultivation, illegal cutting of trees for house construction, firewood
gathering and habitat clearance for mining. Consequently, these disturbances may
eventually affect the microclimate and microhabitat factors in the watershed area
and ultimately the present subpopulations of C. cebuensis.
A number of insectivorous species of forest birds are adapted to changes in
microclimate and microhabitat factors (Arriaga-Weiss et al. 2008). In the study of
Varesteh et al. (2010) found out that the distribution of some under storey birds
species are also correlated with canopy cover, number of trees and ground cover
as the consequence of forest edge and gaps. However, avifaunal species may
respond to one or a combination of these changes in the landscapes as a result of
various mechanisms of may be biological origin (Robinson et al. 1995). Studying
bird occurrences, densities and/or populations may therefore give a distinct result
because of environmental and habitat changes over the forest in a long time (Rosli
et al. 2012).
Zakaria et al. (2009) in their study on insectivorous birds and environmental
factors across an edge-interior gradient in tropical rainforest of Malaysia found out
that arboreal foliage gleaning insectivores were positively correlated with ground
cover, light intensity, shrub cover and percent of shrub cover. While terrestrial
690 Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015

Effects of microhabitat factors on black shama’s distribution
insectivores, were sensitive to the forest edge and could indicate the quality of
forest interior habitat associated with high humidity, dense canopy cover and deep
litter depth. Rosli et al. (2012) studied the response of upper storey birds to the
environmental variables at different distances from the edge of an isolated forest
reserve in Malaysia and found out that the responds and the environmental variables
were significantly correlated.
Here in the Philippines, particularly at Subic Bay Forest Reserve (SBFR) the
effects of anthropogenic land use on the natural habitat have been studied and found
out that forest bird species are positively correlated with vegetation variables such
as canopy cover, tree density, height to inversion and ground cover (Posa & Sodhi
2006). Furthermore, the results also show that majority of the bird contacts are
sensitive to canopy loss. It requires at least a canopy cover of 60% or higher in
order to maintain at least good environmental condition for the birds which is in
conformity with the finding of this present study. A large proportion of endemics
here in the Philippines from both groups are dependent on forested habitats
(Dickinson et al. 1991, Settele 1993). Lastly, habitat and environmental quality
changes may also affect the population growth rate and the equilibrium population
size of plants and wildlife (Saunders et al. 1995).
Hence, this present study was the first attempt to assess the responds of
C. cebuensis in terms of its spatial distribution to some microclimate and microhabitat
variables or factors on the selected forest patches within Argao watershed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study site. The Argao Watershed Reserve (AWR) is geographically located between
the north latitudes of 9o50’ and 10o00’ and east longitudes of 128o28’ and 123o37’
(Figure 1). Specifically, it is found in the municipalities of Argao, Dalaguete and
Badian, respectively. It has a watershed area of about 7,250 ha. It is bounded in the
north by the municipality of Sibonga, in the south by the municipality of Dalaguete,
in the east by Bohol strait and in the west by the municipalities of Dumanhug,
Ronda, Alcantara and Badian. The general topography of the area is steep to very
steep, with rugged terrain ranging from 12-60% slope in any direction. The highest
elevations ranging from 800 to 1,000 m above sea level (m asl) are found at the
headwaters of barangays Ablayan, Maloray, Manlapay of Dalaguete Municipality,
and in the barangays Santicon and Butong of Badian and Argao towns. On the other
hand, the whole watershed is composed of 21 barangays, of which 13 barangays
belong to Argao jurisdiction, seven barangays in Dalaguete and only one in Badian
Municipality where most of the areas are located in the uplands (Community-Based
Resource Management Project Report 1999).
The geological condition of the watershed is within along narrow erosional
window that trends northeast. Exposed in the window are sequences of older
steeply dipping clastic rocks. Limestone and coal that strikes generally northward.
The area is bounded by overlying thick sequence of gently dipping and younger
limestone rocks. In the middle sections of the Argao river is a sequence of slightly
metamorphosed sedimentary rocks with interbedded flows. Seven rocks were
identified to be underlain within the study area. Of which four are resistant to
Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015 691

Malaki 2015
erosion while the remaining three are non-resistant. The soil is generally clayey
to loamy in texture specifically the soil type in the area is consist of Mantalongon
clay loam which occupies 90% of the total study area and 10% falls under lugo
series which were derived from weathered limestone rocks and from calcareous and
sandstone in the bottom lands. the soil ph ranges from 6.5 to 8.2.
The study site falls under climate type III where rainfall distribution is not
pronounced but usually the onset of rainy season falls on the months of May until
November where at this month considered the wettest while dry season starts early
December until April where the driest is usually experience during the month of
March.
Figure 1. The location of the study site - Argao Watershed Reserve (with maps of
Cebu Province and Philippines, inset).
Argao watershed has two different types of forest cover, the naturally grown
trees which are indigenous or native species, and the man-made forest which are the
plantation, previously managed under Southern Cebu Reforestation Development
Project (SCRDP) in the early 1970’s. Some remnants of natural forest fragments

are found at the peak of Mt. Lantoy and at the slopes of Argao River. Isolated forest
patches are still present in barangays Canbantug, Panadtaran, Usmad, Tabayag,
Conalum and Cansuje. Mother trees of Ipil [Instia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze] and
Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) can also be found in these areas. Natural vegetation
and plantation forests comprise 29% (1,119.54 ha) of the watershed area (Jakosalem
& Paguntalan 2007).
Data collection technique for population counts of Copsychus cebuensis. This
study adopted the point count survey method following Expedition Field Techniques:
Bird Surveys by Bibby et al. (2000). A total of 130 circular point-count stations with
20 m radius had been established within the four sampling sites covering natural
and man-made forests. Of the total, 26 plots in Mt. Lantoy (Brgy. Tabayag), 23 in
Brgy. Canbantug, 38 in Brgy. Usmad and 43 plots in Brgy. Cansuje (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Plotted coordinates for the 130 point-count sampling stations within the
four sampling sites in Argao Watershed Reserve, Cebu, Philippines.
About 10 minutes were allocated for observation in each station. All target
species seen or heard around the plot within the fixed radial distance of 20 m were
recorded. The variables such as number of contacts or encounters with the target
species, start time, height of contact and the exact time when the contact happened

Malaki 2015
were recorded. The conduct of the survey was usually done 30 min before sunrise
until 1000 hr as birds were active during this time and late in the afternoon until
sunset or 1730 hr (Bibby et al. 2000). The survey was only undertaken during
days with fair weather or sunny. No survey was made during rainy days since bird
activities were suppressed during these days.
Data collection technique for microhabitat variables. The microhabitat variables
were gathered directly or indirectly from the field during which the point-count
sampling was conducted. These variables were broadly categorized into the
following: (a) physical and (b) vegetation features variables, respectively. Physical
variables included elevation, slope, exposure and distance to the nearest available
intermittent stream or valley bottom. Elevation and slope were measured directly on
field using GPS; exposure was obtained with the use of a compass while distances
of sampling plots to the nearest available intermittent stream or valley bottom were
determined indirectly by calculation using GIS (nearest neighbor distance analysis).
Canopy cover was measured directly in the field using Densiometer instrument,
while shrub cover and tree density were determined through direct ocular estimate
within the field and indirectly through computation using an equation by Bibby et
al. (2000) as follows:
Calculation of the density of trees around the point:
D = 100,000. P. (dmax2) [NB. P = pi]

where:
D = tree density per hectare
P(pi) = 3.1416
Dmax = distance to farthest of the 10 trees (m)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Microhabitat variables affecting the spatial distribution of Copsychus cebuensis.
Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis with respect to elevation or altitude. Figure
3 shows that the highest number of encounters was found at the elevational range of
601-700 m asl, while the lowest was 0-100 m asl.
This finding suggests that the distribution of the target species decreases as the
elevation increases. This can be attributed to the altered habitat conditions specifically
vegetative composition and structures as observed during the conduct of the field
sampling. However, the lowest number of contacts at the lowest elevation range was
due also to high level of human disturbance. Altitude is one of the simplest parameter
that is being considered in studying impacts of landscape variables on bird species.
Wherever, there is a stiff topography, altitude is primarily a major predictor of the
occurrence of individual species (Bibby et al. 2000). In the study of understorey
bird species diversity along elevational gradients on the northeastern slope of
Mt. Makiling (Luzon Island, Philippines) showed that species richness and diversity
were highest at mid-montane forest (751-899 m asl) and lowest at mossy forest
(900-1094 m asl)(Pagaduan & Afuang 2012).

Figure 3. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as influenced by elevation
Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis with respect to slope. Figure 4 shows that the
highest number of contacts was found at the slope range of 31-45% while the lowest
was at slope range of 106-120%. In this variable, the same pattern of observation
was obtained as that of the effect of elevation with the number of contacts of the
target species generally decreases with increasing slope range.
Figure 4. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by slope.
This effect could be attributed to the altered vegetation structures especially in

brought about by a steeper or higher slope gradient. Trees and other plants growing
on ridges appeared to be more stunted than those growing in valleys and/or median
slope or at lower slope as observed in this study. In cases where steeper slopes is
associated with higher altitude, frequent periods of harsh weather generally strike
the higher mountainous areas, affecting to a lesser degree lower elevation hence,
the number of contacts with the target species declined (Carrascal & Diaz 2006).
The sensitivity of birds to different abiotic and biotic factors particularly slope is
dependent at least on the bird species hence this phenomenon is species-specific
(Whittingham et al. 2002).
Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by aspect or exposure. Figure 5
shows that the highest number of contacts was at the northern exposure while the

Malaki 2015
lowest was at the western exposure. This could be attributed to the amount of light
or solar radiation received by areas of varying exposure.
Figure 5. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by slope aspect.
Generally, at the northern slope solar radiation or solar heating is minimal

compared to the rest of slope orientations particularly during hot summer days where
temperature and light intensity are elevated. This was exactly the time when this
study was conducted. Although, a study on landscape structure and breeding bird
distribution in sub-Mediterranean agro-ecosystem showed that slope orientation
appeared to have negligible effect on bird assemblages (Farina 1997).
Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by distance from the nearest
available intermittent stream. As shown in Figure 6, the highest number of contacts
was at 0-200 m, whereas the lowest was at 1,401-1,600 m. It can be observed that
target species distribution generally decreases with increasing distance from an
intermittent stream or valley bottom.
Figure 6. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as influenced by distance from the

intermittent stream and river.

Although, not consistent in all range of distances, this could be attributed to

other microclimatic and microhabitat factors which are synergistically affecting the
C. cebuensis distribution. As observed in this study, within or near valley bottom
relative humidity was higher with lower temperature especially in those areas with
adequate vegetation cover. In a separate study on spatial variation in bird commu-
nity composition in relation to topographic gradient and forest heterogeneity seemed
corroborates the finding of this study. Results have shown that forest streams are
vital component of the forest landscape which correlated to valleys and thus, the
relationship between species composition and proximity to the microhabitats formed
by the streams can be expected (Cintra & Naka 2012).
Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by canopy cover. Figure 7
suggests that the highest number of contacts was found at the percentage canopy
cover range of 51-60 and 71-80% while the lowest was at the 21-30%. It can be
observed that the target species distribution generally increases with increasing
canopy cover although this pattern was not again consistent all across range of
canopy cover.
Like most forest interior species, however, C. cebuensis needed also adequate
canopy cover for it to exist despite the fact that the target species seemed already
adapted to the degraded condition of the study site (Kennedy et al. 2000). The study
on the effects of anthropogenic land use on forest birds in Subic Bay (Zambales,
Philippines) corroborated the finding of this study that a canopy cover of 60% or
higher was required by 24 of 26 bird species and 71 to 80% canopy cover got the
highest distribution or number of contacts (Posa & Sodhi 2006). Further, a study
in Idaho and California, USA revealed that tree canopy cover was so important for
habitat selection of 86 mammal and avian species (Joshi et al. 2012).
Figure 7. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by canopy cover.
Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by shrub cover. Figure 8

reveals that the highest number of contacts found at the range of 41-50%, while the
lowest was found at the range of 81-90%. The finding suggests that C. cebuensis
distribution generally decreases with increasing shrub cover.

Malaki 2015
Figure 8. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by shrub cover.
In a separate study of Carrascal and Diaz (2006) found out that the most
essential habitat structure variables related to bird distribution were the density
of young and mature oaks: a thick undergrowth of thin oaks negatively influenced
total bird abundance and species richness. The impact of this variable towards the
distribution of the target species in the present study appeared to be that there is
an optimum amount of shrub cover that they thrived more favorably and beyond
which the distribution seemed to decrease. Hence, the role of trees and shrubs on
the distribution of the target species seemed to be complementary.
Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as influenced tree density. Figure 9 shows
that the highest no. of contacts was at the range of 281-320 trees/ha, while the lowest
was within the range of 121-160 trees/ha. The same trend had been observed with
that of the effect of shrub cover in terms of the optimum amount of tree density
needed for the target species to thrive successfully in a particular microhabitat
condition. Once this range of tree density is overshoot, it is expected that the number
of contacts with the target species declines.
Figure 9. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as influenced by tree density.

The complementary effect between shrub-tree-mixed vegetation structure

resulted to a more complex structure which suggests that microhabitat conditions
were conducive for the target species to persist and proliferate. A study on the avian
diversity and its association with vegetation structure in different elevational zones
in India found out that tree density demonstrated positive correlation with bird
species diversity and bird species richness (Joshi et al. 2012).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In general, the distribution of the target species is affected by microhabitat
variables such as physical and vegetation factors. Elevation and slope have the
same effects. As elevation and slope increases the distribution of the target species
decreases. The northern facing slope has the highest distribution while western
facing the lowest. Distance to nearest available intermittent stream or valley bottom
has inverse relationship with the distribution of the target species which means that
the nearer the distance to the stream the higher the distribution. Canopy cover has
positive effects, the higher canopy cover the higher the distribution. Shrub cover
and tree density have similar effects, when the amount of these variables increases
the distribution declines. Determination of the factors which affect the distribution
of the target species in a given habitat is vital in order to identify the threats that
this species might be facing within the natural habitat that it exist (Moradi et al.
2009). The sensitivity of the target species to different microhabitat factors could
be used as an indication of habitat quality. Hence, the findings of this study can
help wildlife resource managers in the selection of suitable forest habitat patches
within the Argao Watershed Reserve which will require immediate rehabilitation,
adequate protection, and/or preservation. Further research should be explored on
the clear and present threats on the forest resources which would lead changes in
microhabitat factors which can ultimately affect distribution of C. cebuensis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study received financial support primarily from the Department of Science and
Technology, Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI) under the Accelerated Science and
Technology Human Resource Development Program (ASTHRDP), Philippine Council
for Aquatic, Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development
(PCAARRD) and the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) for which the
author is very grateful.
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ASIA LIFE SCIENCES
ISSN 0117-3375
Volume 24, Number 2 July-December 2015
CONTENTS
469 A new distribution record of Hoya espaldoniana
Kloppenburg, Siar & Cajano (Section Acanthostemma:
Apocynaceae) A.S. Hadsall, M.A.O. Cajano,
I.A.F. Lambio & M. Alejado
477 Relationship between above- and below-ground
biomass for 18-year-old Abies holophylla under
different stand conditions H.-H. Lee & D.-H. Lee
493 The Philippine genus Stilbotes Stal and a new tribe
of Asopinae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) V.P. Gapud
499 Competitive ability of weedy rice against cultivated
rice in the Philippines E.C.Martin & I.R. Tanzo
507 Formulation of an environment and social impact
assessment tool for small scale economic activities in
coastal areas in the Philippines C.A. Cabrido, Jr.
537 Morphological variations of the white goby (Glossogo-
bius giuris Hamilton 1822, Teleostei: Gobiidae) in three
lakes of Southern Luzon, Philippines J.G. Campang &
P.P. Ocampo
Cont. on Next Page
Reviewers for this Issue: Dr. Nelly S. Aggangan, Prof. J.V.

Bariuan, Prof. A.R. Buan, Dr. Y.-C. Byun, Dr. L.A.
Corpuz-Raros, Dr. V.P. Gapud, Dr. K.G. Gruèzo, Dr. Wm.Sm.
Gruèzo, Dr. Y. Janous, Dr. R.L. Lapitan, Dr. X. Liu, Dr. J. Ma,
Prof. M. Mallari-Cuerdo, Prof. J.A. Margate, Prof. A.P. Mercado,
Prof. R.N. Monte, Prof. O. Motlagh, Dr. O.M. Nuñeza,
Prof. R.R.Saplaco, Dr.M.Shojafar, Dr. R. Wang & Dr. D. Zhang.

Contents

559 Guideposts in land use planning and allocation in the

Philippines C.A. Cabrido, Jr. & M.L.T. Munarriz
575 Enhancement of growth and yield of upland rice
(Oryza sativa L.) by actinomycetes J.A. Cruz,
E.F. Delfin & E.S. Paterno
585 Using Surestream and High-Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA) networks to construct ubiquitous
learning environment K.-T. Sun & H.-T. Chan
601 Nature farming and himalayanisation: Food
subsistence strategies by the Mangyan Alangan Tribe of
Naujan, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines A.M.Caringal &
J.A.D. Guarde
629 A flowchart-based programming environment for
improving problem solving skills of Cs minors in
computer programming D. Hooshyar, R.B. Ahmad,
S. Shamshirband, M. Yousefi & S.-J. Horng
647 Body image, body mass index and the experience of
Hiya in physical education among Filipino female
university students Z.R.T. Brebante & J.Y. Cagas
661 Strategic global sourcing: Procurement decision
concepts in the aviation manufacturing industry
C. Kowalski & M. Fiedler
679 Outdoor activities: Source of healthy living and
cultural legacy R.N. Monte, A.R. Buan &
J.S. Dela Cruz
689 Effects of microhabitat factors on the distribution of
Watershed Reserve, Cebu, Philippines A.B.B. Malaki
Contents
703 Comparison of exercise versus sport participation
motives among Filipino university students J.Y. Cagas,

E.J. Manalastas, B. Torre & C. Sanchez-Pituk
715 Grain-filling process in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.
‘PSB Rc18’) under water deficit is enhanced by nitrogen
fertilization B.U. Tizon-Salazar, P.C. Sta. Cruz,
B.M. Salazar, E.A. Aguilar & R.B. Badayos
727 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
phosphorylates BimEL Ser69 via ERK1/2 pathway
Y. Sun, Y. Mao, S. Gu & Y. Xie
737 Stressors and stress responses of Filipino college
students M.R. Dy, K. Espiritu-Santo,
M.P. Ferido & R.D. Sanchez
761 Mangamaru: A creative indigenous Kapampangan
folkdance (Philippines) M.E. Santos, J.G. Tubera &
J.T. Martin
777 Termiticidal activity of wild mushroom species
(Agaricus and Hebeloma) C.T. Navalta & T.A. Estrabo
789 Family correlates of adolescent volunteerism
B.A. Lalap & M.R. Dy
809 Characterization and analysis of date palm (Phoenix
dactylifera L.) karyotypes O.A. Hagelamin &
A.M.M. Alzahrani
823 Strategic logistics planning for flood disaster
prevention of economic zones in the Greater Manila
Area, Philippines J.T. Castro
841 Determinants of employee’s acceptance of a
compressed workweek scheme: A case study
M.B. Sundo, S. Fujii, M.S. Madlangbayan,
E.V. Ana & P.P. Velasco

Contents
857 Enhancing learning performance using grouping
optimization based on social relationships and genetic
algorithm C.-Y. Chang, C.-T. Chen, M.-H. Chen,
R.-C. Chen & S.-P. Suen
865 Reviewers -Asia Life Sciences Volume 24, No. 2, 2015
869 Board of Editors -Asia Life Sciences Volume 24, No.2,
2015
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Effects of microhabitat factors on the distribution of

A RCHIEBALD BALTAZAR B. M ALAKI1, *

Keywords: microhabitat variables, spatial distribution, black shama, Copsychus cebuensis,

Received 31 December 2014; Accepted 19 February 2015

690 Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015 691

692 Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015

Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015 693

D = 100,000. P. (dmax2) [NB. P = pi]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

694 Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015

Figure 3. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as influenced by elevation

Figure 4. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by slope.

This effect could be attributed to the altered vegetation structures especially in

Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015 695

Figure 5. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by slope aspect.

Generally, at the northern slope solar radiation or solar heating is minimal

Figure 6. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as influenced by distance from the

696 Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015

Although, not consistent in all range of distances, this could be attributed to

Figure 7. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by canopy cover.

Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by shrub cover. Figure 8

Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015 697

Figure 8. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as affected by shrub cover.

Figure 9. Distribution of Copsychus cebuensis as influenced by tree density.

698 Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015

The complementary effect between shrub-tree-mixed vegetation structure

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015 699

700 Asia Life Sciences 24(2) 2015

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Asia Life Sciences is a recipient of the Journal Accreditation

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REVIEWERS - ASIA LIFE SCIENCES Volume 24,

Dr. Nelly S. Aggangan

Prof. Juanito V. Bariuan

Prof. Aivi R. Buan

Actual date of publication - 30 March 2015 ALS 24(2) 2015

Dr. Leonila A. Corpuz-Raros

Dr. Victor P. Gapud

Dr. Krishlex G. Gruèzo MD

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