Airfoil

NACA airfoils are airfoil shapes for aircraft wings and wind turbine developed by
the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The shape of the
NACA airfoils is described using a series of digits following the word "NACA".
The parameters in the numerical code can be entered into equaation to precisely
generate the cross-section of the airfoil and calculate its properties.

Two types

The NACA four digit wing section define the profile by:
1. First digit describing maximum camber as percentage of the chord length.
2. Second digit describing the distance of the maximum camber from the airfoil edge in
tenths of the chord.
3. Last two digits describing maximum thickness of the airfoil as percent of the chord
length

The NACA 0015 airfoil is symmetrical, the 00 indicating that it has no camber. The 15
indicates that the airfoil has a 15% thickness to chord length ratio: it is 15% as thick as it
is long.

The formula for the shape of a NACA 00xx foil, with "xx" being repalced by the
percentage of the thickness, is

or
 0.10

0.05

0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
-0.05

-0.10
Plot of NACA 0015 foil generated from the formula

Or another formula to draw the airfoil.

where yupper = yt + yc , ylower = -yt + yc is the thickness shape

yc is the camber shape,
xcmax is the chord-wise position of maximum camber,
t is the maximum thickness and
cmax is the maximum camber.
Force works on airfoil
Numerical example
1. (wing of airplane):
ρair = 1.2 kg/m3
v = 700 km/hr = 194 m/s
CD =1.0
A = 40 m2
1 2
p= v ρ = 0.5x 1.2x 1942/10 = 2258 kg/m2
2
F= pxA=2258 x 40=90320 kg=90.32ton s
2. Blade of a horizontal wind turbine
ρair = 1.2 kg/m3
v = 8 m/s
CD =1.0
A = 40 m2
1 2
p= ρ v = 0.5x 1.2x 82/10 = 153 kg/m2
2
F L = p . A=153 x 4 0=6885 kg=6.885 tons

3. Blade of a vertical wind turbine (Darrieus)

The same as for horizontal wind turbine

Force acting on a tubine blade

α
U
Torque is
FL

V U T = Ft x r
Ft Fn
FD ω Where r is radius

FV V

Horizontal turbine
1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (Hawt)
1.1 A short description on how a wind turbine works
PR

Buat / gambarkan garis vektor-vektor pada sudu turbin angin horizontal seperti gambar
berikut sehingga didapat vektor gaya tangensial yang membuat turbin bekerja / berputar.

V adalah vektor kecepatan angin

ω adalah arah putaran

V
ω