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ffifUAl
Answen Key
UYIYI I Part of Speech (rJevmrlosrir) 131

1J1|l',t 2 Noun (riruru) 134

u1111 J Arllcle (riT rirrrirr+1il) 138
rrii 4 Ouantlfler (rirranrJ6urnr 24 142
I?la c Pronoun (rirdeeur+rar) 30 146
rnii 6 Sublect-Verb Agreement (rJavoru-n6sriiaaonfiar) 36 149
\111t / Present Tenses(nr4nraoflr+rloqrh) 42 152
ljll?r 6 Past Tenses (nrqnranflradn) 48 155
u1l?t I Fulure Tenses (m4n,e#lrouran) 158
rnfi 10 Passlve Volce (ila;orunnneari,r) 161

tnfi'tt Condltlonal Senlence (rartanuiou'lr) 165

:lrr,ii t2 Non-Ftntte Verb (nislhiufi) 168
urn't3 Modal Verb (niarriaa) 171

:r:r,ii t4 Reported Speech (ta;Taaiid,rrirln*nri.r) 174

rnii 15 AdJectlve (rir q orrl'uri) 177
u?r11 lb Adverb (rirnSarirtur*) 180
md t7 Comparlson (nraurJ6aurfi urL) 183
trii 18 Preposlllon (riTrurn) 186
unii 1g ConJunctlon (ni, d'rat+) 114 190
rnfr zo Questlon Tag (rirnT ufi,rarJa;tan) 120 194

Flnal Test 126 198

Irregular Verbs 203

Tips & Tests
s$$ssssssssssssss
Port of Speech ileyunrrasFir
Part of Speech 6a ilasmflrfotfintorr{rrirsl iirarlff(unrelnriorfiau
trnrrr o-r nqufi nmutis rleaLnyrr as6i,r a a nrfl ur'sfr"u 8 rlacurYt "lfiud N ou n,

Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction uas

In te rj ec t io n n-r uyuri'fl unrura-snrluuri as Fi1fi rerlrue aes fia sril$ I'lr 8
rlasmrfi"lds{a

1) Noun o0 Fr1?l[ f,rFernpru dm{ dsros orderrH aru n-sii ol osds rir s1
,us
(rirn,u) tfl41ilil6t?El
nrl - man, father, lady, John, Peter, Susan
*ni - cat, fish, bird, dolphin, buffalo, mosquito
dsras - car, pen, book, table, clock, computer
anruii - city, house, school, airport, hospital
4ordntH - love, honesty, wisdom, happiness
2) Pronoun a0 ;;dti;;il;;; tila ,f,unurirurufi'al"trif
(rirdannrrer) drdsr.r"u 6 aa J[a nfalf,ur udrd{nioufi u aqjufir
utuo'ruru - I, we, you, they, he, she, it
unuiisdcir"taif,'haaaJta - Somerhing is missing
4)u- d ttu
utudsfrfrTanrsoEtudr - IhaJ is not mv fault.
3) Verb aa n1fluo nnmneyrimfaornra narulfluaqi n6adnmzrirrl
(drn6ar) uannmnac?ir- laugh, eat, run, read, watch
ronnmrulfluoci - be, have, exist
uandnmc - seem, taste, become
"""":""(fl
4) AdJecflve aorirfr rs1afi 6ao6ulgn"ruru'16orirdeau*rurdal#lfi arcraur6saLfr ufl-?
) uu
(nhqornhrri) tfiErrn"ua"nuilvrirsl uriu qrxdur? dnru B a,rq niad'qtrnrasd*r'n1
tanqnrdnr? - James is smart.
tandntl - He bought a new book.
ron3 - The pencil is green.
uonals - These children are young.
ran#rgtr6 - That is an American girl

6 ar. 4nfoard qnuoiq

 5) Adverb 6 o rirf,(flrsrarSa a6rra rirnim ri'rq rurl'ur[ t6o rirnf elrirtuof r1'r0hl

-i-eJeu-1
a;mgn$tettunganua"nuf[ra1nm uaar t6adorufi
(Crnisleur$ ?1fl

ilona"ntnrc - The little boy behaves badly.

-I
ilant?a1 will do the work tomorrow.
randnruii - I have looked everywhere for my pen. rl'!ittr*'l

Ar- a.*tti+rurirururaorirdaeuuruuffrnhri,rdr{utasTsn rdodrerudns

6) Preposltlon
oarer#uu-ud'n6arirlfr orrrufi etrettasilasTanarur;enirlll
(dT qlrun)
udostaar -
They met at six o'clock.
udosdnrufl - He hid behind the curtain.
udasfirlyns- We jumped into the pond.
udasi-onre - She killed the time by watching TV.

7) ConJunctlon aa ffudauri, neierri, niariactetnrft fiafl n"$

(rirdnoln) rdaurir - goi up and walked downstairs.

.John
rdaern{arrir - They went across the street and into a shop'
rdaur.tecleto - He never worked hard but he got richer'

8) InterJecllon a r- ol.li'fl rnn. rdaud ors orau ofrSo na.rerf?lnfl as H ilra { giu 6'(e
r

AuTu mrn.rn1e d u#u Tnaatr6 o H n1u rrq r.u'[*i rderff asn-u 6i't6i u{u
^,rLuiu
(nhqnrrr)
ileg1sn6fl uas'lf,mdasfiursa'Ftrq"?Ei (l) aruaqifira utisaonuilr+ 2 ilesmfl
lfiuri anrulilurir uacafl 1r+1fi ilrlesTaFt

Ur..,,t"rr - Oh! Wow! Bravo! Oops! Ouch!

qr,ulflurleetapr - What an awful noise!
How cold the room is!
01 ,
nmfi erenati, n"'r'ltuliluritlesu]fl1o d oa s?cuH'lerH2[a

uarfios#qmnernrnri,riitasn'r#nh+r.tastfln uuerarirlu6aeri'nore{rfirirdcirsn"$
luudasilacTserlfi uriu

This train goes fast. Cttrufiu adverb malgtslelFi'lniar goes)

It is a fast train. Ctf,lflu adjective utlar;flarelci'luret train)

nvqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR l

 Exercise I
Declde whlch parts of speech are these words.
1. _ new 6. but 11. himself
2. haooilv 7. on 12. at
3. _ read 8. _ Wow! 13. slowly
4. thev 9. _ child 14. - walk
5. house 10. handsome 15. compuler

Exercise 2
Declde whtch parts of speech are the underltned words.
1. I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.
2. What dld she ask you to do?
3. I lefi my shoes under the kitchen table.
4. We have to fintsh our work quickly.
5. On Saturdays I work from nine to five.
6. I want lo go to a university in Canada.
7. I'm sure I have met your girlfriend before.
B. tJames will be here on Monday or Tuesday.
9. My friend said, "Oh! What a cold weather!.
10. We went to the store to buy a few things.

Exercise 3
Decde whtch parts of speech are the words tn the sentences.

1) The lazy man slepl in the afternoon, and he was very tired at night

1. _ lazy 7. he
2. =-- man B. --.- was
3. slept 9. very
4. -- -
--
---in 10. tired
5. afternoon 11. ---
--- ar
6. _ and 12. night

6 na. (nfoarl 4nroiry

--
 2) A red car is dangerous for policemen, but it is incredibly beautiful.

1. red 6. policemen

2. car 7. but

3. iS 8. _it
4. dangerous 9. lncredlbly
-
5. for 10 beautiful

Exercise 4
Declde whlch parts of speech are the underllned words.

1. tlohn never puls sugar in his coffee.

a. verb b' noun

c. adjective d. adverb

2. The thief ran away from the security guard.

a. pnonoun b. verb
c. adjective d. noun
3. She has been sick for three daYs.
a. verb b. adJective
c. noun d. PrePosition

4. My aunt lives here in lhis beautiful house.

a. noun b' verb
c. adverb d. adjective

5. Anna is getting married nexl year.

a. noun b' adverb
c. pronoun d. adjective

6. The hungry soldier ale four slices of pizza.

a. noun b. verb
c. adjective d. adverb
7. Wine is more exDensive lhan beer.
a. adverb b' noun
c. adjective d. PrePosition
B. The compuler is having technical problems'
a. adverb b. Pronoun
c. conjunction d' adjective

wqaTovrei BASIC GRAMMAR 9

 9. Peler saw her yesterday in lhe cafeteria.
a. preposition b. conjunclion
c. adjective d. inlerjection
10. John is very sharp, but he is sometimes lazy.
a. adJective b. noun
c. preposilion d. conjunclion
"11. Do you want lo come to the playground with us?
a. noun b. adjeclive
c. pronoun d. adverb
12. She was quite happy to receive the prize.
a. noun b. verb
c. adverb d. adjective
13. Andrew can run fasler than anyone in our school.
a. adverb b. adjective
c. noun d. pronoun

14. I bought this perfume in a foreign country.

a. noun b. adjective
c. pronoun d. adverb
15. tJudy sent me a poslcard from London.
a. adjeclive b. preposition
c. pronoun d. conjunction
16. Please come to my party to celebrate my birthday.
a. adverb b. noun
c. pronoun d. verb
17. My cousin has wriilen an interesting slory.
a. adjective b. verb
c. noun d. adverb
18. The children are playing outside in the garden.
a. noun b. Pronoun
c. verb d. adverb
19. You must answer the queslion honestly.
a. adjective b. adverb
c. pronoun d. preposition

1_0 oa. {ni'eanf qnrafru

20. Although she loves him a lot, she doesn"l wanl to marry him

a. adjective b. Pronoun
c. preposition d. coniunction

21. Our group has been rehearsing for the show.

a. verb b. adjective
c. noun d. adverb

22. Mark talked lo lhem aboul the homework.

a. noun b. Pronoun
c. adjective d. PrePosilion
23. You will be beautiful when you grow uP'

a. conjunction b. ad.lective
c. preposition d. Pronoun
24. If you walk fast, you will calch the bus.

a. adjective b. adverb
c. verb d. noun
25. The woman whose brother works at the bar is my friend'
a. noun b. adjective
c. pronoun d' adverb

26. The letler was wrillen in green ink.

a. adverb b' noun

c. adjeclive d' verb

27. The man was badly hurt in the accident.

a. noun b. verb
c. adverb d' adjective

28. She has lo clean her messy room before she goes out'
a. preposition b' conjunction
c. adjective d' Pronoun

29. This is the quickesl way to the cinema.

a. verb b' noun

c. adjective d' adverb

30 David entered the room and he switched on the lighl'

a. conjunction b' PrePosition
c. adjective d' adverb

wqalovrei BASIC GRAMMAR 11

 Noun rirutu
"'
ffi ffi ; 1;
'
;;; ffi,i.rrd;
v14o
+ d1t'.;;;,n ; ;' i;;;;til ; ; ;' ;;; ;",'ffi ;;'
uru u--r lru [d u on rr fr a q r n ri as ila s m r r as rir u r ar ufia {uia r a"r n eao o dr r a-n n rel u
nranlSaugrJurarmnuorilfrlfl uurerumuef naoooulirna.rurffrlofi eranirfi firii
rasrirumluilastgnnrera-rnqu uacnratffFr'.rurerudaudospra,wlfl uu6,rras

ntniu'16' a a riruru ii r+"r,f rur u"lfi ufl u'lfi#sra nuorfu. *xru ri' ;;il;;;;fi;s i n d e fin i te
(Counlabl e article (a / an) m6adrueu (two, five)lfi Toaur.isaanlfl%
1) common Noun (uT *rfu'til)'leif,iaurcrerces.irrflunulnun6ods'lnr+
Noun) uriu
dog, pen, student, country, books, animals, children, people
2) Proper Noun (uruua*w) rfi udoraurvuasfiifr'uffe'rsf2Tnqjrena urir
Mike, Monday, .June, Bangkok, England, Toyota, Chao phraya
3) collecllve Noun (uTutraraorai) u"ntf,erun-t common Noun *iu

'"";;;ttd;'" ...."1.9P*.:1.r"".:rJ::.:..H":1.9.1y.';.1 wo pairs of shoes

a a rir u.ru frtridru ran u-ud,r ueu'lfi Tocnjn ooctff( uerhasmnref uashifiosfi

(Uncountable article rirnrh Tocrurjsoonrflu

1) Mass Noun (r"mqr+ru) rriu water, oil, tea, coffee, sugar, meat,
Noun)
go ld ri.rururfi eirfi"arqudnsd*.lrumFailf *rnr'lfinrnilrfl rT,rfiaEl
1. nltusfifanursnranrs niu a grass of water, two slides of bread
2. rirranrlfurrx udu much coffee, little sugar, a lot of water
2) Abstract Noun (ur+raeau) 'lfiuri
1. rtatudnsdntu niu richness, pleasure, poverty
2. rretudnsqr*dntE niu beauty, happiness, kindness
3. nrerudosnlanas{1 r:in flight, camping, hiking
3) deitr rntr fiflr rdn economics, mathematics, chemistry, Thai,
English, .Iapanese, football, basketball
4) nT uo'n1 rdu accommodation, advice, equipment, experience,
furniture, health, homework, information, jewelry, knowledge,
luck, luggage, money, music, news, progress, rubbish, traffic,
travel, trouble, weather, work

72 6t? {nfoanf 4nrofrg

 "' " "' "'
'
;;ffi ;;;'ii,n ;ln'til.; ;;;i;;;;;hillGi *i ;ffi ; ;;; ;
"H
;,it' ffi
Would you like a glass of wine? (""r"[fr = ufra)
A window is made of glass. (u"t"[+it6'= ne;on)
I've got a few grey hairs already. (u"u"[fi = rfiuaru)

....I.":..*H.'-'."?P:*:"(:"y]*:.:.:,1]y"t:.:),""",6..*,!!s$.!.....s.i....
_)
nrrHlSg$$'lll . t) uAn s triu dogs, Pens, hands, books, rulers, phones, oranges
z) uAu es ru'oasfrrsfirs s, ss, sh, ch, x, z utiu buses, boxes, glasses
uannqdtfrLfl$ i
e 3) arfrrafi'ra o uaa{tstrirufluueirgdul unu es tdu heroes, mangoes
$1r{}rE}R1l
4) atfr,rerfira o uatfirsrrirlfludas unu s 6iu radios, studios, bamboos
5) asfrrafiaa y uav{rsnritfluueitgtua nt6ar+ y uilu ies trin cities, babies
6) asfrrafiru y uaaffrsrnrTrufludes tg|u s Hin days, boys, keys, monkeys
7) asfrrafiaa f, fe pl-dflil1fl$ ves tdr+ wives, lives, knives, thieves
8) urJdauda;t5a6.l6auqr.l tdn men, women, feet, teeth, geese, mice

P).]:.'l*lp"t.'LT.Ill:.93"?i:.113.?P;"3.".rr3.1:.'.?il?l:"3P"?319.1
v)
il$1lllo{l 1) rJatoru (Sublect) einoqifrum;Tanuaroqitrirrirnier

rhn1rt Peter works verY hard.

2) naaar (Oblect) aqjtd'srirnfarfifrasnmneeu
Peter loves Jane.
3) naauta-rqurLt (Oblect of a Preposition) aqita"srirrlmn
Peter wrote to Jane.
4) dt+u6ur6at (Complement) u"nmrufla"s be, have, become
Peter is a doctor.
1) 'lf, "s n"rudrta (the man"s shop)
$1rrudntn?nil
el.
ril$tq1i0,$
I 2) raarrfiets " fia-{%13JLaflfls1i$6oflflilqfiiasfr1afiaer s (the kids" book)
3) r,rnfirdrlasdasnu td 's railrsfi.rufrre (John and Peter's house)
4) trnuitunejuriTuru 'ld 's uaur;fiTufr'rs (my son-in-law's computer)
5) tf, 's Uonr?a1 ?JEtsytl{ drueuraarlaurnrsi,rsl (next week's lesson)
6) tff ,s rando*+iir6a6rudr (We will meet you at the barber's.)
7) tf, of n-ilu6.nrasdtaifiiifl (the door of the car, the gulf of Thailand)

"9).3"t..:1.:v"'::.1*v:"v:::*{::l*:}::.(1*.I?v:.:.:i.."..e::1.Y.:.r-"1)."

lru"\l}
\-/
jlzffri\j
i\*,

tu
nrqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR E
 Exercise I
complele lhe sentences wlth 'a' or 'an' for counlable nouns and 'some' for
uncountable nouns.

1. She would like to have ice cream for dessert.

2. He had good idea about wniting an article for the newspaper.
3. Don"t forget to buy tea and sugar when you go to the supermarket.
4. The children have homework to do tonighl
5. Hopefully we will have nice weather when we go to London.
6. He bought his wife beauliful jewelry from the departmenl store.
7. He cut himself bread and ate it with apple.
8. There was earlhquake in Japan.
9. I think we have made Progress with our English
10. animal needs a regular supply of food.

Exercise 2
complete the sentences wlth the plural form of the nouns tn parentheses.

1. Foxes and belong to the dog family. (wolf)

2, The farmer keeps cows and (sheep)
3. Cats chase birds and (mouse)
4. The and forks are kept in this drawer. (knife)
5. My brother keeps tropical (fish)
6. Why do change color in the fall? (leaf)
7. Brush your before you go to bed. (tooth)
B. S football is becoming popular (woman)
9. We saw a herd of on the hillside. (deer)
10. Scotland has many beautiful (beach)

Exercise 3
Rewrlle the sentences uslng the possesslve apostrophe.

1. The tail of our cat is black and white.

T4 aa. (nr"oalf, lnroirg

2. The husband of my friend is very tall.
3. I received lhe letter of Uncle Joe last night.
4. The clothes of the boys are dirty.
5. The mother of my cousin is my aunl.
6. The head of lhal bird is yellow.
7. The house of Mr. and Mrs. Smilh is new.
B. The friends of my sisler ane very pretly.
9. We saw the wife of your brother yesterday.
10. The gloves of these ladies were expensive.

Exercise 4
Choose the correct answer.

1. We have moved all of the inlo our new apartmenl.

a. furniture b. furnitures
c. furnilure's d.furnitures'
2. The _ over lhere wanl to meet lhe manager.
a. woman b. women
c. womans d. womens
3. .John gave me some aboul how to start a new business.
a. advice b. advices
c. advise d. advises
4. He losl some of his on the way back from Canada.
a. luggage b. luggages
c. lhe luggage- d. the luggages
5. I clean my lhree limes a day.
a. toolh b. leeth
c. loolhs
- d. leeths
6. Could you give on your project?
a. an information b. sorne informalions
c. some information
- d. many informalions
7. There are more than a lhousand on this farm.
a. sheep b. sheeps
c. lhe sheep d. lhe sheeps

m;4aTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 15

B. Sandra decided to change her slyle and bought new _.
a. cloth b. clolhes
c. a cloth d. some clothes
9. The _ I bought is in the fridge.
a. fish b. fishes
c. fish's d. fishes'
10. Thev are sendino some lo fix the roof.
a. man b. the man
c. men d. the men
11. They need some new for the science labor^atory.
a. equip b. equipments
c. equipment d. lhe equipment
12. Let's have a few rest.
a. minute b. minutes
c. minule's d. minutes'
13. Have you seen _?
a. yesterdays'newspaper b. yesterday"s newspaper
c. newspaper's yesterday d. newspapers" yeslerday
14. The _ are falling from the trees. It's autumn.
a. leaf b. leave
c. leafs d. leaves
15. She bought three _ of bread for tea.
a. loaf b. loafs
c. loaves d. the loaves
16. This book is lhe result of _; he is very proud of il.
a. many year's work b. many years work
c. many years'work d. many years'works
17. They are going to give you a lot of
a. inform b. information
c. informing d. informations
18. We have no not even a bed or a table.
a. furnish b. furnished
c. furniture- d. furnitures
19. Don"t hurny. It's only walk to lhe posl offlce.
a. ten minute b. len-minutes
c. ten minutes' d. ten minutes

E oe. (nr-oarf lnroiry

20. Mv hate eatino Dasla.
a. child b. childs
c. chlldren d. childrens
21. Musllms klll _ in a religious celebration.
a. sheep b. sheeps
c. sheep"s d. the sheeps
22. The _ are doing the exercise right now.
a. sludent b. sludent"s
c. sludenls d. studenls'
23. Most _ work more lhan len hours a day at home.
a. housewife b. housewives
c. housewlfes d. housewife"s
24. Grandpa sharpened lhe _ in the kitchen.
a. knife's b. knifes'
c. knifes d. knives
25. When the secrelary was fired, she was glven
a. nolice
two week"s b. a notice of two weeks
c. lwo weeks' nolice d. a notice of two weeks"
26. Some _ came to arresl him.
a. policeman b. policemans
c. policemen d. policemen's
27. These are protesting againsl the president.
a. person b. people
c. person's d. people's
28. I heard a oack of in lhe foresl.
a. wolf b. wolfs
c. wolves d. wolves'
29. The shoes I bought dld not quite fit my _.
a. foot b. feet
c. foots d. feets
30. Peter is alwavs lired. even thouoh he has
a. a good sleep's night b. night"s good sleep
c. a good nighl's sleep d. nighl of good sleep

nrqaTorei BASIC GRAMMAR g

 oo'rt
Article a11+1111+1%1e{

!,t.!.!.1.!-.!,,!.!.,:..!,t.,.*.a,.{!,!.,!f
d. o Jt t^v

.,,,liil.GONffi FllI :..,..,;

ritirrfitrrnuusaanrilu 2 ilaaunr 6o rititrrlrr+'rrufrleiih+u1ure1re{ (a / an)
r',::,r-. -:t.,
uacFi1drflfi1u'ruiif,"raurrre'rrq{ (the) fruSsuneaqodrra-nnmtflrititrrit+rer
i r,r:r :i:l:.r i.tirtt:ri;ti.ti,rit ii -i i. :,ti
I .'rr: ,,-, r,,.,,.r r..,,:,..r.r ":,ri ri ri ri i r: I i.x
-.......i. . .. .....,. .,i,.,, t
,ll , i,:i :i,:,,:,,-,t. -: rrr.r ri r.r:rii.r,, ari:r*
,r,l
r.i rr..'r.'r:rr-. 8
'r.r...i,rii' :r:tl:t ili.l :tt:t.:it:ti.iiirt,.i'r
i :,t'r r :. ,r-..

rr r..r:rl!. r')-:_.rrr.rr..r.rr 1 . - r..irr..r.i.i.

"
.!
nreirfi"lriaern-eadt uanqrnuvuer-soaefegrffrahnreazo'rdrrfirurudT ne-tnratfl
Oaav
.. :r rr r::ti:tirt:ti:.r.ti:i tr ii:-.:. . :..:..'. i! 1{131h{U1€fl?r}[AflA?Pr
ir,r.

r i .r. :'r '1 :r:r,ar;i;r;i;r;,,ii ;-;r;:;\

"[n{u*m: i
*)* e
F)A O1l{',]fi l.l',]il1et11 [t2',tsr{1{11{',r3J%U
oY-
lnronilQl{
e )
r$t n'a'trl

(lndeflnlte ;
sailT a'i1ufl ilnulfl un6ods'lfi n urisaanLfl il
Artlcle) : 1)'a'lfl riTnrirurrufr fr"ufr rlfi ear3srfl g-ru-{ilstasa1qfl-1rfi udacl
- a book, a cat, a pen, a man, a school, a building
ueirgtuv rdu
-
aar (uriaanu?lasrflr+reirptur) uriu a university, a uniform, a European
2)'an' tf,r{tr rTt+rer iissrl frrr fias#fl saes (6as " a') Toa orefufru fira
- aec rdu an ant, an apple, an orange, an umbrella, an oak tree
- ueirgtu; (uriaanr8aslflude;) nin an hour, an honest man
ilr*ww ao riT r"lrrritrruf(f,rtrriruru1fr1nri,r (r+iflfir6ou"r'lu'lfr'ffld) rdafiasn.re

(Deflnlte iliailrsd'rrflilerr+'lrun6ads'tru 16'uri n'r'ir "the' {isaonutsas16' 2 urrL 6a

'the' (aanr8as "mov-) ret'oritrriru, uiin*ufrufiasflssflpr-rutu; nir+ the book,
Artlcle)
the cat, the man, the school, the university, the uniform
'the' (oan6as "a) rdarirtrriTrrudn-ilfrufirelflcrsaa; uriu the ant, the
apple, the orange, the umbrella, the oak tree, the hour

ffa"nn,lf,tt 1) ri'mfirurant'ulfiro nfl e f il1gtq1&qs

a/an My mother bought a pencil yesterday.

2)ritrri'ruruur'onei,rfi suran+'uuilr+nfsuan(orrvssia'trl'1ff tne)
There is a man at the door.
3 ) ritr rir ur etnr a ud o s n-r Fil n r u #u nts of r ila n
A lion is a fierce animal.
4) iltrrhu'ruiiriwanarf,u / #rgtr6
.lohn is a teacher. / He is an American.
5 ) ritr rh ri I u m n il e lf, rd a ud n s r lle s rl5 a a-m er n rae-a

She goes to the movie twice a month.

E oe. 4nr-ea,f qnuoiq

 I'
ma"nnratf l.) 1{',]r1fi1il1e.rUN0fl AmO{1+1}l}11fl 4il',

the We bought a book. The book is very cheap.

2) ritrrhuru fi fi riafi lersfi 'ra{4.r1

The dictionary near the vase is mine.

. e d! r A - 1 - d'l
3) $rrnruruuratartarulal %%fi eJlE o{nfl lfi tilt?od{ [111{

Please open the door.

4) r{T n rit+ruffi a urur+uufi ufi ersdrL6ar1uta n

The earth ooes around the sun.

5 ) rirtrri'rrirudnseir o"t fi
Tom is the third son in his family.
6) ritrrirnranl-eaurfietu adjective uas adverb tit*4u4,
It is the best film I have seen.
7) dmfir adject ve ru'olffuruuT uuXuori' uasfi nerufl ilra'jrott'snrjn
i

The rich get richer and the Poor get Poorer.

8) r"[TrrTruruiiufluilaanruiiyrrs4fiarand uriu uairi"r unraqfl? tuua naal rim
The Chao Phrava is a ma.ior river in Thailand.
mdnntr: 1 ) rir'lulfi / uru u"ir'lfiuXm riflteiil"ran'rs
r+ru

artlcle We would like to drlnk coffee.

2) doitr / nwt
,lames speaks English very well.
3) fi{r
The children are playing basketball.
4) fi"aorma
I usually don't eat breakfast.
5) q4nra / tun4a / tnointa
We will have dinner together on Christmas.
6) ?"'r{ / lF'au / n
Please come back again on Friday.
7) anTud tdu nnu rfios ilasrflFl fg nlJ Tasfasu urriflcl'la"s
Queensland is in Australia.
8) tann"a'lffr6u
She can't go to work because of influenza.
9) ant+d d o'tt nrerq nrlaa ds 6ir asdnrr,fr rr'r,1 Gf, tn e fir'ltud ol orLesaffi'dil )
He didn't go to school today because he was sick.

wqatorui BASIC GRAMMAR E

 Exercise I
Complete the sentences wllh'a','an' or 'the'.
1. 'ls il _ expensive picture?" 'Yes, it is _ most expensive in the gallery."
2. 'Was it long trip?' "Yes, it is _ longest trip I have ever made.'
3. *Was it large house?" *Yes,
it was _ largesl house in the village."
4. 'ls she beautlful girl?" -Yes, she is
most beautiful gtrl in the town.'
5. -Was it good hotel?' *Yes,
it was best hotel in Bangkok.-
-
Exercise 2
complele the sentences wlth -a', 'an' or 'the'. If no arflcle ts needed put a dash (-).
1. He lives in small village in _ country.
2. I don'f like going to lheater. I prefer going to clnema
3. After dlnner, they went for walk.

4. I don't like watching television in mornrngs.

5. Malta is island in Medlterranean. capilal is valleila.

6. She wrole her name -at top of
- Daoe. on right
7. It is nice day. sun is shining in _ sky
8. Where did you see film, on lelevision or at cinema?
9. 'Have you got radio?" -No, I don"t like ltstening to _ radio.'
10. The U.S.A. was _ first country to send man lo moon.

11. I had _ big breakfast and I"m not hungry now.

12. What is longest rlver in world?

13. Why don"t you invtte your boyfriend to dinner?

14. He is _ seaman. He spends mosl of his llfe at sea
15. When I was _ boy, I used to live near sea.

Exercise 3
Choose the comect one.
1. (Women / The women) are more sensilive than men.
2. (Most / The most) people hate (violence / the violence).
3. Don't go to that restaurant. (Meals / The meals) are terrible.

20 ne. 4na"mni 4nroiq

4. (All pictures / All the pictures) on lhal wall belong to my father.
5. My sister is very inlerested ln (the arl / art).

6. (The hunting / Hunting) is very cruel somelimes.

7. They got married last year but (the marriage / marriage) was not successful.

8. Look at (lhe fruit / fruil) on lhat stand. How nice it looks!

9. In this country (the coffee / coffee) is cheaper than (the tea / tea).

10. (The cheese / Cheese) we had after lhe meal was delicious.

Exercise 4
Choose the correct answer,
"1. bench on which he is sitling is not slrong.
a. A b. The
- c. Black d. Big
2. Which building is hlghest in lhe city?
a. much b. mosl
c. the - d. an

3. I am hungry. Let's stop here and have piece of cake.

a. 6 b. the
c. some d. any
4. I like all food they gave us.
a. of b. lhe
c. 6 d. those
5. .John, man you mel yesterday, is honesl man'
a. a, an b. lhe, an
c. -the, lhe d. a, the
6. She invited all of her friends to have dlnner wilh her thal evening.
a.ab.an
c. the d.

7. Things are more expensive in U.S.A. than our country'

a.ab.an
c. the - d'

8. Los Angeles River seldom has waler in it'

a. A.a b' A,-
c. The, - - d' The' the
n:,qa\en6 BNs\c GRNM\^AR
 9. That girl in the pink dress is _ frrend of mine.
a.a b.an
c, the d.

10. He said he would be at _ home tomorrow morning.

a.a b.an
c. the d.

11. When I was _ university stuoent, I had very little money to spend.
a.ab.an
c. the d.

12. It is time rich srarted thinking about poorer people rn rne world.
a.a b. an
C the d.

13. It was first time I l,ad been out of the country.

a.ab.an
c. lhe d.

14. He was sent to prison for eighteen months.

a.ab.an
c. the d.

15. Il is one of _ largesl planets in _ universe.

a. a, a b. a, the
c. the, a d. the, lhe
16. That is worsl case of violence I have ever seen
a.ab.an
c. the d.

17. His parents were so proud of him when he became lawyer,

a.ab.an
c. the d.

18. He invired me to go and play _ badminton with his friends.

a.ab.an
c. the
d.
19. If was exciring film wnh
a. a,a good and inleresting
p/or
C. fhe, a b. oD, a
d. rhe, rhe

o?
{nfoalrf l.tnlofrU
20. I prefer to go to bed well before midnight if I can.
a. a, a b. a, the
c. the, a d.

21. love has been the sub;ect of numerous novels, dramas, and poems.
a.A b.An
c. The d.

22. Turn TV on. There's a good program slarling soon.

a. a b. an
C. the d.

23. His home was in United Kingdom but he spent little time there.
a.ab.an
c. the d.

24. My father succeeded in opening a new school for blind.

a.ab.an
c. lhe d.
-
25. I very rarely go to work by bus these days.
a.ab.an
c. the - d.

26. We have plenty of time but nol enough money.

a. a, a b. lhe, -
c. the, the - d.

27. We decided, afler a lot of discussion, to paint door blue.

a.ab.an
c. the d.

28. Ot all his qualities, I think loyalty is his most outstanding.

a.ab.an
c. the d.

29. Police found the body of 80-year-old man. He has yet to be idenlified.
a.ab.an
c. the d.

30. They gave him cup of coffee but he usually only drinks tea.
a. a,a b. a,-
c. - d. the, lhe -

flsqErTsrEi BASIC GRAMMAR Z)

 Quontifier rirranrl6urnr
A;; ;i ir;; ; ; ;;;;ffi ;;;;;.lffi ffi .i.,ffi ; ;,;; ;;# ;ffi iit''
rarriruruuvul frfear+nraonrila-nu$gnre'lffri,ruanrliu,rnrugiacFil Tosdsuner

drfros'lf,nrufiaeuluilacmdn ??aro-{Fra1}runngilsacfl.j,rsnrr'lf,n'rranil6urnr
dfipraruflu,efln5u6ssnil niu some / any 116o many / much lflufru
;",. ;' ;;;i;tni 1il#;;;;.;;"i,{lf;i lit;;;;il "' .
some / any ;;; il;' i =' r,il i
The teacher bought some books.
some tff(ulasTsnFilnlu udoradosnf arduolfi fiqanrrn.hrirnauovrfl n yes
Would you like some coffee?
a n y + u r u uiifivrX u e ffl 6 o u ru il"u'tsilfi tff($ ile sTs n ri,r n.r tr5 a rJ fr 6 o
er

I do not have any pencils.

any tff(urlactsnuondr (= a"m'lnufftfi)

"';'ffiir;" o
a lew +
I can see vou anv time on Mondav.
o\u
$1el$U[O14fi]lAfi (= ilAilU'lSJ

a lrrtle / lrtle .John bough"t a few flowers for her birthday.

ra
o sl1s {
few + u'uru"r ldurnr^ref (= riaarSounrilrifi ma)
f.* p.opt. visited him in hospital.
a little + uruu"n'lritff (= uofiri,rs)
Susan has a little salt to cook food.
itt le + uruu"r'ler'lfi (= rioar6aumi"lrifi uaa)
I

He has verv little monev.

many / much ; many + uTurit't6'r"rXrorf (= uTn)
i He did not make manv mistakes.
i much + uruu"r'tri[6'(= urn)
t ffuve you got much time?
each / every each (= unaz) / every (= r1nd + uruuir-lfiranuorf (+ v.ranmu)
Each student wants to pass the examination.
each of * nrant'r'lfiuXuorf (+ v.ranued)
He asked each of the students to speak English.

24 nt, {na"oani' rlnuoirg

all/ none / no a I I+ u'ru u"rL'ldrr4uo r[tia ururi'ulu'ld
All ouestions must be answered.
a I I o f + u'r u u-ulfri r4uq ffl 5 a $ru $-u't$ilfi usi fi rirti sf,"a v
-t'[5
He has spent all of his money.
none tfuruurerdnaireur (= tifi)
Even an old car is better than none.
none of + ururl't'lfiufiflefr5oilrurit"lu1fi
None of this information is true.
no + nruu-rl'tfiufi ilsffl ioil'rurirL"lulfi
There is no food left in the fridge.
r..... t.t. r r.

Iots/alotof ilots / a lot of / plenty of + uretuiifiuXmrf(+ v.ur4uou)

plenty of : tnere were a lot of PeoPle at the concert.
/
'i "s
?i'^:lj :l1H::H1"',$::.;"',il:'
". ".....i "...
both / elther both (of) * nrlu"t'ldrr4uorf
nelther Both brothers work with their father.
either * utruir'tfironmrf (+ v.mnuou)
There are shops al either end of the street.
either of + ururir.tfitXuer[ (+ v.ronueu)
Could either of your friends lend me five dollars?
neither * uruu"u"lfironuorf (+ v.mnuou)
Neither company could succeed on its own.
neither of + nruu"tifiiXucrf (+ v.uanuou)
Neither of the vases has water in it.
.ar...rt!....

a+adJ.+n.of i a + ad;. + number of + rmunit"ldlnunuorf (+ v.ltruou)

A large number of peoPle like to play football.
ia + adj. + quantity + u,uri'r'hilfi (+ v.ronmu)
i amount
i deal
: She could give us a great deal of advice.
".....,...'..,

srrqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR 25

 Exercise I
Complete the sentences wlth 'some'or'ant'.
1. Are there rabbits in the garden?
2. There are policemen in the police stalion.

3. There isn't milk in lhe fridge.

4. Please buy me stamps at the post office.

5. Thene were apples here a minute ago.

6. There aren't glasses on the table.

7. I have tea, but I don't have sugar.

Exercise 2
Complete the senlences wlth'some','ant','much' or'mant'.
1. A: I'd like eggs, please.
B: Of course. How would you like?
A: Six, please. Are there lomatoes?
B: Certainly. How do you need?
A: A kilo, please.

2, A: I',d like olive oil.

B: How do you need?
A: Half a bottle. Is there flour?
B: Certainly. How do you need?
A: A kilo, please.

Exercise 3
complete the sentences wlth'some','ant','how much','how mant','a few' or
'a llfile'.
1. A: bananas would you like, sir?
B: Just please

2. A: Can I have milk?

B: Sorry, we haven't gol milk.

3. A: bread would you like?

B: Just please.

26 na. {nfmnd qnraeq

4. A: carrots do we have?
B: We have only

5. A: oranges do we need?
B: We don't need oranges

6. A: sugar would you hke in your coffee?

B: Just please.

7. A: Could I have lea, please?

B: Of course. Would you like biscuits, too?

Exercise 4 -
Choose the correct answer.

1. Henry lefi money for his daughler in the bank, but not much.
a. some b. few
c. any- d. more

2. I am enjoying my time here. I have friends and we get together regularly

a. many b. any
c. much d. a little
3. This student does not have pencils on her desk.
a. some b. a little
c. any d. much
4. Michael never gives his mother helP.

a. some b. any
c. a few - d. many
5. I don"t think Tom would be a good leacher. He"s got Patience.
a. few b. httle
c. a few d. a little
6. We bought loaves of bread to make sandwiches for the party.
a. a few b. more
c. a little d. plenty
7. I have seen nice Poslcards in this souvenir shop.
a. some b. any
c. a liltle- d. little
B. Are there cinemas in this city? I really want to go to the movies.
a. some b. any
c. much d. many
nsqnTanci BASIC GRAMMAR 27
9. How_ people did you see in the bus?
a. much b. many
c. much of d. many of
10. Although my brother ls very ill, he did not take medicine.
a. some b. a few
c. any d. a little
11. Lisa doesn'l drlnk water when she eats.
a. some b. much
c. a few d. many
12. I have cereal every morning. It is good for my heallh.
a. some b. any
c. a few d. many
13. information about a country can be gathered from ils stamps.
a. Many b. Much
c. A few d. All
14. There are _ students who want lo work in our school.
a. a little b. any
c. little d. many

15. Thls lown is not a very interesling place to visit. Very tourists come here.
a. few b. little
c. a few d. a httle -
16. people think he is stupid, but he"s actually intelligent.
a. A lot of b. Much
c. Litle d. A little
17. How _ time do you need to ftnish the work?
a. a lol of b. much
c. a little d. many

18. You made mistakes. Please do this exercise again.

a. very b. much
c. loo many d. too much
19. Llslen carefully. I'm going to give you _ advice.
a. little b. few
c. a little d. a few

@ na. 4na-eani Tnraaru

20. Do you have idea of how to do lhis exercise?
a. some b. a few
c. any - d. a little
21. I don"t need advice from you. You don"t understand lhe problem.
a. some b. any
c. a few- d. few
22. "Do you speak English?" "Yes,
a. liltle b. few
c. a litlle -.' d. a few
23. Peter works hours every day. Thaf is why he is always tired.
a. much b. many
c. few - d. liltle
24. Robert says thal I have to learn words in German.
a. a few b. a little
c. httle d. much
25. I want to save money to buy a Presenl for my mother.
a. a little b. little
c. a few d. few

26. There were so people at the new bookstore lhat lhere was no sPace lo
stand.
a. few b' many
c. little d. much
27. "Can you bring soda lo the picnlc?" -l don'l have
a. some b. any
c. much d. many
-."
28. Do you mlnd if I ask you questlons?
a. few b. little
c. a few d. a little
29. We are golng to be late. There is too trafflc.
a. many b. few
c. much - d. little
30. People don"t write letters nowadays. They use emails instead.
a. many b. much
c. a little d. a few

,rqutur6 gnslc GRAMMAR E

Pronoun rirdaa?{r+'ta{

Pronoun ao riTdeauuruiirlflunuriruru uilstfln 7 rlavu"ryr fiu5sil

neefi aseo{ireilrirdaeuuruiioeluHmrs'h{lfi
tU uacuisuf, e1fl as6soeaun-s
n"raeirsrarrirdeeflu'ruusiavrjeyrnndrfiei'nrrxvnretf,ufingirsri'uoei1{"h

Subject Object Adjective i Pronoun

I me my mine myself
we US our OUTS ourselves
you you your yours yourself /
yourselves
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
, -ts)q dr ' e . . v Jq.
1) Personal na n16??1,r1{1e{fl lxuTilH']SJylmgnal?n{e{1[ra2 drrurenrirrr-lrnr{lu

Pronoun ilecoru (nrerriorfr 1) rfanaeer (n.rersriosfr 2) Toauilsoanuilm

Hffi' 1 (= f,Un)'lfiuri I, we (ilevoru) uar me, us (neeer)
qfld 2 (= ffrls)'lfiuri you (r]aaoruuarneeu)
qflrd 3 (= {iiqnnrirrft) lfiud he, she , n, rhey (rta;om) uar
him, her, it, them (naeu)
She is playing badminton with John.
We will meet you at the library at 10 a.m.
2) Possesslve na rirdaeurruf(f,uaornmulilurd.rras Tnae&hifi Fir%1usiafr1arflars

Pronoun urnuurnaeiufie (nrerrriasd 4) dsunndrrirdaer+nurlesmfl fi?rse1n

rirqrurl'lfudorsnalerlfl%161rosiisfr'asnrari,nrrusiafr'ra (n.rars:iasii 3)
This computer is hers. (= This is her computer)
It is vours. I cannot see mine.
3) Reflexlve h o n'rdaeu u r u d c fi a u n aiu ud o urTuei",r.jr r.l e s a 1 % ?ir a Jb fiaer fi u ua s (n rar s

Pronoun riasii S) Tnerqsasfrls6'rer -self (ronuou) r6a -selves (uXvrou)

He needs to help himself.
She looked at herself in the mirror.

30 a?. fin?0ar1{ ilflla?fl

" "." .
"" """ "
;)' ;;i,;*;. i ;; ;;;ffi ;; nti3il;;;,1dftd;; }.;ai.' ;'il; ;;,i;
pronoun i qtnnlnrf nin this, that, such, the other, one
! gUnp,reri r{n these, those, the others, ones
i These are good pens. This one is the best.
: Which dresses do you want? I want the red ones.

5) Indeflnlte a0 fl rs tflur$rrrarloerndrrr'r{r] udsaanu{tu

Pronoun qrJranr'nri udr+ another, each, either, everybody, someone,

anything, nothing, no one, much, little, other
grlnpnri udu both, few, many, others, several
grluonffii/n!ilcti rdn all, any, more, most, none, some, such
There isn't anybody in the house.
Some of the biscuits have been eaten.

6) Interrogatlve na ri#aeur+Tuf(f,ufiurirnrn udr+ who, what, when, where, why

Pronoun whom, whose, which, how

Who always comes late?
What do you think of my painting?

7) Relattve 6o o'rdaauuT uf,(f,riian ererulurlasTsafl a"nn"urlesleneiasrff{ifirfl n"rl

) A t Oe e tlleod
-
uFrl'raJfianEr?1 yr..., 'il{r..., a"u...
" -'
toreflf,ralaFirurufiaeifirutrir utis"lfi'oid
Pronoun
l). "::.i:l:::1::.1. ::.:::.t*. ...."
ilaco'ril who / He is the man who came here.
that
nT?a.l who(m) / that He is the man who my sister loves.
tQ1fl 0€ whose He is the man whose house is big.
2) nmirsnfiihtrian rirtrririirfl u
trcrrrrrxr:r
I ileso'tilI which / that I want a book which has pictures.
i n""n i which / that I want a book which she bought.
tfirtos ; whose/of which I
wanl a book whose cover is red.
I

3) nrrftrnritfinri, dnl'lfiuri
[?a't when / We remember the dav when
W'rlrYr+ which
Susan first arrived.
df|'r1{Yl where/qurr+ which This is the restaurant where
my brother works.
tllfiHA why I know the reason why he
i was angry.

wqatevrd BASIC GRAMMAR

E
 Exercise I
Complete the sentences wlth personal or reflexlve pronouns.

1. My wife complains lhat her boss always gives too much work lo do.
2. The young bird fell from the nest and hurt _ badly

3. When you lwo boys go on holiday, enjoy but make sure are
careful.

4. We were surprised when he gave _ lhe money but _ enjoyed

spending il.

5. He has an elder brother who gave some advice which has

never fongotten.

Exercise 2
Gomplele the sentences wlth lndeflnlte pronouns.

1. John, came to see you thls morning.

2. We are nol going to do this afternoon.
3. Does have any questions to ask? I'll be pleased to answer them.

4. I've got to tell you. Il"s imporlanl

5. "ls interested in buying that piano?" 'No, is interested."

Exercise 3
Complete lhe sentences wllh lnterrogallve pronouns.

1.' ls lhal dog?' 'll's ours.'

2. to?'
were you talking 'l was talking to Tom."
3. one do you like? 'l like the one on the left."
4. does she ltve?" 'She lives in New York.'
5. was he late?" -Because he mlssed the train."

Exercise 4
Comblne the two sentences uslng relaflve pronouns.

1. A vegetarian is a person. HelShe does nol eat meat

Z ae. {nioarf Inrseq

2. A dictionary is a book. It is used to look up words.

3. What was the name of the boy? He won lhe race.

4. The police have caught the man. He stole my car

5. The car broke down yesterday. I bought it last week.

Exercise 5
Choose the correct answer.

1. They went to visit a friend of in Chiang Mai.

a. us b. his
c. them d. lheirs
2. 'Whose books are lhose?"
a. Il"s mine b. It's me
c. There're my books d. They're mine
3. girl
Is thal lhe sister came here yesterday?
a. who b. whom
c. of whom d. whose

4. "l don't like these flowers very much." 'Where did you get
a. one b. them
c. ones d. it -?"
5. John has bouoht a book.
a. herself b. himself
c. yourself d. themselves
6. Mv blouse isn'l as oreltv as
a. her b. your
c. hers d. their
7. This is the girl painted this beautiful picture.
a. who b. whom
c. which d. whose
B. Mike's hair is brown, but is black.
a. my b. her
c. mine - d. your
wqalorui BASIc GRAMMAR E
9. pencil
Is this or mine?
a. you b. yours
c. yourself d. your

10. Don't be so lazy. Do it _.

a. your b. yours
c. you"re d. yourself

11. Our work is not so good as

a. he b. his
c. him d. he"s

"l,2. This is my car. Which is _?

a. he b. hers
c. she's d. their^

13. The man blamed for the death of his wife.

a. him b. he's
c. himself d. his

14. We have had our lunch already, but Peter and Ann haven"t had _ yet.
a. lheir b. them
c. theirs d. they

15. This computer is nol _.

a. my
your, b. yours, mine
c.yours, my
- d. your, mine
16. This is the place I was born.
a. when b. whose
c. where d. who

17. I see your name on the list but I don't see _.

a. me b. my
c. myself d. mine

18. Bananas are delicious and don't cosl much.

a. it b. il's
c. lhey d. their
19. Give me your phone number and I will give you
a. me b. my
c. mine d. myself

g oe. (nr-oar{ 4nrei'g

20. The boy book you borrowed is in my class.
a. who b. which
c. whom d. whose

21. I couldn't find my calculalor but Lisa let me use _.

a. her b. hers
c. she's d. herself

22. The boy broke the window ran away.

a. who b. which
c. whom d. where

23. I cul _ with the bread knife.

a. me b. my
c. mine d. myself

24. The players can all feel very proud of

a. them b. their
c. theirs d. themselves

25. My friend and _ worked very hard on our projecl.

a. I b.me
c. mine d. myself

26. Paul alwavs makes feel reallv anorv.

a. they b. them
c. they're d. lhemselves

27. My mother lold my sister and lo clean our rooms.

a. I b.me
c. my d. myself

28. Our holidav was oreat bul was a disaster.

a. they b. their
c. theirs them d.
29. Nobody saw the accident will forget il.
a. who b. whom
c. which d. whose
30. did you come?" "l came by train."
a. Where b. Which
c. How d. When

wqalorei BASIC GRAMMAR E

Su biect-Verb Ag reement ilas or u- nFen fi'a o o pr fra s

Subj ect-Ve rb Ag ree m ent trurn-q nratf,riT n6fl 'fl fidooprfiasn"rilecor%

frtsfasufr aseodtirilrvotra-nur*stnfr as'lff n6Eiriinlilur1nailuanr4effi 6afl nvred

firrlaso'rillfl ilailmnilqf nf errovfrasLfl uuanfl qf n5ofirileroruufl ugluguori

nigr ff q s fr a srfl uutruo rini u6sr n"r.l

ilec01$sfotcfla + V.nnlnrf
rdaudrs and tlohn and Sandra are moving back to New Zealand.
Both rJapanese food and Korean food are expensive.
n5a both...and -
rfi ailesarr.ldosn"eLfl unufl 6adl6ern"fl tnsfi the ufi ssm'rl6se + V.nnr,nri
The teacher and novelist is arriving tomorrow.
i rd a r]rvo'rud a s n-rrfl urueu n6 o n eju fi au6fl r n-u + V.nnrnrf
Curry and rice Ls my favorite food.
rltcol$rlo{da Hardail firs with, along with, logether with, accompanied by
(= uiaufreer) besides, in addition to (= uonorn) including, plus
lfc,rdoro'n1
(= arur,vr) as well as, like (= uriurdarn-r) but, except (= unuTr)
+ V.nflilegofliefeuen
The ship. alono with its crew. was lost.
,lames, together with his friends, is going to Germany.
Sue, accompanied by her parents, has been to Paris.
.'
ilfiotrslo€da i,i;i;;nil ;il;:;;' ilil;;;; :,,"i'
""
rv -L,i ; ri;.."' .:;;-''
tfardaer{ + V.nrrrh:ntrgfltno"r
Peter or his brothers are going to help me.
Neither her shoes nor her iag goes with the dress.
Not only Tom but also his friends have finished the work.
.$ ",' 1-" .""
"
each / every uua(fl everybody, everyone, everything, somebody, someone,
some / any something, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, no one, nothing,
each, every, either, neither, many a + V.lon}nrf
no / elther
Each woman wears her national costume.
Everyone thinks this is a good idea.
Nobody in this class chooses to become a doctor.

E na. {ne"oanf lnro6rg

 .A
c1$2$N$ I L2A1 + V.ronr,rerf (ufro v qnrfi a uqrJuluo rf usi ufrqisu5?qc$ilrsn-sfi $rardarwi, uvu)
0
?!g!r1{/tf1fl$-n Fifty dollars is too much lo pay for this coat.
Three hours is long enough for any written exam.
Five weeks is a long time to wait to hear from him.
r r3 r r * tr * x r dr nr{rrlr n*

6m/damn"rf,o + V.ronr,nri
Mathematics was my worst subject at school.
Economics is a very interesting subject.
Harry Polter was written by J.K. Rowling.
$1erflenRflil tdu team, group, company, crowd, family, committee, cabinet,
crew + V.nnlnrf / n$'nrf 81ila?'lttital'1fl iifrasnmda
The family is the smallest unit in society.
My family have always given me their full support.
(#srnn'j, oatfl V.uXuor[udauanuarerurnna)

il1rtflIilqf niu people, children, police, cattle, military, glasses, trousers

+ V.n$nri
The pollce have many duties to fulfill.
The cattle are raised on the field near the ranch.
His trousers were slightly too short.

dT anrl6uror any, some, half, most, all, none + of... + N.uonuqri + V.pnr'nrf
A lot of curry has been eaten.
any, some, half, most, all, none + of... + N.tr4torf + V.ryneri
Most of the wonkers were ill.

One of... + N.fltrilef + V.ranr,nri

One of these books belongs to Paul.
+ N.unlor[ + who, whom, which, lhat + V.*:totf
This is one of the books that were written by my son.
...number of A number of + N.uruori + V.rIn.nri (tanafis <irueuurntos...)
A number of books are on the table.
The number of + N.uXuorf + Vlanlnrf (nzurafis <fruautar...)
The number of people we need to hire is fifteen.

n;qaToYrri BASIC GRAMMAR

E
 Exercise I
Choose the correct verb ln parentheses.

1. The employees (hope / hopes) to get medical benefits from now on.
2. Tom and his brother (spend / spends) many hours together in lhe library.

3. Either my father^ or my mother (was / were) al home. I don'l remember which one.
4. The letler I (write / writes) to my good friend doesn't reach him on time.
5. Neilher .lohn nor his brothers (is / are) coming to the match this evening.
6. Each of the parlicipants (hope / hopes) to win a prize al this competition.
7. Anybody who (is /are) qualified can apply to sludy al this college.
B. Several friends of mine (has / have) lost lheir jobs recently.

9. Every sludenl (has / have) to repeat the examination because no one passed il.
10. The boss, as well as his colleagues, (enjoy / enjoys) reading.
11. A number of problems (has / have) increased since we lasl mel.
12. Someone (is / are) knocking at his door but nobody (is / are) answering.

Exercise 2
Choose the correct verb ln parentheses.

The first few weeks of university life can be very difficult for a new student.
Firstly, lhe problem of living away from home (1 is / are) a common source of
insecurily for some students. The new studenl often (2 find / finds) that life away from
his family (3 is / are) difficult to begin with. Secondly, the sludent also (4 discover /
discovers) lhat the new-found independence (5 is / are) dtfficult to cope with. He (6
has / have) to cook for himself and he now also (7 wash / washes) his own clothes. A
student (8 is / are) responsible for living his own life perhaps for the first time and this
can be a shock initially! Finally, lhe new sludent sometimes (9 face / faces) problems
in the area of study. He (10 is / are) responsible for organizing his own study time and
he musl ensure that he (11 do ,/ does) sufficient work lo master his subjecl and that he
always (12 hand / hands) in his projects and assignments on time.

E ,". 4rrt*r 4nrse6u

 On lhe other hand, a student also (13 need / needs) to have some kind of
interest outside the classroom lo take his mind off the pressures of academlc llfe. The
new studenr (14 has / have) many choices of clubs and societies which he (15 is /
are) able to join and gain from at the universily. Once the inilial "shock' is over, the
student can settle down to one of the mosl enjoyable and rewarding times of his life.

Exercise 3
Choose the correct answer.

1. Some people in my office very annoying.

a. is b. are
c. was d. been

2. The orice of these ieans reasonable.

a. is b. were
c. are d. to be
3. There special menus for children in each restauranl.
a. is b. are
c. was d. be
4. The number of road accidents increasing every year.
a. is b. was
c. are d. were
5. Everybody in lhe class done the homework well in advance.
a. have b. has
c. to have - d. having
6. One hundred dollars a lot of money for a boltle of wine.
a. are b. were
c. is d. be

7. brothers,
Peter, as well as his younger going to study at that school
a. be b. is
c. are d. were
B. Neither lhe teacher nor the studenls to understand lhis assignment.
a. seem
c. seeming d. lo seem
-*ara

nvqalorei BASIC GRAMMAR 39

9. There little money left. We can't buy all we need.
a. is b. are
c. be d. were

10. The manager, along with the teachers, present at the meeting.
a. was b. are
c. were d. lo be
11. Somebody in the book club always to bring the book.
a. forget b. fongetting
c. forgets d. to forget
12. Either the teacher or the students on the blackboard.
a. writes b. wrile
c. writing d. wrilten
13. A number of people killed in noad accidents last week.
a. is b. was
c. are d. were
14. Two hours a long time to wait lo see a doclor.
a. is b. are
c. were d. been
15. Few mounlain climbers successfully reached the peak of Mount Everest.
a. has b. was
c. have d. were
16. Each of the children excited over the birthday party.
a. is b. are
c. be d. has
17. Everyone in the class _ found these exercises to be useful.
a. having b. have
c. to have d. has

18. The books borrowed from lhe library on my desk.

a. is b. are
c. was d. be

19. The number of slars in the sky _ counlless.

a. seem b. seems
c. to seem d. seeming

g ae. {nfoani 4nrse{u

20. Nol only John bul also Susan lo go swimming.
a. want b. are wanled
c. wanls d. be wanted

21. Either the bus driver or the molorcycle rider responsible for the accident,
a. is b. were
c. are d. be-
22. A large number of counlries members of the United Nations.
a. is b. are
c. was d. been

23. Mathematics an easy subject for some people.

a. are b. iS

c. were
- d. be

24. The boy who won lhe lwo medals a friend of mine.
a. is b. were
c. are d. have been

25. The football players five miles every day.

a. ran b. run
c. running d. runs
26. Not only .lulie but also all of the grandchildren _ to visit grandma.
a. wanls b. wanting
c. want d. to wanl
27. The weather on lhe coast to be good this weekend.
a. appear b. lo aPPear
c. appears - d. aPPearing

28. Twenty minutes the amount of time il lakes me to get home from work
a. be b. is

c. been d. are

29. Each of the students _ wearing a colorful outfit at the picnic.

a. was b' be
c. were d. been

30. My friend from Tokyo who has lots of dogs and cals a comPuter genius.
a. is b. were
c. are d. be
-

HUqerTsnci BASIC GRAMMAR g

 Present Tenses "<,
LfiHnlani[uflqqilh
tl

!.,:
Tense pr a arltoIrirn6s, fi udosraaruasa-nt6tryr asrr4nmnfria
nrenas?ir ur-isaanrilu 3 tense ttrqj !fuuaosnarrasrrnnmnf
tr6anranas{r lfiud Present (flqqrh), Past (adn), Future
(aurrrn) uacusiac tense ltrajfi"eisur.is'lffi nr{tu 4 rlacmfl €iael
iisudosa"nrilsnrarfi orasufi nnrenfrianrenes{1'lfiuri S imple,
Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous torsuFiayileymil
fi a"nrilynra'Ifl duHnsirsn"ilaanhTurrfii6ufi ufi eanlaa6rrfl nre
lf,qtrasrirn6ardudnsma,rlr+fl oqriu (P resent Te nses)

Present Stmple 1)1ff n"rnrqnraoirsanranarri.riiLilufi dfl fl 6aufi onsuuitilr.tasd,r

qa. ;

(V.1-s/es) alnurirudnsnarudtrTanarilu aaeeil aadra rdu a I ways, usua y, I I

often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never, every...

rlack often comes to work late.
The birds return to the island every spring.
2 )'lff ri't nr 4 n re nini a n r ana y rir ii Lfl uef s a ua n o r'slu a 6 n rll o q r-u
qj

uasaillnE 16adnrtnerar[fl%eiqnruoeaar{.rct
Water boils at 100 degree Celsius.
The earth moves around the sun.
3)lfl n"rmmrsrearrSaum+n.redars'l5uasfl {-nfi Firuanrhndauea.ril
: u1{ftail
The concert begins at 8 p.m.
The train arrives in twenty minutes.
Present Contlnuous 1) lffnhrm n ilnilFl',r2',l

(ts/am/are + V.tng) now, right now, at the moment, at present

They are watching TV now.
He is jogging in the park at the moment.
2)1fr n"rnr4nreo{trSanrenac?i1fr ri1alrfi ofrhlr+riesf usil$i,f rLfl u
- ^ -Yo .J
fla{rfl4fl%[%flmsytflo
My son is stuOying Chinese this semester.
She is working for an advertising company.

g ne. {nr-oani lnuo6rg

 3) 1fln-rmqnraofirSonranazri{uournnfr rrsrur+"lSrirlvrir uac
tocg
Fl 1 0?1q eLfl Afl 1+U1{1{ 0?[

My friend is coming tonight.

They are leaving for England tomorrow.
i...:'!
nienurr er-rurairf, raro slulff(uqr] P res en t Co nt i nuo u s lfruri
1) nfarfruansnaruff,n udu smell, taste, feel, sound, hear,
see, seem, appear, look, notice, recognize
2) niariiudorarauof udn love, like, prefer, wish, hate
3) n6arduaosaaruda uriu thlnk, know, understand, believe,
remember, forget, mean, agree, want
4) niaT iiudosnr'ruLililtd1tas rdrr own, have, belong to
-r Os o
Present Perfect lJ ttnilrfiqn1?o[fl?a todH ua;rdso;8"u4oas

(has/have ru"nfiritjr just, yet, already, finally, recently

+ V.3)
We have jusl received Your letter.
The kids have just finished reading ihe book.
2 ) lff n'u nr q n ra o[t6 a n r ena s ?i' ii ufi n fl*rllu o 6 n un'[eia; rla aT uu f'n
r

u"nfirirdr ever, never, once, twice, three times

Have you ever been to Paris?
This is one of the best books that I have read.
s o'tfi u
3 ) tff n-r m q nra nitri o n ren a s ?i't ii ufi o fl*u'lu a 6 H ua s et-s pr

giarfi asureufisfl oql'u u-nfi ri'r'jr si nce (+ loriufrul attaarrSo

rlasTan Past Simple), for (+ *aanaT), so far, up to now

She has studied Japanese for five years.
Our teacher has lived in Thailand since 2009.
4)1ff n-rnr4nraolr6anranesiriiufi ofi"ud"rlt6amaruer#slua6cl
I have seen that movie more than five times.
We have visited the museum several times.
go
Present Perfect
'[dn"urr
Oeo
n nranittd o nrana g {r fl-j^rnafl 1[ [1{aofl
- uauel{n{n1t1{1{ HArl{A{

il1eHfisfl qeu'+l uasfi uilaTfiuosGirtfi usiolillil0fl1Flsl

Contlnuous
.Jim has been waiting for Tom for two hours.
(has/have been
He has been rePairing this house for four years
+ V.tng)

wqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 43

 Exercise I
Use the presenl slmple of the verbs tn parentheses.
1. .lohn never (go) to work late.
2. My father sometimes (watch) lelevision in the mornings.
3. It occasionally (rain) in summer, but nol very oflen.
4. We always (speak) English in the English class.
5. My parents (go) oul to dinner on Saturdays
6. Jane usually (kiss) her children good night
7. This soldier never (obey) orders.
B. Mr^. Brown (go) to Paris two or lhree times a year.
9. These people (come) to this place every week.
10. The sun (rise) in lhe east and (set) in the wesl.

Exercise 2
Use ellher lhe present stmple or the present contlnuous of lhe verbs ln parentheses.

1. He (go) to lhe Filness Center at least three times a week.

2. I can"t come out tonight. I (do) my art assignmenl
3. This student (study) hard and always (get) good grades.
4. Lasl semester I sludied Chinese but this semester I (study) Japanese.
5. I (love) my brothers and sisters very much although we oflen argue

Exercise 3
Add 'slnce' or'for' to the sentences below

1. This is a veny old bicycle. I"ve had it years.

2. My father hasn't had a holiday ages.
3. I haven't had a holiday 2012.
4. It's been raining early this morning.
5. We've been learning English a very long time.
6. She's been learning French Oclober last year.
7. My parenls have been married 25 years.
44 oa. {nfoani'Inraiq
8. Mr. and Mrs. .lohnson have been married 2005.

9. I have studied lhe piano I was five.

10. These students have been reading nine o"clock.

Exercise 4
Choose the correcl answer.

1. You will feel better after you lhe medicine.

a. take
will b. had taken
c. have taken d. will have taken
2. Whenever the old woman hears a sad slory, she
a. weeps b. will weeP
c. would weep d' has wePt
-.
3. Molher Don"t dislurb her'.
a. sleeps b. has slePt
c. is sleeping d. will have slePt
4. I can't go out because I mY work.
a. will not finish b. have not finished
c. did not finish - d. do not finish
5. I your teacher lomonrow so I will give her your note.
a. saw b. am seeing
- c. have seen d. have been seeing
6. This is the firsl time anybodY in climbing thal mountain.
a. succeeds b. has succeeded
c. succeeded - d. had been succeeding
7. Nowadays my falher to work by bus.
a. goes b. went
c. has gone d. used to go
8. When you your work, you may leave the room.
a. do b. did
c. have done d. had done
9. lhe manager yet? Now is your chance lo do so.

a. Haven't youmet b' Don"t You meet

c. Aren'l you meeling d. Weren't you meeting

nrqatorri BASIC GRAMMAR 45

10. Eat your breakfast before you _ out
a. go b. will go
c. to go d. are going
11. boy
The Japan many times.
a. visited b. is visiting
c. has visiled d. was visiting
12. The boss my application for promotion.
a. consider b. considers
c. is considered d. is considering
13 I_ from him since last July.
a. do nol hear b. did not hear
c. was nol hearing d. have nol heard
14 The moon around lhe earth.
a. goes b. is going
c. wenl d. was going
15. Mike's father a new house. Mike is living lhere now.
a. has just bought b. had;ust bought
c. will have bought d. would just buy
16. They to aerobics class lwice a week.
a. go b. are going
c. -were going d. have gone
17 We a lol of fun with the new video games at the moment
a. have b. had
c.- are having d. were having
18. Indians a lot of curry and spicy dishes.
a. eal b. are eating
c. are ealen d. have eaten
19 Your perfume _ rather- nice. What is il?
a. smells b. will smell
c. is smelling d. was smelling
20 I my work already. I'm ready to go for a walk with you.
a. finish b. am finishing
- c. have finished d. have been finishing

46 oa. {nfoanf InraSrU

21. Our daughler has good memory. She everything.
a. remember b. remembers
c. is remembering - d. has remembered

22. I breakfast right now. Can you call a little later?

a. cook b. am cooking
- c. have cooked d. have been cooking

23. Don"l take those books. They lo you.

a. belong b. belonged
c. do not belong d. will belong
24. Susan is good at languages. She French, Spanish, and German.
a. speaks b. is sPeaking
c. has spoken d. has been sPeaking

25. We for their answers for lwo monlhs already.

a. wait b' are waiting
c.- will wait d. have been waiting
26. So far, the leacher five stories for children.
a. writes b. is writing
c. has writlen d. will be writing
27. "Where is John?" *He his car in the garage."
a. repairs b. is nePairing
c. repaired - d' has rePaired

28. I love this film. I it four or five times already.

a. see b. saw
c. have seen
- d. had seen
29. I can"t leave now. I for an imporlant lelephone call.
a. wail b. am waiting
c. was wailing- d. had been waiting

30. Up to now, I any opportunily to check this information.

a. do not have b. have not had
c. had not- had d. will not have

n;qaTorei BASIC GRAMMAR 47

 d

Post Tenses LffiHnlanit

I
1,{aaFl

Pas t Te nse s fi t{ 1 el o-{ e il I as ri1 n 6s I fi'ud o s re at ua v a-n u r* y r a s

nr 4 nT eofiirfi on-1'lr ad m ur.i s"[6'ufl r 4 r]acm rej aEI lffud S m i p I e,

a-r,nuou., Perfect, Perfect Continuous firicruprrafinur
ua s q o 6ir a"n r rx c n ratff I o s uci a y ilfl m fl fiug n Fi r s nh aa n'hj

Past Slmple 1)lf, n"rnr4nranfr6onmneyrirdufi on*uuasquasufi rTua66er-nfi

(Y.2) rftjT yesterday, last night/week/month, ...dgo, in 2009

They had dinner at eight last night.
When I was five, my father gave me a bicycle.
2)1fl n"run4nreofr6onranes{riirfi ofr"ulfl urlerritrSoLfl r.lfi #efl u
a6n uac'lil'lfi?i'rufr'a1ufl oqr"u arqfi Firudasnrrerfi uSoorruriaereru
aqjfira (niuudflan"il Present Simple) udu always, usually,
often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never, every...
This student was always absent last semester.
She usually got up early when she was here.
udaudonnmnayri'r

rs ago.
a ad qo I
er 2 2a laun
^

Past Slmple (V.2) 1) nrern-u ed iifr"reFirnisrdasfr 1 (r5an.jr Regular Verb)

2) nranJdar+qr.trirniartnei (6andr I rre gular Verb)
(4ufrarrrfi urarurfi errnhn6fl r 3 riostr+trrT,r 203)
na'nrnafi u ed iifiT s ri.rnierloe nt'alldruln qj nrer fr o ) 1 fi ai f,
1) rfru ed 16'ras niu looked, walked, called, wanted
2) asfrrad'aa e unn d'lfiuaer nir+ hoped, tasted, noticed
3) fi 1 ils1rri' 1 dtz 1 fridxna trirdugt"aasno6n 1 n-a ufierclu ed
nir+ stopped, zipped, shopped
4) asfr'rafr'aa y uarffrrtrfirrflr+ufrgtur utt6ar+ y uflr i ufietfru ed
uriu flied, studied, carried
5) arfr'raA'ra y ua;frrurrirliluaes rslflr ed'[6'uae udr+ played,
staved. enioved

f oa. {nr-oani 4nreir.g

 -\ Oso . J. u o-l
Past Gontlnuous lJ ttntrllqn1?orr?afl1tn?r?11?ln1a{[fl^ il snlnqofi${fla{
O | )v te
-
[?a1 Ll{0FIn ]t.nilO1usilan[2a1TXots1{?2ila_fl n?El
(was/were + V.lng)
He was sleeping at this time yesterday.
At 9 o'clock they were having breakfast.
2)'lff n-rur4nranftr6anranasf rfr rfi nflsulfi aAHmsnni'oq-sfl as
. -l- g t a . u . a -r
drudturqnr?nlfi ?0fl 'rtnf stl'tiltn afl il3J1na$fl e0n1a{o1[t{1{09
'f f, Pas t to n ti n uous uastfl Hnl?ofiiffi ot--ufi tei's tr5autenuffrur

tf, Past Simple Ineil'nfiFirtdaenlestern triu when, while, as

I was washing the dishes when the phone rang.
As he was walking down the road, he saw .lim.
3)lfr n-tnr4nmnit6anmnec?i1iirfi nfl*uuff aarn"utua6cltoaectfl

n6ar'tr+qrJ Past Continuous n's{

While he was watching TV, she was reading.
I was jogging while they were Playing tennis.
dTnrne{ + rfinurm
t
-A .
rfl4nmofu?n rfiafiuriar+ /, rha"srirrfiuaqi = Past Continuous
eJ
^9.
rrnn,eoifidos rfion-ufifla"s / uranuffiat'r = Past Simple
-Jeo
nnlttll?ollflll
rrqnraoiuan = Past Continuous
rflqnmofiidas = Past Continuous
e4
Past Perfect 'lf,n"rrrqnran[n6a ua 3at a{ n 0 ila ntfi H nmf[fi ld{

(had + V.3) tuadn u"nfiriT'jT before, after, when, by..., by the time
tosSnrfl fl nran[tSanmnasliriirfi onrilmfi trai'slfl Past Simple
He had been ill for a long lime when he died.
They,-had locked all the doors before they left'
, a- g ;
Past Perfecl ilffnrfiamn"t Past Perfect ugtrl{ldt2{t?A1Ttfl nfl 1[ag''l€a0t$a{
When I found her, she had been crying for hours.
Contlnuous
I had been cooking for two hours when he came.
(had been + V.lng) i
finrien = Past Perfecl n6o Past Perfect Continuous
rfinfimt = Past Simple

nrqahrei BASIC GRAMMAR g

 Exercise I
Use the past stmple of the verbs tn parentheses.
1. Last year I (go) to England on holiday
2. It (be) fantastic.

3. I (be) with two friends of mine

4. We (visit) a lot of inleresting places.
5. In the mornings we (walk) in the streets of London.
6. In the evenings we (go) to pubs.

7. The weather (be) slrangely fine.

B. It (not, rain) a lot
9. But we (see) some beautiful rainbows.

10. Where you (spend) your last holiday?

E@
Use ellher fte past slmple or lhe past contlnuous of the verbs tn parentheses.
1. I (see) my first baseball game when I (live) in New York
2. It (rain) so we (decide) to stay al home all afternoon.
3. What _ you (do) at rhe rime rhe accident (happen) ?

4. I (wrire) an email to my sister when she (call) me.

5. We (discuss) oun problems at work when Peter (loin) US.

6. Andrew (drive) recklessly when his car (hit) the tree.

7. She (be) so upset by the news that she (dr-op) her tea
and (start) crying

Exercise 3
Use elther the past slmple or the past perfect of lhe verbs ln parentheses.

1. By the time I (leave) universiry, I (be) to France five times

2. How many bottles of beer he (drink) before he (leave)
the pub?

E o?. finxG'at% ilflla?nl

3. When we (get) home, we (see) that someone (break)
in to steal the DVD recorder

4. I (not, realize) that I (lose) my credit cards until I (try)

to pay for dinner at the reslauranl

5. When we (arrive) at her house, we (discover) lhat she

(cook) dinner for us.

Exercise 4
Choose the corecl answer.

1. I a shower when you called.

a. take b. was taken

- c. took d. was taking

2. My brother had never been to Europe until he there last year.

a. wenl b. will go
c. had been d.
was going

3. Sharon very sick but she decided to go out anyway.

a. feels b. was feeling
c. felt d. has been feeling
4. I to go swimming but the water was loo cold.
a. want b. wanted
- c. am wanting d. have wanted
5. When I first saw her, she on lhe balcony.
a. stands b. was standing
c. stood d. had been standing
6. Paul usually listens to lhe radio, but last night he a book.
a. read b. reads
c. had read d. was reading
-
7. Ann early when she staYed here.
a. gets up b' will get uP

c.- has gol up d. used to gel uP

B. It was too lale. Mr. Smith when I arrived.

a. already leaves b. has already left
c. already left d' had alreadY left

,rqrTurri BASIC GRAMMAR E

9. What _ at nine o'clock yesterday?
a. were you doing b. have you done
c. had you done d. have you been doing
10. When he arrived home, he found that someone his book.
a. lakes b. took
c. will take d. had taken
11. When you called, I_ English.
a. studied b. was studying
c. have been studying d. would be studying
12. The students _ their homework two hours ago.
a. finished b. were finishing
c. had finished d. had been finishing
13. When I television, the door bell rang.
a. watched b. am walching
c. was watching d. had watched
14. He _ a new car last month, but he doesn't really like it.
a. bought b. was buying
c. had bought d. had been buying
15. I burned my finger while I breakfast.
a. cooked b. was cooking
c. had cooked d. had been cooking
16. My uncle for twenty years when he finally quit smoking.
a. smoked b. was smoking
c. would smoke d. had been smoking
17. I _ you yesterday because my telephone was out of order.
a. didn't call b. hadn'l called
c. wasn't calling d. hadn't been calling
18. He was wailing for his bus when the robbers _ him.
a. attacked b. were ailacking
c. attacked
had d. had been attacking
19. I saw that my son so I decided not to wake him up.
a. slept b. was sleeping
c. had slept d. had been sleeping

g oe. {nr-oar[ Inraaru

20. Yesterday we went to an intenesting museum that we before.
a. visil
didn't b. weren"t visiling
c. hadn"t visited d. wouldn'l visil
-
21. By the time we arrived, she _ for us at the train slalion for three hours.
a. waited b. was waiting
c. wait
will d. had been waiting

22. Christopher Columbus America in 1492.

a. discovered b. was discovering
c. had discovered d. had been discovering

23. .lames was in Japan last month. He .Japan before.

a. never visiled b. has never visited
c. will never visit - d. had never visited

24. He _ five lelters to the manager by the time he finally received an answer
a. wrole b. was wriling
c. had wrillen d. would write
25. She _ lhe living room when she heard a slrange noise in the kitchen.
a. cleaned b. was cleaning
c. had cleaned d. had been cleaning
26. I them lo dinner sevenal tirnes before they accepted.
a. asked b. was asking

- c. had asked d. would ask

27. The leachers all the doors before they left.

a. locked b. are locking
c. had locked
- d. were locking
28. They lo visit us many times when we lived in the same town'
a. come b. came
c. -will come d. have come
29. I swimming every day during the last long holiday.
a. go b. went
- c. was going d. had gone
30. The lady lerribly lll last year but she made a complete recovery
a. is b. has been
c. was d. would be

nrqaTcrei BAstc cRAMMAR f

 &
Future Tenses rTfin1?6tl
t
LUaUrnn

Future Tenses rarrerfis aillasFirnigrfi udosnaruaca-nuilsr as

um4n, aofdufi on-1fi uauron uriu'lfi,ilu 4 ilazrnneias 16'ud S im p I e,
Continuous, Perfecl, Perfect Continuous fifte%nrafinuluac
q o oir a-n u rxc n ratff I a s ugi a c ila c m fl fi un n gi r s ri'u a a n'hl

Future Stmple 1) tf,n"r nr 4 nreofyi a nmnes {'r iis sufi ofl*u'lr+ a il'r Fr Fr uhfi rirjr so o n,

(wtll/shall+ tnf.) tomorrow, later, next week/month/year, this evening,

in five minutes, the day after tomorrow
They will visit their grandfather lhis afternoon.
Please wait here. She will return in ten minutes.
He will have his hair cut this evening.
2)lf, n"rur4nmoirSanranasilfr b{'[fi r'rsupJ%ilrriailudse;er"ofl l+lq
na:riTTurnuiilo
I am tired. I think I will go to bed early tonight.
I oromise I will take oood care of vour car.
I will call vou in a few minutes then.
ntttflgrJ uardrarTentf, ls/am/are golng to + lnf. uyrr+ will n"rnr4nTanf
) ^ 3O J- Ie' Lo
be golng to + lnf. fi f 0n't?n?u?11fl scmofl il lil4t.[1FtFl?t3tIIPJl{fl 1? [xax€$$'r fi tail1+ ts2']ac
^8
rfinffu (fineTuur+uoun'ir will) uriu

He is going to do his homework this evening.

My father is gqingLla_buy a new car next year.
I am ooino to meet mvI friends tonioht.
I

n,ralt wtll uac shall Tns fi a"nufia firq cudn s au1 pr n uerfi fl uIf, w i I I n"r rles orr+ iln Ft-r

"l6'(unaoiiirflunreufl"auflrg
/
We + shall uru will
usia're{ranlfl I
ra#as taaqrgrn r6anrnaarurfir+ udilecalu6%1 + will niu
Shall we leave now?
-

Shall I ooen the window for vou?

WilLyou please be quiet?
Will vou aoree
U with me?

E oa. {na-oan[ rlnuofrg

Fulure Contlnuous 1) tf,n-u nr qnrenir6a nranesf r fi rira-sq v rirrfi u a qj q oln rx q n tt n*s

o A - - ; " \e , c cU
rasnar [uaulFrFl LsJ an{2ilttastxa1fl fl lTHa [x[a']
qstfl l{tfi q n1?r*%}t
(wlll be + V.lng) t1,
' -, v
6i'lt1{1+ag $lna{Fi'tll{il4fl t?41fl {o[s%??iloeloxEl

We will be having a partyioror.ro* night.

At 9 o'clock tomorrow, I will be traveling to Japan.
At this time on Friday .lames will be having lunch
with Alex.
2 ) tff nh nr q n m oitf a n mn a v ri'r d n r n'i rs a rfi o t*utu a%r n F usil$i Fi a fl
Aul
tt%[a%fl?1q3tflo

A storm will be coming soon.

Will he be having time to do homework?
Will the students be doing their project?
g
Future Perfecl
eeo " -
[{n-rrrnnrerxfiaan']?n?cfl1Ytri1asqEmnfl
J. o
il uacQUa{n0r.[ant?lqnm6[

(wlll have + V.3) fir+s[uaurnn u"nfiritir before, after, when, by..., by the time,
as soon as, once, until tos6nufiqnrenir6anrenes{'lfiufiqn1eJil1
finzi'sIff Present Simple
We will have received your letter by tomorrow.
I will have finished the work before the deadline.
When he gets there, the film will have started.
J^ g ;
'lflunaaun"r Future Perfect uciu#udrsuaar Yltflnflil0e|1{mat1{0{
Future Perfecl
Contlnuous I will have been worklng here for twenty years
next Friday.
(wlll have been
John will have been studying for months by the
+ V.tng)
time he takes his exam.
These kids will have been watching TV for five
hours by 3 p.m.
i.., TIP rfierion = Future Perfect t6a Future Perfect Continuous
...i...
iun-nfira:r = Present Simple

rwqalovrd BASIC GRAMMAR 55

Complete the sentences uslng 'wlll' and the correct verb ln the box.

do phone visit oPen have bring

1. A: What would you like to eat?

B. I a sandwich with cheese, please.

2. A: I'm very tired. I had a really busy day today and look at the kitchen.
B: Don"t worry. I the washing up for you, mum

3. A: Oh, someone is ringing the bell. Are you wailing for someone?
B: Yes, I think Sandra is coming. I the door

4. A: Why are you asking people to donate old clothes?

B: Well, I lhe flood victims soon.

5. A: Would you like lo come to my house for dinner and talk aboul this?
B: Good idea. I some wine.

6. A: Look! There"s smoke coming out of the photocopier.

B: You turn it off and I the safety officer

Exercise 2
Complete the texl ustng 'wlll- or'won't' and the verb ln parentheses.
What (be) schools like in the future? Thomas, who is

14 years old and lives in London, thinks they (be) probably

very differ^ent from schools today. -Children (go) lo school only one day a
week, on Mondays. They (work) with compulers al school, but lhey (have)
any homework. The teachers (be) robots. I think the schools
(be) belter places than now, but the food (be) very good."

Exercise 3
Choose the correcl form.
*Do
1. A: you want me to help you?"
B: "No, thanks. John (will help / is going to help) me..
*Would
2. A: you prefer tea or coffee?-
B: -l (will have / am going to have) some coffee, please..

56 ae. {nfoarf Unraeru

3. A: -Why are you wearing your besl suit?"
B: "l (will have / am going lo have) lunch with my biggest customer."

4. A: 'l
need to speak to you today."
B: 'l"m going out now bul I (will be / am going to be) back later."

5. A: "Whal are your plans for the holidays?"

B: -l (will visit / am going lo visit) my parents for a few days and then go shopping
in New York."

Exercise 4
Choose the correct answer,

1. I promise I you as soon as I have any news.

a. call b. will call
c. calling
- d. will be calling
2. This time tomorrow Tom over the Atlantic on his way to Boston.
a. fly b. will flY
c. flies - d. will be flYing
3. Those bags look heavy. I one of them for you.
a. carry b. have carried
c. will carry - d' will have carried
4. The sky is a bit cloudy. do you think?
a. Does il rain b. Did il rain
c. Will it rain d. Would it rain
5. 'Alice wants to speak with you." "Please tell her lhat I her as soon as I'm free."
a. call b. will call
-
c. called d. would call
6. By rhe time you relurn, your friend for California.
a. leave b. left
c. will leave d. will have left
7. We for you when the lrain arrives.
a. will wait b. will have wailed
c.- will be wailing d. will be waited

8. *Let's meel at eleven o"clock lomorrow.' *Sorry, I al eleven o"clock."

a. work b. am working
c. will work d. will be working
-
wqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 57
9. *l"m
very thirsly." "l _ you something to drink. Coke or tea?"
a. get b. have got
c. will get d. will have got
10. The concert _ at exactly 10 o'clock.
a. slarl b. starts
c. will start d. will have started
11. Please wait here. My boss in ten minutes.
a. relurns b. has relurned
c. returned d. will return
12. See you at the station! I _ a red jacket.
a. wear b. will wear
c. will be wearing d. will be worn
13. Why don't you ask Jim for help? I'm sure that he _ you.
a. helps b. is helping
c. will help d. will have helped
14. Hopefully lomorrow, we _ on the beach all day.
a. lie b. will be lying
c. will lie d. will have lain
15. We cerlainly _ all the work by this lime tomorrow.
a. won't finish b. won'l be finished
c. won'l be finishing d. won't have finished
16. Please don"t ring the doorbell when you get here. My baby _.
a. sleeps b. will sleep
c. will be sleeping d. will have slept
17. Don't worry. I _ without you.
a. leave b. don't leave
c. will leave d. won't leave
18. You can visit me tomorrow. I _ anylhing important.
a. amdoing b. will be doing
c. will do d. won't be doing
19. I think he _ this work more interesting when he grows up.
a. finds b. found
c. will find d. would find

5B o?. FIn2m?{ flnrasnt

20. 'l Can't go out because I haven't got any money." 'Don"t worny. I you some."
a. lend b' will lend
c. lenl d. will have lenl -
21. At 7 o'clock, we for lheir plane to arrive.
a. wail b. will be waited
c. will be waiting
- d. will have wailed

22. By the end of the week, this boy all his money.
a. spend
will b' is sPending
c. has spent d' will have sPent
23. I you an email as soon as I reach my hotel.
a. send b. will send

- c. sent d. will be sending

24. This time next monlh I the holidays.

a. enjoy
will b. have enjoYed
c. will be enioying
- d. am enioying
25. Sorry, but I can'l come al 5. I football with my friends'
a. play b. have PlaYed
c. am playing - d. will be PlaYing

26. By this time nexl year, .John ten thousand dollars'

a. will save b. will be saved
c. will have saved d. will be saving
27. Don"t call me between 8 a.m. and 12 P.m. I
a. work b. am working
c. worked
have d.-.will be working
28. I lhink our son rich and famous one day.
a. is b. was
c. will be d. will have been
29. I you as soon as I finish this project.
a. help b. will be helPed
- c. help
will d. will be helPing
30. By 12 o'clock, we PlaYing lennis.
a. will finish b. will be finishing
c. will be finished d. will have finished

nrqatenei BASIC GRAMMAR 59

 Possive Voice ilesort+0nn?zrilt
cI

,..r.r!rE!E*r.r r.r$ 5 r. {
"..
, ,CONCEpf,.i',i
l,:,r:i:.i-rl:-1 ii i
Voice 6a i61n tr+nrura-snqtuilsaanrfiu 216 6a Active Voice (rta;o,ru
. i .. . ,i: -.,.r;, . ii i
.,1,1
I ufluflnezriT ) uas Passive Voice (rJezoT ulfluffnnna;rir) nifl1flnFirqyaeflil
,,,,r ,','.,ii:ii'i::,i i: voice adrslaadrsfius1u 2 ociTsfi"rdaJa n-suunffu6gupraafrnula-nt6[;nralf,uaa
,rr,,r,,,,,,, i

",r ,.,',':i', ,,.'. ,:r .'..i, .r,i',.i n?,ra{umnci,rsrasugiagi6 uaa#sng'j,rufrra1estff tense drurutvsg"r+ 12 tenses

i
!
t
Active Voice usire'r"hifipiu'lflriesTgouru Passive Voice
d'nre"tr.lasTaouuu
. '. .,.,i,.

, 'i ,i' ,
;;ir
,, ,,i . i n"t- Perfect Continuous Tenses luiifi"dlaamflrfiflrud 9 tenses #trvr.l
i
' i; ** o; i,! ";r3 ' '
ilfiunrras 1) Acflve volce 6a ilaclaniirlaso'rulflufrnes{rnfs1 rirnisrf,(f,qsfiahunrz
ueiTgn rflu transitive verb (nfarfrfineeuureosah) r6a intransitive verb
/ a 4 t- u \ dl , u I

(n?fl ']fl leJiln?aruruteasa=r) n [o stiaplrsrdl.l

My sister laughed happily. (= intransitive verb)
My sister is reading a book. (= transitive verb)
2) Passlve volce aa riasTsniirlesarulfl %finnnes{rnffl r rirniaril(ffecfras
fi a"nunrarfl u t ransit ve verb (niarfr fi neeuuraasa=r) wi,ruvu uavilacTa a
i

Passive fiTnesai,xiifrr5silfioseq{ir aa be + V.3 n-aacirsniu

A letler was written by ,y daughter.
He will be punished by the teacher.
. .. .
ntarlds$ ffi;;;ffi ail ;;,;T#' X;il ; v"';; t{i,tfi i;; .o ;; ffi#'# ;"#i#n.
"

Actlve rfin n'redtildtgo . Our teacher ls buylng these books.

Passlve
1) ri, narurasrlasTsn Act i v e rsuntfl urJa;arfi rasilaclfl o passi ve
These books...
2) verb to be {isoel'lu tense roerrosrragTfln Active uayndrilayalnras
rder
Passive Lfl umnilqffifolrrflqf uda'lf,nier{fieaanfias (qnrersrrirri'or"lt)
These books are being...
3) Active tfrrflu V.3 d.nre?r passive
ur.Idauniarudurasrleytspr
These books are being bought...
) udu by + frnavrir (dsuflura;o,tura{ Active) uddru.taoayaan'lfi
These books are being bought by our teacher.
(#sunn'jrniarturlesTsn Passive ficiruauurnnd,r1r+ilacTero Active nr+-sn-aduo
n'ra1s'lfirdu verb to be ufrr'lt)

q oa. 4nfoand rlnro6rg

 d....rdi**rexrsi***rriitr.i'..urrrir{.*r'*xi!rr.&r.i.&dri.vi**rir''rrririirrrrrrrr
Passlve iPresent Stmple

(be + V.3) ; S. + V.1 S. + is/amlare + V.3

I We teach Tom. Tom is taught (by us).
F..........'
Present Contlnuous
S.+is/am/are+V.ing S. + is/amlare being + V.3
We are teachino Tom Tom is beino tauoht (bv us).
Present Perfect
S.+has/h6ys+V.3 S. + has/have been + V.3
We have taught Tom. Tom has been taught (by us).
Pasl Slmple
S. + V.2 S.+was/were+V.3
We tauoht Tom. Tom was tauoht (bv us).
Past Contlnuous
S.+was/wsps+V.ing S. + was/were being + V.3
We were leachino Tom. Tom was beino tauoht (bv us).
Past Perfecl
S.+had+V.3 S. + had been + V.3
We had taught Tom. Tom had been-lousht (by us).

iFuture Slmple
S.+will +inf. S. + will be + V.3
We will teach Tom Tom will be taught (by us).
Future Contlnuous
S. + will be + V.ing S. + will be being + V.3
We ullbe-leoehtng Tom. Tom will be being taught (by us).
Future Perfect
S. + will have + V.3 S. + will have been + V.3
We will have taught Tom. Tom will have been taught (by us).
rardrermn#srnfinre'lfl Tense rasilaslfln Passive Tosq!'lfiqrn Verb to be
uaslifrasuos V.3 !ilraqjn"r4afira urir+

His homework has been done by Paul. (= Present Perfect)

""""".""11::"?:.*::9.y""":.:"'"::.9.v""-'r.1ir;"(;"3"?:1."s"':r"r"'"]"

n;qalond BASIC GRAMMAR 67

Change the actlve to the passlve form.

1. The children will do this activity.

2. The player thnew the ball.

3. These girls study this book.

4. The cook has prepared a good meal.

5. My wife washed the dishes.

6. The dog eats the bread.

7. The police will arrest the robbers.

B. My father built this house.

9. The managers made a decision.
10. He has wrilten four books.
11. My grandfather planted this tree.

12. Several people saw the accident.

Exercise 2
Change the passlve lo the actlve form.

1. This sweater will be worn by Peter.

2. The biology class is taught by Mr. Green.
3. The money was stolen by rhe thieves.

4. The work has been done by the children.

5. That film is going to be seen by Tom.
6. This picture was painted by my sister.
7. This program is watched by many people.
B. The letters will be sent by .lames.
9. The party was organized by Paul.

10. Paris is visited by millions of tourisls.

11. Our house was designed by an architect.

12. This photograph was taken by Steve.

62 o?. Fln?sflil{ ?{nra?fl

 Exercise 3
Complete the text ustng the pasl slmple and the passlve form of the verb ln parentheses.

Two men (see) breaking into a house in my slreet lasl night. The
police (call) and they arnived very quickly. One man (catch)
immediately. The other escaped, but he (find) very soon. Both men (take)
to the police station where they (question) separately by a

police officer. The two men (charge) with burglary

Exercise 4
Choose the correct onswer. -
1. Those books by our students.
a. use b. used
c. are used d. will use
2. This clever student a scholarship lasl year.
a. gives b. gave
c. was giving d. was given
3. The injuned to the hospital by the firemen.
a. lake b. took
c. were taking d. were taken
4. That car by a professional driver.
a. drives b. is driving
c. is driven d. has driven
5. The roof of the building in a storm a few days ago.
a. damaged b. damaging
c. was damaged d. was damaging
6. The buildings by the carpenters.
a. build b. have been built
c. were building
- d. have been building

7. Those delicious chocolate muffins by my grandmother.

a. make b. made
c. was made d' were made
8. I a wonderful Present for my birthday every year.
a. give b. am giving
- c. will give d. am given

nuqnTorei BASIC GRAMMAR 63

9. You _ to the party. Why didn't you go?
a. are inviled b. are inviting
c. were inviled d. were inviting
10. These machines to mix the ingredients.
a. use b. are used
c. have used d. are using
11. They to slay in lheir houses during the storm.
a. tell b. rold
c. -were told d. were telling
12. A lol of water _ during the race.
a. drinks b. is drinking
c. has drunk d. is drunk
13. The children _ to school on the bus.
a. take b. took
c. were taken d. were taking
14. That journalist _ by an imporlanl newspaper.
a. hires b. hired
c. was hiring d. has been hired
15. The advertisement slates that no working experience
a. is required b. was required
c. has required d. has been required
16. My sister a strange email yesterday.
a. was sent b. sends
c. was sending d. will be senl
17. Many accidents _ by dangerous driving.
a. cause b. causing
c. are causing d. are caused
18. The events by the university because no one showed any interesl
a. canceled b. canceling
c. were canceled d. were canceling
19. Every studenl a username and a password.
a. gives b. is giving
c. will be given d. will be giving

64 m. 4nf$Nr[ Tnreeru
20. The most expensive jacket by ,y besl friend.
a. was buying b. was bought
c. bry d. bought
21. All work by five o'clock this evening.
a. will complete b. will be completing
c. will have been completed d. will have been completing
22. In the United States, elections for President _ every four years.
a. are held b. were held
c. holding
are d.
were holding
23. The exam results by our English leacher.
a. announced b. will be announced
c. are announcing d. will be announcing
24. The window by a couple of boys who were playing foolball.
a. broke b. was broken
c. break d. was breaking
25. Champagne on New Year"s Eve.
a. drinks b. has dr^unk
c. is drunk d. is drinking
26. The boal by Tom after he won the lottery lasl week.
a. was bought b. boughl
c. was buying d. buying
27. The chlldren to stay inside the house all morning.
a. tell b. have told
c. are telling
- d.
have been told

28. The dogs daily by the housekeeper while the owner was on vacation
a. were fed b. have fed
c. were feeding d. have feeding
29. All lhe books in that lisl _ by our students.
a. read
have b. reading
c. have been read d. were reading
30. The vegetables _ before eating.
a. wash b. have washed
c. are washing d. have been washed

nsgErTsrd BASIC GRAMMAR 65

Conditionol Sentence rlesTnnfdault
.CONCEPT ! Cond ti ona
i I Se ntence 6a rlectsn iiuaosrt au'lttrSonrqararionh tas?l
i
: rLarTe,nrlasmfl fi?ruranur-isaon1finarsilasmfl r"sutar.ilrdrfl uqf sn64fi

en, uLflr.ilfrfiqgufinfr"il uavrtar+ltf,teilflueisnfa'leifinarurflu'lrt'lfiiiqsffiofr"il

ffuSar.lprrafinulorluunnsirsnosrtoulnociasilesmfl uasqooirTnerdfrsnra
o"- - oilu
t{n?s't[1{[o

dr$ila:naures r.tavta n rt a ulllaer t4a'lrittesn a u fiea a q ile gTs n n6 a ilests aeiaet 2 deu lfiuri
*if-
rteilgnda$'[r 1) If-Clause 6o drufr uanrrtauhrionr4 rfl r+riruiifr"ufr'ufiae6itjr
2) Maln Clause 6a dmfrudnsara
If you try hard, you will succeed.
If-Clause = If you try hard
Main Clause = you will succeed
He would be in time if he hurried.
If-Clause = if he hurried
Main Clause = He would be in time
(drunn'j'rfi'rarsritdan if lTfr%rlesTfl n qzfr'asfi urr6a{fi ilrer com m a (,) n'u
"[ai
usi fi'rars f lSnarsilasTen
i fiosfi mdosner'r€r comm a)

danhfnd t ao f;iar.l'[tfr udosnarultrlqfrudua n6anerarlfl r'lrIfi'hfirfi nrnnranitrio

-t-*, d dd .i--
" u-srn=o$-Hnesfr Snutrnnraoitr?a6nnmnasrimr+-tufi
nmnasli'rfi uq'tetil't
tfln"lrflAlnr]qtu-u nfr

uaua toelfrt$ififfasnui% naenf,lfffif{rero 3 Tnardfts aa

niFsonrnn
If + S. + Present Stmple, S. + Future Slmple
If the weather is fine, we will go to the beach.
If he begins tomorrow, he will finish it on Friday.
If + S. + Present Slmple, S. + Present Stmple (= neruo6s#e1t)
If water boils, it changes into steam.
If people are sleepy, they go to bed.
If + S. + Present Slmple, Imperattve (V.0 (= rird'sn6anmtaffas)
If your father comes, tell him the truth.
If you leave, please turn off the television.

66 n?. finxGaril l^rflra?fu

 2 n o
-)h,-!-G
r{ a $ [r ?lu6 ar er ar n rt u'lttlrilfi n5 o n e s ff r n n"u pn, ru rfl u o islu fl s q u"$

ufln'lrt"bilfi Terasa#rsf(f, 6o

tnrlequ"H If + S. + Past Slmple, S. + would + V.l

should
could
mlght
If I had some money, I would lend you.
If she were a bird, she would fly around the world
(drrn n iT luut au"[r riuii 2 rarq g'lf,n6s'] w e re n"r r.la; aruln n"a)

-)rid tiluqisl$ H unra

3 a a rs 01{ lfl ?rud a r nmutt ultl'hr'lfi tr6omas ffru n-t oeret a6 tfl

rfln}tllitfi a u u fi d s dt+r'lfi rfi orssu o 6stu a6 gr Tn a s df r r ftf, 6 o

tne6n If + S. + Past Perfect, S. + would + have + V.3

should
could
mlght
If I had known the answer, I would have told you.
If you had gone to bed earlier, you would not have
slept in class.
drdfinrerufiflrs uo norn n'r'jr i f ufie s-sfi Firua arui ou'ltd u16 n'lfiuri

nre'enriT *r lf un l ess (= if...not) fi pnru fl anerjr fir...'[ei, r+anuElerorn'j't

He might get lost unless he knows the way.

= He might get lost if he does not know the way
provided / providing (that) ''1

suppose / supposing (that) | f= O finrrunatrerjr fir

in case / on conditln tr,"t-,J
Providing he comes, what will you do?
= If he comes, what will you do?

iJ#-
*.-+to,\
) uv

nrqalovrf anslc GRAMMARE

 Exercise I
Complete the senlences wlth the Ftrst Condltlonal.

1. If you are clever, you (solve) the problem.

2. What will you do if you (win) the lottery?
3. I will catch the train if it (arrive) on time.
4. If it is hot, I (open) the window.
5. The boys will play football if the teacher (let) them

6. If you don'l go to the party, they (be) disappointed.

7. I will ring you up if I (have) time.

Exercise 2
Complete the sentences wtth the Second Condtflonal.

1. I would go to the parly if you (invite) me.

2. If you spoke good English, you (earn) more.

3. Your child would lose the money if you (give) it to him

4. If my grandfather exercised, he (be) healthier.

5. You would feel better if you (stop) smoking.

6. If she found the key, she (give) it to you.

7. I would buy a new jacket if I (have) some money

Exercise 3
Complele the sentences wtth the Thtrd Gondtflonal.
1. If you had come by car, you (save) time
2. We would have stayed at home if it (rain)
3. If I had known she was ill, I (send) her some flowers.
4. We would have anrived earlier if we (catch) the 9 o'clock train.
5. If I had known you were coming, I (go) to lhe ainpont to meet you
6. You would have been accepted if you (fill) in the form.
7. If our son had been taller, he (be) a policeman.

f oe. 4nfoanf Unrs6q

Exercise 4
Choose the correct one.

1. (lf / Unless) he apologizes, I will never speak to him again.

2. (lf / Unless) you are nol on time, they will leave without you.
3. (lf / Unless) she does not tidy her room, her mother will be angry.
4. The children will go to the beach tomorrow (if / unless) it rains.
5. We will nol have anything to eat (if / unless) we do not go lo the supermarket.

Exercise 5
Choose lhe correct answer.

1. If the girl does not study hard, she lhe test.

a. pass
does not b. will not Pass
c. would not pass - d. had nol Passed
2. If you more vegelables, your skin would look better.
a. eal b. ate
c. will eat d. had eaten
3. If she my advice, she would have arrived earlier.
a. follows b. followed
c. would follow d. had followed
4. He will never find a ;ob unless he looking for one now.
a. starts b. does not starl
c. will start - d. will not slarl
5. If we had more pocket money, we to the cinema.
a. go b. will go
c. wenl - d. would go
6. You fat if you do not stoP eating so much.
a. get b. will get
c.- would gel d. would have gol
7. If I had checked the bill, I the mistake.
a. see b. will see
c. would see - d. would have seen
8. He such a good athlete if he didn"t train so hard.
a. isn'l b' won"t be
- wouldn't be
c. d. hadn'l been
naqaTovrel BASIC GRAMMAR 69
9. Will you take me with you if you _ to the beach?
a. go b. will go
c. will be going d. would go
10. If Susan to go to school, I will drive her there.
a. want b. wanls
c. will wanl d. would want
'11. If you slowly, she would have understood you.
a. speak b. spoke
c. would speak d. had spoken
12. The children would be happy if they on holiday.
a. are b. were
c. will be d. would be
13. The situation would have become better if the weather _ good.
a. is b. was
c. had been d. would be
14. If the boss lell him I'm in a meeting.
a. come b. comes
c. came d. will come
15. If our team win this time, the coach very happy.
a. is b. will be
c. was d. would be

16. I _ all my friends if I lived in a big house.

a. invile b. invited
c. would invite d. had invited
17. If our son English well, he would have got a good job.
a. speaks b. will speak
c. would speak d. had spoken
18. Tom would travel around the world if he _ the lolter^y.
a. wins b. won
c. will win d. would win
19. George won't come out of hospital if he _ feel beiler.
a. does b. doesn"l
c. will d. won"l

70 m. 4nfsruf InrqArU
20. If I hadn"t broken a promise, my girlfriend me.
a. forgives b. will forgive
c. would forgive d.- would have forgiven
21. She won"l flnd tickets for lhe concert unless she them soon
a. book b. books
c. doesn'l book d. won't-book
22. If he does nol come today, we him in the evening.
a. phone b. phoned
c. will phone - d. would Phone

23. What if you found a bag full of money on a bus?

a. do
do you b. will You do
c. -have you done d. would you do
24. If I _ the weather forecasl, I would have taken an umbrella with me.
a. hear b. heard
c. had heard d. would hear

25. Unless you remind me, I to send him an email.

a. forget b. will forget
c. forgot - d.
would forget

26. If they an umbrella, they would go to the supermarkel.

a. have b. had
c. will have d. would have
27. If my sister how to drive, she would buy a car.
a. know b. knows
c. knew d. will know
28. If he had left on time, he his flight.
a. would miss b. wouldn't miss
c. would have missed d. wouldn'l have missed
29. If the neighbors making that awful noise, I'll call the police.
a. stop b. don't stoP
c. will stop - d. won"l stoP
30. If these students go to school, the teacher them a Proiect
a. assigns b. will assign
c. would assign d. -had assigned

,artrrri BASIC GRAMMAR

E
 cr)
Non-Finite Verb n6srl$i rr?t

Non-Fi nite Verb 6a nfenkiufi rilsfi ertrfl un6nr ueifrnfiliiad.rsiiilluilactsFr

lfiuri nru qrxrhrf nianisltrFlleoi firaur*rr"uiufiesnmf,nulorruunnsirsecfi.hs
Fi n ite Ve rb uaa N on-Fi nite Ve rb uasq noirn"rodrrn6srf(il(ulerasa#rsrirsl

Ifrlfi rdoe c"[6'({16'oci, s n n fi os

ilflunflras 1) Ftnlte Verb (niarufr) 6a arJnfardrn"rgtosilasTsn ri,rnri,rdudosnferrarnra
I as il a g ar u ua ; u.6a r+ g r.l'[t n r u n a'n n m o-s si a"hl f,
n?91
f. ilefrasil?so1l{ (ranmrinsauXmu)
2. Tense (o6n floqrh nSaau,rnn)
3. Voice (Active nio Passive)
She keeps the butter in the fridge.
We wanted to visit that museum next week.

2) Non-Ftntte Verb (niafuiufi) 6a qrlnfariiurernrr'rnia,r un'lu'lfiri,rrfirii

Lfl unislfl a"nrasilesTs n nf slhiufifi"eshiurtdfl %ail'trid'recaeieirunustnff nru

uilsaon'lfiutu 3 rLesmn'lfiuri
1. Inflntttve 6a grJnfenrfiar fi 2 ruo na qrtiifi ro rirrfir uasbifi ro drtrrTr
niu to go, to walk (= to + inf.) uac go, walk (= inf.)
2. Gerund 6a qr.tniariirnu -ing ritrririilflur{ruru rdu going, walking,
smiling, drinking, leaving, sitting
3. Partlclple aa qrjnfsliirstu -ing (Presenr Pariiciple) niu sleeping,
exciting n6anisldos 3 (Past Participle) udu written, stolen, used
fl {6 a{ u?umfl 1+yt.t?11{,1 l1rU t{O1 a olFfu{yt
.' " .
nratf, ;;;;;#i;;*;ffi ;,;",r' il ;';rffi";' "

to + lnf. afford ur."nn. deserve learn prepare

agree attempt fail manage promise
aim begin forget offer refuse
appear decide hope plan remember
Small children learn to swim quickly.

72 o?. Fln?$flil{ l{flrQfnl

.' .' . .
"" .
;;tr''' ;;;;;#;iriffi;.;;;;;?,,' ffi' ;'i;. ; i;i,;ffi ;'
Y

flrt1+ lo + i advise encourage hire permit teach

lnf. i allow expect instruct persuade tell
i ask forbid invite Promise urge
: cause force lead remind want
: command get order require warn
t ffis mother allowed him to go camPing.
!!&r..**...t

n1'ti 1) 'lffnruna"sniaTrira n5o Modal Verbs ttin do, does, did, will, would,

lnf. shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare
Students must wear uniforms.
2) 'lf,nruna"snieniiudosnTee"l{ r{u hear, listen to, see, notice, observe,
watch, smell, let, make
She watched her son olav badminton.
n.retfl tf,unfi oulfl uriruril toeralerirnrTriililut?ufl 11{ naau t6anaeetfi rufla"suttutl

gerund Walking is a good exercise.

I am interested in singing.
r.'.x&...".'.'.1r"
q tY.aeu
V. dnrudes nf^ srrl"ssia hlfr frasnru draqrJ gerund (V.lng)

gerund admit delay feel miss resist

anticipate deny finish postpone risk
appreciate delest forgive practice spend
avoid discuss imagine prevent suggest
compare enjoy involve quit tolerate
complete escape keep recall understand
confess excuse menlion rePort can"t help
consider fancy mind resent can't stand

......."..1.r::.T.':.:.1.v"':1.1y:J9..-'"ry-I':.:.9:::;.
n1'tfl V.l n g (P resent Partlcl pb) Iffrtfi a uo'r4 nrrf,irf tslauru iitil il{nav rirnf a'r
'lnpnruflu,tgutt Active Voice
parllclpl e
Those running dogs are mine.
V.3 (Past Partlclp|e)'lffunn ar+rirqrxrflirf rrarsilru fi Lfl il{qnnerrirniar
tuaerervatrsutt Passive Voice
The stolen car has been found.

,rqetorri BASIC GRAMMAR E

 Exercise I
Complele lhe sentences uslng lnflnltlve or gerund forms of the verbs ln parenlheses.

1. Don't forget (tell) him the news

2. Sandra never admits (make) mistakes.

3. They managed (pass) lheir exams.

4. She is considering (be) a member of that club.
5. My sister enjoys (walk) in the rain.
6. He can't afford (buy) a car.
7. When you finish (do) your homework, call me.
B. My friends decided (go) on Saturday
L My boyfriend refused (see) me aoain.
10. He suggested (go) home when he got sick.

Exercise 2
Complete the senlences uslng lnflnltlve or gerund forms of the verbs tn parentheses.

1. She is interested in (play) tennis

2. They reminded me (do) my assignmenl

3. Cindy told her brother (wait) for her
4. The employee apologized for (come) late.

5. The teacher encourages him (study) harder.

6. The boy succeeded in (pass) his exam.

7. I'm looking forward to (go) to London.

B. I couldn't persuade him (come) with me.

9. My mother can't stand (be) interrupted.
10. Jack advised me (rent) a new apartmenl.

Complete the sentences uslng lnflnltlve or gerund forms of the verbs ln parentheses.

1. Don"l forget (buy) the newspaper

2. I will never forget (see) the sea for lhe first time,

74 o?. Flnxsil% ?lnrasnl

3. The boy stopped (play) football afler his serious injury

4. On the way up to Chiang Mai, we stopped (visit) my uncle.

5. I regret (say) that you have failed your driving test

6. I think you will regret (tell) him all of your secrels.

Exercise 4
Choose the correcl answer.

1. Hurrv uo! We must run to the bus stoo. I can see a bus
a. comes b. came
c. coming d. is coming
2. Boys and girls enjoy to the music.
a. listen b. to lislen
c. to listening d. listening
3. Jim soent an hour his homework.
a. do b. did
c. does d. doing
4. Would you mind this letter in the box for me, please?
a. drop b. to drop
c. dropping d. for dropping
5. Do vou fancv tennis this afternoon?
a. play b. playing
c. to playing d. to play
6. We are thinking of by train.
a. travel b. traveled
c. traveling - d. lo lravel
7. Do vou have anv oood reason for me?
a. calling
not b. nol call
c. not called d. not to call

8. I persuaded my mother me permission to go out.

a. give b. gives
c. to give d. giving

9. When Paul oot tired. he stoooed

a. working b. work
c. lo work d. works

;qErt1 aAsrc cRAMMAR E

10. He suggested _ dinner in a Chinese restauranl.
a. have b. having
c. to have d. to having
11. Do you have any dlfficulty in _ English?
a. lo speak b. speak
c. spoke d. speaking

12. I've forgolten _ flowers for my girlfriend's birthday.

a. bry b. bought
c. buy
to buying d.
13. I can"t afford time trying to explain this to you.
a. waste b. to waste
c. wasted d. wasting
14. The lhief admilted the house but says he didn't take anything.
a. to enler b. enter
c. enlering d. entered
15. I remember with dolls when I was a child.
a. play b. played
c. to play d. playing
16. My friend offered to help me _ my motorcycle.
a. to repair b. repairing
c. repaired d. for repair
17. My boss expecls me _ this work as soon as possible.
a. complete b. completed
c. to complete d. completing
18. I can'l help _ in love with you.
a. fall b. falling
c. to fall d. for falling
19. I regret to my falher's advice. He was right.
a. not lislening b. not listen
c. not listened d. nol to listen
20. We"re going out for dinner. Would you like _ us?
a. join b. to join
c. joining d. to joining

E oa. 4na-oarrf Inraeq

21. The lravel agenl advised us until August.
a. waiting
not b. not to wait
c. nol waited - d. not wait
22. They decided to Paris for their honeymoon'
a. to go b. going
c. go - d. for going
23. Please slop me when I am tr^ying to explain something.
a. interrupl b. to interruPl
c. interrupting
- d. lo interrupling
24. We wenl for a walk after we finished up the kitchen.
a. cleaned b. cleaning
c. clean d. to clean
25. The students avoid _ at lhe teacher if they don"t want lo answer a question.
a. look b. to look
c. looking d. to looking
26. I apologized lo her but she refused it.
a. accept b. to accePl
c. accepled - d. accePting
27. His doctor has forbidden him high cholesterol food.
a. eal b. eating
c. to eat - d. to eating
28. Lisa and David were considering married in June.
a. to get b. get
c. got d. gelting
29. The woman warned her young son the hol slove.
a. not touching b. not touch
c. not touched - d. nol to louch
30. I would like to remind you some information aboul our new pr^oduct'
a. bring b. broughl
c. to bring - d. bringing

wqalord BASIC GRAMMAR 77

 6l
Modol Verb n?fl'lt?Et

CONCEPT ; Modal Verb 6a n6fl'rdraEisilrurlflaaun"rniarfla-n tosuana-nrrxaras

ilas1fl n'i1lfl uriasTsniiuansnmuransrlesmfl'lo udu nerudrxmo a21e.l

,f rufl u n mur{t r+'[r.l'[6' nreo rflgu nmdu auuv ril r.l fru frr6s u nree odrra-n
nra'lfl naanenorluunnsirseyfl .hrnf elursel-rff(ff(nHGgsn-1.r

na"nn1?tf 1) lfl
Voaal Verb nirilesarrrnnrit'l6Tnaleint?iaugrt
Modal Verb The teacher can teach for six hours a day.
2) ilesTanilfludo rn*r not ra's Modal Verb lfinhfi
She might not know where Peter works.
3) mfanrilo.tal ?.rs Modal Verb lsnrirrlasTso
May I ask you a question?
4) Moda I Ve rb rirmlrqisr"ritsifi qiladqnia ailroFl
Our friend must go to Korea next year.
can / could 1)'lfluansnrrudrumn niaerrruu{tu'lr.t1fi
(' r{reT m) My daughter can speak Japanese very well.
2) tf(r+nretafas
Can you tell me where John lives?
3) lf, could rdouflr+nretaatru,rrr ro#as r6oraoerurfiu (an,run.jr can)
Could you tell me your name, please?
4) tfl could rilr+rrla6nras can
She could swim when she was five years old.
S) tfl Ue able to u?lrl can / could lff
Your friend might be able to help you.
wlll / would 1) tffuaosnrenacf ,r n6anrrurfl u16'(rar+rprn

('q:) He will not lend me this book.

2) tff would rdaritr+nmtoios (4n.run-jr will)
Would you turn off the light, please?
3) lf, would rfir+grJadmtas will
I thought I would be lare.

78 ae. {ne"oar[ r1nro6r1

 maY / mlght 1) tf(un'ratoat6uler

('omec) May I go home now?

2) tffuaorsnrrarutu'lrfld'luail1nn (may fiTanrdurnn'jr mi ght)
She might pass the examination.
3) tf, might riluqrJafinno{ may
They wanted to know if they might come later.
-roo L -
must l.) [{[1.[n']?dsfi?ou{Ftlr
(- do{) You must be here before 10 o'clock.
2) tfruaornmarofrflu
Students must get up early and go to school.
3) tfluansnrruetr+le niaorT urilu"lr.ilfi
The boy must be mad to do this.
4) tf, must not tunrefiru danarattrura'ir fiaslai
You must nol walk on the grass.
5) tf, have to ryril rnust m'audasadnfl6aa%1na
He had to go to the dentist yesterday.
.".;;;.'. .;;' ..{;;ilffi;;d; "''
iffi n; t;h*. ffi;',
"
ii ; I ;r ffi; ; ;;j
(. druiln#ot) My father needs to work very hard.
2) tffnrarfira not + inf. rdadap,erunuret'jr lri.f,uflufras
You need not wait any longer.

shall / should 1)'lf(r+nrerauaurls raot{U'ter tianretnmruufiu (ffn-u I/ we ni

('Frreq:) Shall we meet at the universitY?

"lfi
2) tf, ought to (= Eneo;) unu should
You ouoht to be more careful.

used to 1)'lffudnrfi #un6odsiime{r1r+ahcr

('rrg) People used to lhink that the earth was flat.

2) rmlf, be used to frarnTu6'ra N./V.ing finr1uflurs'jr rprafiilcia..
John is used to getting up earlY.

rwqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 79

 Exercise I
Complele the sentences wllh'can','can't','must' or'mustn't'.
1. I"m very tired today. I clean my room.
2. It"s raining heavily. You take your umbrella.
3. A cat climb up a tree, but a dog
4. We pick the flowers in the park.
5. John is very short. He play basketball very well
6. We go to the bank today. We haven"t got any money
7. We are very hungry, so we eat a lot of sandwiches.
B. Tourisls take their passports when they go abroad.
9. Footballers touch the ball with their hands.

10. She is a small baby. She eat meal, but she drink milk.

Exercise 2
Ghoose the correct one.

1. Drivers (could / must) stop when the traffic lights are red.
2. You (may not / needn't) take your umbrella. It is not raining.
3. I have no time. I (must / may) leave now or I miss lhe bus.
4. (Might / Could) you water my planrs while I am away?
5. You don't look well. You (could / should) see a doctor.
6. tJudy is not at home. she (might / could) have gone to paris, I don't know.
7. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. you (needn't / mustn't) buy any.
B. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you (need / could) to work hard.
9. Tom (can / must) Play tennis quite well. I usually play with him every weekend.
10. ""(Should / Ylay) we go out tonight, please?' *Yes, but you (mustn't / couldn't) be late.'

Exercise 3
Complete the sentences wtth a suttable modal verb.

1. Jack come lo our wedding, but we aren't sure.

2. That dress is not expensive. I buy it.

f oa. {nfaanf r^lnuoirg

3. My hands are very dirry. I wash them.

4. I"m sorry but we come to your party tomorrow

5. I buy the lickets for lhe concert? I can see you"re too busy

6. You not be so nervous. I think il will be very easy.

7. Sandra notplaylheviolinwhenshewasfive,butnowshe-
play it very well

Exercise 4
Choose lhe correct ansvrer,

1. My sisler speak English and French very fluently.

a. may b. can
c. has to d. could

2, It's a great town. You visit it some day.

a. could b. might
c. should d. would
3. It"s oettino lale. I oo now.
a. can b. may
c. would d. have to

4. Anna get lired of her 1ob. It is so boring.

a. musl b. should
c. -has to d. need

5. swimming? I come with you, please?

Are you going
a. Should b. Can
c. Musl d. Will
6. My dog jump very high when he was younger.
a. can b. may
c. could d. might
7. I'm not going to pay ftve pounds for a coffee.You be;oking!
a. can b. might
c. should d. must
-
8. It"s a secrel. You tell anyone about il.
a. can't b. musl not
c. may not d. don"l have to

nrqa1cnd BASIC GRAMMAR f

9. This is a hospital. People are resting, so you be quiet.
a. will b. oughl
c. should d. can

10. I have a quick word with you? Something important has happened
a. Must b. Could
c. Would d. Should
11. I wanled to talk to tlim yesterday, but I _ find him.
a. didn't b. wouldn'l
c. might not d. couldn't
"12. You _ smoke here. Il's a non-smoking area.
a. couldn't b. wouldn't
c. mightn'l d. musln"t

13. I"m sure you _ love this film. It's brilliant.

a. could b. can
c. would d. mighr
14. I _ imagine why she married him. He's so stupid!
a. can"t b. mightn't
c. mustn'l d. shouldn"t
15. I speak ro Mr. Smith, please?
a. Should b. Would
c. May d. Mtghr

16. What_ you do in my situation? I need your advice.

a. musl b. would
c. could d. should
17. You_ forget to take the food out of lhe oven at seven o'clock.
a. wouldn't b. can't
c. couldn'l d. musln"l
18. They lefi London at three o'clock so they be here by now.
a. could b. would
c. should d. can
19. you open the window, please? It"s hor in here.
a. Need b. Must
c. Should d. Could

82 na. {ni'oen[ Unraiq

20. I like to buy lhe same television for my house.
a. could b. would

- c. must d. have to

21. The passengers wear their seatbelts at all times'

a. could b. must
c. can - d. may
22. I have more cheese on my sandwich?
a. Must b' Would
c. Could d. Have lo
23. you mind buying two loaves of bread on your way home?
a. Would b' Could
c. Might d. Should
24. We _ go to the concert if the rain stoPs. We don't know for sure.
a. mustn"l b. have to
c. wouldn't d. might
25. I hear you. Could you please speak louder?
a. can b. must

- c. can't d' mustn'l

26. You eat many vegetables if you want to be healthy'

a. need b' could
c.- would d' should

27. you bring me a glass of cold water?

a. Must b. Could
c. Should d. Need
28. .lulie like to visit Kyoto when she is in Japan'
a. should b. will

c. -would d. can

29. This rock band play very well last year. Now they are much better'
a. must b' should
c. couldn"t
- d. can
30. The boys wake up earlier than 7:30 am. They have class at 8:00 am.
a. would b' can"t
c. could d' have lo

wqalovrd BASIC GRAMMAR B3

 Reported Speech rl asTs a fi' r;'r A'rutI n u I uai'r
.i,iaru .i;;;il . .
.i:1, "
R ;;;;;; "
H;"liri' ;il ; ; ;. ;;;f;; d;;,;ffi d;.
!r.- J
il1ua1 nalmtrilaslil$rm5a{rumritxaagdrs
"
sirssln Direct speech f,suilu
rlaslanFirilnmesl loaerfi mdartrarlerFirp ueas1rlf,drdrmlodaffaprarerfi uo
ffr6pruneaq ndT i6n.renJ6surJactenFl',ruonrqfl ur.teaTsniiri,rn'rlnutdr
.) "'' " .' . .
nT?[tl8g1r ;;;,i*;;;;ffi ;;t; il;u;ffirff ;;il ;d;;;ffi il; "
-,l:Tr^"i ;")'
"

rJailsnFhfln 1) rirq n iirfl urlacTs n u a nr6ir n6o rJarTa n rJfr raa

I
2) ritXniir{ruilaaTsn F{1nrer

3) ritXndrfl uriaatanrild{

1) drlnrfln 1)lf, say Lflnn6elilrflrirrJarlann',r1o

rteitsauanEh 2) tf, that Lflr.rn"rudauasndrrrrecTsnnrirn-urtecTernrirqa ({isoreaaaon'lfi)
3) ft nfardr"frenlfl rlnfsludarfl qeu-il tr+rirlaa-sns1ff tense trru udfi1nifl ,r
tr6erI4-n{o
riT ril u a6 n fra rur.l6en+n'.rlotrilfl u Te n se udas odn Hril'lrl6nr'unr*s
anr5urdorXno-rudasiiLfl uef sraeratriodrdteiur]deruurlas
Sarah says, *l am a student.'
= Sarah says (that) she is a student.
Peter said, "These children are naughty."
= Peter said (that) those children ue_re na ughty.

Tense tloe said, *l write it." = .loe said he wrote it.

Joe said, "l am writing it." = tloe said he was writing it.

tloe said, "l have written it." = Joe said he had written it.

Joe said, *l wrole it." = tloe said he had written it.

i .loe said, *l was writing it." = tloe said he had been writino it.

Joe said,""l will write it." = rloe said he would write it

f na. {nr"mn[ 4nreirg

 ntanldg$ now > then
Adverb today / tonight > that day / that night
a .A yesterday > the day before / the previous day
fi?0fl'la$'l
tomorrow > the next day / the following day
last week (month...) > the previous week / the week before
next week (month...) > the following week
ago > before
this / these > that / those
here > there
She said, "l
met him last week."
= She said (that) she had met him lhe previous week.
He said,
*l lived here three years ago."
= He said (that) he had lived there three years before.

2) niTpuiln I t) tt ask (+ neau) / wonder (aifiar + naau) Lilunfs''ni'rflrirrJ*Tanrirln

ilaiTgndrore 2) ttr if / whether (dmehriroruiifr'asnrarirnat'jr yes / no) t6arrsqrJ
wh-, how (dT nahn"rnr+rdu1) uiiaeresfl 'hsilastfl nfl firn"rrlegTsnFi'luFt
3) 6aszirri'trirl%ra;tfl nFirnrruluei tfinareLilHilestanronririln6
4) frrn6arfr r{'nnliltniflrudosfl oqt"u tuniT qna"snslfl tense rau udfirnifl r
. 4. .J . qud. , 4 \e 6 a
dT uilu06fi fr asnJbar+riT 1olfrufl r+ Tense udosa6neru"k?inrhtnt'u
u a 'a
snr?1{uilaToo{r?a{1 iiLflilq6sderansaiisdleinl?ienruilas

The teacher said, 'ls

there anybody outside?'
= The teacher asked me if there was anybody outside.
*Why
My brother said, are you so late?"
= My brother wondered why I was so late.

3) nlTlnrilu t) tf, tett / order / ask (+ naeu) uflunfertirnri'nla;Tanrirln

rhitgafi#{ 2)'ld nam ;iluilu{a=t rird'r
3) nJ?ierunfs'flfr1fi% to + inf. (darilmrh&urlttanuir) tia noi to + inf,
(ud arfl u ri#'suttrJ4uda )
Sandra said, ""Turn off the light."
= Sandratold me to turn off the light.
*Don"t
My mother said, lock the door."
= My mother asked me not to lock the door.

wqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR 85

 Exercise I
Change the followlng sentences Into reporled speech.

1. John said, "l saw lhal movie on Wednesday."

2. *The
Susan said, train will probably arrive on time."

3. The man said,

*l have to finish this report by five o'clock.'

4. Mr. Brown said, "l don'l drive a car in the rush hour."

5. My brother said, 'l don'l want to carry your books."

Exercise 2
Ghange the followlng sentences lnto reported speech.

1. She asked her boyfriend, 'Do you ltve with your family?"

2. John asked Sandra, *Are you listening to me?-

3. He asked me, *What are you doing al the weekend?"

4. My mother asked me, *Where is your umbrella?"

5. She asked Tom, -What kind of films do you like watching?.

Exercise 3
Change the followtng sentences tnto reported speech.

86 oa. 4nfoanf Tnraeru

1. My father told me, "Keep all the windows closed''

2. The robber told the woman, "Give me your money'"

3. She told her husband, 'Don't forget to take your key''

Exercise 4
Choose the correct answer.

1. They told us that they not do it again'

a. do b' were
c. will d' would

2. Her teacher asked me if she there'

a. lives b' lived
c. is living d' will live

3. He told me that he the film.

a. seen
had already b. had seen already
c. has already seen
- d' has seen already

4. Someone was wondering if Alex arrived yet'

a. had b. has

c. was d' is

5. The teacher told the boys their money'

a. not waste b' to waste not
c. nol to waste - d. to not wasle

6. My grandfather said that he always up early'

a. wake b' wakes
c. woke d' to wake
7. George said he to the cinema the next day'
a. goes b' went
c. will go d' would go
8. Her teacher said she -- do her homework every day'
a. has to b' had to
c. will d' was

wqaTenei BASIC GRAMMAR 87

 9. His father said that he soeak three languages.
a. could b. can
c. has to d. will

10. Mike sald he _ to visit his friends that weekend.

a. wanl b. wanls
c. wanted d. will want
"11. My slster reminded me _ my homework.
a. forget b. not to forget
c. forgot d. to not forget
1,2. Ronald asked Betty where _ her car.
a. parked
she b. does she park
c. she parks d. did she park
13. Anna told me _ Sandy at the train station.
a. meel b. to meet
c. met d. meeting
14. Max told me that Peter often a book.
a. read b. is reading
c. reads d. was reading
15. Jerry said he _ English a lot at that moment.
a. sludies b. is studying
c. studied d. was studying
16. He said that Andrew to the sladium an hour before.
a. goes b. went
c. has gone d. had gone
17. My son said he his best in lhe exams the next day.
a. will go b. does
c. would do d. did
18. Mark asked me why to study French.
a. I want b. I wanted
c. do I want d. did I wanr
19. They said rhey _ in Bangkok for a long time.
a. live b. lived
c. have lived d. had lived

oo
oo o?. (nfoanf TnraArU
20. He said lhal he fish two days before.
a. eal
doesn't b. didn"l eal
c. hadn'l eaten d. hasnul eaten
21. She said that her teacher to Spain the next day.
a. goes b. would go
c. has gone d. will go
22. My brother asked me if I reading the newspaper
a. finish b. had finished
c. finished d. have finished
23. rlane reminded me so much junk food.
a. eat b. eating
c. not to eal d. to nol eat
24. Our neighbor said that her father the previous year.
a. dies b. has died
c. died d. had died
25. Lisa said she for me for over an hour.
a. waited b. was waiting
c. waiting d. had been waiting
26. Peter said he uP every morning al seven o'clock.
a. gels b. gol
c. will get- d. would get

27. She asked me why I writlen to her for such a long lime.
a. hadn"t b. haven't
c. wasn"t - d. didn't
28. The leachers lold us football in the garden.
a. play
nol to b. nol PlaYing
c. play -
to not d. to PlaY nol
29. Alice lold me she lhat nighl.
a. come b. comes
c. can come d. could come
30. My friend said he his homework by the time I arrived'
a. will finish b. would finish
c. will have finished d. would have finished

wqalonci BAstc cRAMMAR g

 piror*d'trf
t

CONCEPT Adj ect i v e 6 o n'rq nrrflrf ritrrirfr tarafl 5a a 6urs riruru ria rirdaeuuru
s^
${0u4fl osantsnrsfl 0sa1$rilr6orirdaail1,l,ran{o1{ ur-islfl u 6 rlasmfl frriau
naaf, nurrrirfr uacsq"rufl $sqosni,rqnrrl'lrfusiasilasmfl arun-unmr6tu}n-u

r{rq rxrl'ur{ tfl naffi f,(flfl a,ta n'ru1rsrs rirururt6o rirdeeuuru

1) Proper n-o riTqnrrftn{f(f,uaosdrgtrfi nianrur urin Thai, Chinese, .lapanese,

AdJectlve American, British, Italian, German, French

Our neighbor knows the Japanese language.
My father has many American friends.
2) Possesslve 6a niT q orrl'u{f(f,uao s narurfl ur{,mr o r fi asms ffrsnfir '[fiuri

AdJectlve my, your, his, her, its, ours, their

Your dictionary is on the desk.
Their parents work hard every day.
3) Interrogattve 6 a rir4 rurl'utif(f,ue nr rhnm fr arrrs ffrs fi flr Fr',ru1eru?iru'u lfiuri w h i c h,

AdJectlve what, ihose

Which way shall we go?
What book are you reading at the moment?
4) Descrlptlve n-o rirq orol'llff(f,ua osa"nurxsyi a n nrduuEr a s Ft'r iltr nin o l d, b ea ut i fu l,

AdJectlve rich, expensive, clever, yellow, lazy

The rich man lives in this big house.
A clever student can answer this difficult ouestion.
5) Deflnlte ao rir4ud'ur{f( urv'irnu"lru ds"tru n6aa"u'[tru uriu rhis,
AdJectlve that, these, those, such eauo-sriruannit r{u one, two, three uac
siro"tii rdr+ first, second, third
These students like to study English.
There were five people in the room.
6) Indeflnlte 6a rirorxrflr,rr{dteif,"railrstfrrfiuaeirsf'ouqu'j,rpru1ru iir'ltru miaa'r+lnu udu

AdJectlve a"ah, ar".y, all, much, many, few, little, some, other
Susan bought some books yesterday.

.."".... **. p.:

""p.r:. .:.".T.:. P.::.q::... .'J. :".i :.: g.
"1
. Pl. ..... .

90 a?. 6n26}l1{ }lnrQffl

 Partlclple rard'nrranlf, Pa rt i c i p l e nSa rirdafrsurern n6fl ttrqr*rlnfitfr ur.iufl r
lfifrn AdJeclve Present Partlclple (V.rng) lflrdaurur+'unesrilnFen (Acti ve Voice)
We do not know that singing lady.
I
Past Partlcrple (V.3) lf,w'au, eru'unnnec{1nis'r (Passi ve Voice)
The punished student is my classmate.

ilanq'rnfi"Eft druT enlflri'tnierrfr udorareuofttianeru{fln niu interest,

bore, excite, surprise, frighten, annoy, amuse tnafiqr-tniarn-sf
V. . {rlfr... This story interests me.
V.lng - nu This story is interesting to me. (= adj.)
V.3 . frn-. I am interested in this story. (= adj.)
)
drufintros 1,, 21slrld1Fyr1{13tTOnfl erlel

AdJectlve The handsome teacher walked slowly to school.

2) arurai's verb to be t6a linking verbs nir+ look, seem, feel,
smell, become, appear, sound, turn, grow, taste
These kids look happy today.
3) msra'sniT gaaruT u'Laiil"uailrs tdu som eone, somebody, som eth i n g,
anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing
Do you have someone special in your life?

flesnd$res niu afraid, alive, alone, asleep,

flafini AdJectlve ashamed, awake, ill, well

The children are asleep.
arqorhr{ff frestrrnrirrhnrawi, rr'n triu elde r, especia l, fo rm e r,
golden, inner, latter, middle, upper
John is my elder brother.
ntrtiiscdrn"u udolf, r;qorrl'nr{fl arerirtsrsriruratrirfisefr osr6ssairrl"uriar+ta"sn"s 1{

AdJectlve *i,r*mrfri d'nunx ImTn* * I oTEl a frgtrB i n'ruT e

r x*! *x r
r r r r x r r * *s {r r * * x * x o o *
" a {xr t * * a r* x
'..-"""-'t."sE&f,(8.
A nice brown bag
The new big black car
Her modern larg e Thai house
This dirty old red dress
Some young Italian girls
P:.::lY"... 3 { tr.. *: * t t * r !

nvqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR

E
 Exercise I
Ghoose the correcl form.

1. The children ate the (delicious / deliciously) chocolates.

2. tlohn and Paul are both very (serious / seriously) students.
3. Something smells (good / well) in the kitchen.
4. Thal music sounds (terrible / terribly). I can't stand it.
5. She looked (nervous / nervously). She didn't seem to be (calm / calmly).

Exercise 2
Underllne lhe two adJecttves tn each sentence.

1. We had a hot meal and a cool drink.

2. I wrote a long lelter to my elderly aunt.
3. The girl felt nervous before the importanl exam.
4. I was tired and my back was sore.
5. The angry teacher punished the naughty boy.

Exercise 3
Choose the correcl form.

1. Ir was (surprised / surprising) that she didn"t come to the party.

2. We wene all very (worried / wor^rying) when he didn"t come home.
3. I don't normally get (frighrened / frightening) when I watch horron films.
4. The football match was quite (excited / exciting). I enjoyed ir.
5. The students thought the story was quite (amused / amusing).
6. Peter never stops lalking and he never says anything (interested / inleresring).
7. My parents were (shocked / shocking) when they heard the news.
B. Sandra is really (excited / exciting) about going to the United states.
9. I was (disappointed / disappointing) with the film. I had expected ir ro be be1er.
10. Why do you always look so (bored / boring)? Is your life really so (bored / boring)?

92 o?. dn?s0rl{ ?{flrarfl

Exercise 4
Put the adJectlves ln parentheses ln the correct order.
1. The reslauranl (new / / Thai)
wonderful

2. The table (wooden / brown / old)

3. The lie (red / expensive / silk)
4. The house (Chinese / big / old)
5. The woman (Korean / young / nice)

Exercise 5
Ghoose lhe correcl answer.
1. The film we saw last niqht was very
a. exciting b. exciled
c. excitedly -. d. excitement

2. There's a reslauranl on the corner.

a. liltle nice Thai b. nice llttle Thai
c. Thai-nice little d. nice Thai little
3. If we eat things, we may die.
a. poison b. Poisons
c. poisonous d. PoisonouslY
4. You'll find cold drinks there whenever you feel
a. thirsty b. lhirst
c. lhirstily d. thirstiness
-.
5. I enjoyed the book. It was very
a. interest b. interests
c. interesled -. d. interesting
6. Be with this glass of milk. It's hot.
a. care b. careful
c.
- caring d. careless
7. Robin looks very What"s the matter with him?
a. sad b. sadness
c. sadly -. d. to be sad
B. I find il quite to talk in front of a group of people.
a. embarrass b. embarrassing
c. embarrassed
- d. embarrassmenl
n;qalerei BAstc cRAMMAR E
9. I often get _ in new social situalions.
a. nerve b. nervously
c. nervous d. nervousness

10. Steve seemed after he heard what his brother said.

a. anger b. angry
c. angrily d. and angry
11. My brother thinks reading newspaper is _.
a. depress b. depr-essed
c. depressing d. depression

12. All the girls fell in love with the teacher.

a. handsome new American b. American new handsome
c. new handsome American d. American handsome new
13. I hope other people think I look _.
a. atlract b. attracted
c. attractive d. attraction
14. Paul is in all kinds of sport.
a. inlerest b. interested
c. interestingly d. interesting
15. Thene was a noise last night. Did you hear it?
a. loud b. loudly
c. loudness d. very loudly
16. Sometimes, driving at night can be very _.
a. danger b. dangers
c. dangerous d. dangerously
'17. My uncle finds walking in the countryside very _.
a. nelax b. relaxed
c. relaxation d. relaxing
18. All the children in that class are
a. intelligent b. intelligently
c. so intelligently d. intelligence
19. My neighbor recently married a _ woman.
a. young beautiful Greek b. beautiful young Greek
c. beautiful Greek young d. Greek young beautiful

94 na. 4nfmrd qnrse{U

20. For many people, giving a presentation can be a .- exPerience'

a. scare b' scarY

c. scared d' scarilY

21. I get when people smoke in restaurants'

a. annoy b' annoying

c. -annoyed d' annoYinglY

22. My sister always wears clothes'

a. bright b. brightly
c. brighlen d' brightness

23. Anna is a suPermodel.

a. Brazilian
beautiful slim b' Brazilian beautiful slim
c. slim-Brazilian beautiful d' Brazilian slim beautiful

24. At the end of a day's work, she is often

a. exhaust b' exhausted

c. exhausls d' exhausting

25. Those apples look May I have one?

a. delicious b' like deliciouslY
c. deliciouslY
-' d' so deliciouslY

26. I get -- when someone asks difficult questions'

a' confuse b' confused

c. confusing d' confusion

27. This situation requires a investigation'

a' serious b' seriouslY

c. seriousness - d' verY seriouslY

28. Going to new Places is alwaYs

a. excited b' excite
c. exciting d' excitedlY

29. The boss gave him a .- vase'

a. black
small Egyptian b' black Egyptian small
c. small black Egyptian d' Egyplian small black

30. In the United States, food is not as as in Europe'

a. exPense b' exPensive

c. expenses d' exPensivelY

wqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR E

 oaa-(f
Adverb a1n?91?rlu6}t

Ad v e rb n o rirnf e'riptunf ritr ri,rdtars fi ia aEurer Filn6fl r nir4 r*rl'nr[ n6a

rfrnferrirtuor rdalfrarsacr6eoii{'nrquflFaaur;ania*sn-11
{r6anoraf,nu,rrT.rd
uagn"eadrsrasri, nisrirrroiugiacilacmr amn-srfirduacairufi l{starn,retff
n1n?91?FllJOrnzPt

1) Adverb ao rirnierrirtr* nff,(flueo sa"nuorc fi 5a or nra ri,rIfrf'j.1fi n ua"nurucacir{'b

of Manner (How?) u"nasfr.rsfirs -ly niu quickly, badly, easily, carefully
Paul drives carefully but has a lot of accidents.

.**H*lv
"... " " . . IP..g::r. .Y3.". .:H:.s. ";;t;{T.#t,;+t
on the noor.
2) Adverb 6 a rirnse,ri*r"rrdrr-i^ ;;;;fr di;' iw;#i)' ;; ;#,''
of Place there, somewhere, upstairs, downstairs, abroad
You should wait for your daughter here.
They never traveled abroad when they were kids.
3) Adverb 6a rirnfpj,tiurtrcnff(f,uansurar rirt (When?) uriu tonighr,
of Tlme today, now, soon, yesterday, Iately, tomorrow
I think I will go ro bed early tonight.
.,. . . . . . Yk : ls.y:. .r3y. .?:.::. .* ::s.
" .**?.
....
4) Adverb n-arirnf errt*tunff(f, uaosn,ufi 116on,*ilasri.tr6.rr-rr-rrri aawirtn (How
of Frequency often?) rriu always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never
She has never done that before.

........ I*
*p.P.y:":. 3**s, i:"::. j1,"". .y::[. ::j l. . . . . .
"
5) Adverb aon"rnffl lirtunif(f, uaasaan-rri,rTrif,jrrnnr*"tu"ro-,u;;;fl "r;,fi ;;i,(f o
of Degree what degree?) niu very, rather, too, quite, nearly, so
We do not have very much money.
He speaks too quickly for me to follow him
Adverb 1) udotnrentu niu when, where, why, how

rla:mna'rr1 Where are you going?

2) udnsnrenoua"r.r niu yes, certainly, definitely, absolutely
Could you help me? Definitely.

96 ne. 4na"oarf 4nrofrg

 3) uelonnmnarLr.lfrrdo u'dr+ no, never
Does he know where you live? Na.
4) udonnreqrru "lfiuri how
How pretty she is!
s)
fi$1flre€ 1) tfltaranirnfar (Verb)
Adverb t)ennifer plays tennis well.
2) lf,laT arirqrxrl'uf (Adjective)
Our teachers are very kind.
3)'lffraranirnfarirtr*nf (Adverb)
My parents drive very carefully.
4) lf,ramaEr5on{urir (Phrase)
These people lived nearly on the top of the hill.
5)'lffturanvsrLesTerndrluuT (Sentence)
Unfortunately, the weather was bad and we had to wait.

claffi$smq 1) a'xra"rrirnfaT

Adverb Henrv walked slowlv.

2) arsrrlrnirn6fl 1 fl iaasfi 'jrsrirnfsrdoset"r
You should never do it again.
3) aTstrriT Adjective trSa Adverb
This question is really difficult.
4) ar"l5frur]actern $r'afrosnmnTue'"r
Yesterday I went to a football match.
5) rrsl5fr'rariesTso $r'ailasTerafil
He will come back tomorrow.
,i:
il;{t ;in;#;ffiffi;;;#;;ffi; 1;,1.;;;il;;;il ;;';;;r;'''
fast, hard, high, late, low, right, wrong fiteroaalq'jrLfluritLesmfllo
rar fr a s o'ir
"rn'"
ri, uvu itr rTr ii rs r fl Fi'fl nlu il a ste Fr

norn"work is hard. (= ad;. tuartnalsrir$1u homework)

r: 'I The students work hard. (= adv. tileratersFl"lnial work)
..irttr.".*.

aaqalord BASIC GRAMMAR 91

 Exercise I
Put the senlences ln lhe correct order.
1. has / there / Peter / been / never / before

2. from / usually / vegetables / the night market / I/ buy,

3. quickly / ate / our / we / exlremely / sandwiches.

4. injured / was / the girl / in the accident / slightly

5. was / by / totally / everything / rn the lecture / I/ confused.

Exercise 2
complete the sentences wlth lhe comect form of lhe words ln parentheses.

1. These people are speaking (quier)

2. My sisler can speak English (good)

3. He is playing the guitar (nice)

4. The children ane playing (happy)

5. He always does his homework (careful)

6. You should drive more (slow)

7. The old man walks very (rapid)

B. The teacher shouts very (angry)

9. I can do all of these exercises (easy)
10. Paul works very in his new job. (hard)
11. My father runs very (fast)
12. They both study English very (serious)
13. I agree with you in this matter. (complete)
14. She always speaks to the child. (soft)
15. Her sister plays the violin (beautiful)

98 o?. 4na"$Nf qnra66u

 Exercise 3
Complete the sentences uslng one of the words ln the box.

safely happily carefully slowly quickly

1. The turtle walked and couldn'l keep up with the rabbit

2. Mike chose the answers for his test so he would pass.

3. The boy saw there were no cars coming so he could cross the streel

4. The team ran towards the finish line lo win the race.

5. This time lomorrow I will be working in my garden.

Exercise 4
Choose lhe correct answer,

1. My car broke down yeslerday. I hope the mechanic can fix it

a. quick b. quickly
c. quickness d. very quick -.
2. I was confused by his difficult queslion.
a. complele b. completed
c. -completely d. complelion
3. Mv friends and I oassed the Enolish test
a. ease b. easy
c. easily d. very easy
4. If you drive you could have an accident.
a. reckless b. recklessly
c. veny reckless
-, d. recklessness
5. I like to tell ,iokes and make people laugh. I tell lokes
a. good b. well
c. bad d. badly
6. My father works very and has very little free lime'
a. hard b. hardly
c. so hand - d. hardness
7 The stars were shining in a clear sky.
a. brighr b. brightly
c. brightness - d. so bright

nsgEflsrEi BASIC GRAMMAR 99

B. You must work hard if you want to do this exercise
a. correct b. correclly
c. correcled d. correclness
9. The teacher explained the assignment _.
a. care b. careful
c. careless d. carefully
10. I think he answered that question cleverly.
a. exlreme b. too extreme
c. extremely d. very exlreme
11. The driver stared at the motorcyclist.
a. angry b. angrily
c. anger d. very angry
12. Tom tries very when he plays tennis bul Martin always wins.
a. hard b. hardly
c. hardness
- d. very hardly
13. The coach was angry. He had never seen his team play so _.
a. bad b. badly
c. worse d. badness
14. .lames often arrives _ for school on Mondays.
a. lale b. lately
c. later d. lateness
15. We _ enjoyed rhe play we saw last night.
a. real b. reality
c. really d. so real
16. English and German are _ related.
a. close b. closing
c. closed d. closely
17. I have finished the book you gave me.
a. near b. nearness
c. nearly d. very near
18. He's an awful driver. He never stops the car _.
a. smooth b. smoothly
c. very smooth d. smoothness
19. The grass grew _ because of the dry weather.
a. slow b. slowness
c. slowly d. very slow

E na. {ne'oaf 4nrsaru

20. .lack is upset about losing his keys.
a. lerrible b. lerriblY
c. lerrible
very d. so terrible
21. You should try to speak if you are giving a speech'
a. clear b' clearness
c. clearly d. claritY

22. I lhink you have spent too much moneY

a. lale b. latelY
c. lateness -.d. later
23. The car was damaged in the accident'
a. serious b. seriousness
c. seriouslY
- d. verY serious
24. Ihe teacher shouled at the naughty children'
a. angry b. anger
c. so angrY d. angrilY

25. Sara speaks so thal I can't understand her'

a. fast b' fastlY
c. ver y fasl- d. too fast
26. The house was destroyed in the explosion'
a. total b. totallY
c. a total - d' a totallY

27. They always get home on weekends'

a. late b. later
c. lately d' lateness

28. If you want tourists to visit your counlry, you musl treat them
a. please b' Pleased
c. pleasant d' PleasantlY -.
29. His English is improving all the time. He speaks very now.

a. good b' best

c. well d' better -
30. David is the best student in class. He studies
a. hard b' hardness
c. hardly d' verY hardlY

nrqaTorei BASIC GRAMMAR 101

 Comporison
.dd

n1?ril?EtLJr?lEtu
r rt s {!q 1c i.r.11., is N';!e *x e 3. F

, CONCEPT,ri
'.. , ...
Comparison 6a nmtil-eauufiElrL 'luiifi"esfiu'rsfisn.reril-?Erurfisrrirprr*rl'r^r{'uas
..:, i.-..ir: .. .. .....r _*
..

1 ,,,,,-.,.'..,', ,li rirnis,iuatunf lilsur.isoan'lfiiflu 3 qrJ "lfiuri rf,uaearuorr (Positive Degree)

,','r ,.':,',,-:11'.,,' 1':; riun'ir (comparative Degree) uarr'u4s4or (superlative Degree)
s*i!* {a!i x_irc i
g:.--Y
e o a N *q I s * * n u

t-tto?tilnt : nmtil-asuufrsuir"flaetunr rdare,tclne1utfrf'arquEirfu rarqv'lffFl"{1{"rlJnArru

: adJectlve / adverb
;
'r' ""' ' """"".:'.
She speaks Chinese as fluently as her sister.
I
fl?1 i nrani6crrufiarr"un'ir udasnmuilSfllrfisracfi.jrs 2 6ir urislflu 2 qtl 6a
; aa; / adv. + er + 1[6n (f,n'rr{marrrir6ur)
Tom is taller than Peter.
more + adg. / adv. + than (fln"rririifidasilsrsrir*"u1rl)
Tom is more handsome than peter.
fn6o4n s{o udornmuriSflrrfiarestrirs 2 aiss*ulu ur_islflu 2 xl 6a
the + adJ. / adv. + est C(frn"rAruarsri'u6aa)
John is the tallest boy in his class.
the + most + adl. / adv. (ffn"rririifidasr^rsrsrifrl'tt)
John is the most handsome boy in his class.
{..i,*!sn
Os^ ,V "i,""".'-'
nredfrlrir ; tl *5r'
Fl'r1,rfl1{Flrofl? tflrFts{ er (r-unar) rTa est (rh4s4n) frrarir
a
turgurflsu i shorl shorter shortest
Adt./
u:. Adv. i young i younger
r. r r., ar..
youngest
| 2) ri.rxarsri'rdnaiifi deyrf,ss#u 1 fri shdzna 1 n"e tr1rqerm"adynn6n 1 m-eriau

big bigger biggest

thin thinner thinnest
3) rirfrasflretdts -er
^\"J / -le tr1rau er /l,v,Jest Brlola{?tletora -y 6asnJ6an
y rflr i fiaa
happy * happier ; happiest
simple I simpler simplest
4) il tfiusr-sr more (#r+ndr) ndo most ( thasa o) nriTri'r
F
useful i more useful ! most useful
quickly ; more quickly i most quickly

702 oa. 4nfoanf 4nrofrg

drudauErl ! sood (adj.) better best
: well (adv.)
bad (adJ.) worse worst
badly (adv.)
i tittle (adj. / adv.) : least
$.... " ". "......,..,....'.1
many (adj.) more most
much (ad;. / adv.)
late (adv.) I late. : latest
far (adj. / adv.) farther (fln"ra;a;nrs) farthest
furthe r (ffn"reravnrsn6affa4a) furthest
exrrxrrtxsr*s

old (adj.) ! older oldest

i elder (eTtrrimru = nuiiurin'jr) eldest
My elder sister is a vegetarian
x ff is is the worsl book thal I had to read.
.3
". "'.. "... 2 ds drurenlf,qr.tut t sirs 1 o-sfi"
n1,nr?su i nrerl5arufi ert preretwirtfi cru nhac fl 'j1s
llo
TtHt1fllr as+adJ./adv.+as
Andrew is as tall as his faiher.
as+much/many+N.+as
Susan has as much money as her friend.
the same + (N.) + as
This bicycle is the same price as that one.

nflrl-?gu nreril-esurfi srl pnru'leiniT ufi ailn-nac rirs 2 d t dranan'lflqrJutt riT s 1 a{H

dT'hiurirn"n
not as /so + adl. / adv. + as
She is not so diligent as her brother.
less+adl./adv.+than
My car is less exPensive than his car

nvqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR

 Exercise I
Complete the senlences wlth the correct form of the words ln parentheses.

1. Going by bus is than going by train. (cheap)

2. I was after the holiday lhan I was before it. (tired)
3. Could you please speak ? (slow)
4. She has eyes lhal I've ever seen. (beauliful)
5. Do you know what planet in our solar system is? (big)
6. Sharon is a lot than she was as a child. (friendly)
7. Your room looks a lot since you lidied it up. (good)
B. That was meal I've had in a long time. (delicious)
9. Mv bnother has been working here fon 4 year-s now. (old)

10. Of all the people who work here, Adam has experience. (httle)

Exercise 2
Flll ln the blanks wlth the correct form of the words tn parentheses.
I
went on holiday last year but it was a disaster! My hotel room was (1)
(small) than the one in the photograph in the brochure. I think it was (2)
(small) room in the hotel. The weather was terrible, too. It was (3)
(cold) lhan in England. The beach near the hotel was ver^y dirty-it was
(4) (dirty) of all the beaches on rhe island. The food was (5)
(expensive) than I expected and I didn't have enough money. One day I went shopping
in a big department store and I broke a vase. It was (6) (expensive)
vase in lhe whole shop. But (7) (bad) thing of all was that I lost my
passporl and I couldn"t go back home. It was (B) (horrible) holiday in my
life.

Exercise 3
Complete the senlences uslng the hformailon glven.
DAVID TOM GEORGE
Ag" 25 30 35
Weight 70 kgs 72 kgs 75 kgs
Height 1.68 1.72 1.80
Salary $800/month $1000/month $1500/month
House 3rooms 4rooms 5 rooms

E ne. 4na-oa'i 4nrofrg

1. (young) David is Tom and George.

2. (old) George and Tom are David.

3. (heavy) George is lhe of all

4. (lighr) Tom is George.

5. (tall) George is of all.

6. (old) George is Tom.

7. (little) David gets money Tom.

B. (much) George gets money Tom

9. (small) David's house is Tom's.

10. (bis) George's house is of all

Exercise 4
Choose lhe correct answer.

1. Bangkok is the blggest and city in Thailand.

a. more crowded b. the mosl crowd
c. the mosl crowded - d. crowded

2. Of the three of us, I seem lo have the money.

a. less b. least
c. little - d. most litlle
3. I study when there is nobody to disturb me.
a. good b. very good
c. betler d. the better
4. Thls ls a nice cal. It"s much than my friend's cal.
a. nice b. nicer
c. nicely - d. more nicelY
5. We go fast by car. We go fasler by plane'
a. very b. more
c. much - d. most
6. Non-smokers usually live than smokers.
a. long b. longer
c. very long - d. more long
7. The teacher said that my assignmenl was in the class.
a. good b. well
c. better d.- lhe best
nsqtilard BASIC GRAMMAR E
8. Mike was the _ member of his famtly.
a. success b. more successful
c. successful d. most successful
9. ,lohn does not speak his brother.
a. softly as b. as softly as
c. more soft d. as soft as
10. We read the newspapers _ than we used to.
a. often b. very often
c. more often d. most often
11. This term's results were than last lerm's.
a. bad b. badly
c. more worse d. worse
12. That car is the same kind this one.
a. of b. with
c. as d. that
13. The lecture on economics was I had ever heard.
a. interesling b. interested
c. the most interesting d. the most inlerested
14. Which is the _ animal in the world?
a. danger b. dangerous
c. the most danger d. the most dangerous
15. Peter didn't win _ number of prizes Tom did.
a. as...as b. lhe same...as
c. so...thal d. such...as
16. A holiday by the sea is than a holiday in the mountains.
a. good b. beiler
c. well d. the best
17. Being healthy is far than being wealthy.
a. important b. importantly
c. more important d. more importanlly
18. Jack's falher is much than his mother.
a. old b. oldest
c. older d. elder
19. My brother wanted shirt in the shop.
a. expensive b. lhe mosl expensive
c. mone expensive d. the more expensive

E oa. {nfaa,f Tnraaru

20. Her pen is color mine'
a. as...as b. so...as

c. the same...with
- - d' the same"'as

21. He is one of football players in the world'

a. famous b' more famous
- famous
c. the most d. the more famous
22. I exercise now because I have stopped smoking'
a. regular b. regularlY
c. more regula; d' more regularlY
23. We should realize that old people are than young people'
a. wise b' wiser
c. wiselY - d' more wiselY
24. This book isn"t interesling lhat one'
a. so...as b. the same"'as
c. so...that d' such an"'as

25. There are len houses on our street' our house is one'

a. big b' bigger

c. the biggest d' biggest
-
26. The weather lhis summer is even than last summer'
a. bad b' worse

c. badly d' more worse

27. The IBM is used computer in that country'

a. more common b' more commonlY
- common
c. the most d' the most commonly
28. Paul won Prizes James'
a. so...lhal b. little"'as
c. fewer...than d. less"'than
29. I carried bag and my little brolher carried lhe other two
a. heavY b' heavier
c. more heavY d' the heaviest
30. These sofas are than ours'
a. comfortable b' comfortablY

c. more comfortable d' more comfortably

nrqaTond BASIC GRAMMAR L07

 Preposition rittttun
rnrr.rrt!!tl.*rrrs . .

;""l i';; ;; ;;,fi; ;il; ;; ;ffi .il;;; ffii; ;#.i; 1i;r; ;til'
"
cot{cEPT
.'..1.
: ij ; d.t rti
udariefludosFrmar#nuYud'riari,flrtprerunursrasilasTendrurlaffi-u 6l-s#unmtf,Fir
lr. i.,..:.
'
uutrfrasnrnurfiesrirrlrurdara frrigupreaea.ilileymflrosFiruiluyrdilrlr-iae lfiud
rirrp,lrniiudo{r?a1 uavrirurrfi udnsdnrufi
ierr;i'.;*ine;*,;;\
t
drqlrun Iat + t2a't at 10 o'clock / at night / at noon
u0n12a1 at sunrise / at sunset
-^
on + e"r+1n#r.tor.r$/ iufil ion Monday / on September 1i /
.:y.d.:l * J :.ltqt . . . . ; .: :.1 9.\ i? :. .*.{ . . . . . "
" " "?:.
ln + 6au / qq /'il / e:;az ! in .June in summe r / / in 2OOg /
uaar / daruaar ; in five minutes / in the evening
**rerx*rxer*

+ ls :......'.....
slnce oo[?3J81{flAStXA1 I since 2012 / since 9 o'clock /
(= nururi) since noon / since May 15
for I * ayeraraa,r for ten minutes / for two weeks /
(= rflunar) for six months / for many years
.-'r- A
durlng + tsElut2a,l ?rfiarila{fl1{ during our dinner / during the war /
(= a;trjrs) during the summer holidays
by + 16rflil{1a{r?a,t by 6 o'clock / by next week /
(= n,atu) by tomorrow
untll + Qo?1%{fla{[?a1 until 10 o"clock / until next week /
t L-
(= e%n?E?l{J until next year
from...tol + qar6ilfiu...Tr8"u{o from eight until midnight / from
'l untll/ttll flo{t?m (= orn...n-s...) : 2OO9 to 2012
.'t
....-''-'.."":
nirqlrun at + aa_fl ,/ fielu'Il+ / : at the door / at the Public Library /
:
at the airport / at the party
. ;d

uandorsd 6n11{?1t6lnlfl?atalcs{ : -

.- -'- -.., ". i

on +nuu/ on the third floor / on the wall /
on Sukhumwit Road
ln + uras / r"E / rfiiJ / I in Bangkok / in Texas / in Asia /
ilasu?F{ i in Thailan d / in the counrry

108 oa. 4nfoani l"^rnrefq

 between + dasnn / gasds between rlohn and Peter / between
(= erwjrr) the two countries
among
J;':
+ darnu / aasrirt9ti.[ [11 among scientists / among friends /
(= ilrunarsr6atun{) among the books

nhqr,run uanfiplflrs ;;'t=";,rt;) He is jogging in the park.

rle:unrdn into (= rtrrlt1u) He drove the car into the park.
toward (= I walked toward the park.
through (= airu) We drove through the wood.
across (= frr+r) We ran straioht across the road.
around (= eau) The dog ran around the house.
t.tA-
u0fliln?3fl1l m?0€eJa by + frna;rir The picture was painted by Jim
with + mriasfia We open the door with a key.
: ilann'r??23{nil i with i I walk to school with my friend.
I uane"HnilegdsFi i for i What is this money for?
! uonnrafietfiasn"u : of i The handle of the cup is broken.
u0nn1?xo by + rilraa"n The material is sold by a meter.
of + dstas I wanl two meters of this cloth.
i ranamuurfiann"r+ i tit e ! Sandra looks like her mother.
i..... " "....... '.. ". ". *. .. " {'...,. '..
i ronsirunus/nrhii ! as ! Andrew works as a teacher.
uannrenac{'r by * flrfluc I come to school by bus.
on + fl't?miltll1 She went to work on foot.
with + qrJnanf Write your answer with a pen.

: uan?1Fl1 for + rirul.ltl-n i I got that book for 200 baht.

l.r..i.3..r.il

. uaflaflljf[, ! with + a"nr6w ; We know the girl with long hair

nrqaTorci BASIC GRAMMAR 109

 Exercise I
Flll ln the blanks wlth'al', -on' or'ln'.
1. _ Saturday 6. summer 11. rhe 19th cenlury
2. _ July 7. Christmas 12. _ midnight

3. _ 2009 B. the evening 13. _ September 14

4. _ the weekend 9. half past two 14. noon

5. _9o'clock 10. nighl 15. _ Monday morning

Exercise 2
Complete the sentences wllh lhe correct preposlllon.

1. They gol married Boston twenly years ago.

2. My office is the ground floor. The second door the right

3. I have a friend who lives a small villaoe the coast
4. There were many cars parked lhis street.
5. I had a slrange feeling when I first arrived this country
6. We had a party Frank's house last night.
7. Don'l come to see me lomorrow. I won't be home. I"ll be .lohn's.

B. The plane arrived lhe airporl two hours lale.

9. Mary and Diana are students Harvard Univensily.
10. I haven't seen '.lane for a long lime. I lasl saw her Mike's weddlng.
11. What lime are we expected lo arrive lhe hotel?
12. He speaks good Spanish. He studied Madrid for a year

13. There were a lot of young people the concerl

14. When lhe lwo boys arrived the cinema, they joined the queue.
15. In mosl countries people drive the right.

Exercise 3
Complete lhe sentences wllh the correct preposltlon.

1. You can see the stars night if lhe sky is clear

2. My younger sister lives 810 .lackson Slreet.

3. The circus usually comes to our lown spring

l-10 o?. Flnzgltl{ }rnrq?01

4. Tom isn"t here the moment. He'll be back five minutes.

5. The sports resuhs are the back page of the newsPaPer

6. My favorite TV Program begins 6:30 the evening

7. James works hard during the week, so he likes to relax weekends.

B. My secretary wasn't work today. She was home.

9. Mike and his familY go for a walk the evenings.

10. It can be dangerous when children play football the street

Exercise 4
Choose the correcl answer.

1. Quick! Get the train. It's leaving.

a. on b' in

c. by - d' off

2. We'll go to the train station a taxi'

a. in b. at
c. on d. bY
3. I usually visit my grandparents Sunday afternoon'
a. on b' in
c. at - d. for
4. After his work, Peter took a rest'
a. to do b' he does
c. -doing d' had done
5. Are the boys stlll swimming the pool?
a. at b. lo
c. in d. on
6. family
the picture, I can see a a kitchen'
a. In...on b. On...on
c. On...in d. In...in
7 I always have dinner with my family Christmas Day
a. in b. on
c. for d. at

8. They haven"t done any work three days'

a. on b. since
c. during d. for

HrqslarEi BASIC GRAMMAR 111

 9. He often goes to work _ bicycle in summer.
a. in b. on
c. by d. from
10. Susan is holding a mug her hand.
a. at b. from
c. on d. in

11. People give chocolate eggs as presents Easter,

a. al b. for
c. on d. in

12. I have a friend who is a student a university England.

a. in...at b. at...at
c. at...in d. of...of

13. We are going away a week. We"ll be back on Seplember 9

a. since b. for
c. fnom d. during
14. I don't like traveling _ underground.
a. from b. on
c. in d. by
15. I have English lessons Mondays and Wednesdays.
a. on b. since
c. in d. at
16. My brother was born September 2010.
a. at b. on
c. in d. since
17. Your mother is coming back _ the shops.
a. from b. to
c. bY d. into
18. We met many people -- our stay in London.
a. in b. since
c. for d. during
19. The Kingdom of Ayutthaya lasted hundreds of yeans.
a. in b. at
c. on d. for

772 A?. {nfsanf 4nroeq

20. I have been working in this room half an hour.
a. since b. for
c. ago - d. until

21. It's always colder November than September.

a. on b. at
c. for d. in

22. What have you been doing nice o'clock lhis morning.
a. al b. on

c. since - d. for

23. The law was changed lhe nineteenlh century'

a. in b. for
c. at - d. since
24. Il's very cold. You should have your coal on before out

a. go b. going
c. wenl d. gone
-
25. The man is going lo be senl Prison.
a. from b. into
c. to d. in
26. Mv friend didn"t feel well the examinalion.
a. in b. since
c. during d. for

27. He can run here the church in five minutes.

a. from...by b. in...from
c. to...from
- - d. from...to

28. Ann was tired of to the same story.

a. listening b. listen
c. lo listen d. to have listened

29. She waited for vou half an hour in lhe rain.

a. since b. for
c. during d. in

30. I haven"t seen you we met in Paris two years ago.

a. from b. since
c. during d. for

asqntqnEi BAstc cRAMMAR E

 ri'r#uat+
Conjunction 6o rirdnoTu 5ilr'lf,rdaerrir najnrir n6arJaslanrfr1fiasn"il n',rrdou
fiirJsaonlfiiflu 3 ilesmr lfiuri Coordinate Conjunction, Correlative
Conjunct ion uas S ubordi nate Conjunct ion fru6etr+pmef,nurnratffrirudau
usi ar Fr"r {isfi omufi urtrun n sitn-r.l a on'hl

Coordlnate 6a r{rduaruflfludaurh nriun'r ur-isuilu 4 nrju

H1il a?1ln{r.r'rs'tfiuri
ConJunctlon
1) utnvrrrendassrrnlr'lfiud and
His brother is tall and handsome.
They are going to a zoo and an aquarium.
2) ndnrotrnt'nufi{fl'u lffuri but uau yet
The teacher was angry, but he kept quiet.
John plays tennis, yet his favorite sport is football.
3) nrtnmratf;Gan'lfiuri or r6a nor lunerurumurr{frdo
We want to watch TV or listen to some music.
These people are not insane, nor are they fools.
4) uen+r4ua:m'lfiuri for (+ nr4) ua; so (+ ara)
I went to bed, for I was very tired.
We felt hungry, so we took a lunch break.
Correlatlve a o rirduo, uf(f,nrfi auri'r Coordi nate Conjuncti on a-o rdaurir nejernir

ConJunctlon fi 5 o ri acts a ii fi {a; rn r 6 s a n"u unlf, atd a ufl n uau a'lfiud

{
elther...or... (= t$r"...ff...)

Either rlohn or Tom will give us the money.

nellher...nor... (= 1einus...ua;...)
She speaks neither loudly nor clearly.
both...and... (= nYs...ua;...)
Both rice and wheat are grown in our country.
not on ly...but also... (='leiufi a susi...uria"s...6 n fira)
He is not only a good dancer but also a famous singer.

774 ot. 6n2frN1{

rt t'tflrQffl
Subordlnale :na arduaruf,tf,rdoar 2 rlecTsaufi.rfiaern-u uils aa nril $ fi alailasm il H, rn a-nBma

ConJunctlon i r6anmumu.rs'lffuri
before (riauii) as long as (na,rrni,rii)
after (rei'so,rn) as soon as / once (rflufiii)
when (do) since (nusud)

while / as (urrwd)
v.?l'l . 1. l:ri. s:Lt3t.'i:l "
.
She will return home when her mother comes.
!.!,r.!". !.!.t,!.! r..r.!

ri I wherever (fhfinrar)
F f;rt'i!i:i:;:i ili.dt''S .y.P"::"!P. ...........'..
He sat where he could see his mother
if (fir) in case Clunaniii)
unless (fir..l+i) (ll"l?::).
:.:? P.:::" .('l: t) . .. .
They will help us if we obey them
though (uili1) while (utnud)
although (ufidr) whereas C(umrsii)
even though (ufidr)
Although Mike is poor, he is very honest.
because (rlra,vdr) since (n^rm;'jr)
as (ruer;dr) for (ruarvdr)
This student was punished because he was late.
-Jr
as (r11ela$nufl.) i as though (amri'rd.r)
as if (aran"r'jr)
He talked as thouoh he had seen the accident
so that (ril0a?1J
in order that (${0fl21.)
-
They got up early so that they might not be late.
so (+ 6d1. / adv.) that (...ennr8aounar#r...)
such (+ n.) that (...errnrBaouna;n's...)

i
,t. r. ! i..,
She is such a kind woman that everyone admires her.
!..

nvqaTerei BASIC GRAMMAR 115

Exercise I
Complele lhe sentences wllh lhe correct coordlnate conJunctlon.

1. Should I order soup salad with dinner?

2. She went to lhe shoPs couldn'l find anything she liked.

3. Peter wanls to be either a cowboY a ghost for Halloween.

4. Everybody likes my brother because he is nice helpful.

5. It rained heavily, the lennis match was canceled.

6. Mike has a guitar, he plays it very well.

7. Susan needed some money, she took a part-time iob

8. You should write down the phone number, you may forget il later

9. My sisler tried to read a novel in French, il was too difflcult

10. I bought a bottle of wine, we drank it together

11. The waiter was nol verY nice, the food was delicious.

12. The concert was canceled, we wenl to a nightclub instead

Exercise 2
Complete the senlences wlth the correct correlallve conJunctlon.

1. You will have to take biology or physics next semester.

2. I don't know I want to take German or SPanish.

3. If she has enough time, she will go lo London and Paris.

4 your falher nor your mother has heard you play the piano yet'
5. We should learn to accePt our weaknesses bul also our strengths'

Exercise 3
Choose the correcl one.

1. I need to work hard (so thal / because) I can pass the exam.
2. (When / As if) you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.
3. (As soon as / Although) he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine'
4. (So that / Because) il is raining today, you should bring an umbrella along.
5. Andrew could not convince his father (although / as long as) he tried many times
116 o?. Flfl2GNl{ flntA?fl
6. I will not lalk to him (because / until) he apologizes for what he did.
7. Sandra spoke (as if / when) she knew what she was talking about, but she didn't
8. You can come lo the meeting (as long as / while) you don't say anything.
9. I can"t buy that car (if / unless) my father lends me some money.
10. (lf / Before) we can't find any lickets, we can watch the concert llve on TV.
11. I'll call my mother (as soon as / as if) I get the news about my falher.
12. I"m going shopping for food this evening (if / so that) I don"t have to go at the
weekend.

Exercise 4
Choose the correcl answer.
1. This lob is badly paid I'm looking for another one.
a. although b. so
c. since d. when

2. he was not interested in music, he agreed to go to lhe concert.

a. Though b. While
c. For d. Since

3. I refuse to pay anylhing you do the work properly.

a. so that b. while
c. until d. as long as
4. She couldn't find the book she wanted she borrowed a magazine instead.
a. so b. and
c. bul d. so that
5. The man was sleeping the robbers came.
a. since b. for
c. and - d. when
6. I came early I could talk to you privately.
a. so that b. while
c. as long-as d. as if
7. I don"t think he will remember the aPPoinlment you remind him.
a. so b. unless
c. if d. as long as
8. The olane hasn't landed vet so I'll wait it arrives.
a. when b. because
c. although d. until
H,qerTanci BASIC GRAMMAR
E
9. I don't mind lf you go oul for lunch you're back for the meeling at two.
a. while b. until
c. so that - d. as long as
10. Il's not cold now but take your coat with you it gets cold laler.
a. in case b. even if
c. when d. as soon as
11. Please ask .lim he wants to go to the Bird Park or lhe Zoo.
a. although b. whether
c. when d. because

12. The winters here are very cold the summers are very hol.
a. while b. because
c. as if d. unlil

13. His fans think that he is _ talented handsome.

a. either...or b. neilher...nor
c. whether...or d. not only...bul also
14. You won"t gel a driving license easily you practice more.
a. if b. so lhat
c. unless d. while
15. It looks the government has got a lol of problems.
a. when b. as if
c. as long as d. so lhat
16. it is getting dark, we will not wait fon him any longer.
a. While b. Unless
c. Although d. Since
17. We saw some boats we were walking along the beach.
a. but b. so
c. as d. if
18. They"ll go for a walk the weather gets better.
a. unless b. as soon as
c. even lhough d. so that
19. I need lo get to work early I can finish the report before the meeting.
a. although b. when
c. so lhat - d. since

E oa. {nfoani Tnrseru

20. I will not allow you to watch television you clean your room first.
a. unless b. if
c. when d. as if

21. He did nol join us for the movie he had already seen it
a. although b. because
c. but d. and
22. he was the best qualified candidate, he didn't get the iob.
a. Although b. When
c. Since d. So
23. The sludenls were studying in lhe library the teacher came in

a. because b. so that
c. as if d. when
24. My brother won't play football he feels better.
a. until b. while
c. because d. as soon as

25. We will nol pay for lhe food it was nol what we ordered.
a. and b. although
c. because d. unless

26. He _ listens to nor advises his friends when they have a problem'
a. either b. neither
c. whether d. not only

27. _was he late for the interview but he was also inaPProPrialely dressed for ii.
a. Either b. Whether
c. Neither d. Not onlY
28. We are just about to go for a walk it started lo rain'
a. because b. so
c. when d. although
29. These rooms are very comfortable they have a good view of the cily'
a. and b. as
c. so lhat d. also
30. You will not reach the stadium in time you drive faster.
a. when b' if
c. because d. unless

wqalord BASIc cRAMMAR E

Question Tqg rirnrrufr'rflilayTflFr

Ouestion Tag n-a rlevTser{isuanrnelards#s narura6oruprafle fl6one,ru

i "laiur'le1r+gilurr rasrirnlu firerilasTfl n uazeineynrone-shIfl ar Yes mf o N o
fru5ar+naeon,irtrahd,rrirg'jrfiasnl6erurlasoluras{asTeoddrfifir tr1na,rflrfl%

, jii:i
rirdaer,ruru (1, we, you, they, he, she, it) rfra1ff(r+ Ouestion Tag
tra'nn%'trl nra'lff Question Tag fina"ndrn"r1 2 na"n "lfiuri
1) doilayTnnrimrhr{ru il#Tgolanuh Ouestion Ta g errfl uErlil1-rdo
It is cold today, isn't it?
,lames came to see you yesterday, didn't he?
2) daileslanritrrhrfl r+ UdlenUgieo Ouest o n Ta g oarfl uqrluenu+r
i

Your sister can't swim, can she?

He didn"t come here two days ago, did he?
ma"nnrrtf 1) rfiotarTanr{r tff V. ro be nio V.riea tt Ouestion Tag ectf,niu'u
o She is beautiful, isn't she?
n?s1t$ lag
They won't come back, will they?
2) udamrtaer*r tff V.ufi (laifi V. to be nia V.riaa) tu Ouestion Tag
estf, V. to do (= do / does ulouflr+rloqrh n6a dtd uiaufluadm)
He helped you, didn't he?
Ann loves .lim, doesn't she?
qteiofl(ff(u Ouestion Tag fi'oeaondrfi o"s#
" " "'..'."j';;;i.'.' ". "' 'ffi;';;i " " " "' ". "
;;. ;;; : ;;ffi;. "

does not = doesn"t has not = hasn'l

did not = didn't have not = haven"t
will nol = won't had not = hadn't
shall not = shan't would nol = wouldn't
should not = shouldn't cannol = can"t
is not = isn't could not = couldn'l
are not = aren't must not = mustn't
was not = wasn't may not = mayn't

@ na. {nfmni qnroirp

 rtasTsodr#{ / rd a r]ecta tr% tiat a a rygr m fr aslflna"n ni ld
o{rrfl ur.teclfl e Fi'rd's {'n

f,n{enlrostern #:Igndrf{nAersiilas If, wlll you tr6o won't you

Open the window, will you?
Come and see me tomorrow, will You?
*ritsof,ntn tfl shall we
Let's go now, shall we?
Let"s play football, shall we?
rt*Ianraarygrn lf, wlll you
Let him come in, will you?
Let us do it, will you?
Iam rdamrfererriTlff I am fras'lf, aren"t I tudeutas Ouestion Tag
I am very lazy, aren't I?
I am older than you, aren"t I?
.,..-";;;,i;
rfiailavTsnilr'lf, used to fias1f, did Question Tag
Your friend used lo work here, didn't he?
She used to get up very early, didn't she?

there ls / are doriegTsnilrlfl there is / there are / there... fiaslff there asfira
'lueieilros Ouestion Tag
There is a dictionary on the desk, isn"t there?
There is nothing in lhat box, is there?
everyone... rdaileclernil'flf,ileuoru everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,
anyone, anybody, no one, nobody fros'ifl they tudrt Question Tag
Everybody knows the answer, don't they?
Someone cornes here now, don't they?

rty

nr4alonf BASIc cRAMMAR L27

 Exercise I
Match the questlon tag on the rlght wlth the sentence on the left.

1. You can't answer all the questions, a. didn't he?

2. You will help me to do the dishes, b. will you?
3. John believes you, c. can't you?
4. The teacher should explain lhe lesson, d. doesn't he?
5. The boy didn"t know the lesson, e. can you?
6. Bob fr^ightened you, f. should he?
7. You can speak English well, g. could she?
B. She couldn't arrange that, h. won"t you?
9. You won't tell him, i. did he?
10. He shouldn"t do it, J. shouldn't he?

Exercise 2
Complete the sentences wtth a quesilon tag.

1. You don't like this music, ?

2, Robert isn'l at work today, ?

3. You haven"t seen the newspaper, ?

4. Tom speaks French and Spanish, ?

5. They didn"t go to the concert, ?

6. You'd like to have somelhing to eat, ?

7. We"re leaving lomorrow, ?

B. Switch on the light for me, ?

9. Don't forget to lock the door, ?

10. Nobody was watching the TV, ?

11. Everyone will be here soon, ?

12. There are a lol of kids in your house,

13. Pass me lhat magazine, ?

14. Lel's have a cup of tea, ?

15. You haven't seen my keys, ?

L22 03. dn26N1.[ I'tflrQtnt

 Exercise 3
Wrlte a sentence wlth a questlon tag.
1. You are trying on a jacket. You look in the mirror. It doesn"f look very nice

Whal do you say? ?

2. You are with a friend outside a restaurant. You are looking at the prices. Il's very
expensive.

What do you say? ?

3. You"ve just come out of lhe cinema with your friend. You both thought the film was
greal.

What do you say? ?

Exercise 4
Choose the correct answer.

1. When she was a child, she very bright, was she?

a. wasn'l b. weren't
c. didn't - d. hadn't

2. The youno student is very ambitious,

a. is he b. does he
c. isn't he -? d. doesn'l he
3. We oflen watch TV in the afternoon,
a. do we b. don'l we
c. should we -? d. shouldn'l we

4. She draws a beautiful picture,

a. is she b. isn't she
c. does she
-? d' doesn'l she
5. Harry wouldn"l make such a silly mistake,
a. he
would b. will he
c. wouldn'l he d. won't he
6. I believe you are just fourleen years old, ?

a. do you b. are You

c. don'l you d. aren'l You
7. We came home late lasl nighl,
a. did we b. do we
c. didn'l we -? d. don'l we

megsTsnEi BASIC GRAMMAR 723

B. They will come and play wilh us again, _?
a. will they b. won't they
c. do they d. don't they
9. You must eat something before you take the medicine, _?
a. must you b. do you
c. mustn't you d. don'l you
10. You _ to cut the fish with a special knife, haven't you?
a. had b. have
c. having d. will have
11. He _ as soon as he heans the news, won't he?
a. will come b. won't come
c. comes d. doesn'l come
12. There aren'l any cheap shirts in this shop, _?
a. are they b. aren't they
c. are lhere d. aren't lhere
13. They are going lo buy us some cold drinks, _?
a. are they b. aren'l they
c. do they d. don't they
14. You wouldn't want your childr^en to behave like lhal, _?
a. will you b. won"t you
c. would you d. wouldn't you
15. from New York, hasn"t he?
a. Tim had relurned b. Tim retur ned
c. Has Tim relurned d. Tim has relurned
16. Everyone should be ready to go now, _?
a. should they b. shouldn't they
c. do they d. don't they
17. We must go now before it is too late, _?
a. musl we b. mustn"l we
c. is it d. isn't il
18. Your uncle goes jogging every day, _?
a. does he b. is he
c. doesn't he d. isn't he
19. Our relatives _ here an hour ago, weren'l they?
a. is b. are
c. was d. were

@ ^;- a;;*'r 4nraeru

20. Don't forget to bring your identity card along,
a. you
will b. do You
c. should you d. could
-? You
21. No one could find out what was wrong,
a. lheY
can b. can"t theY
c. could they -?d. couldn'l lheY
22. Your brother like to talk much, does he?
a. does b' is
c. doesn"l
- d. isn'l
23. We won'l let him bully lhe smaller children,
a. we
will b. won't we
c. do we d. -?
don't we

24. No one was present to help the old couple,

a. lhey
was b. wasn't theY
c. were they d. -?
weren't theY

25. She to sew dresses for children, doesn't she?

a. love b. loves
c.- loving d. loved
26. You don't know when he"ll arrive,
a. you
do b. will he
c. don'l you -? d. won"t he
27. Anyone can come lo the exhibition,
a. they
can b. can"t theY
c. do theY -? d. don"t theY
28. He might stop here on the way home,
a. mighthe b. does he
c. mightn't he -?d. doesn't he
29. There is a bus service in this small town,
a. is there b. is it
c. isn'l there d.
-?isn"t it
30. Everyone is happy wilh their results,
a. are they b. aren't theY
c. do they -? d. don't lheY

nrqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 1,25

 Finol Test
Choose the correcl answer.

1. A few best students _ in my class, and Tom one of them.

a. is,is b. is, are
c. are, are d. are, is

2. You haven'l got _ luggage, have you?

a. many b. much
c. a few d. few

3. Every night for the last two years Peter in this restauranl.
a. is working b. works
c. worked d.
- has worked

4. They all laughed because the film was very

a. amuse b. amused
c. amusemenl d. amusing

5. My friend passed lhe examinalion _ his laziness.

a. becauseof b. in spile of
c. instead of d. in case of

6. I was _ to see the cat playing with the dog.

a. surprise b. to surprise
c. surprised d. surprising

7. This studenl cannol avoid mistakes.

a. makes b. made
c. to make d. making

B. Not only my son but also I _ tired from walking so far.

a. am b. are
c. is d. were

726 ore. 4nfoanf lnrofq

9. If you want me to help you, me on the phone
a. call
will b. call
c. would call - d. called

10. My leacher arrived after I for him for ten minutes

a. waiting b. was waiting
c. have waiting d. had waited

11. They could reach the house the road was flooded.
a. although b. whether
c. because d. even

12. My daughter here but she doesn'l work here now'

a. has worked b. had worked
c. used to work d. used to working
-
13. Physics my favorile sub.lect when I was al school
a. is b. was
c. will be d. were

14. I think this computer is not that one.

a. as
as expensive b. expensive like
c. more expensive d. so exPensive like

15. You _ from my postcard thal I was in Canada last week if you had looked
closely.
a. had seen b. would see
c. would have seen d. will have seen

16. Please remember this exercise first, John.

a. to do b. doing
c. do d. to be doing

17. Even lhough Jane has classes, she has lime than last semester.
a. less, fewer b. fewer, fewer
c. less, less - d. fewer, less

nr4atern6 BASIC GRAMMAR 727

18. My brother because he was absent yesterday.
a. punishes b. punished
c. will be punished d. would be punishing

19. You don"t wanl another ice cream, _?

a. won"tyou b. don"t you
c. do you d. isn'l it

20. We are looking forward your new book.

a. read b. lo read
c. reading d. to reading

21. What _ at ten o'clock yesterday?

a. were you doing b. you did
c. have you done d. had you done

22. These questions are very easy, but of us could answer lhem.
a. few b. little
c. a few d. a little

23. She couldn"t go to school the rain.

a. because b. because of
c. in spite of d. although

24. English is an _ subject. I am _ in it.

a. interest, interesting b. interesting, interest
c. interesting, interested d. interested, inlerested

25. Our famtly has known her _ she was a young qirl
a. for b. before
c. when d. since

26. When the telephone rang, I an email.

a. wrole b. was writing
c. was written d. am writing

728 na. {nfoani qnraAru

27. *Let"s go to talk to him now, _?"
'Yes, lel's go now."
a. shall we b. won't we
c. don't we d. may we

*Do
28. you oflen hear from tJames?"
"No, I from him since I his last letler lwo months ago."
a. received
didn"t hear, b. didn'l hear, have received
c. haven"l heard, received d. haven'l heard, have received

29. did lhey arrive?"

*Ten
minules ago."
a. How long b. How much time
c. When d. How many minutes

30. Michael was born in this village, and he to everyone here as a famorrs
singer.
a. knows b. knew
c. known d. is known

-*+t"rrr
aAslc cnnvvn- E
Answer Key
 Port of Speech

Exercise I

1. new (adJ.) 'ltrai 6. but (conJ.) uci 11. hlmself (Pron.) Fl"?uttrms
2. hapilly (adv.) adrsfinaru{n 7. on (PreP.) ffrwu 12. at (prep.) ii

3. read (v.) riru 8. Wowt (lnterJ') 5rr 13. slowly (adv.) aeiTsf,Tl

4. they (pron.) n'rntl1 9. chlld (n.) 6n 14. walk (v.) rou

5. house (n.) ri,u 10. handsome (adJ') teia 15. computer (n.) naufiasad

Exercise 2

1. ahf,"alneas (beauttful) 1onfitdfiT*eeufiufrr (1larmntolnir: adjective)

2. #an (she) "lfitolfr4olriralte (r-leamrtasrir: pronoun)

3. q-ilfi"sa osLfi1r as +'il'[1ffi{under) Tfrs oe"r (ilaurrt t os rir: p re p os i t io n )

4. uenrarrftflufiasrhmurosuanuerlfiHsosi+taror#r (qutckly) (rJa;mvrtalriT: adverb)

5. '(r+p1r-ufrdahrfuT n (work) m'sugifi{usrff1fisfirTusd% (r-la:rnttasrir: verb)

(rJe;rnrtarn"r: noun)
6. a-ufiasnreufirfinr*,riiflflrinsra-s (unlverslty) #nuristr+rlaattrlunurnt

7 . a--uur+led1 a-%'[furU-(me0 uiludmt ol q nrurri a g (rJalu-rrt as rir: v e rb)

8. rqudqsi{rfisiiftr+i'uqhildIfg{or) aiua-sn're (r.larmttasrir: conjunction)

9. rfr au,asa-r+1as-1'jr td{OD ornrdtfiuq-s" (rJ*rnntasrir: interjection)

10. uenrar"lfd (to) #ru$rs$asrdaf,"alosdasd'tuaei'x (r.letrnttasrir: preposition)

Exercise 3

nzqalovrri BAslc cRAMMAR 131

 1) The lazy man slept in the afternoon, and he was very tired at night

1. lazy (adj.) fl[ngQ 7. he (pron.) trlar{1Et

2. man (n.) 9Jt',tg 8. was (v.) ru%, ?6{n

3. slept (v.) %at{fiail 9. very (adv.) 0fl1sel1n
4. in (prep.) Iu 10. tired (adj.) A
rfiilafl
5. afternoon (n.) qa1.[t1El 11." at (prep.) fr, turirs
6. and (conj.) uac 12. night (n.) nars6%

2) A red CA r i S dangero US for Po cem e n, but it S I ncred ibl Y b eautifu t.

1. red (adj.) Buor 6. policemen (n.) ci,taaqflareto%

2. car (n.) aner+ei' 7. but (con;.) uci

3. is (v.) rflu 8. it (pron.) erh

4. dangerous (adj.) ahnara f. incredibly (adv.)aeirsnrfiarila

5. for (prep.) dtra?l 10. beautiful (adj.) dassrar

Exercise 4
f lq,rtoyrirrhn'indnlfiifl nnl,rrlrcmrln

1. Hauffa a eafulsimErtd+uts)ri"rnraartunrur,iras*ruag

2. qouffa d h"{thteCI 1fr;isnfiernr6'1nrirfie-nuromuilaaon-Ei

3. qou{o b firio%rlrs (sbk) utflumardrua-trufi'e

4. narffa c prrxillrara"Horrflaaqjr'd (here) T%ri*+fraaflr.un"-sf

5. Houffa a uann'r (Anna) rira'rqyueirsrutu-r_lnri,r

6. qauffa b rnraiifiaTmantr (ate) firri{tiif,"u

7. narffa c le@ ndtflcrd

8. narffa d oaufiarqadri,a"sfirlrynrn"offasnr+nnriia (technrcal)

9. qouffa a -r]rqa?'lfii^nnrriourn"arr"u'tu
fu) tasorrra

L32 oa. 4nfoatrd 4nrofq

10. crauffa d qori$aarourn usilbu| il'rsp,a'sr$rfi-r"rfi r,e

11. notfra c qr*aa'rnuriidururfinuiun"tmnrrr (us)'[nu

12. nauffo b nri a u{fi nfi nmu { tu rn dHfi(reeelYQ ersr"a

13. natffa c ueseg{ (Andrew) aluran'is'lfir6endrlnt{uTelftsuflasilrnua'l

14. crauffa a a'r+f,"afi mu (perfume) tr o flusi'rsilasrrrl

15. natffa b 36?sttandoqrn (from) aar+oauu'fl fi a"u

16. qail{o d lfiTte n ur ii sr u u6"a r rd or+6u +aos (ce eb I rate) eiu rfi o t as a"u

17. nouffa a an fi a n rlo ur as a-r+lfi rfi en+u6 o tera drirdntq (l nte rest l n g )

18. fiar{o c ,Anf ri.utoi* Of aq}+drufirur+an

"Vrng)
19. Haufra b 4r*fiasa atriT nruaeirsCadnd
(honestly)

20. Houfra d ufiir (Although) tei aua-n ttrnrn tei a ufrtulfi ael'lnuFissriln"utfl'l

21. nar{a c nrjurarurnteT'ln?nff aardrtre?untrudns(show)

22. narila b arrdn'tfi1a 4 an-uwrnsT (them) ufi ere ri'tnmtiru

23. Hauffa a qrxo;draurnde (when) qoflnfr"r+

24. nau{o b fi T q r*ro u odrwrnrfr (fast) q rxfi e ;'[t n*uen rl as {ir Ylr s fu

25. gauffa a fu {soudriarmarirsrua{iiutf (bar) 6oudautosa"u

26. natffa d earuraqnris$ (wrltten) firelfl u-n8fter

2/. $alJna c trnn%dtda"uurot6mdtdT n? (bad|y) ornqifimq

28. crauffa b fleioufiasri.rFpludsarnfioriienqse-wasnriauriond (before) fleia$scaanlilfrrsr+an

29. nalffa c fi 6antda'ndq|n (qubkest) tda'tteisTesnrilnrrnd

30. mauffa a uoinrnrurtr+fiasua: (and) urrlfifiinaiqftil

nvqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR 133

 Noun

Exercise I
rgl-urt,tnrtfitanrlf;enrleoffira -a' 160 -an' fili1u1xn-u'tfi ua! -some' tfirnrun'u'h'td

1. trriouaarnrru@ uflurarreru

2. *rrfiotrr6ar'6 (a good tdea) ufieran-unmrfisilu?rrr?1ilasrn-rfiafiar{

3. aciTsnfl"otrungfisra (some tea and sugar) nauqru'ltgurafurdrfisr

4. ufinlfintnirn (some homework) dqsfias{..fl?iauf

5. trr"rdrrenreroaroon"rarnrrrdl (some ntce weather) nauuanrar'lilaorloa%

6. nr,fl"arrdo$trfi"naesflrdasrrfl (some beauttful

Jewelry) ernfirsdaailfrudru,r'lfina?er1rfl.r
7. rrtr&urnufll (some bread) uasflr%u'iln-ruorJrila (an apple)

8. ufiaur4nTa@tumvryrafirlr+
9. a"r+6o'iruanrarfinaruri, anfiT (some progress) n-rnrura-snqtra{ilxflre1

i0. dnf (An anlmaD drufl ufias'lfia"rarnmaeirrdeirmua

Exercise 2
rs-uridnrtactsotrianrgmfdaeErJqrn riras rl,rn,nr1nrdr

.1. .-x
{u"r6seanuaarnrrlr (wolves) o"ooa'lunajnrao{r+-t

2. xmnruS"ssr-ruarun: (sheeo)

3. uurkiehunuarrq(mtce)

4. firr (knlves) uacf,aunnfiulf(r+a"uf'nf

5. dtrerasahG"ssrl*r (flsh) urn#ou

6. irlulilfl4eaves) urt6nilfl(udesoqhlffees

L34 oa. 4nfoanfl 4nro6rg

7. osurJesfln (teeth) torprr*danfrnnresrfflilau

8. r^lnraanru-s (Women) rira"slfieYuprerilfieru

9. urnrerufiuatsnt-x (deer) rulndnr

10. afianuaurifitramn (beaches) ddasrriloir%?flerln

Exercise 3
rig$rhitsntnaTnatf,4 apostrophe rdoudnvratnilnrdrror

1. Our cal's tall is black and white. ttre{urail2n[fl fi fr rirua s rra

2. My frlend's husband is very tall. f, 1fl

JU
to,qlt{olts$6 s eJ1fl

3. I received Uncle Joe's letter last night. +ir'lfibue n nnrsr oq{Tq d o6 u #

4. The bovs'clothes are dirtv. r#ef,nrasr'nndnfitrsanilen

5. Mv cousln's mother is mv aunt. woo4[uu1flo{a%

6. Ttatilrdls heacl is vellow.
I o -A-^
6211fl ?te€$n9n$$3.r 6 n1 a 0 {

7. Mr. and Mrs. Smlth's house is new. u1$to€$1gua!$1{tdilf

-
ol
il 61n1il [r1]t

8. My slsler's frlends are very pretty.

)y.o
tt{olt1m{$o{612s1t1{'l?f il'tn t

9. We saw your brother's wlfe yesterday.

deAj"
il2nr?'ltlrl{nlttf 1la{$a{t1g4olu}t 0?1 1{ 1{

10. These ladles' gloves were expensive. qsfi areq{rnilrtFftfl d1f,fi ?1 o'rurl {

Exercise 4

1. Hauffa a urnrer'lfirufrrarileehinof (furnlture) n"smnnuffialrluriaslourislnrirasurnrar

2. natffa b wen{nru-s (women) rTrfit+Lir+fr'asnrafiqs?,rufro"onra

3. Hailffa a sa?iil16'(r1druurir{advtee) uria"r+rfienn"ui6nT eriufirqafiotr*i

mrqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR 135

4. fi0uffa a nrrirna:rtt6nrrr (luggage) rasut'ttnctlilrrsdr%esfl'jrsfirrufllsnahqln
uFll{'lo1

5. srailffa b a'uriroarudaororln(teeth)rasaha-uagdruneus

b. qarfla c er ordrslfr{affi (some nformatl d I rfi ereri'uTaas nret o sq ordn rfi nrias'ldltu

7. fiauffa a fi unc (sheeo) u rn n'irtn*sil-r+sl-fl uilrfu ur4r d

8. not{o b "dt+orern-o6u1oiiqvnl6suuurnrausissr-etorrda%ua;fisf,"ar#effi
- (ctottres) tneir

9. nar{a a rla, (fl sh) iia-uf,"oanag'lu{6r+

10. matffa C fl annrrila'sdrns (men) anrioattra"sn{fi

11. nauffa C flanurrfrosn'reqilnmf (equlpment)'lraildtre"tfiosrJfr tHnremsiile'trlrdHd

12. qau{a d rarutlhdn#ndardrunrfi (mlnutes') rnav

13. natffa b q nrufi urrittofi urflresrir'oaT nf (yesterday's newspaper)'[n u

14. craufio d tu'tri ( I ea ves) ri1 a-s aa r fl 6i il a s il 1 ern fr rl'lfr +rir a g'lu ri as q qttlfrer s

15. marffa c nei o ufl"0 t nar fl r ar, dT ar fian ( oaves) drta-t m uniL+lvrtT
I

16. nauffa C nu-sf, a riufih oara I ornrrhstrnao nnarsfl (many yea rs' wo rk) nrrf,fi n4n1o

n"tu"nnrn

17. Hauffa b r^nnmT o;lfrfuqa (hiormaflon) urnurerurinr*

18. Eauffo C r,,rannrhifi n{ofirinaf (furntture)hifi uaiucirfi ssnSaTfr sd'nn"r

19. narffa C
'leifras-m urirauhtunrfi (ten mtnutes') fi n-sfr ri'rnT e}lergnidufie

20. natffa C an'r (cht ldren) rasa"urn6snn'rafl 'rl+ilrdfr'r

21. crar{a a tmard6amirun: (sheeo) tunmrqFuaaasrrsrhdu'r

22. aa:uila C wrnn-nfaar(students)rira-sriruttfi lntr'nn'ua-a'lutnrvf

-
23. natffo b uriri, n (housewl ves) dru'ln qjrirst+driT uurn n'jrf, u d'rtal s gi ar"il

136 o?. F'1fl?6}r1{ ilnta?fl

24. narffa d 4 ru r1 a"t fiolkntves)'lfi nu a
-alu
rlo r n e"e

25. narffa c d ana um m rl n m q nlei aa n n ei a u"lfiaYr ntrudrehmfi,uilnre*rdordrln,rf (t wo

weeks'notlce)

26. srauffa c &n@ uffro-rqun-en'r

27. swtila b {on (people) nrdrfi?ra'sr.lasfr'rssiafrlulasor$r6u6

28. narffa c a"%lfifi u6a sfl nrt,r (wol ves) a1s n u*slutr

29. nat{a b a a s rfr r d q"il fl"a u r a a u'tei ri a en^r a 6 n"u rfir (feet) I a s a-H ril {?
e4 .J t \v- d A
30. norffa c -rlun lu
aauhddn un fr aet aEitdu
,
o ufr'hutr [6'fi
o
ntrsonnntrfr uou (a good
. t
nl ght's
sleep) fir.n

n;4alonei BASIC cRAMMAR 737

 Article

Exercise I
rn-nrtdnrtflIanrlfreurpoffts'a''an' dio'the'
1. "fida?rlrnndfiarryunqrlnnds (an expenstve plcture) hittrru'

tri fi 6 o?rtrnnr'firrorurwd{n (the most expenstve) lunada{urirfi"rafl "

2. "'fi6on tritnu"

"hi finanrurnmrn'aT entrn'4a (the Iongest trlp) da"r+uprsahuu'r'

3. "fidafirnmthrdmtndr (a large house) ldtru"

"hi fidafrrnra"stnrdddn (the largest house) tun{riru"

4. "ndar+6adn{nru-refrsFr$flilrr (a beauttfu! glrl) tdtrn"

trj neiar+6adn{rru-rdersr'4n (the most beauttful gtrl) tr+rfias"

5. "fi6aleueun'6whnn1 (a good hoteD triltru"

"'hi fiaaTasue#Eden (the best trn?snuq"

Exercise 2
rfinntrtnilflTarrlfreuqmfdaa 'a' -an' die -the' n,rihidrsilnfrastfartnr,as tfrld -
1. HrarrflsoeflHnEjrirnmrrndn (a small vlllage) tumur(the eounrry)

2. a"r+'laitar}fitra:nrt (the theater) ef'utar'lrltasrnnsr*f (fte clnema) annn'jr

3. tra"sarrtafis (dlnner) uannraan'lilr6nuin (a watk)

4. a"u"leitar orTrmn"dr[ (televlslon)'lrnnrflr (the mornlnos)

5. ile;mptuaanruflurnr:rnir (an tsland)'lunsnm6nofiafisil (the Medlterranean) Tnafi

fialtraas (The capltal) iio'jrr"ar,amnr

6. neiar+rfifluiiotosneiauliiidrnur (the top) ra$rrirnagnrn (the page) vrrsfirnrarfio

(the rtght)

138 6?. dn?mJ% flnrq?ru

7. fi6or"nndrdorn'r6 (a ntce day) namTfind (The sun) rira-rriorudrrufrodr (the sky)

8. qrx"l6'gnfsrdor# (ttre Rtm) qlndtnu nrrtmdhi{televtsbn) n6adhlanesnf

(the clnema)

9. *qnrfi-arqdnrrd"m
(a radto) "[ru" ulai
a"ulaitarrls'arq$he radb)'

10. dndgaurint+"rrfl ur.laanrtum (the llrst country) dtfidsqud (a man)'lrls"rnxq"$flf

(the moon)

11. a-urruorrtafrn'atrqi (a btg breakfast) uacna%fi"il'%ff1"+iffinna

12. u*ifiisrad{n (the longest rlver) lr+hn Gne vorld) Eauririrarstn

1 3. rir'lu q ol6s'[+i {euuilunrln r asq orlr] ntrermtafin (dt nner)

14. nTu{tr+n:a, t6e (a seaman) urr6s'lflilindar+ltrr{rasurrtn6o (at sea)

15. un'anouiia"r+a"srflufr (a boy) dilunsorFferaglnfin"rn:un (the sea)

Exercise 3

1. frrnr-r (Women) dau'lnrirern'irfrtTcr

2. frerildantrqilMosD rn6eranalilqsutl{vlolenee)

3. esotil'hldn"nn1o1?r*'r* arma (The meals) adtrfiueiurn

-
4. ertrnnutu (All the plctures) ruriruusu't+uflutasnrxiloq'il

5. frdT erara"r+dil1e'l$Aadr{art) ufluodlsuln

6. nttdrdn{ (Hunttng) rfludsdTnoi'rsnrarulilu'rsFrt's

7. ilanurrusirs'runhrda-r.liiufir urintrurirqrn (the marrlagd lrirlesduorludrtSq

8. uas4ara"tfr (the frutt) ruuasr+'n8 ar"r+rirsqr+rrnrilarlflMrEt

9. 'lr+rlacufla# nrur{ (coffee) fiarnrqnn'j,tr (tea)

10. tnsu{s (The cheese) fi urnterrtru{r'lr.ttraifi"aarfi rafi edtT sla?oel

nrqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR 139

 Exercise 4

1. Houffa b fiT nor (The bench) iiurT riT ai'sd's aqjfi ant^r1+iu{sues

2. Hailfro C
o a -\o )-)-
arnrd(ndaoromfi{sfi{n (the htghest) trunasd

3. marffo a a-r+fir ualtr€iou'ndfiuarmur^rindnfln (a ptece of cake) n-nunas

4. Hailffa b a"ut areT tt're (the food) v,"u,u n iju.nmr'1fiurir^renrer

5. Eaufia b oaflr+{islilu{trs (the man) iiqruurrfi'art+fi"6a{t, sn'Codndo$rds (an

honest man)
rJ
6. qouffo d tr ai a u t eu ufi o r+ 1 I na % er 1 r'r u ornrtdn (d t n ne r) n"r r ai a ulu rf n e-u r+'r+

7. qauffa C tugnftourinT (the U.S.A.) {T rtassirslfi eroruusn'ir1tilacufl Fttoqilrnrar

8. Harffa C u*iriiaseuo$edg (The Los Angeles Rlver) lririaafirii (water) arTnniTla

9. narffa a ud
dv--|U-)J
nfit fi dr fi ngis I ofi xuu a uru"r+ o arfi ennnnn-r (a frlend) t a s a"n
,t
10. Fauffa d
a
rir1ilal'urlquurnrus (home) uqufi'rff.
9

11. nouffa a nauiia"uuflr+n-n6lnr*]uflrtrgra-s (a untverstty studenl) a'r+fiuGrrlffriaflurn

12. Hailffa C fis urarufiedil-?fl Frr.fils (the rrch) 6'a srier a o fisfr n r.r iisrno undrluTan'h f
13. Eauffa C ar-uufl r+ntBoum (the fl rst tl me) fr a-u'lfrrfiu nr so on ua n ileym pl

14. nar{o d nrqneiruffrrln (prlson) Lfl uurar#sA"utrurlrru6au

15. Hauffo d u"u6 anufl r+nrrrrm:fflrrdddn (the largest planets) tr+e'n?a,la (the
unlverse)

16. malffa c u'r+6anrqnraofntrnqnuerdmafrsd{n (the worst case of vlolence) iia-+r

rocr?iursail1

17. nauffa a ilaulilosurr{fin4u*lotun"eut,uiluaeirru,rnrfrorvr'l6'1flufl$rgarrfl (a lawyer)

18. nauffa d rfl 'r {x % a"ifl il Mi uuu nil-nsfu (badm I nton) n"r ud a r 1 r a o m.r

@ ne. {nfoarf lnuofrg

19. qauffo b u-udarnngnnifi nrdndn#amn'r (an excltlng fl Im) fifihtc&rdSual
n,ldntc (a good and lnterestlng plot)

20. Hail{o d a-r+raufr osrftrar (bed) riaurdsGil (mtdntght) frrufl u'lrlfi

21. nauffo d aa'nrdn (Love) rt udrerdT rirgt a s %etf, srfl r rt asn?uasil tnlcitrtratr n

22. aa:uila c ft nLrerihf {the]O E fi ar an r e ii 6 t1e n re n il*stn fi e u u r ufi r

23. mat{a c ri'rurasutra-a usimrlffiHaqiiiu'uriaa

24. nauffa c qorilarara-uilasdilnrludrusqtilnrefilnTasieeruudslfleiudaannT uen (the bltnd)

25. natffa d q'ilufl u'l$ilfiuounrs}l{rs, u1aamtnsdlfilfidrmt (bus) uaa1ni'uf

'lriufiflsila
26. crauffa d uanuaTfiraar (tlme) il1ner1s urifiNn (money)

27. qa:uila c fla-se1nfifinrenr6an-ntrarsne'u uenrersl-o8u1q'hesyntsrlt:e (the door) ritr+fifir

28. Hau{a d tnreeora-nrrxsfiderflvsflil6rflo{rn'r ahaodmereCednd (loyalty) uflrliisdlnnuriu

Ytd6r Lt{91?111

ailr ostrtr,huilntu1fl sfl nrs (an 80-year-o ld man)

e).
qisfi as
29. Eouffo b rs1 fl +l1yrei'r??oilu

r a fi d e rira n a"n rg nfu o n a ci a'hj

30. narffa b uann'rdunrurturhnntt (a cup of coffee) tfiuriutr unlofl ilnfiufirn ru-nduriT tr

(tea) niru'u

m;qaTond BASIC GRAMMAR

E
 Quontifier

Exercise I
rgilrhitsntf,dnrgmilnatf,Atjl'some' n6o'ant'

1. firngeirerhr (any rabblts)'ltrarluaar+

2. fir{rnri, ddtaeeu,ren$ (some pollcemen) iianrfisirare

3. laifisnag'ung (any mtlk) lr+{uflu

4. l6ttanf,"auannflrifirs (some stamps) ernfr ?i1nr?'lrlauniei

5. fiuorlfilau, s€n (some apples) etaqjfrfiw'aurfiiiufia

6. 'leifiuriamadntt (any glasses)

rLuIfrs

7. +hfirlitredfi'rr (some tea) uda-r.r'leifiriinraedsna (anv_suga4

Exercise 2
rnfurtJtsTgolf;auqtr*lnatfntril'som e''any' -much' riia'man/
1. A: ahfrasnr@
B: lfiuau qnrfiasn.ran'r.loq (How manY)
A: nnilasaa"r ufiefinsrionrrtfirs (any tomatoes) lflu
B: fi8 qrxfr'asnren'en (How many)
A: ru*sn1ane"t

2. A:
vvY-
+"ufrarnT arhnlrwnsnrirs (some ollve oll)
B: 4olfr'osnreernwirlr (How much)
-luraeu
A: ndrrronaYr udrfr uilsiir{any_flour) lrrar
e r,
B: fi fr 4r*frasnmilmrdf,o (Houlnuoh)
.J
-f
A: flil{nIao?il

742 o?. FIn?6N}{ ilnrq?nl

 Exercise 3
fierh:TgnlfrAnrlmfinalflArj1'some'
-any''how much' -how mant' -a few' T69
-a llltle'

1. A: qnrfrasnTandrgdfla (How many ba nfu

B: uridadtrara (a few) ne"t

2. A: a"ulannri,q (some mllk) 'lfrttru

B: raTyngfirs flrnrelhifinnadras (any mllk)

3. A: 4r*frasnrarnnflwnsrir'tt (How much bread)

B: #ndnriag (a lltfle) oalr

4. A: uanra,fiunreondr{r (How many carrots)

B: ua'rfiufiusdo$lrilfr (a few) nir#u

5. A: flenrerfrasnradeden (How many oranges)

B: lnnuelkifiasnraf,ednqnras (any oranges)

6. A: 4orfrosnra'ldrlin'mnrnrilr'ta (How much sugar) lunruillosqrx

B: dndnriag (a ltttle) nr'il

7. A: +-r+torlitrri,s (some tea) 'ldlrer

B: 'lfiB qorfiosnrernnflsnmufiT t (some blscults) fiecl'ltru

Exercise 4

1. Harfia a rar5fi"u-n'tiri,n (some money) luaurnra'tfr4ndtrrasurt ucifrtsiurn

2. narfia a a'urira-ldrinn-liifiraa a'ufiudennT neT s (many frlends) uasflrnta'lfid'nutilvn"n

Lflnrlac{ir

3. Hauffa c u-nfaen+prr+dlaifi6ndoedraa (any Penctls) iluTfi'srasfldo%

"tu6a'leirneflgosfl1i?sffi601fl (any
4. sroufra b helil uriqr*ueitasttruaa

w4aTonei BASIc cRAMMAR E

5. qauffo b a"il
ul
[$r
t^ t
a-nrr il o ar e
d.
;ril uq runlfr
J-
6nu
-!
ru..r utrr fr orrnennnriosilm (l lille pafl ence)
6. floilffa a ,r n rr rlfi q-r rr,n fl o groern*. (" f.* U"-r", of U r""a) ud a ri.rut u riS { dtr a-rL

s'.l1{t6tEt{

7. norffa a ahlfrrqoTildfldnd?slrmsh (some t*61nr1elarfrayfinfi"

8. narffo b '[nuturfi
as f q-il as.]n'hl tiln.rua urdof s 1

9. Eauffa b qrxrfiuandnn (How many people) uuantasdlailesd.rrrr

10. narffa c ufr'iT dtrsraspruectrfl urn nrfflru'lfiyrrusrtoras (any medtctne)

11. narffa b 6"tr1ei a'ufi nrn (much wate r) rear r ai a ra-r il?r ?l,t % 0,1 1r1?

12. narfra a ahmr+o?rufi tfir (some cereal ) 1n 1rf,1 uh6 ri a4 tnrur or ah

13. qauffa b {ailadrntmrrn (M uch nforma fl o n)

t rfi eL r n"u rje s rr dl or rja s rr Fl fi urs d r ana n
aararruldornud Hu { I asilar urrluvu 1

14. narffa d fi n"n6an*rstunn (many students) fr fr'a s nra rirrm dlesuier u r a {?{?nr?.r

15. claufra a rfi asdt*'hian.ruiiii*.rau1eu,rndeyil1dsarrer $hria€rflra2fi $a$fiosfl 1n

few tourlsts) rounrsu,rfrfi

16. Hau{a a {nrndTnrrrrrrn (A lot of people) aodtvrTi usia-iliiefsufiaurruaEenaaro

17. Haufra b qnrfrornranarurnwi,r'te (How much flme) iioyrirsru1frHfe

18. Hauffo c q
c)'^v
rxfi {onnfl sr nn*rslnilmm-$'til (too ma n y m t sta kes) nq nrtir ur r7t n n-q f
[t1st0flFt?€

19. norffo c qr#flqflflfrd1 a-urira-sav'1fr'nhu$srirdndnrieg (a htle uriqnr

20. norffa c 4 rur^r a fi oeru nr-nrfi nri,rs (a ny dea) ln

t ar id ee n"u?6 n m {rur r?t n tr'o fi'

21. norfra b a"u'[ai fr or nrenirunsrldnras (any advlcd a1n 4 il q rx'taiuff rlo fl rgnr

n.n * *lu
""qr*flon1u.toinquln'tmu"
22. na:uila c ""ldoaYl r
$nnnas (a ltttle)"

23. narffa b ilrnadrils'r1.iflaref,?Tilr (many hours) lnfu firflumr4alaiidrri.rluurrdsff,n

rurfiaeaeiHua

@ oe. 4nfoanf 4nro6rg

24. Fouffa a taufi fnryr'jr +"rof T
Lfi ilfi a s fas u{#neegt rh (a few words) tmntrtel oau"n

daod
25. natffo a il ilFr B{nmmun$mnnriaa (a llttle money) rdafl"ot osdorjlfi 4 r*uri t as a"r+

26. $auffo b fi
{anfi *annrnnrs (many peop l e) dir u n r+-s El aur4 slfl il e unec f{'hi fi 'il q clffi $

27. norfro b "qoudramti"r0-nasr'lililn$nfi rpr"[6'[ru'"a"uldfi ri"ra''oau$s(any)'

28. nauffa c qordsfi ae'lrufila"uqcroo, uCrrnedndaqslrfl {e (a few questlons)

29. Horffo c lrr n uer rir al q s ar s nrtafl qrenfnernun-n'lil (too m uch t rafllc)

30. nar{a a {n u"hi ri a a rfi a nqnnumnrn-nilm (many ette rs) tu I p ahfi" ua ntrrlf 6 r,u aur u

nrqatcvrd BASIC GRAMMAR 1.45

 Pronoun

Exercise I
n-urltcTsnlf,aurgrrilnalf,amtnrmumsrrurrii edmnrrud:frenna'rmCcdenr

1. neasltorarur-ir+dtdrflrstasfi6io%ahuounurast+urnufir.l"lr]'lfrurinien (her) oqjraaro

2. anr+ narrasurqlne"ruas {rlfiftfuuc$selCI'lfiahl r nr6r aeilsurn

3. rfiou6ntrleraeitsuannr*doreru}lu-naior+1r+funtro nalfrrrnqor (yourselves) dun udfios

ouledtrenQnr (you) quan'eras61

4. ilanuatilasna,otedamrlfirtuurirtannr (us) usirrmrar (we) firu6oru6un-rnretf,nirsrGuuvu

5. mrT fifrtmnr.nru-rfr;ilslfirl.ruurirurigr (htm) ;ilsnr (he) "hirns6u6ar+

Exercise 2
rn-nrtflTgnlf,rilmpr*loatfemnntrhfuswr:

1. eof% @ uruu4r*un'arffr#

2. ilenre're;'lsi{reilaas (anythhg) turirsilrsrhf

3. h"fifln{anfbodg fi n'1nril es n'rurirslnu a-ilf u 6fr e s H ar rirorar

4. drfie:let,rmdr (somethlng) aruonarr nhfiotrardrn"'rp

5. "@ au1qiiesfl"oritertura-ruvr.iltrar-'1ai LiflalftoUoO$ d%leme'

Exercise 3
rn-nrtfiTgnlf;aepnitnatiaanumaRhnru

1. *{u'rn"autslflr.lrer%n
CWhose)' "ahrflufl0{il?nm,r"

2. *rrnrrira"rqaaqjn"uhafl[hqm)- *a-urira-sqaocin-rrou.

3. *qrxror.rohllrn
Stlhteh) qhrouohfiaqjfirufl1a.

4. ""neiar+oTrl'saqjdlnn (where)' *nriauarrflaag'lr+firsadn-

1,46 oa. {nfoanf rlnuofrg

 *mat;tt'trarnan1lt"
5. ""filn (Why) tlrdsurdrel'

Exercise 4

1. A vegetarian is a Person who/that does not eat meal'

o)c. )4 t ! v c
fr fr fl ser-sdTaE a 0il a aa il [a{ tr4tuod 9lx

2. A dictionary is a book which/that is used to look uP words'

uonr1 nau 6 a r u"sfi a f,(ff dtra?t dutr rirrl'n{

3. What was the name of the boy who/that won the race?
d t.J J ,-l 11

un n rnuu Ytdusnrersutl tJ ta?1' a3 [?

4. The police have caught the man who/that stole my car'

rdtr rir fr simee'lfi oh q ru t r a ii ilru sa nfl il ei'

5. The car which/that I bought last week broke down yeslerday

ansqdfr a-uf,%uTru'adr.tnrtiriaurilsufi edaarud

Exercise 5

1. fiouffo d uan nrT ldtrlrdaertd ou Ft ilfi iltI oslnnsrr (thel rs) iitissltrai

2. nouffo d 'nrisilanreir#tLfl uIasloe' "wrnn'nufl nroq*:lr Cfhey're mIne)"

3. natfia d u?ntri 16 n
ft {s d (whose) da relfi u
T
ii fi rd arr u fi't6 alai

4. notffa b
*
a'u"[ei t at o a nlfi nr ei, fi"u rn u-n' *
rpxra rwmehr (the m) urer nlfl fl "

5. Hauffa b eaf$lfif,'on$-s8ouiunfrfl fifrffuc{hhnseD

b. glouflo c 6"0 r as a'r.ilei a eer tdrtter o{fl €io$ (he rs)

7. marffa a daau6n4n4sd (wrto) ..nnr*iidrc,u.ud

8. nau{a c e,ruraslueifi arirr.a usiflnro{dulmhe) fi fi 6ir

9. nauffo b fiuaaurisfilfl uraqQor (yours) rniarasa"%

naqaTonei BAslc cRAMMAR L47

 ,*-q.oe
10. flarffo d as rT fi fl e uh ma os fi ,r u"u frran"arlnruat (vou rse I f)

11. norffo b {' r i.r fl 0 { 1{2 n r?,r'[ai 6 wi,r n"r qrnrorum (h t s)

J-
12. norffa b upraenrasa"u
u oY
n"u ltrr+damralndan (hers)

13. norfra c t r s n u fi'sir fl fi daor (h I m se I f) 16 a s nranra I a {n??et 1 rfl 1

14. nouffa c urnra'r'lfirruarfimnarsfilrasurnrernhu5a usrtunafuasua%g-ile{'tfiil1Ha1fi1?

na'rl-a'nrotrnngrr (lhelrs) uaa

A
15. narffa b n aufi rrn odrn6 as
-ea
fi uil urorrlor (yours) lntrirel*h (m lne)

16. qarfia c fiaoaoruiiCq (where) a-r+rfio

17. slouffa d a"u rfi s ii a r o r q rutue,r a ii a uri a-u'[ei rfi r daror *-n (m t ne)

18. narffo c nfiasfiedtre aeaa ua;r,nnfn (they) fi fi arnrlaiuus

19. Haufra c u a n fi u'rsuailrerl'urfu os n r*uri +h f, uas a'uq su o n fi fl rgtarre{f,:$ (m t ne) uri q rx

20. Houffa d r6nfr tmnrnd(whose)rfl urdr,arrr+-sf, aii4m'tffi u}raglu#rriaurasa-r.r

21. narffa b a"u m tpr 6 a r n n ua tr as al.ilai rq o ugi a tr'tfis o utfr a"ulflrrdelFnnrralrian (he rd
22. aa:uila a r6nft md (who) rirnesqnnfi1ci1sunn'lfrtsnfllil

23. norffo d a"urirfi atrodem (myself) firsfi nfi'ur$u fl r

24. nauffa d uaaarfireiugi.xf8nnrn4uletudam (themselves) ufl uoei.rsurn

25. narfro a sfr aulasq-%uavsh (l) "lfiri,rsrunu-nrurnlnTprasnr?fl

0€?{2nr?1

26. narffo b r^roau"nri,r'lfrrnnur{them) if,nlneoo-oaqjraar o

27. sa:uila b 4ruueirarahlfi ranfr dmrasa-uuaasflro'n(me)tr1riroerudcarafr asrosurnuar

28. marffa c fura o r a suan rara o a6'eru uaa uria'nnqnreonnrm (rhelrs) narsrfl unerufi lerl{,

29. narffa a '[ai

ntn ar' (wno) lfi ufi r+ q ri6nr 4 fi"e a Fu 6 o lr sr-n

30. narffa c "4 nren'lfiadrhJHow)' *ahurlorsaobl"

L48 oa. 4nfoan[ qnrefrg

 Subiect-Verb Agreement

Exercise I

1. 6n6rstraranurr"r (hope) drqs"lfrafufrflirlecTert{rrsnmuflreislvsudr"nfii{tu6'u}t

2. r, n ou r ri, u n.* **.ttnua t*rrO fi a1s1irTil saru n-u1ufia sdu o

3. lriil os as ahfi uri t a ra"uogi{ruas) iifir u +hoir"lulfidrteren"uuu

4. e o fi u rer fr +"lrrig* (wrtte) n-srd a udfi mr ar a"$6is"hl"[si n-nnl er?{raa'l

5. tvss afilua s fi as{rsr a srin dt fftaim (are) {u nmuri r riu1uufi ufufi'

6. fiufrT erarugiasaundr (hopes)'jT ectucers2'atunmudrn-rune'sd

/. od)-
taanaruriloarer (ls) nrmydud'ru'randuhauffrfinuT frtrsT d'aurirflfi

8. rdaurosa-flflararrusmtr(have) rda"liluruurf

9. u"n faa url nn uCttnfrm (has) d or "d au uuarslsi ff(nea ou e.iruuael

10. urfl6rsaaulf{taanrrdauaxil{1l{fl0{rlrlrirsffdntat (enJoys) nradrilfirr-sfla

11. fl rgr, nrnura't;drfr Gave) stysusirerilun-n nevseir4a

12. tnerT snuriT atrrr: (ts) ilasnfiruurraqj un'hiffkrenot (ts)

Exercise 2

do s d
T
n #rl nr fua n t ar ili ntu u r ri r g r a-a a r q g r n d r r r n u r n d me?t u"n fi n rg rT n ai il e s n r a ue n

flqrrtasnmaqjr4rserndriru (1) liln (rs) fiurrasnerruffin'l+ir.taaon"adrte-tu-nfrnrgT trsnufiutlfi

r.iacr u-nflnr*TTreiuh (2) 6n (flnds) dTfliniirirsornoeornfa (3) rfln (rs) dsiireufr'u'lfienn

ilasnreiidar u-nfinBr (4) dnm (dtscovers) 'jTpraTeruilu6deaiirdsfu"lfia"uerr (5) rfln (rs)

nrqatorci BASIc cRAMMAR

@
i -' o
f,sfis.rnqse"ofl1?ld6nd?a
n%
rm (6) . s. e .t \ c
drrflndel (has) riramrttt+ta{uaufiaufitt'te!"sfias
!
(7) {n
a.

(washes) 6"ofirrasn-rras r+hfinrr (8) duilotou (ts) n-rnratffiinrarnuuorriluaa'suanff'jr'lfiuaa

dsfi"areLflildsfi%.rn'lq'lurixuan ilarnra{nfrrer ursa?'rr'nfrnur1nai C9) rjetdu (faces) flrgnr

'oA-gt [Hr?asrosnlr[?s1{ ,r,r

Fl'ts"l (tO) duru-ntau (rs) n-rnrauitrrelrarr6er%uasrrrdasuulqmnn (11)

#fle (aoes) rfiersr^rofiosrfrrterfi;ulitriirSsiluascr-sfias (12) dq (hands) Toesst+uaanmtirunas

nardua

tr+mrsnesn'uffrer u'nfinu,lal (13) drrfl$ (needs) frosfirrarudr+1q%an#osuSsurfraiiqv

aiauoarsomunoei'r+rit1 qln?inn'refecru ri'nf,nurlr+i (U) fi (tras) dareu aeufisaurnusitl'hl

6annrnans tilsnrr (15) g,rutm (ts) rffraau uaclfie"tLilegte tfq'rnfiufi'rtfler1a-s uu'aiiriir+rnnle'(fl

riasuenlfiai'rur,ir+"tr.t u"nf,nrgresd'ruren$iseiuufrariesurarfidunuasfianreiriiaoluffisr

Exercise 3

1. Hauffa b trs o u1r.lfr rirm r+ t a r +"uriln (are) rn+d r+T dr nr rgnrn

2. fiaufla a ?'rrr'rfl a{n'rsmsEudfiarru (ls) ufl ulsdu

3. natffa b fi (a re) fl er nma'r r1?fi rtrsdr fl a"udn 1 luuria vfi r,l 0'rlr1?

4. HOUflO A dlururasauHmnrufr asnuurdndqrrn(ts)Tu1n1-rt

5. Hauffa b 1nn rlu fur5fl ulfifi Jhas) n rarlT r+ ua6e 6i alrr rIT ufr a

6. NAUflA C rfi rfaer n a a adfit ](ts) fi u ii u T n dtra-rL rf,r n*smn

7. natffa b -il
rn a dua s fi a s t T
anasH r rhate g ( I s) uffr faen l fr [a s rier u r.lvr+

8. narffa a #sqorngua;u-nfear+sirrff qrrnen(seem)'lairfr rlesruf, lfi e=ruarnarrsf,"uf

9. norfro a fi (r s) rt r+ nr 5 o a qj rio fl an n ilr n uatsi d'r u m n il"a 1 n d s r n a d r s d ol'r ufl r+"[6'

10 fioufla a fro"o nreuiaer fiaa 4 rxn gnara n uarr (was) uffiemr'lr+nrerJer !u

1_50 n?. dn?Gil|l{ tlflto?01

11. Rauffa c tpratrsnulntuanri'nd'ru6u (forgets) illrn"selaa{rfiaadua

12. fiailffa b l+i er r*erefi 16 n$"nu6auris$ (wrlte) asr unes oturir

13. crou{a d {o%rirurururnqn (were) Erarffi n1uqr?ur4tr+fialnutda#iloT r{iiufir

14. Hou{a a aasfatu+fl n (ts) uaarfi urudttaYunreeafl uufl tei

15. clatffa c rin-rl 1{ n r rTo s n ufi in (ha v e) fl a n Lr 1 m t? a t?a citfi'tfl il al a dr t5 e

16. fiau{o a 16 n 1 uri az or uFn ( s) d u rfi u rfi

r cr a nh s r l+rh"fl sa'-% rfi a

17. mauffo d 1n1 o, rrtu fu fas u 6o (has)'iruu tfil n th ut rir fi"fi ila sTn t {

18. not{a b nu-s€lafl alsr6ierdqn6uenornfio*e1osd (are) tlflffvtasalr+

19. gaufia b rft+rurasorsnrruufiosfilrQnrfist (seems) urnurelufi un'jrqsil'Ulfi

20. 6ou{a c lairfiersuFiqafuugiarufis{{rtfiem, e (wants) }L'j'reril"r

21. flaufro a laiouniranTnsdrailea{i'rytrsfi fi deno-nterTuerud'drfr

(|s)a?tfi ntouqt*6ut4d

22. aa:uilab ileautpldrursannuiln (are) datrf, nrasosri'nrad$ilest1tr6

23. aotffa b er oicr d1a ndfirrJb) itriiirsdrfl a"u u'r{ Fr1{

24. Houffa a f, lfi ett rtSa rger lr-a aos rtSa q 6a (t s) td o u t o s a"t+
16 n
ft r a vtvs

25. nou{o b uaearuhvlmrL aa't(run) ahac fi{ild'

26. Earffa c laiufi fl luFie6uei??at{t-sfi a1'*'llnotr+fraqn,'t (want) fi ov*rrrEiau4nrara

27. aa:uila c an.ru.n.rr6uenrtrafl s.stfien (aPPears) o;6'(u{x4a#rln*{d

28. Bail{a b EiEuurfi lfl u (ts) ererreariia'u1ff(*nmu6uvrrsna''rflrue'rndrirut'*

29. Fauffa a u-nftauusiasnueeutl(was)rfl'afi .Ad't*aala1tfttnfi n

30. sraufia a udau$asa'uqrnTnufi ar{dtrfas4ri,uaauuroi.uruurntitu(ls)a"eq6acfi ril

A --
n aulltn 0eo ilfl %st6lEl llto?,l2

nrqalorei BASIC GRAMMA -E

 Present Tenses

Exercise I
Genlf,Er present stmple rornisrl$rldu

1. eariu'lrirnablfuoes) rirslildrcl

2. r rs n e'sil a r a { il-uq{warches) Tna n a rf lu ries rf,,r r{t u rla c d,r

3. Elnnn (ralns) tuqqf,ar+ursF,e'sursp,?1? unlair_iaserrnu-n

4. uanreT rJn (speak) nrura'snq*naonraa,r1ufur6erui{rnr*ra-snqu

5. il aurit as+"uL(go) mu ar rrarfl uu anryr urn 1r:ura,rd

6. rou?u (ktsses) anlrasraoriourfiruauudera

7. rrrar,rerdtrimrardoft (obevs) ri,rfs

8. 4ormre%lhl(goes) rl.fddosniaaruer#ssiait

9. {rn+rmahf,arGome) flaorufra"1n1d,r.toti

10. iles orfi Hrdlr{flses) msfi dn sah aa nuaran-(serc) fl 1sfi dcr yal{ n n

Exercise 2
6en1ftrt presenr srmpre r6e presenr conttnuous ramiisrt$?q6u

1. nT lil{gpes) 4ueia o orira-s nrer adlsriosdluerdvs sia #il o.rli

2. a"il't$idrumooonu,rli'tuaufi" ahdratrf,r (am dorng) n,rarirr+it,r6arJvaqj

3. u"nfafl u er ufi"rEs* GtudEs) fiaao,ru #steuartrf,ftJgets) aranrarFs n, d6,eu a

4. tun, prriaufi'airuu'r a'$lfireflunrur6u unt+nrrruian# ahrhfirfun (am

studyhg)
nrurfrqu

5. dufr{ove) dria s cra sa'u ur n uai"jrmnrarTfirfi u snh aqjtiaal

752 o? {nfsanf rlnroirg

 Exercise 3
u-fl 'slnce' niio'for' t$rttttsnrielil#

1. fi 6 oe-nesrufr urirurn n-utu*s dufi eo n-ufi"u rlfl nnar (for) nars-ilufrr

2. d ar asa"utrilfifi e:unq ar"naia uuaauilnns-r (for) uruufir

3. a-u"lu'lfifirhngnr-naiaur,aafiusi (srnce) n 2oP

4. atunn#rusi (stnce) uf,rnposi'uf

5. ilanrar'lfifaerunrma"snqufitnaa$or) il1ilulfl

6. naia$"lfifeeunrur*a-sua#rwi (stnce) rdar+4arnuiliiufia

7 . ilaurirosa"illfiugissr$n"%il'uflnna"r (for) 25 -ilufia

8. $1sras%1{q0riu#r+"lfiusissrun'uu, #ruri (stnce) fl 2005

9. +h1fi'fea$iils1ilfisd{shee) a'ufi arqfitnt

10. u-nr5auneirdtfidtmu-s6lan-uilrfiusi (stnce) fiT Tusrf,rufia

Exercise 4
)u
unenf,1noilxQnn0{

1. nau{o c qnrorffinErfurna'sornfrq@ ar

2. sroufra a dolafinruiinfstar{dtfitlu6r.".aurrtfr reiou'itat'tfr (weeps) rauo

3. narffo c 4ouuidratnanta'fuad (ts sleePlng) aeiraunaur+s

4. norffo b a-utriarnranaan'lrlffrruon'lfi $reT ca'uetth$rilri66q (have not flntshed)

5. nauffo b a-urhdsq:fl! (am seetng) 4orngra{qrrehuqs# alnecd${anrrutolqnrlfiut't

G. narfia b fiuflrpra'suanfkrrdnprurle:dtnelndn#q (has succeeded) lnnra-tluttr4nuvu

7. norfra a lnfufihatota"ulh(goes) {T sruTosan1neldre{esdrfl1s

8. nat{o c do4r*il'Hmrufr (have done) 4ororoo;oan}le1nfiosdtfi

nr4atowi BASIC GRAMMAR 153

9. 6au{o a q rxal@ {oh nra ni a mo u fiIil r+Ia n r a t os4 or ii o & r,r u n' r 1{ r

10. nor{a a s{rl1ila1fl1?rf,T riar+fr qrxo;sanh (go) ffisuan

11. narffa c dnfrtrer pr udtfinnmilrr (tras vrcnea) fr 11 uu.nr ara oa'rufie

12. srarffa d 16'r uradra"rficr?o[r (ls conslderln g) n,rer a # ou cirufl r+s I as q-fi

13. narffa d ah@rimnrreernrrrm'sucimaunen4rnariiaimurufi e

14. flau{a a nasoh rfiqnlgoes) aarTan

15. qarffa a ilatoilurirdr{o ftas Just bought) riTura-fltrei larririra-rarrfsoqjiir.rhTr+nauf,

16. Hauffo a r,,rr n ul ihl(gQ uffr fi+ 6s uuaTrr n #rl or tia y d a s pr evs

17. qailffa c uenrardralrfi (are havtng) narardunduruadrrurnn"ui6Tarnarf,(nei{una*f

18. qauffa a tre6urdarrn (eat) unsfrouacalrrasirslnrnurcriifieatrofiniau

19. Hauffa a d"rr au r a sq rufi ndn (smel Is) fi aukaer fi 6ee r["rn au o Jtatr6 a

20. norffo c a"u rltrnrs{Sq (ha v e fl n I shed) 15 a ria ufrr

er a"ilfl f a u fr e y'[rJ un u ui r+ n-l q or

21. Hauffa b andrerasilanrarfi prrrurirfi'6 fl aiauqndr (remembers) "lfr'lndsrlnoeirr

22. c,,a:Uilab +"ud'm1rrh (am cookln g) a,nrrauffr a g'l*, a ud En dn orq4 ruri osTfl eu rldtfl e.l

23. qaufio c adruarru-qf, anrdr#u'lrl%suanu-uUhilrra(do_lolbelong)qrx

24. na:uila a {{rrludsfi arsntr naiautn (speaks) nrurara'rrld nrurdnluuasnrrrgoeuir

25. sraufio d fl ?nt?@ rirnotrasurnmtfl r+mardasrnauufrr

26. fiauffo c e*n-unauf qnrng@rinruyrusfr"ufi rudordtre'rrdn1

27. *oafuaqjdtnu" *urrdrairdou

aa:uila b (ls repatrlng) anrotrrracrluTamn'

28. Houffa c a"ua-nnruerilnfi6asfi"'a"riHE{haveseen)u-r+urdriafr'.rnrvsu5r

29. natfia b a'ulsi ar u m n a a n'[rL m au dlfi ahdralree (a m wa r t n g ) tfl e rflr^r fdr ri'ru a qi

30. narffa b e n'fir H a uf a"uft"lrifi (have not had) Ta n.rd iie s nare d ail {a u afi-ra'r

1,54 A' {nr"oatri 4nroirg

 Post Tenses

Exercise I
6an1ftrr past slmple ralrrisrlnNdu

1. -rl
iiufr r a"r+h (ruen| rja v wr rl a"s n qu1u rirsriu n q nu"n ai a t
2. *rhtfln (was) fisiiirtto6sl

3. ahag' (was) n"lrdantasa"udasnil

4. flrnre1rBJgilifl (vlslted) aoruiiiirlT au1qal'lnil,rel

5. lu1n1rf,r uanua,6'n (walked) lilmruntntttmssirs{un?{aanoail

6. lup1ufiu uenuerllil-(rued) tfierear"t

7. aTnrrlnvu6 (was) adrsuTurlanle

8. xuLisn (dtdrotroh) urnnir'la

9. udnrnrar'lfid$ (sa\d {sfiur"["rfraeasT u
10. eot@ drsr'nnqou-naiar+iiai1+rurdltutia

Exercise 2
-od
6en1ftl past slmple niio past contlnuous ro{fYtg1Ht2'ilall

1. a'r+tn (saw) nraurisir-%uudrlaalfluprfsuennar+da'urirdla, rfgeg' (was llvlng) tilfireadn

2. elndratnn (was ratntng) 6r-{uvuilenr?'rosdntnle (dectded) dotaqid,unaanfl'sdrsilrer

3. eilrhsifi (were you dolng) oJlenaudqtHutqrn-n{H (haPPened)

4. a-urirairis$ (was wrtttng) Eman-rddTmrasa"r+aqjnaufrteiau&na-(ealled) urtrduuaE
5. urnre.rn',ratrtio (were dtscus$ng) rlqrT rirr{r+iirirsruaqinauiiTtunaduraaulJsmed)
lorqan"turntarfieEl

6. uauoq{'dratr-um (was drlvhg) tasilesurflnoufrentasn'ttn (htt) fiuld

nrqaTovrei BASIC GRAM 155

7. teiauFn (was) qntqn"uli'reilln6seunesr&neior.r'lfiri,rufieri"rr,rruin (dropped) uazdu
(started) 5or'[ri

Exercise 3
GenHgrr past slmple r6a past perfect relniisrl$r{du

1. dauiiaheucrn (!eft) ertrtnsla-n a"il1ft6$xt1il (had been) ilegrrri?.te&r6afirer#su5a

2 - u,{fifuJhad he-drunk) rfi sdtilfi ienufiariariiu,raenqrn 0eft) ait'[r.r

3. noufiilantermf,r (got) iitiru urnrerrfin (saw) 'jrtprer.rlsor$'lfiqnEn (had braken)

v A f J taeJt
tfl 'ril't$,t 0 fl tilfl maa tt-r+n n neo lil

4. +h@ dra-u'lfiriru-sramen-nr os ahdrunrs (had Iost) qunas fl's a'u

nsrglu (trted) dqsars uQu Fi,r arfl rerir iin-fi Fr.r Fl.r?

5' nar+fitrnuernrft (arrlved) iiri,urasfidau r.mnrardnrru (dtscovered) .imaiau'lfr'

rhernte (had coo ked) fi"a ri.rlihl'r^n n rer fepl Uia s ufi r

Exercise 4

1. norfro d ahd'dlerufi (was takng) qa$fi oorTflas{rflr

2. narffa a frtrenrorq'uleirrahLqlar.turriauuasqunesfltH,r:hlGorl{uent) iiu'r+nr'oiriiufia

3. marffo b tTaoud'mtFn (was feeltng) trsurn ucin6iau"lfin"a8u1eiiquaan'hlffrsuano_ci6

4. norffa b a"uframtr(wanted)fr os'hl.i,rerd"ruciil"rn'urfi uil.rnrfi u"[r.t

5. narffa b n ou fi
-lo
a"uuu rai o u
t
nfsuan
.al
rai a udrdlEn (was standlng) aqjiia;ufi as

6. narffa a nru iln n-ufieyaarisina usiru' o6 unrdtr (read) n+i'sfr a

7. qouffo d ua urnrasJnnan (used to getuP) usirfl1$r' am oiliinria ur'n a qj iifi

8. nouffa d u"uarnrfi ull q omfi a'ld'eanlrjuf,e (had al ready l"ft) n a ufi a-r+ur n-s

9. narfra a eilnhrfl€rhffihod(wereyoud naurfr,rlersrf,rru'ar.uf

10. marfra d
;
n a u fi nr -e
n rn-q rir u n rfl u'i rl n e#n n u'[6'trEuJhadLaken) fi r+-s f, a r a s n rlil
156 o? {nfaanf lnroSrg
 l.
11. natffa b n ou
-,
nn zu lrreur a urlratftg$ (was studyl n g) nrtr a"lnqtoqi

12. norffa a ?rnr?ftl{rfl a1rrfl 1nmu1ilfl asilannnrdied$ (flnlshed) rdaeaefr1usiizuruan

13. narfia c nor+iia-udTdqq(waswatchlng)Tyren?trf rfr asn6srta;4fi oil-i

14. fiouffo a nn{a (bou g ht) a nfl u ei'o"il'ln ei d a 16 a u iiu6e usi n{ri Fi o tr t a t uh u r n wi rla u"n

15. nauffo b a'u ua rri"rh q n'tu a: ntu t nu ii a'tdT ft rh (wa s cookt n g) ar tratf,r oqi

16. notffo d qr t as+--u{ur{# (had been smokt n g) ufl uueard6r-r.lufien a udurT r6n4ttr+d4a

17. Hauffo a a'uhildhtldtdnl-eall) rnr 4 ord arT r+fi' u,ar gtnaFfnfr os a"*Gler

18. fiorfra a T
urrrira-seaenToradrarlasdrfl saqjnoufr urnloartrfrs (attacked) u$r

19. nailffa b a-uufi udrqntrarasa-udratnenna'u(wassleePlng)ahdsn"er8utq'laiilqnulr

20. eauffo c rdaelrfi"renua'r'[rla-sfifianinr"rliiu"reillsu?isflfr{dflanre'r'trina'1il6fft{h€dn'f

vlslted) rioutrlT#

21. notffa d riouiirrnua,r'lto1 ndoulfiea (had been waltlnd uenrarddn, fi eolrlrfl uuaar

a'rarfe1usufir

22. nau{o a er 6atn ru of Tn d'u t? dnrru (dt scove red) n-e r.t o nr6nrtu-rl a.Ft. 1492

23. Har{a d reudaEiiid{udarfioudufir n@ fr r1uuaariounrirf

24. notfra c *.Cr* (t *.ftt"n) ennursfi'rau-un-s{o-onTerior*ftud4otnrfilfia"rnrenatnd't

"a
25. notfra b ndauriraithn'tlndseT n (was cleanlng) frosil'st6irleauf,tffiur?lcrsur.lan{unre"r

26. grou{a c +11'tfidE ftad aSked) ?{2ntfl'tttltl'11{artrerirtarapre'triaufiurntrr'lfiHounnal

27. 9',a:Uila c q *r, q ntu na. Er"[fi64n (had-leek€d) rJ e; q1n t'r u ri a u due n nT aa n'[rl

28. natffa b uennnm(came)tdsufl ante1fi aretp,e'sfl a$fi ilenualarrflsa-cfl uffi osu6arn"r+

29. crauffa b ofiitu{uenr)'lTari"rlnfr+'lurieri'utqnamiiaiTuerT

30. natna c 4nruanS{fi"fiarnra{yts) traaeirsquuaufr o-tdu5r usin6iailfftfirrfl traToEI

dnrgeolufir

sraqatoYrd BASIC GRAMMAR 757

 Future Tenses

Exercise I
rn-ur.tflIsn1f;afl gmrifrra'wtll'ua:niisrr'qnfrertundar

1. A: prr*asrnflruoibfi
B. aruq:ro (wtll have) uquriitn"rflane'l

2. A: uaiff, nrrfi aau m #ufi"uaicjs rura-uois 1ua v o dn1ilfi as ne-r8

B: od1n"sra1ilr,asac'u arue;fr{ar$ (wtll do)'lfruaiuor

3. A: 6ra fiprunonfs qnrrira-reolnaoqjniontrir

B: td ahaodrtruoerrira-rurfisuA'rua a-r+esfln (wlll open) il?e,r,{

4. A: ri,r'[u4rxorralripTprr.lufern6"ofirrir1ai;
B: 6u aheilildsil (wtll vts[) nrda{laaard'ari"rriruuSalfiiu

5. A: q rr0s,rnenrruotrrari,r iiri,ru +'ruuar1n qaudasfi"n-u'[nu aia

B: rfiunmaraoiifi a"ue:rh (wttl brtng) "teritilfrae

6. A: qu"u8fiErrhaanumrnmdosrilflmndra
B: q r*^l n mr6a sri au ua ; a"uesTrnf?sn (wt l l phone) u6,rtrrh ii prerru rr aa on-Er

Exercise 2
rn-au*Taolf;gngtnffiaa'wt I l' r6e -won't, ua:n6arlnal6t

Iesu5atsitle:rfl$ (wlll schools be) niulalr+ar.nnn Tnn? dsaglua-a 14 -rJua;arrflaaqj

lunqsaouoau fipraratproufiudrTesrsetunre:fia'nrog (wlll probably be) unnciltaanliladrsilln

ernltltSErulllfloquh ""ufinp{il (wtll go) Iesr6s%u6i#{nrriasflu-re-l.rwi.nrvu Ea rnlfuo-qrd uan

utmsf?s$ (wlll work) frterun6ornaafierqaddlrsr6sr+ usiilrnuvrerhifi (won't have) nrerjruuas

4rur"t,'unu.ae:rfl$ (wlti be) riuar+oi ahaod{asrAeruear+r'hlr6suulnn.j{ugaufi- usiarfl.aqELi

(won't be) oeogarrn"

1s8 oa. {na"oanf lnrofry

 Exercise 3
tdenlillliqnfrar

1. A: "4rxfiasnratfra"urira4r*1ru"
B: "tai torqrxna"t ear{%q:riag (ls golng to help) ,{e{ros'

2. A: "4r*fiasnraeYrdrr6anruilEnalr'
B: ""aruesra (wlll have) nruilufied'une1"

3. A: "ri,luqnrdrdrudflsi'rrisrosqn+ei;"
B: "aruq:flrr (am golng to have) ortmnarsrinn"tqndTeralnqirasaru"

4. A: -a'u,ftfl ufr'asilan-uaora-ilfi"'
b: --zuilfl 'ra{s&aaitfi.ur,rnufi.1r*u orrfi' urierruqsndunr (wll l be) lun,rafl a-s'

5. A: *uarunrerasqrxdmaht'unqnuhaiou6oaJta"
B: "+-ueihdeil (am gotng to vlslt) ilauaitasa-'ulfluraardardrua,-uuavqc'tilfiorif,s'tilfiaeodn'

Exercise 4
Je
6On619eUllQn9A.{

1. narffa b ahd'rpqthahcj[rra (wlll call) rrqr*r"ufiiia"u"tfidtrireprmeashurfi'rs

2. qouffa d narfi"rosaiurqrf nouc:un (ull be flyhg) aqimfiaurrdegteuonuaufinesn'jrs

nra6nrrs}luadgl"%

3. nor{a c nesrttlr6iruvuqfiri"rrr+-nrurn a'nes6a (wtll carry) rlru*s1t1n#r+1frqr*uas

4. naufio c frasiltTfiuradnriau qrxrrn'jratne:nn (WIl lt r€tn) lnu

b *a6{frosnraundrn-rqr*' *nqnmronroadrarare;Trm
5. crauf,o (wlll cal!) trtoan"r+fifr'jTs'

6. flarffa d riauqr*o;nairur rdautar4nrnsqsaen6$it (wlll have left) }Juerfir^tadrfieru5r

7. groufra c il?nr?1@ 4nraqjnouiiankanfis

8. nar{a d "ililn'nsrauf,rr6oTuruqsfi"u;' ""talvrufiter arue;rirat{rlr$ (wlll be worklng)

nouf,tu6nTus'

g. aor{o c *a-unecn,rprli"'rerrn" "arue:r'r

(wlll gel) adlarur1fi4rxdu rorldnniari"rtrfids'

nrqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 159

10. nauffo c nailrfidne;#flftt (wlll start) nousrtusnar

11. natffa d nar*raoaeifr fi rdruratosa"uqsna'!flr (wlII return) luEnErLuT fi

12. nat{a c utn"uiianT fiu;! a"ue:slail (wtII be weartng) G"ou6nrnn3uprs

13. norfra c rirkr q nr"[+i l alfiq il dasais a"uunledrmrq:des (wt Mel p) q or

14. narffa b nfiitTdruqrfi fl anre, eg$a$mEsnsm (wl I I be lylng) u il{1trfl ,ts

na a o r"tfu

15. norfro d uuuau'imrnreTqlLitd$l (won't have flntshed) sruri'sflunriaurearfi"rosfuuqrf

16. Hauffa c nqorroeirnan6suu'oqoru,rn-sdd qnras+"uegrhs1!$a$rCiJsti (wll be sleeptng)

17. notffo d d.n-,rr"tu*u (*on't 1.""")'trt'lruToa'leifi 4ol

^n"r"lri..n
18. norfra d 4 nru, rE'uuaru'lfif,Bilqs d amrq:'tdlfi{r (won't be dotn g) a Jtedd.ro-rglnea n

19. nar{o c a-uoo'jrnresiler(wtllfl nd)drsrufihrautqdourrlnir--ull

*a'uoan}lnrsr+an.tru1fi
20. norLffo b urerca-$1sifirtilrag' "acit4eo}luas +he;lffiu (wtll lend)
rtr+urinnuas"

21. Hor{a c nour6erTus ilrnuaT c:rfidtaa (wlll be waltlng) nSost-urasuanntdnrrsarrn-s

22. norffa d nratu 4n #r.t oti r6n tler n uq"qflfim (wil ! have spent) rtur oqnrrrar o'hlufia

23. narffa b aha!&JtuflLsend) SmarrprornhqEiah'ltnsTasuaudahrff ru-n

J)ae
24. nar{o c urarfl[urd a unri, a"uqsrr6nrfl6$ (wt I I be enJoyln g) n"rfunq nr'naio r+

25. Hauffa d raTfl uilsuFiiluurnaufriTrus"lulfi aruc:drotd$ (wtll be playlng) {nrLoanhrdoul

c) o9 d ^ -r u6E--
26. srouffa c nlg[uuralfirasilnri, eofue:rfiuw-n (wtll have saved) "Hlfiprarnu-snduoaaard

27. narila d ocirlvrenra'uasfi'irsraaruilorTnsn-sriiss ahcgrha'qrhm$od (wrll be workrng)

28. nor{a c a"u pr

adran t'rar asfl enuares (wl l l be) eeaua;fiii a6asl$#ni'1.ifl il{

29. narffo c ahe:ri?s (wt I he p) I I

4 rx rh fi d ah rf rler ee n ra fi"66e f,"u

30. narffo d nrs1urdss ilanuere:rrlfid$ (wtll have flntshed) n-rnreuiumufid

160 n?. 6n?GNl.[ flnrQ?ru

 Possive Voice

Exercise I
err.t"aanEl actlve tf;iflnEl passlve

1. This activity will be done by the children.

nane?ilfl se0nfl 1 [nau??a']nn"l

2. The ball was thrown by the player.

qntaalfiqnth{oa{uiu

3. This book is studied by these girls.

fl il--sd 0taeJ 1{n n a'l % [aelmntJ?1 6u{1fl 41il

4. A good meal has been prepared by the cook

atnrefi"a o a o u'lfi q n r.tq sTo a vi a nfr

5. The dishes were washed by my wife.

o'ruqn fiT sTnaneeart as a"$

6. The bread is ealen by the dog.

tuuflsonfiuTaa{n"t

7. The robbers will be arrested by the police

Teeer q no't q uTn Eit61nfir d sirem

8. This house was built by mY father

rr utra-'suond't1€fl il [n go ol1'101 a{ ilrr

9. A decision was made by the managers.

n
T
a n-n fr ulo q nf,"r 1 aTa et uaa rnfi tl"'n n ra

10. Four books have been written by him.

tr ut f, a ?i ui ulfi q n rfi s ufr1{To a urr

11. This tree was planted by my grandfather

fr u'tfr fi u dtfi q n r1 q nTo a q rurl t o I a'u

12. The accident was seen by several people

qumt$sl[nqnilutfl'
4 e -ulotafinnurnilrel

nzqalcYrei BAslc GRAMMAR E

 Exercise 2
esrtdanqil passtve Ifrlflfl?il aclve

1. Peter will wear this sweater.

fl rn o de s d e il 6"a n-r+ r r+m n-r fi'

2. Mr. Green teaches the biology class

Friln?ft6ail2{,1{2afls,l

3. The thieves stole the money

Tq e n a r er pnr rTu s r, u'hj

4. The children have done the work.

6 Ye .d ."
"
rdn 1 ldrirlT urdieR%u5r

5. Tom is going to see that film.

fl aars rtilnl?ls $ ndr6or #il

6. My sister painted this picture

1,t61?1ASil1-[21A?U1{

7. Many people watch this program.

9a -v
il FI li3t 1 ft 8l1El o?,tEl fl 1?1{

8. rlames will send the letters.

re u dq r6ise a fi u,rcrilrn fi'

9. Paul organized the party.

ilaaso{,11{[afl{

10. Millions of tourists visit Paris.

r+"n ri o s rd fl r fl a,r s 6,r u o ulil rE' Er a{ t il n ar il 1T d

11. An architect designed our house.

d ntl rin frm u's16'a anurufi1ilfl 0 {?,r2fl r?,r

12. Steve took this photograph.

oi
dHll0mnl?t1{

762 6tf 4na"oani' 4nrofrg

 Exercise 3
^od
rcr-e$iTsnlfraaporifiaaErJ past slmple ua: passlve re,{fl?g1[tt2.Qlall

traaarnu'lfiQnr,rurfin (were seen) naurlnqnuffr}.ttutjtuta-stu*uuunt uii#r+aTrfaaqi

m'o6u# rfirrri,riisireeoQnlrra6sn (were called) rarfllntrlatlfisodrmrnrsruTn tTafitu*lQflq"u

'ltlaiflr tranus{
lXlwas caughfl 'lunhfi {rs6nnuru*sralnfltrl usinr,qnfllgl-a (was found)
gnrlrda (were taken) "lrlEr-ran']fisireaqiiiirilrnurrQnderelr$ (were questloned) uennirTotr
r6rfi ri'rd girarq ilrsfi fis trad a s ufi"Qnnd,nnr (we re
nr char@ lu fr a nrtqaneeu

Exercise 4
GanrlT naudqnfror

1. narffo c ru-l;larreiru3ngnffi (are used) Tnc'r"nfesn,ra{},rafltr.

2. narffo d ri'nfaauiira6aaaarn{dffifir{wos-glven) tunraf,nmtu"rliiu5r

3. naufio d frfrtfia-urou6renrirda (were taken) dsTesvrsrilra1nerudtrririio"t$rfie

4. narffa c enenrni'n-r+#r+en{t (ls drtven) tna{rfudfioariu

b. fiaufia c na'snrrasoraraQnilrlf;rasnrg (was damaged)'lurt4auurqu-nudadasdrur"triou

6. narffa b ornrerirsl"lfiqnetfi{t'$ (have been b,t|t) tnflnrndr€"lff

7. nat{o d u-rt-ilufionTnuaclfiotoelilen%'$ Tnaqr*aratas+"u

B. ct ailffa d +"ulfffu (om+Uve-n) tastfrgiiudtidu'tua"urfi atas+1u1n1-rJ

g. c e@
nouffo
"lrler-ssruf#es rir1u4or6ilultdv

10. nor{a b m6ase'nameirfi"gdf,lere used) lun'reardudeuilesnaualn,arirslr{'rfiean"r+

11. nalffa c ilrnulrQntq (were told) tfrag'lurhutuaatrjrsdufinu'rq

12. Hailffo d ri"ril6xrorurn,nde (s drunk) lue;t'iTsnredsuris

13. Hoilffa c qnlQndr (were taken)'liltes6erilloeran[oadreilasd']flrr

14. nar{o d fi?iad1e'tarf,u'tfiqnfi{ (has been hlre4

Tosflu-sBafiufidnesan6uaare,trfis

nrqalowi BAslc cRAMMAR 163

 15. Haufio a I*rrsrur16'ea-u'l?ililacdunleornreri.xrulairfludsiienu-so-u.hfiolfi (ts requtred)

16. qouffa a fr aml as a-uends (was sent) '

6 uar ailey nar n ur n-u,a" ar.,r* fi

17. qauffo d qrE*qdruar+*Tnqnrtfl f;rn-nrsn(arecaused)Tnsnrefuqiiia-ufl erel

18. norffo c '

r1u rils
Ie
1lfiengn6'n (were cance led) Tn e fl rsil fl .ri ilfl r a-er r% a sq r nlai fi ff(auan s
prarardu1quffr??aJutEr

19. narfia c %"nr5g unn n %q;'lfifir (wt I be I g t ven) ii ar,l'1flua ran?ait+

20. Haufra b r8"a u6 n rn n ii fi ar Er r uu r fr 4 nlaonfi Graruou+r) Tn a rd a u a fi n I os a-*r

21. narffa c s1u rusnil nq:enri'ltfrdfrti (wl I I have been com p leted) nral%raalfrrTer s
?0{tct%21.[%

22. sa\ila a tnrlec ufl Ftd fi fg' aurfnr nrau6 an nvsila; oru1a u 6ene'nf$ (are heId) 1 n 1?irL

23. narfra b zuan1?dou loaqrunraitrnma.snqr

fl0s?{?nt?1

24. na:uila b n rirsirrQn{T lf,unn (was broken) tn aufinfrrra { nfi s ii rir a's*i,,r^1 nr aa oqj

25. narfia c utunJ n;qnnru (ts drunk)'lufi{eisfi1s-ilrir

26. natffa a uA alfiqn$ G[as-bowht) to a il a il fl a-s e r n fi n r n nm r r-a d ar n fi uuti r ud a #rt n r t{ii ufi r

27. na:uila d qnqn#r (have been told) hloqjnralurirunaoodruf,r

28. moilffo a 4 uh@'l u usi a v filTo suri rir u tr+ t nr y fr udr r a.! rir a-s a Ei

'lu rirsfil tr g ar,fnaia u

29. narfra c n t"sf, a rl nuiu'lrem'il 0 #ulfignritr (hav e been rea4 Toa ueror il'nfea ur a surnrar

30. aorfra d 2"n tfi od'rs1'lfienft { (have been wash"d) ri a r+ rirura-r rhs fl 1%

1,64 ae. 4na'oanf 4nro6rp

 Conditionol Sentence

Exercise I
1

1. fir4nraara qr*q:ufllr (wtll solve) fl{Un1"[d

2. qrxoriroJta firqnrerrrrm"a (wtn) daTnfitutis

3. a'usvflrlao'hl firu"nnrn-s (arrtves) Featxa'l

4. frrarnrdfau +"u*r"nirtn (oPen) nrirsirs

5. ufinntraovuir+{mtaa firqr*nqotruTn (lets) }r?ntirr

6. frrqrx"lultmut6"ss flentineg8n (wtll be) finnr"r

7. ahovTretrrqr* fira'ufi (have) ura'r

Exercise 2
2

1. a'uenilsruG"nr firqorriru (lnvlted) dt

2. firqrxlnnru, o-snqrg1fi6 qnrq:flrn$ (would earn) lfiurnt-"u

3. anrasorxqs{T rtu{qtra firqrxttr(geve) rtuutr'tr]

4. fir4r*rlrosahaanrira-snrs ulres (would be) fi41nruufisuosn*r+

{- -.Y ' , . )
5. -r\ r.
(stoPPed)
aruqsif,ndfiu frTqn^rtqn {4t"4
6. fiTnriauurqcguo ndauestf; (would gtve) a-uuriqr*

7 . a-%qsf,"a6"au6nunnsi'xlnsi firahfi (had) tir+aqlrirs

Exercise 3
3

1. firqzuurTnaanur+ei' qr*asq;rh:fls"e (would have saved) uaa'l

2. il?nt?'rrr{euaqiiirhr+ firelnnn (had ralned)

nrqalerd BASIC GRAMMAR 165

 3. fr"r+"ufdmeiautea ahrNq:dr (would have sent) oanl#lt'hindauufir

4. ,rnr"."^urrorn-s#rndrfi- fi,rurnrarrrn (had caught) an'turiiar g Truuffr

5. firahf,drqrurir#sur a"r+nNeitil (would have gone) a'rLqrxdau.rufi uufir

6.
- \vcu
nnrnle;lda-unmnateltudr fr'rqunaon (had fllled) urruadufl
- e

7. fi1ant1sfla{?,nnre.rdsndrd Hlam:'tdlfl$ (would have been) eiraao

Exercise 4

1. firnr'tri (Unless) roTru a-uo;hi1an-rnr6nuaer

2. ft 0D qrula"narreal ilxfl rfl1q,aanuar+nrr'lttncr'leiaapror
3. fir (ll) nrioulaie"nfiostasneior+b1u{tr+asrfiau rrruueita.rfi6iauayffinTneo
4. r6nloullrdaarrerrro'lua-ur^rqsf, dretu"lri (unless) Hna{il1
5. ilrn ralq Jteifi Jleyrr un-suaa fir (f) ue nrer'l*r'[rl-,t*.t afurdrfi n
a

Exercise 5

1. marffa b firufi n{nf soudl+im's'lqfen% traiaue:Liih$ (wr[ not pass) nredarprevsf

2. narffa b fiT q r*ntr (ate) ar"n ri,x 1 ru,rnnsu fi araeanrr os n nroa q6n drf
3. narffa d fir trei aulfiilrnr (had fol lowe0 pi.ruu clr'rr os +-ll tr ri a u nso cil rn-sr6rnd.r f
4. natffa a nrrqrhifi fl 1s'[fis1 il?ir*s frT n r'lrirde (srarts) awrmr+ rirlu n, u fi-
ar

5. Hauffa d fi'ruenra,rfi us u n-n n-eu rn n-irf r^,nrerqihJ (would go) {unrilau Hd

6. malffa b qrxe: (wlll get) 6'ar fir4rx'leimaorfiuurnruro#

7. Hau{a d frrah'lfiqerqaoutugSq a-ilnsegrfifl (wourd have seen) fiafiouarof,

8. marfia c tr res'trirfl $ (wou Idn't be) u-n fi rh fr 6 ni u fi"uafl ft H,ilsiln? n fl o ar a dr s n ilh

9. qauffa a
4 r*o ; r^rr #rltt n"r q nr frealn u fir 4 rxhJgo) d r r s fl ,r
o

766 ne. qnfoarf 4nuo6rg

10. eailffa b frT
-"t
"t
T
r+dasnrt (wa nts) }]la s 6 fl rr +-u q c r"il e n'til eis uo a ii +t'r, m s

11. narffa d ft q rxldln{had-spoken) a d r s {r 1 n ei a r+ orq v tffdo 4 r*1rl ufir

12. noufra b a n 1 o r fi n m u4 r fr'r ur n ut rltil-(ruere) rii ar1ufu n e; a u"n ai a u

--P
13. Eauffa c dnrunraninrqsdfru firdnrllarnrptd (had been)

14. Hauffo b firu{ruranr (comes) ranurrfl %aatd'ra"urira"taeie;r'jrrrlatlu

15. crauffa b fr1 fi ar I a silrnuarirutr+ nevr fi" Tdtq: (wt I I be) fi Enrer {r urn

16. Hauffa c a-r+e:riru (wou ld I nv lte) rfi a ut as a-t 1n pr u frr a"uarrl'a o g'lufir t refifl n qi

17. narffa d frranxrfliras?,renuerln-(had spoken) nrura-snqr*lfrd utrprsqsl6'rru61rirlr]ufra

18. Hauffo b ilauesroufl rsriasrdsaeauTan frrutrenerse"a (won) darnfi uutil

19. matffa b q odq q a'[si a a nernhsilnrula firuvih' (doesnl) ff,n 6fu

20. Hauf,a d ft amrleifi o#rgqr ur^l rdmr a ra.ru nrsq:snTfl n (would have forgtven) tr1elerufia

21. nau{o b tr ei o ue s n 1 d1'[rl t u er a u6dn1u16' ft tr ai a r+lai e os (boo k) ntal5uri rfi u 1

22. aa:uila c firurrhialr'lue-uf r^n nraT qilna (wt I I phone) nrutrlurirsdu

23. narfra d rloresrl,l (would you do) oJta firqolvrlneu utriiufi rulilfiretNuilr+eniles{irfl rs

24. fiau{o c fir ahlffi n-(had heard) ri 1 eil s r n eofa r n 1 rl q"il n t q v fl nau cl o m"e u r fi ael

25. not{a b frr q r*'tairfi a r+alu a-r+et6u (w I I forget) iie sfi s6 $r a fismr

26. natfra b fi mnn n rfi (had) eu #n n-r+ ur n ul r o ;'[t]

-"d
url a dat rfifi a

27. ciia:uila c fi rfr dmtara-ut(knew)iEnmn-uaottdauesfi"aensilsi'dno"il

28. natffa d frrurr'lfiaanuailfl 1{sr?{tlfl ttrnsq:]bir*rn (wouldn't have mIssed) rfr fl efi %
u A s { r . t \ ! 4 d t 9 t, ? _-1-_
29. grauffa b -u-
o1u??n1t?{ailrlrunrtqO-(dodlStOp) cisufretliirlrna'rnit+n"u a-uqvTfltudsFl'raae

30. Horffa b fi r u-n feen+m air dttte sr 6cm n rx o ?@ To e s lr ulfi uri r{ a n til't

*qrl.rri gAsrc cRAMMAR g

 Non-Finite Verb

Exercise I
rgililflIaolf;enrgr*Inalflp tnfl nllve r6e gerund rasnA?d$tl6rl

1. aeirEut'nnon (to tell) riraurinnfiaer

2. "druoarhinaaoueYrir'tdf,r (maklng) nararfi nuarorirsl

3. uanuttirdrufqttmradouuh$ (to pass) fla{?,r?flrlr1

4. fl ai a r+ ri1a"rfi eranrmtailn (bet n g) durfl n r as {uaanrur+

5. fidrrrrasahuu6nmrSun"rntrdn (walklng) rilunarsdrshlu

6. nrr'laidrumndcr{e (to Uuy) ansusi'#nF]-1.r"[fi

7 . rdaqrxraSof,"un"rnrtrh (dolng) nrarit+rasnrx Trema-rry

8. udaulrosalrsihf,r.r'ledqJtil (ro go) lilahsrd

9. uilr+ruarrosa-url4ueoCn:rru (to see) +-u6n

10. utruur drhairfrnlt:.L(golng) n o r+dnnrira-s tru a qj

Exercise 2
railfficTsalfrenrgmfinatfgil tnfl ntlve rie gerund rosnis{$alr6u
1. reiauaulo'h+ntain(plavhg)wrufid

2. r^ran ur tfi ou a"utfirhjto_do) sru frtfrtr u ou nr{ 1fl

3. fl r+6"randtrsflasneior+1frCI-(tq Jat) rdaufi'aa

4. qndrsratmldtra"rntmn (comtng) ara

5. qnrnqnev4'umrtf;riFg(ta_study) ru-ns-"r+

6. rdnfftT arJe;duprarud,u$etuntrdouahn (passlng) na€rfl.r

7 . a-il rira-s mvsy fir nus nr n aantrlrj (got n g) fl ?€a oil o a r+

E o?. Ftn?-carri unrofrg

8. +-u"leidraneof'n?rnrlfiar{to-eome) n"ta"u'lfi

9. q rxuei r a r a"ue"tlerlff n"t ntten (bet ng ) n"n Q"s te s

10. u6prur+sd1a-u!fui1 (lolenl) ailrdnwufudslnei

Exercise 3
dia -o.,
$r-ertes1anlfrgepr*1na1ilErt I nf I n tl v e
I ge rund re{fitg1ttt2.|ltall

1. aeirSudn:{a (to buy) tru"s;lafiu{

2. a-uq uhifi fl rsSuntt'tdsfin (seet n g) fl smlfl $ na"luenLael

3. rfinfitmtqnrin (playtng) !nuoata-so'tnnreu6rLiiqtu?{n0{rlrr

4.'luecr.irr fl
,ts'lr]riiastrei urnrarrq or^t'nudadeitildgil (to vt stt) q r*qst a s a1u

5. ahuf,alot're:froluds (to say)'jT qr*aatltthiinn

6. a-u 6 o.jr4 r*o vuaate nhnramn (tel I tn g) amu a-u tr"stru nt ar q oruritt't

Exercise 4

d I - -ih.tiiilttanileg6i'lflrs%s q"ililaetfiueoilas{,rrrsrira"stl
1. Hou{a c t?2'1111{0El flxnmlna{xs
(comlng)

2. notffo d r6n{traua;r6n{n {sri T

s'ilu t atntafll (l lstenlng) mrar

3. Harffa d o- ulf, n ar t u*s'f

'rTer
str+nrerir (dol n g) n re tir u t a I ut r

4. narffa c 4r*o;o'sufi ao"ltrude;fi ie$(dropptng)qane{reiau'ufi"asluneiaslfr

ahnuoer

5. nat{o b qoraa, nrin (playtng) urnuriar.iT erdtru

6. srauffa c uen rarrira"s 6 odT e:th'$mq (traveI tng) Toereo'lu

7. qotffo a pr nrfi un n ar a ii 6 riT sln u dr teYt nttdhilnr ( not ca I I I n g) tr +-"u

8. noufra c a-rrn-ianriaerhiqorueirat+-utfi {to-g[e)arlrg,ma'uaan}irdera{1s%on

nzqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR L69

 ae-.)
9. HA1l10 a rfr ouaaf;frnmfi as uvtfifl oilr{1$ (worklng)

10. nauffa b ,r.ur*r U.E o ft*td atnerir iinh fi 1 a.r?a1fl 116 %uri r nr.l*s

11. narffa d q rxrJev dr fl rg mr'lo'[n u1unratn (speaklng) nrlr a-s nqu

12. marffa c arar Eru dq:{o (to buy) q a nlfrrfi a rlrle-urfi nurtrud,r?fl a {ar}r

13. qaufra b a'u"laid.urenins6s (to waste) *a{unmilfl reru a 6u.rer#a s fiIuri 4 r*'tfr'

14. narfro c toeaaue"r*rldrflr (entertng) uTturilr+usineimdrurrlruld'riro;'le'lrrua*r

15. norffa d ahdrlffilasrdf,Jploy|ng) {n n rn a u a-uer-srfl ur6n

ao-i
16. Ha!fra a ufr orrr as a"%rdil a fi qsriae a"%{an (to repa t r) ano-negrugu c[r as ah

17. marffa c tdr%1srasa"%prrona"ra"utr1ril{1il@#ari4owirtiocrfl u'hl"lfi

18. narfio b qhdrer"lillfrn'unresn (fal llng) tr4arfnq r*

19. Houffa a ah6alo n1nldft (not lstentn I g) riru% s ?ir1 as n rxila r or a'u rn1ilq n
e

20. narffa b fllnuarrita"sqsaanlilflruamrariruonriru qrxournihftadir-(to3h) niLr,,ranrer'l6r

21. narffo b
)
clhu11ud1$hsruilastfie|ruulri,rurnter'jr@eufisna%8sfirns.|

22. qauffo a urnnrn"o8ulon'q;"lrt(togo)u6ardalu6iumvrfiir^rasehfl f

23. narfra c '[61'r.]eofigor'netflrg
(rntemuoflng) ahnauiiahrira-eilsrsrua6rrsoJlerrsacirr

24. na:uila b r^nnue'r'[r]uaugiufla-sqrnflanuartdSef"un-unrrhnrrerlge,In (cleanlng) fiasne-a

doo-J
25. narffa c unnuhu6suflSnr6asntrner (looktng) q6rFr? fit^rrnutr'lrifr'asnrefiq;Eorrirnrer

26. Hailffa b aht aTnrgnri ouuri n ai o uu4rdode ggafl fiJ (to accept) il-r.r

27. na:uila c 4 rufi ar a fl a {rfl r'lfifr'.ruuvrnrs (to eat) oTrrafi'fi n auadrn aea adr

28. flaufla d a { 1ua c ni o ri1 a"s 6 o n"r+drelunifl fl (g ett I n g)'[ u u6 a n fi n u r er r

- -e1,-
29. narfia d ttds{fi -
tdnhraanafl {lsrasndaudr@ rnr"hf,au1

30. nalffo c qh o srnq c rn a u q r*d {fi h (to_brlng) fi a n-r nirrrri(n r o sila n ral
4 a ufi a e ar S n ei ur fi a a

770 a? (nfinrf 4nro6rg

 Modol Verb

Exercise I
,fraur;tnffira 'can','cantt','must' tlii0'mustntt'
A v-'
t. a.rrr1lrraset1fl ruu' dulfidfefm&anD ri1 neru dc ar arlo st as 4"1+'[fi

2. aJtrira-snntu-n qmfros (must) dT autasqr*"ltfira

3. uuadru+m (can) -lr+n*r+frr+1ettfi uri4u"ntiaram (eanD

4. urnrarfros'bi (mustn't) u6nnan"lff(uaaudlatar*s

b. oafi$unfle{1n ulrtridrertm (can't) kiuilrdtnriloa"lfiGurn

6. uenutrfres (must) }liior+romriufi' mnrefuifiNun"Huatr

7. urnuarfiaetrn o-snyr+urnuetdtelrutm (can) rnTuu{ueittn'r+}.1'lfitra'rcrfl"r+

8. r.l-nriastiiaafret (musf) ri, trisf ou6urn'rs"[r.tfirs$l'oilenutr'lrlgirsilesuflFl

9. mhlntaadotlri (mustn't) duah4ntaafiesfiarlotilrnurr

10. roouilurHnnrenfias roalhidurm-(can't) rTutfi"alfi usiunadfltm (can) duuerlfi

Exercise 2

1. frr-tiidar (must) nqaufradrgrulnr"lileareaLflr+fruor

2. 4or@ ilTau"lilfirs alueJteinn

3. a-litrifipaT a-r+del (must) oan'lrlufirtumrr*f n*ru'rra'uesilalnaolnerdlailerdlflrs

4. q nrdrntm (Cou ! d) eo ri. fi tt'lff(fr a"r+ n a r+ ii a"r+l+i a
-a'[d[t
u

"lrliluuilntius
5. qrxqlairiaaduaa qnrnaa (should)

6. 3dt*irqiii,j." nriauame: (mt ght) r6unrs'lr]nqslr-aaufie

ahffleifitrfi aunh

7. fiarsrqiarflFldruauurntt{dil qnl@ fl"ouacl

n;qaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR g

 8. fiTqrxfr'ornrefeauffroalontro-snqu'l#nriasupraia qr*d,rrtnfrar (need) #s'le

9. noardrutm (can) reitunur+a'lfreiauffrsd ah#r+n-rrrraqjrualnlfurqn{o#r.torri

10. 'r'ranuarrootrurfl (May) oan}Lu{ien6ildt6'lrru" "[6' uri4r*ftlLi (mustnt) na'rLenfin"

Exercise 3
rnlnffi :Tantf;aurlmfdaaniardrgn'rru,l:dil

1. u6nomq: (may) ilrsruusissrura{fl2flra1 uciflenn,rfflsiuu'lq

2. qnuvuarnrlaiuur a-uarutm (can) f,i'lfi

3. narasahdnrhflarlfl a"r+frer (must) frrrua

4. ahl aIfl uu a urir,rr nrerlUetrrrm{ean1) il 1s1 ur6"fl s I asq r*Tua-uqs dt6'

5. +hnrtae: (Sha I l) f,"o ntaxu n a u6fnl#lnu a-uufi udr q nrejs ufi u}t
6. qrxnar (should) fr er'l$in"rra1euT n*iuf a-u6n-jru-ilevLfl udsfr .irsurn

7. "truoerhidrntm (could) Mir+filst%lfiHauiireiouarqfil$ril usirror+fi"rdaudtrtm (can)

I Yrd
t6t1{tooeJln

Exercise 4

1. Hauffa b darerasa,-rdretm(can)Tnnrura'snquuaanruraJr&r*la16'eraioeuln

2. norfra c
qd,aJa
ar"uril u rfr a s fi 6 u r n 6 a w u-r q rx oae (shou ld) }j d EI et t u uh #nr-l.r

3. narffo d u"urira"sesd.ruufia a"r+d,uilnfror (have to) }]ufr'atuq ouf

4. norffo a ua uurfres (must) ff,nrd a nurer n-il s,rrr I a s fl 6i a ri u-ur+rrl' aurnofs 1

5. Hailffo b 4 orrir a"s a ;}t dr s il"r fl 6 a a-u stril"m (ca n)'[t n-u q rx fir alA'tn u

6. Haufro c { u"n r a r a"%alrilam (cou I d) n a ;Ta olfi 4 s u r n n a r+ fi u-u a.r q rTo a n dr f

7. nouffo d a"ues'l$islerriufr"rttar+ri'rdanruildnufietrfl*sr?on qnrfrer (must)
uorduuul
8. nauffa b uhlfl upraruaYr qrxfrer"tri (must not) uan'lpremsrfi srn-rn-u

@ oa. (nfsanf rlnreirg

9. nailfro c fi Lil r+tesfl fl rura fr n urira-sr+ a r+u'n o qj n"sriuuqrxnat (shou ld) a glu oerardst

10. crauffa b +-rlnae! (Cou d) I qa n-t 4 rx#n r r+ a fl'ldtr u fi t r s a ei r s fr dr ri'ru rfi o n-it

11. Haufra d a-u fr as nraofl n-ilqild orru f usi q"@ fi 'rn'rl4u

12. narfra d q orfrosti (mustn't) 4u1 r-oii fi uhril um n rla o o rpr5

13. crauffo c a-r uula'h q rxq: (wou I d) a-n n 1fl Er il fi d6 as f n'u er on d a e{ uael

14. natfra a sf'ulidffim-(ead) 6rlcrnlnra'lfr'itirlnrriar+6susissrun'un'r ut'rrflunuTiuirxrn

15. Eauffa c zururo (lvlav) fl a drfl n"u Fr rxafi aldtnar eraYr

16. natffa b r*q: (wou ld) rir a c'latu d n']nnmn{uul a"u a"ufr a snreriruu ;rirt as a rx
4
-
17. Eauffo d qoidor-tri (mustn't) 6uiiq;rirartl?a0ne'rnunlarlmour6aTus

18. Hailffo c ilxnrfl 10 anq1na0r+Fror{F ar+ilrerdru urnnrrdsnra (should) u,lfiriifi ufirlr+r tud'

19. aarffa d q rxnee : (Cou d) iil I o n riT ci 1 strin u a eilfr'tn er ffr s1u fi"er"%60 u

20. natffo b +'r+frasnta(would)iie;f,"aTnen-F{riqu6arn"r+dtilfl i{rhutara-"u

21. narfro b aul'Inaarafrer(must)prrou{ut"nrlan"snaaotaar

22. natffa c +hnsq: (Cou I d) t oi a rdartd ut u rii t t as alu mI a Pr"[d[n u

23. mauffo a qorcg$ilould) fsrfiere'lflufi1esqil"o111etflsdasuoeecfl'irsryxnei'trirl'lfiruael

24. nat{o d ilen ralorqe: (ml ght) }L qno u6dnfrraJut gon n ilanteret-€'tsiunls uacl

25. Houffo c ef
'utiararm (eanr)'lfi fi u4 rx'[6 q oru aa;
1 o n-s n*u"ldltr u

26. narffo d qr*aat (should) rruar-ntat1tfi orfirqrufrasnrafi dtnrufr u{suas

2/. F|A\nA b q rrlnee : (Cou d) nti"'ufi {fi a'u

I r+ du #n ufi'r't6'[t u

28. crarffo c X6framrt (would) iiquhdsutuufi arlnEaudndauaqiii fi r1u

29. crarffa c esorn-afanltridrutm (eouldnl) #u1fi6nrnrda-r.tiiufia clo%fi"ilanutr6s-"turn

30. Hauffo d r6nnriruuanfi"drfitda(haveLo) fi ur+ouriou 7 Tusnfs urnutrfi t6sunou 8 Tus

rwqaTonci BASIC GRAM *oE

 Reported Speech

Exercise I

1. John said (that) he had seen that movie on Wednesday.

I rlv cJ U uA
q 0fi $fl a12x'ttlt't [otatnlilEIfl st?t?a!%r{ua? [ilm[1{f

2. Susan said (that) the train would probably arrive on time

tqrunriradranlr{orqe;u'tfisn?{r?a1

3. The man said (that) he had to finish that report by ftve o'clock.
trfl frfi"n 6ire'j'rucr'rof 1r{Ir.l6'a s riralas.ril#rllr1ra6e ri a % frrTusdu

4. Mr. Brown said (that) he didn"t drive a car in the rush hour.
q nrr em rfn riredttrki r"ua ntu d'rTer ues rir u s

5. My brother said (that) he didn"t want to carry my books.

riasilarar+"fl neimd,usrkifi osnmfi esfi arrl'sfr aqrara-r.l

Exercise 2
rilCe$rhltson'e"trrfi frAtnErrffi itsnr'*rArtnilri,r

1. She asked her boyfriend iflwhether he lived with his family

teiannraruiluruurasreiou'irHr'lfi orrl'soeinirnearna-rtosnntt6a'[ai

2. John asked Sandra iflwhether she was listening to him.

ea ?iu n rer {r u o a,r'i r tr ri a u ri,r a"sfl s m,r a ei n 6 o"[ei

3. He asked me what I was doing at the weekend.

nnorua"il'irahecf ras'[eTHa"ilrsprdod'rln,rr{

4. My mother asked me where my umbrella was.

qrxuainT na"u'jreutasa-iloeidt
"
5. She asked Tom what kind of films he liked watching.
nciaunru rau'itrr{ar{arn1ileunfilasmfllo

@ oa. 4nfoanf rlnuoiq

 Exercise 3
Iildc${"!Tgodohrf, fraglrrfl tt:tand*rntrlne+dr

1. My father fold me to keep all the windows closed.

' s
'Oq^'
Ail?rau 0nilil?1 [?1ilo111['l9l'l€11fl 1111{

2. The robber told the woman to give him her money.

teailann'ilfl fi sff r+'r+' j'r1ridsrtulosnaioulfi uriutr

3. She told her husband not to forget to take his key.

rriatt andrfi torteiau'ir'lulfrfiurirqrguotasuit'l'hlfiaa

Exercise 4
)e
taenfn9euflQn9a{

1. Hailffad fl?flrflluanlnntatitlenutru{uguld)'leirhuh6n

2. qau{a b qrxnqtawriaunrua-udrrriausrrlsad (ltved) iiu'utr5o'lai

3. narffa a urruonq'udtt,@ nrfletufif#asfi"ufi?

4. norffa a trrnurira"sdsderjlodn{tfirrfiq{had) ufirn6aer"s

5. fiauffa c qnrnqranu6nfd n"ru3uiirrnnTfioqi

6. flailffa c qr*rltas+-unriTedrutTdn (woke) r+atusiuf,Tnqudua

7. eau{o d eadendm'irmTcitil (would go) {unmeunflui'uqsn*u

8. narffa b 4ornqtameiar+neimdlnaiaudrritndaq
(had to) rirnrtrirurrnnfu

9. narffo a qorilorosttrn6ila'irnTdretm (could) 1a'lfiarrunt*r

10. norffa c 'luri'neil,jtlrfromt (wanted) iiqshdautdoultortrr1ua,"tnqo4n#lenr{

11. crauffa b frdralasa-r+r6ar+a-udr@ iiqvfirn'lafl1%

12. nouffa a lat-ari'nrurdsr fiirnda$'tfiaan (she parked) antastraiar'ilTf,tnt

13. narffa b uouurtona-t1flilrru-(to-meet) utudhan'rfiao'lu

nr4atcrf BASIC GRAMMAR 775

14. FOUflO A uu n dr o n a"r.r'jT
-r-t
rm a du"n ritr ( read) n r+"s f, a a qj ri a u 1

15. Hauffa d uq a#n 6irad1rnrdrat6gn (was studytn g) nrur a-rnqra cirsn uhl$ I r*sr+'il

16. nailffa d urr n ri r a'i rua u o gfl dh (had gene) ii a u.r +r fi r{.ud a n r+*s rielru s ri a u n rir f
17. Hauffa c an{lerrosalrnaim'hutrq:rlr (would do) lfi6fi4nlunradarfun-aan

18. Hauffa b urdnoruah'jrrir'lru*'nframr(lwanted)fr esr6fl r+nrulala&sstd

19 qoilffa d urnn'r neira'iT mnutrldardh (had J.!ved) aatunqrururrfl nnarutru#a

20. narfro c urrndrrjtrr@ rlaruii ad osr-u ri a r+

21. norffa b treiouneim"jrqrxrretostreia%qitil(wouldgo)rlaasfl Fldnlu'lna-uqsn-"r+

; o4vl
22. nouffa b fr trsnrua"u'jra"ulddmnu"s8ofi nfqu(hadllnlshefltr6aer"s

23. Eauffa c re t+ust a u a"u'ir@ ar fl rarfl s tJrn u'n

24. Eouffa d rfr a ilfirur a surnrernaim,irn rxilor a srei ailriilsien (had dbd) sr' a-rlri o u

25. nauffa d fitrnri'ra'irtr ei a rlfias (had been wamrnd a-unmrurfi rndtr ur rietru su5r

26. Eouffo b ilum adn

t)
rire'itr.rfilnnon (got) r1 n rf,rn our6oTar s

27. aa:uila a rriauorara"udti'rlua"uLilil(hodd0 ufisuqonursn-sreiourflumarurrrurnrr*.of,

v
28. norffo a 4 nrngr"smarsuanilanual.ir@ ilHU aa1udarr

29. marffa d aa tu on qh'j1 nei o rudrn,rmnr'td (cou Id come) tud u r+tr+

30. qau{a d
Aod-
ufr o ur as a"un rira'itlT q:rhnT eri, r+dfq (would have fl nlshed) ri a ufr ah urn-s

L76 ne. 4na"mnf qnuoirp

 Adiective

Exercise I
6anl

1. u6nlnruffon1nuandr,aSnstos (deltctous)

2. ea?iiluasfl aasirsff tfi ilil-nu6sildtalqet$mt (serlous) uT nr's{

3. rrsaeirsdsnfiunsn (good) a-alufiasna''l

4. r?l er s 6r il Fr-? ilvilrl s qudurn (te rrl b I e) +'r'la?r u"ntr'lfi

5. neiouqnteatc (nervous) triau"hilfiqhdu{ealm) uaa

Exercise 2
i ndnlfrdr qorrhrfaadrtnucia:rh;IsFr

1. ?{?nn'ryr1ila'nrmint{ho0 ua;un6asdudnl (cool)

2. a'uufi etue a rilrurnrnam (long) att tu-rfi s 4 nrilr I ar a'ndfi sqilmu#2 (e lderly)

3. rfin{t{s{f,nrYqratq (nervous) riotnreaatn#rdrotu (tmPortant)

4. a-${f,nrnfinrndag (tlred) uasfla-stasa"%fiun (sore)

5. qrxngdtnm (angry) as1ntdntrsd$rn (naughty)

Exercise 3
16onltpdqnfrer

1. uhri'xnrrlflnarntc (surPrtslng) iindou'leitfiarrmu6"ers

2. }r?nrfl Tn 6 $ri,rsFninnntaa (worrled) urnn a l{iiHrhilfi n d't-ru'rtiT+

3. Tosilnau5aa-rr'l$i6nmlnn# (frEhtened) n ouiia'r'rtnnruaumdneitrfrg

4. nrauri s t-ur"^l nt a a ni o uffrssT dndn (excttln g) a"r+arlnnhu"u

5. 16 n u-n fas $ 6 adr fi nrtud as fi'ei a u ff r srird{n-(emugng)

naqalonei BASIC cRAMMAR 771

 6. -rlrn
adtri uprfl fl q nunua ; urrlairafl ilo a Jhrau iinrente (l nteresfl n g)

7. ilauasusiflasa"+lFnnnte (shocked) mr'auennrrlfifiurirr

8. {tr oarff,nnrnrfrn (exclted) u rn of l 1 n-rnre}l rJeyrr pt drfg.ouu6n,t

9. ahfrnar-nnfr (dtsappor nted) n"il nrlrs$ qdraas f a-r+ nro mfslTdr uhe y 6 ndrf
10. riT'[uqnrdsonrfiautiilnru'onurs (bored) aqjuaua f,irras4rxnrru'o Cbortng) urnofslrao

Exercise 4
riiardrn'urhrlomhrritnardulfrgnfi'or

1. The wonderful new Thai restaurant enl)tt

nfi E1a1?011i1T [119fl [nEiuarfl a nulctu

2. The old brown wooden table f'* -'.

tFlr?rr1n?fl
s tlq
- Y
[]ld%lElauauaJdntumr

3. The expensive red silk tie uu prln frr'lnar 8uq s fi fi a1 nruils

4. The big old Chinese house fir u ras6 u o'rarrirurifl d€'Ifi ni

5. The nice young Korean woman {r{sdmxrrunln6f(e6

Exercise 5
rSennhneudqndel

1. narffa a nmflunffiranrarre*fiadrfi"trdnfr (exetng) urn

2- qauffa b fid'Hnloreornttlnsdn1us;a?oa (nrce ltttle That) aqjiir-ealar
3. norffo c frrrernTrdsdsfrnfin (porsonous) uffr'lrl rera1qu3sflin16'
4. norffa a q6raun.rn6ardarufiu{ffiiu'urdalofin.reriiqr*ff,n
5. glouffa d fl"rliirrxaunr+-sfrauiufi"'uhnrdutq (tnteresflng) urn
6. nauffa b ost;n'mrCr (careful) ufiauufi" u-ufau
7. narffa a Teriuqrtir (sad) errn rfinaJlef,hn'unntria
8. notfia b a"unqdruhriauffTorrfiu, ntq (embarrasstng) iiorfroslorionrirnejarnu
9. qauffo c a"uuhoaFnil*trilT (nervous) 1r+dotrnraofrrrdsoarlneilaqjr-ioaoe's
L78 oa. 4na"oard lnuofq
10. 60u{0 b dfir^tqmfior.erh?fl (aDgpy) na'se'rniiut'1"lfifiudriiriastr€llasu$1n6im

11. natffa c dtletasa-il6oyjrnranirur$-s;lafiuftfludrf,nrnntlq (dePresstng)

12. narffa a 6n{n{r1narrnnflqile-nnqtrrsnriinir{nniannlnri (handsome new Amertcan)

13. nouffa c ahtreft'jrerudulorna'jrahqfirdnf (attracttve)

14. natffa b flaaFnente (lnterested)'lr+fir{rlnrJe;unt

15. ooufia a fiu6asris (loud) 6ia6r+f, qr*"[6fiuu"u1nu

16. aot{a c tttsoe'snren-ttenmaunarl6ilorstfl%dsiiaingfls (dangerous) a{rn

17. qauffo d 4cxqslasa-'u6n'j.rn,er6r+lrtutttfludsdnrnionoara

(relaxlng) urn

1g. narffa a ufin11nnut*fufaar+u'usirsn6aroarn (lntelltgent)

19. nar{a b rdaurjrucras+:%ugiss'tun-ur{selratrarfrrCrsnqe (beautlful young Greek)

uda'hiuruu,f,

20. nalffa b dmdrlrargnuufir nrarirduorrr+arqLiluilradtnqenfiln*siirirrrrnn# (scary)

21. Bau{a c dufrnfrnrrUle (annoyed) uaarii'ru4trlttftu#,ro,tra

22. aartila a riosdmtara--r+a'ru'ldu8"ofiriientg (Urrgtrt) aqiueao

23. claufia a uagrritn{aaanursurutratmfudarenur6saffidm (beautlful sllm Brazlllan)

24. natfia b rirs{nfrrsrornra?irstrluusiasrifl reiar+u-nFnnueum (exhausted) aqirioul

25. eoufia a uorlirlaurnuvuq{rffiaa (deltctous) a"u,ad'nqnldtts{

26. fiou{a b a'rfrnerudn (confuseo dolpra#nerunrurirnruarnl

27 . na:gfua a dolrntanfudr+dfiasnrentenaaqdouadrqqiqC{ (sertous)

2g. $ouna c nra'tils'rdnTrf,(vailrirsnrdnrdn (exclttng) oqimua

2g. narfia c u6trreruauuqrtu-ea*fiil*r1u6nr (small bla lunu*slfiufiuflr

30. marffa b lr+rltuunpldneYgaurinr ortrmfitrnrkiurm (exPenslve) nid'uluqTerl

nrqalerri BAslc cRAMMAR L79

 Adverb

Exercise I
6atd1n"rlrJdTanrtfrqnfror

1. Peter has never been there before.

-rlun
oe'[ainEilr.tiiri$errri auuaEr

2. I usually buy vegetables from the night market

-u vX ' u
il%elntar{na1{'ls1n malonalsFt% oEt6e{a

3. We ate our sandwiches extremely quickly.

uanr?lnruu"duri5tri'r+aeiternrSrurn

4. The girl was slightly injured in the accident.

.d-?a alev d d e .6
nnatfi rUs $l?uularautantraaernqtEumn

5. I was totally confused by everything in the lecture

ahf f, n#tauIoaf,"urf, sn-u1n6is1naei,rsfr lfi rfu elnnrauaesra

Exercise 2
tfiilildlsatfieqroitnalfldrr'egtnesrdrtngrJdpnfi er

1. frErunreirfi?ra-sqned,rsu,r1 (quletlv)

2. ddral q-rld.ril1?n?{afl .lu,r a-snqu'lfiadt6 (well)

os

3. srlri.ra"s$irlfi Frfaddi{or{nleelg
4. u6nlrira"s#unheshfinnu{r (happrly)
5. urrdrnrerirresh{f,auoeu (carefully) a{rua
6. oolneer"renes'rdr1 (slowly) urnndrf,
7. t.raratauod,r.tranrfr (raptdly) nrn
8. qr*ngnrtnred,rrtuTr (angrlly) u,rn
9. a"* dr re rir ur,i?r
u n *r dtfiodrsiraoraJeaory)
n n-n nvs rl u o air

180 ne. 4nfoanf 4nrofrg

10. uaa ri'rsruaeitnrin (hard) urntusl"'tufl ilss1u1fl si ta lulr

11. 4r*ilotasa"#soei+tmnr*r (fast) uT n

12. ur n ur r trvr { ti a u nr ut a-s n qtathqnlqiittaret (se rl ou s y) I el 1 n

'
13. ohrfi u fiaen-u q nmrlrufiadleomplerely)'lur6 ar fi

14. nai ar+*r"nlnaei'xruT 1 (softly) n"tL

4nl a staia u

15. darrr astrei aurir+'leto fiulfiadtlnrrr: (ueaum lly)

Exercise 3

1. usiruauoefufr1 (slowly) uaJteidrnranmT ur"unassitr'tfi

2. lu rirm or1rff
ri'u6 o n araeiruetoot (ca reful ly)
oa iiur, s'lfi aataitr uda q

3. 16nfitrererasrfiu'j1hifianflrrei'jr-uairililr nlqsdrurenffrernurl'lfiedtlaanm$aU$
, c
4. -;arfiissdttrnuir
fi (qubkly) u{rrf,uf'suastusnraudsfl"il

5. r?41 l.rfl a€?'Hllqsn a-uo rrira-srirsruoriT tfi nra'ruclr (haPPl ly) oefl udr% l as ah

Exercise 4

1. notffa b ?6rfl0{ili{rdErHiaa'r1{il a-ntm-s'ilrirsdruren'daaru"u'lAoaimoufo-(+rcttv)

2. natfra c a'uf f, n dt d uod'nfnrfu (co m P I ete I y) n-u rirn r u fi a 1 n $ a { 11' r

3. Harffa c rdanlr as a-uuas a'$d a ilffi'ruiilnrtrr a-snqulfioi't{.-dteotGas!.|y)

4. Hailffa b fi T q orr-u en srirtr.t?gurfl (rec kl ess l y) 4 or o r o

il a; d t q t?nr 4'tfr'

5. Houffo b q-rl t o u fr q s ki r 16 a r n a n ua v rirlfi {n u t"ruer v a"r+uei ru6 a s n a n'lfi adt6 (uell)

6. crouffa a q r*il a t a s +'u rir mu aeirqn$"n (ha rd) u m ua s fi ta atjr s ria el el r n

7. Harffa b oar omrir a'sd asua sodtente (brt ghtly) t ufr arfi rTtes

8. mauffs b ar*fras#slqaeirserrnfrrqrxfr'asnraiiqs{Turtfilnt-o#(rttfiodtgndac{eorcetly)

naqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR E

9. Hauffa d qr*nea6rruqt+iiruorruraodta:u6sn (carefullg

10. Hauffa c T
a"r+ d o "j rst n a r n"r n,r u #ulfi t r ry a al n aitilrn (ext re m e ly)
ev ; d |
11. narffa b n n n"re n do w os fr r"uft
o
qhes +
r ufl u efarh€ln?fl 6ol (a n g rl I y)

12. fiauffa a , a errura.uei:rnn-n (hard) ur n n ou fi urtdum urid usi urdfi % $i'n tus#u a

13. norffa b T6'tf,finTnao $1hirererfiufi uuiu"lfiodrsdrud (badly) niufibel

14. narffo a re il du'r fi sta s u6ar+ gtrs ( !ate) a qj r.i a a 1'lu p 1 fuo-u nd

15. Hauffa c uanrerdu{arasaarafi fi ilrnra.rhoui'oauq"adru,hat{reat1y)

16. nou{o d nrur a"snquuasnlr.rH aee{-l+rfi errTar n"ua6hhffiot@losely)

17. nor{a c ahrfi aue: (nea r I y) d t+ n u"s fr a rai u ii q ofl riah ru re u ufr'a

d, Jv tl r I
18. Eaufia b ntilunufr r"r?nueluln
' J
rlrlainetretoenari,r$ienma (smoothly)

19. srauffa c frutr{T rartnai,xf,t (s|owly) ufl ary arn1dfi ufis

20. marffo b u6pr araru nfi3tlaifi ilm (terrtb lv) dlfiri'r n ru uo nler

21. flaula c 46rFrarll€Jlenudoa4nedrrf,nre$ (ctearly) flrnnrxe;n6imdufl eilqf

22. na:uilab ah6ndr4r*'lfr'tff qrnr,{-i+u,rnufi u'lrthriald{bely)

lso a
23. qauffa c a n ld'eYr n rr u 6 a tr ra
t
adrwn"n (se rlous I y) qr na uE rfl n

24. Hauffo d nrxnan ;tnuog'r{flTfl (angrtlD tdufi nliilntr+

25. Hauffo a trarlnodrsaresf: (fast) urnrBaeunacfl'ra-il'l$idruranuff r'lefl 6io%lfi

26. Hauffa b flrunnrirarsadrrfi*ft (totaUy) ornur4a;nn

27 aaufla a ilrnnrna"renn-srirun-n(late)aqjrauotue"ungn4n#rJot{

?__ A-- dr ;
28. narffa d -.".
611ailHasn1, ' -
lflilnfla€r?lEt?8J1tgfla{Eta?[ilaautrlralqrx qrxnalilfrUfiFla}l?nrI,l
adrlfi n-ne'lnn6 (pleasantI y)

29. norffa c nr ur a"s nqu r o s n r rir a"s u"oru rl 1 q a a a r? a'r n rrynlfiorirsd{vell) ur nlr+ H a u fi"
J-.l o
30. narffo a mTqFrouhr6sufi 6fi da(ufr+r6surr1fefl %airlnn-n(tra.a)

g n?. fin2m}l ilnrasnt

 Comporison

Exercise I

1. nmrourrsTnetanilag6irflrsfimnrQnnir (cheaPer) nra6umsTnsan'tr^l

2. ra"sornrqnu-naiau a'uFnnrdosum{$ (more tlred) n'j1nar+dauqvlrJrf,et6n

3. 4orriaulotras (more slowly) nuaa

4. neiaufiorsmriiargn'4n (the most beauttful) iia"umfltfiuulme

5. qr*flru'jrorrunerrt{fittqid4a-(the-blggesl) 'lr+aett46ao"nema6anreaestn

6. tl"rr*ritr.e,nm.n{und, (ro." f.t.naly) maufitriaua-luflr+ufinwraume

7. r1a*r as q nrq6rss (better) u rn n'ruoi 4 r*"lfidn1fr.fl uas tfi sur5fl uia'r

8. u-%Lilr+fi"aiieioeddn (the most dellctous) iia"r*'lfiue,ern,uurrflr+uearuru

-tufirlumtufi"
9. dtradurindr (elder/older) tasa-ulfrrirsrufifiu1flutra'r 4

10. turaaoror+iiriT smiifi arr'ilfi ilecdunmnifrsdtto (the least)

Exercise 2

a-u}Lrr'naiar+i'unqo#ia-rtiiufra udu-%'lfinarflLflilnarilfirsflc frasdTasueutasa-lr (1) rfinndr

(smaller) frosiiag'lr+nruiir.tern4luuairu-r1uur*T a'uao'jru-ilufluf,osiifiturn (2) r6nd{n (the

smallest) I1aTesueeruafl dnruarnrdfiueiurnfies u-tfiarnrpl (3) nnmndr (colder)'lua"snqt6n

trsfirnlnfiri'uTaluaudnilanann u't+rirs (4) gnmnd{n (the dlrttest)'lr+ueenr{1et1rnY''{fiuAUr*

,n.rr.'urag arrmfi (5) mnrunqn'jr (more expenstve) {iq"%Fr'toFta'tTuasa"ilff1$ifitRilrfissila r"ll

nfisa-l+'hlf,-arasiifrrsdeeuf,ufirur4wu*suava'uriruqn-ilufin u'rrLfluuen-uli (6) fieraT unsddn (the

most expenstve) tu6.ruu'uuas ucieisii (7) uaedT sd{n (the worst) lutaenrn'sttarofida ah
rirru-sflorhlfl,pflrsuaylsidruranraurrsna-rrit+lfi u-urirruflur,-utrqofnaiaud (8) eirudd{n (the
most horrlble)'luBiatasa"iluafl fi u6flr

m;qaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 183

 Exercise 3
rn-urta:tsnlfren1tr*Inatf,{oqafl ft rr

1. rninrionnir (younger than) rouuaseafq

2. eodquacflauurindr (older than) rnio

3. oadorn"nd{n (the heavtest) tureeorrnnu

4.
, -! -
raufrf.rmrhurrnir (ltghter) oado

5. eafodsn'da (the tallest) luraanrlnnu

6. oa&urinfi (older) rou

7. nirrlfrbilhrnfiasn+l (less money than) flau

8. eado'tfia"lGnn,rnn,h (more money than) noer

9. ^dr
riTulouo?n6nn,i,r (smaller than) rjrunasflast

10. rirutasoafa@ turaanrfirura{ilfl a?r

Exercise 4
rSoncrnoun'qnfrer

1. Hauffo c nqsnr^rrrflurfiarf(nqjii4ouaamyunnddn (the most crowded) t%rlayrflrt'lne

2. qaufra b turmaruanrard.uou q-lrorufiilaudro;firsuriasddn (the least)

3. narfia c ahenu"sflolfiEai(betted noridtililhaureuneuah

4t ;;,-; ; u*-:Xffi* una,asdouahrurn

5. Haufra c r,lrntetdnrrs'lfiaeqrSeTaflansuei' usiilanrerLh-r+rrr'lfieaorSrnd,rurn (much)

tosndaru$

6. Hauffa b {dtai4rrpriu-nfiorqs$ar2n+r Oonger) frii4ulna

7. narffa d qr*ngnaim.jrsrurasah6n'{n (the best) tufur6su
8. notffa d 'larpidaauTflnfirlfialtor,
ndlriqflJ{n (most srccessful) lunaarna-rroucp

9. Hauffa b oafutl"lorurrmesnn'fu (as softly as) d{rflflasuj,r

784 na. 4na"oanf 4nuofrg

10. Hailfra c urnuer drutu'r8 afi u{riasfl mnfi (more ofted urntermet riruri't'l

oout
11. graufro d ruantareg nr asnr o et uugn'j1 (worse) t astt au fr ufir

a q. o o- / -\ - --.-. f -u au
12 HOUflA C ?ns il sl FIr+ r+ rr ul u ile s Ln fl tA er e nlr+n'fu (as) a rre r+ 9i n"$ $

13 6t011fl0 c amr??fl 1etfi a?n'urhltgrha nfufl udr ii rirdnlqd{n (the most tnterestt n g)
A - Yeu
fla1{mermfl{31'l

14. Hauffa d #q{iia:nnmsd{n (the most dangerous) lu1and otfi otn

15. nau{a b Tlrfi a?'1silfitilcarse'a6irua$u'rnwirn'fu d (the same...as) t aulfi

16. notffo b nre}lu-n ai a u ii n na 6 nir (bette r) n ra}l u"n ai au ii 4 nrr

17. narffa c nrefi 4tnm6dT o'run'h (more I m Portant) naru u's a'ldter gu tnu'n

18. fiauffa c ioraru6nurini'r (older) ueitasutrurn

19. Eouffa b fr tT er I a s+-il fi o sn.r6"arflh fr fi rrnrT unqd{n (the most exPenstve)'lufru

20. nauffa d ilrn nrr ar taia ufi B6grn"$rYu (the same...as) ta s a:il

21. narffo c utrufl rrfisluu-nr^1muaaiifi da6sld{n (the most famous) lutan

22. natffo d a-il a a n f i't a-s n

T
a erj'rqlrirgna{n (m o re re gu l a rl y) H a u fi"tfl e1 s a'il rnq n 4 rL q tr-eu5r

23. natffa b r,rafl r?l a arsl?atu'nd'r{4 s a'rqus6era*a, nn'h (wlser) n un rlrudre

24. notfia a n q's 6 a ui u dhi r+r a r+lowirn'u (so...as) n risf a ki u rluu

25. fiaufra c fi rilraci6tna-stunuufi urnuararrl'aoqitit+lasilentetral@

26. nat{o b ;;;;;r;"-**,** uar' oqqior+-r, iiusr

27. aa:uila d
'loi]u6euflueraufiarnadf,(ffnhtnsn&a'hlflmfl'4n (the mos 'luilactilFluu$

28. notffa c ilaa{usetr-ariogn+l (fewer...than) teud

29. nat{a d a-ufi aqs iirn'nd{n (the heavtest) uasfi a sirer I oe a-$fi aE n do sq siinraa

30. grarffa c TtilTnrriTfi"tEnaneursnfi (mor fl0s1{?nr?1

wqalonci BASIC GRAMMAR l_85

 Preposition

Exercise I
rsnd,tnriodtfi?B'at','on' fiiilo'ln'

1. on Saturday 6. lD summer 11. ln the 19th century

((ua"r.uara) C(r+qniou) (raneaeuii ls)
2. ln tJuly 7. al Christmas 12. al midnighi
(uu6ounan4rnar) .J
(urixn6dei'u,ra) Imailrfla{ail.)
3. ln 2009 8. ln the evening 13. on September 14
(r-rl 2009) (unauufiu) Gur",xfi 14 n"uurau)
4. al/on the weekend L at half past two 14. at noon
(u riari'u n g o4o#r1 oti) (mar+r-iraaarTusnfs) tJ
(fia%lflas?1{)
5. at 9 o'clock 10. at night 15. on Monday morning
(naurfrrTur) (nounarrau) (nauuf,reho"urfl

Exercise 2
HililfiTgnlfianrgaofdeanhqrrunr'qnfros

1. uanmrurissrunhn' (ln) ruaruaacrh${'aEi8ritiiu5a

2. firfrsrr+torahaqir' (on) fi+dr r1asiidaurfrs (on) tarua

3. allfirdar+outr%*r{isarrIfla-rtl(tn) nairi,n+6nluristru*stodn-u (nead t.rafls

4. fi enerupi'oirur%fl a1fl ahsaooqjur (on) ouudrerfi"'

5. a"r+ fi o erarffin ur.r an 1n a *d a"*urtse,fisd (tn) r.tac ffi dfiIfl il p,e"suf, n

6. uanrer e-omurE"uufu at) fir r r or ur.les rirfi' a6 r+d'

7. acire,ura"*'lur"ur^rqrfih; ahorleioqjd (at) ryru a'uovaqid ("t) rjluraseafu

8. un 6 a qfi uxrn-sn' (at) dur ur^urir ffr'lta ar rirTu r

9. uar6uasln ar ursfl nil-n fr nurr' ("t) anrrirnfl ra-s rfrrdo

d

na. 4nfsani r4nuoin;

[[
10. a-u'hiflrlrer+Lflunaruruu5r a-uuttdauprevs4ofrrad (at) sruudssruraslflri'

11. ilrnuerneae;lufird (at) tarueern"un'Tur

12. nr4onrrrdurJr.ilfrfi mrru6fl%d{t ) nqsuror6nrilutrartfis-rl

13. finurrluaTrennurun' (at) nmudasnaudfcr

14. ru'ardnfft, aaarnr+arT n-sd (at) Tasnrilar+Fd urnutrffeaufrrot

15. turlfiuflotrirultrqj finr+n"ttninmtfirn (on) tar

Exercise 3
raurh:TaFfl f;enltruifiaanhqlrunr'qnfr ot

1. qnrdruranuasrfiunxolanan (at) nars6ufrrfiasfitrTtas

2. riasdrrrara'r+orrl'aaqjr' (at) ri'ruratii 810 nr+uu6o#u

3. n nrs as oadn{u'n n urr su'r fi ffi a s1 a silrn uarud ar a1u(h) o4lu'lfrara

4. naulu'tfiaqiiifib{ail,*,fi" urmvna-us{rh-(h) frT urfi

5. zuanmurisr-ilfir{roqir' (on) flrirfla-stasflrisf,afiuf

6. arflnraTren-Flridduflutarufunen (at) 6.30 tn (rn) riasrfir+

7 . ueudii,ts.rilfiil'nglaanfl'r#iln1ri o-sr+vuurrdstarLdec?fnaiar+h (alon) rirsr?r+trqa{o#r.tnrt{

8. tanllrn'r?n0{+"r+"t+itfiaqjr' (at) rirvrutuait+f teiataqjd (at) rirr+

9.'turi'uasnearloahraqnraan'ltmr+uiuh (tn) rirsuflu1

1o. u-narqrfl ur6aso"fl fiarfl do#nlriur^]mtaaun (on) fr'atouu

Exercise 4

1. narffo a rSrrnrl n-"tanun (on) en'hluas enrila-lsvaanufia

2. srouffo d urnuelsvlrliianlfianlrltas{b$enufin{i

mrqatond BASIC GRAMMAR

E
3. Foufio a a"u u"n e c'hl da er q nr l q nmi tr a s +-u1u(on) r"u a
T
fi n dria s il r er

4. marffa c ta"sorn{T (dol n g) srur asurrdSqufrr -ilun

addsu"nai au

5. fiarffo c ufi n fi { r aua n uyr+a"s n s dru d'r o gllu (h) das fl 6 a Hl 6i.r

6. norffo d h4n) nru +-u er as rfi u pr aa r ne'r r s r ri a glu{n) fr'a s a e'r

7. nar{a b a'Hil-nr'rilamrao'rn-rnaouna'rflasa-uh(an)r"unidsiula

8. crouffa d u a n ur r cislu'lfi rir vn+ a Jleua arilnram (fo r) d,r u e"mu6'a

9 HAUflA C nru"n e c"hlfi 1u. r*tos-(by) en q'naaru1uaQ#au

10. narffo d g{t+ri'ral fi oufiatu n us1L(h) fi ol os raia u

11. narffa a {En+ n a u'[ri fi o nTn ua n uil u t as ta"rufuafl m r{ n r aE d un of

12. Eauffa c a"ufiudaupruyr.l*s{ittfluu-nf,nurd (at) errrirara-em4snri-s1r-(ln) ila;mrta-snr1u

13. Hailffa b iltnralrila-se;hia{lfinnar (for) nu-s#rlnrri ilrnuereana'uarrlua"ud g n-uerlEru

14. Eau{a d a"r-r'[ai{ ar nmu6u rrshaJby) anhlfro u

15. flaufla a q"ilrfr lrSsuir',nrrra"snqr&L(on)1nr"r+o'urfua;r"ur1o

16. HAUflA C riastrsrosq'fi rfi otu(tn) Gailn-usreu tt 2010

17. EAtflA a q ruuri r aso rurir a"r e ; n a"u s{,rq1n (fro m) f,r u 6',r

18. qarffa d fl rnre1iluilc{nuurnuraheaitf(durhg) mnre,ru-naqjdn?€a0ila afl

19. qau{a d a r r*r e"n a a s a a

T
n sa qjsfl nraa,r (fo r) fl ar sf, a s-il

20. Haufro b q"$ d'r s r il1u fi a r fi"fi uparjfur) n 6s frTil r ufr e

21. narfra d ornrplrinnurahj$unourqrt6n,rfl +lulnn,jr6aun'usrsil

22. norffa c qr*rhadlefiugi (stnce) sfirlersrffre'r+#

23. morffa a n4rumonnJdfl uuilarh{h) etnraarsii 1g

24. narfro b ornrp{rnurerurn nrxnaadauuil"anauriauaan"lU (golng) fr1sfl an

188 a?. Fln?satil flnrstfl

25. fiauffo c tra{fi?T a-reaqndsr{r (to) qn

26. eauffa c udaurasa'uflfin'tririoerdluaurhlildurlng) rirfradau

27. natila d urra r u ra n;j s"qrn (ft om) ii dhJd!-Gd Tu a tinr cfl il fir ilr fi

28. gouffa a uou{f;nrdotruranhnrtft (Istentng) rdosammu 1

29. nauffa b raianaarraaqn*ilnnsr (for) nfsfrTersufierirunarsd1apJft

30. nat{a b a'uln'tfi uo a q rxua a ft usi (s nce)

t ur n ue.rlrr n-u ii rlr-ea d aao sil iiufir

GffirrI BAarc CRAMMAn

E
 Coniunction

Exercise I
rgfl il?lts ntfreur;mffiaa coo rd nate co I nJ u nct on r'qn fror
I

1. ahnaerit"4tm6a (or) d#nrt+u#ouarrrarir6

2. raiau"ttfri'n+6rmarerirr usi (but) ffleidrarrantrroJlefi'trriautou'[6'uaer
3. -rlunadfi'arnmiiesrEanrfl %n'nroar6o (or) uff(ue"ua.rtalu rfl

4. lnnutarriar{1errasa"il urlarsrrlfi d's6uo: (and) tardaanr6a

5. alunntrmh nl#n (so) nraudsfr+mufiddsqnunrfin
6. lurififinrdacin-?t1%*{ un; (and) nr#uuh16'6urn
7. "t.r*fr', un."us urirr n-rnuu (so)
1 ndse'rL mt+t+a r?a,r naia fl

8. flrn ??a il rfl rTfl erf'iayia slt n+rr:ir (for) r*aro u"r'lunrsra-s
a a fl ua q 6ru

9. ddrrIasa-r.lllfllenufiqyEi.rr.lfirrierrflLfl%nlurpJa-s$ld ugi (but) ar-ua,rnufiulrl

1 O. a"uf,?hriarT rx o rrr*s ua: (and) uanrarfi 6 n u-n firan-n

11. ffinelaioiaa4nruurnrh usi (UuO arrmad{.rsta?oEr

12. nmud nsn o u6dn n na nu6 n n-srEu (so) r^n n re,re slillu fpr aYr.r un u

Exercise 2
rgu ffi iTs olfieurgaoidra co r re I a t Iv e co nJ u nct on r'qn frar
I

1. 4rxov6'as6an6aut:rjrs (etther) it1f, einsrflSo-ilfr nf(r+nrnfaailfi fir

2. a1ilei {ir{uhether) a-u a fl rn frfl %nr ur ter a e uh 116 a nr ur d nl u n'uur

3. fi'rraiar+fi ura'rufiersila nriar+o;ltnus (both) aar+nauuacilrSd

4. qrxilotosqrxua;prrxu+ilasqrxrirrfibi (Nelther) una'Ififir+qrxuair+filerlr+mer

5. urnternaatseilSfreveraua"u:hi6gluoi{nolodg qnriaurasurnral ucia'sararlrlfisloufistos

il?nt?1afla2El

190 o?. FIn26N% ilnrs?fu

Exercise 3

1. q-il.frrfl$fraltet:iliefl$ rdadir (so tnat) alt+qsdrureoaauait+"lfi

2. do (When) nr*na-uesqlnnremurrsufir !{?ntrlqre{'tttrLrLrrdalorquflrgnrn"u

3. ufiir (Althougtr) umtrerurn nrhitrua'fln1uaa

4. r*rr:,jr (Because) Nurira-sqsnnturir+fi' rp*neer{reuunfi n'trlfieel1ts

5. uaunqilaiarurenun-a-sn6iauqr*ilalarut'r'lfi ufidr (although) utrl6flarflrufiarsaetsufir

6. a-.uezhilorn-r*r.r e*n.h (untll) urrqstolfltluds{iu,rfiraslil

7. "truoerlorarnh,ir (as lf) naiau{'hneiatrira's1nu6asa;teaqi

uritriaul+i{r6aruaa

8. qr*dretrenruruffrarnr-teu1ulfi eflulnd (as long as) qorlailnaJteuaa

g. a-uleidruraof,-aenen+ci'Fl-ilutu nonrtaqrn'h (unless) 4zuilatasa"ulfra"tfiurtr'l

10. dr 0D urnuerhid'tu.ron.ot'lfiraet tlrnuerdrrumnq?14n1?Flauufdndnrrttter"etdtfi

11. +--uortnatrr4muailosa--u n-nfid (as soon as) a'r+'lfinaTtri'ralfiarn-"tqrxilotasa"r'l

12. +-.%rira-ses"hlf,'oa.rrreturfiurhfi*' rdsddr (so that) ahes't$ifiaslIr+riutqn{nd'rJn, ri

Exercise 4

1. mar{a b srudtfidurir,auuilul$i6 n-snun (so) a-ufira-lslasflrsrt'lneiaqi

2. narfio a ufidr (Though) Hnhi{finaule'tut6asn1{n-? ullfi sasriisrhtupraurfrdsr

3. nauffa c a-urlfruaafrornirartulnl e$ndr (untll) qr*ourirsTulfroeirsdlppe

4. Hail{a a reiaulaiarurenrrr{'sf,aiitraiaufiosn're1fr ntnun (so) flaiauqsEs{fiHsdraail-llrfis

lilunu

5. narfia d tm{fi"rhd'suoutei'taqi nond (when) ilrnTqeurfir

ruqaTonei BAslc cRAMMAR 191

 6. flallfla a ahurn-rrianraarnr'en'ir(sothat)a-ndrurannsn-rqnr'tATnudrun-r

o Y
7. narffa b a"u lai '-6 a "jtt'rq ; dr n r a u"ri r en al6' nanr3sern,j,r (u n l ess) nr'tfi ra o u ua.r
4

i uY l
8. narffa d -
ii n a-s lar a € a a q o,s e$nfi
un d a s o"r u"u a"n e v a a (un t r I
) ah e y u.r o-s

9. Haura d a"ulaia"srfi se fi1 a nra n'tilr.ruff n narutnd (as

a rrn ar mh {rsu a lon g as) q nrn a-r
utffriles{u n anilrsdarTur

10. HAUflO A orn,al+irfiu1unoufi"uriqrxrar6"oaq*n-aei'r'trifireuy dair (tn case) arnrpteud%

'lnnmr#s

11. norfio b drsnruau fiaair (whether) mroerrn"lildeuunr6adau#m{

J)t
12. HAUflO A nu,ra fi fi ri.x l{.r?snfl tnror:r'
oq ?1 (wtr I te) o4f a ufi 6auo-o
13. norffa d uilr l t a rurrn ndru,rlhirfoud{notonry) uadaaari urifi (but a lso)
fi n ei a6 n fir'l
14. narfia c n nonrdsqln'h
er rxe ;"[er'16'(r nilii ira l nea (un l ess) q nro urt n * uTfiar r n fii
15. narffa b a"u qetrn"uir (as tf) e"g r r a fi fl rg tr 1 EJ,r fl ar, r Er

16. narffa d nr'elqmfi (S tnce) uh6u fi oufir r,,renre1s s'[$iaaHr16 n gi o"h]

17. gtoufia c uanrerar a srfi r+rFomsdr rorsd (as) ran rerrira-suo r+ ad6er t,rs fl r 6r

18. narffa b lranrqrlqclilGuudu n'nfir' (as soon as) a.rn.rrt6nsr

19. narffa c ahof*iluiie;fras'tr.tn-siirirrruriau*ar rden'fi (so that) ahecdruranrirarsst+

trig6eriaurftilacdu

20. narffa a ahe Jl+i ari rgr n&iq rx qTnan?tr[ nanr!ilgemfi (un less) n rurirnaruds ar ofi os
rasnrur3sriau

21. norffa b ut re r'[ei[r] q n r+-ser ar n-r ur n ua,r nrr:*r (beca use) rcj r m s o il r ri a u ufrr

22. u#a
na:uila a (Al thou gh) n tfl u{a ru-n e d fi q rx a ar r?nr ur; au d 4 n urn fi ler'lfia=r r t+ f
23. marfro d rfi nu"nfesririra-sdrutru-sf aaa'lr+fr osaelnnann'(when)4r*rrgrff ru.r

24. sfi)ila a dtrn I a sahe rkiuiu4nr aa e$nd1 (unt l) nno rf,f, n 6n-1r

792 ne. (na"oan[ 4nro6ry

 nlid m ri r ar 1.,m urtar:d,r (because) er-r+ln}i ii iiurn um #sm et
25. nat{o c ilr n re.r e
s

26. natffa b Hn#l'bi (netther) drflsn6a'lfiri,rungirufitdaflllo{tfll6geauiiuanutrfiflrgtr

usiurrEt"susisnlerhiutillcdu
27. $au{a d Umuri{Uor-onfg nrurdradrreYrnladunrro[
6nfirer

6 nond (when) ilnuiu nnas*.

28. floufra c uenrerrila-se co a n"lil6$r6iun-uua

oenduretuln uss (and) uanu"ufi ir6 iiu asrfi urfi os6n fiefl
29. nat{a a fr osnreirfi-d r

n nenrf, aqrnfi (un ess) q r*o r rillfi r5afi"u

30. nat{a d 4 ole fl rthi fi s d u.r +r fi {.r niu r? a 1 n? a l

nvqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR 193

 Question Tog

Exercise I
e-uq'rirorufirsilrsTsadr$rarfi or{rn-url*Iandrnf,rsfi e

1. marffa e You can"t answer all the quesilons, can you?

4 or't+idruren qar rir m u rurnu orlfi 'hitnar

2. norffo h You will help me to do the dishes, won"t you?

q rxozriea ahfrrselu'[u'hin6o

3. norfio d .lohn believes you, doesn't he?

oo tiuriia q nr 1u'hitr6o

4' srarfro I The teacher shourd exprain the resson, shourdn't he?
o r*nanraa6il1su ru6su lartrinio

5. qauffa i The boy didn't know the lesson, did he?

6nft ra'lrirffrteunr6au lritnu

6. noufra a Bob frightened you, didn't he?

fl a r {T TrTq rxn n'lq n a-a lutriria
7. narfra c You can speak English well, can,t you?
q r*drnmnunnrrra"snqr'lfid lar}ir6
a

8. norffa g She couldn't arrange that, could she?

nei a r.l'tri arananeh nrauhlfi hitrar

9. qarffa b You won'l tell him, will you?

qr*oilrironrt.r ldtnar

10. nalffa f He shouldn't do it, should he?

nrhinrefruh 'tritnu

Exercise 2
rn-u*eitsatft f nrpoffiaarirotrf,rarJr jTgFr

E Fr?. r"r!rrbr.l+ ,rta?oJ

1. nmhitotulasq tihrr{do vsu)

2. Tauu^dn1daqiiirirs1u'lilahfi' tritm (ts ne)

3. qnra-r"l*itfiutu-sElofinf tritnu (have you)

4. raulan*ra1e-sr,tduasdrilr+la @
5. uanutr't*ildtrltunatrf,dn tritnu (dtd they)

6. qnrfrotnmtracbfl'lil@
7 . ua nrer rita-sq voon 6 umr st'ufl qffi" L&h6q{aren:tJe)

8. rfl oain{1ilfiq-$r%aEl H,rrlvlt+od

9. aeir6u6aprr.lar4ai; nnal'ltlr (wlll you)

10. lriilkrari, ei'sq]nen-ariaqi @

11. rnnr.lesurfisdqrSrffi"'@
12. **nrnu.u^uturirutalqr* @

13. dr+fi Hsdra+t-r-, #t lfi a-t nil on Ui[xn4dll you)

14. 6utrnit#nufirmoc flno{flil (shall we)

15. qrx'hiufi%qruuqlasahuas tdlnu (have you)

@
rqanrr;laattf,arrnufrrsil#Tsa

1. It doesn't look verY nice, does it?

u-uq'leiaru uT nwir'leras tdlnu

2. It's verY exPensive, isn"t it?

u-uar n ruulrrnraa lsl'ldfl 5a

3. The film was great, wasn't it?

"[+itri
nrfl er ufi ddasfi"era odeluliluacr ffi a

nrqaTond BAslc GRAMMAR E

 Exercise 4

1. HATflA A o..' a n a r+ tr ei a u Er-s ril $ dn n ei o r+bi-(wasnl) q ar ourn r?i,r'h tdtfi u

2t
2. HAUIO C uhu6auaYaqnnnu"nrysar&cr11{Elrfl Lfidn6a{|sdlhe)
3. srarffa b yenraru"n otrar?rrdri'uluriasilre
Lildx6r(don:Lwq)
4. flaufro d mriaurroaildaer@
5. fl0ufla a ua#es"ldfirfi otritriuuuu tdlne (would he)
6. sroufla d a"uiilodrq r*a,re;udr o ;6uffit hldnfe (a ren't you)
7. HOUflA C urnrarna"rLurn-srjrufi nrar'oaufi"'L&tr6ojdrddr_we)

8. Houffa b ilanmre u urEi r+ n"turnrer6,

@
9. HAUflA C nrxfrarrruoJta#nfi uasria%fi nnrqcilrue r
@
10. narffo b q rufi fi adac{have) rf,u rJ ar ffas fi n t ri o fi rru lutri ni a

11. nouffo a urT e:ilr (wtll come) nhfiiinr"tfinarrdre lulinia

12. norffa c 'taifiuf,out?m
rrrq nluir ufiiaa tdtnn (are there)

13. narffa b fl r n rr1 ri1 a-s s s fl"a n du htdn6o

d o e o'u
{riur n ra.r (a ren,t the9
14. Haufia c q rxo sl*i fr a s n ratriQ n 1 r o s q or rJa ; u q m n-erd * u'u tdlrn (wou rd you)

15. norfra d n-nndfurn (Ttm has returned) qrnfiraodnufrr'lrihin6o

16. natffa b r nnuu m y?.da * iie c'hl nh nau fi16'r'lntrin6a (shou ldn,t they)

17. Hauffa b ua n rar fr a s"[rr nh ufial u n o u fi? a u n'q c ar s ln1d,iie (mustn't we)
18. norfia c r*qsr qrx}fjs{an
q as fi s rlnah @
19. qoufra d ry r fr l r o sm n re.rEi{were) ii d uer' a d'aTu rn u6a "h.tri n6 a

20. nouffa a oci'r6u fi'e sriru-neiles rr ril'lil fiaa sna€lne (wt I I you)

796 en. 4nr"oanf lnuofrg

 "teiff(erearuran6ltnr"lfi'irfi oJtefi aua, 1dltu-(eould-they)
21. aou{o c er

22. aa:uila c dtT atas4oibi-(doesnl) tarLlourn tritter

23. qatffa a nrnuaroshisaulfrnrrfsunuenrfi n1iirfi nnd{fi tdhe-(wtlt rue)

24. narffa d 'leiffheaqinaariranrEa{aT fi naea'rarltduan @

25. Hauffa b nei audn (loves) iio cfi il6"4fir1fr4n 1ra s'[u'hit6a

26. natfra a q orlri na, tdT t$resenn-sfiTu r tdheJdqyou)

27. sffi)ila b '(ne1 fi arerranur fi strfi m?Fln1ilfi @

28. matfra c n'r 01ss ufl el ofl-n d fi es fi 'i1s m snaittir r+ @
29. natffa c fi r6nT eanTofl dreilesdrfl
T
sluufi asufin1q"@

30. mauffo b Tn n uilale n:uatafi oo nrurl a s?1?fl tll'l @

rwqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 797

 Finol Test

16onrhneur'qndor

1. eou{a d r+ht?sildrisfrdndasdrrunued (are)'lufi{risura{a-rl .r"r.flailfifia (;5) nflflr*

urnrrturritl"r+
rire6ilra n"dr students rilr+il*arur^rr4mrf nisrfinr+rurorfroqilr.lgrJufiref Fl-o are
riau Tom Lflnilecalilmnlrerd as6'a{fln6sr is iirLflr+ranr,ref

2. nauia b qrxlaifina;rttar+vnwn (much)'hittrar

rire6urs ri,iT luggage rilr+rTeru-u'[u'[fr esfr'aslffluqilurarmnuorirdua nrnfiarnraudor
druar+niorjiu,rrx fraslfl much u1flElrefrr:+flfir

J. naute c --i
1 n 1 n u n a a n d a r-rj fr ar
'
ruu r -u
rn adrlttr{worked) a ci fr ft r+ a r tnau# s fi"
nlaol1g ilevTfl F fihuensnrena;rfrfi ffi aflsnuaceuasufi'atuafin fias?f, past s i mp I e (v.2)

4. neu{a d ilannr cirsl'r'rnh r"erar var rlr?'rrn1llel rl Frdgrgtnantr Gmustn g) nrn

alaolJls nratffrirqrurfi'n{fie#T qe1nn6fl1 amuse iisudosomunfmfapreruff?ln
rdotf,tarEj
uru film tunaruflursdr r+r... fras?ffqrJ -ing

5. glau{a b .4-
rfr
- 1-.
a%rar qir lddara.rt+ufrr
e,
urldre:fi (ln splte qD
narufi"ufi se
riro6u,le r.tavlserfi"uaosprarurinuffsrosfionaril6ie%frr+uas6irflfr,rs ars6an'If,
in spite of
-,..4
?raJFta1ilfi atlElar uualecfr ... ffsnrararrdaarirurer

6. nsr{o c ah@lraamte Gurprsed) dt6'r#r+uuar6i unr 4r+-t

ri,ra6urs rfi oudosomanirianaruff,n tr+nmunrurcrdr flf,n... fi.oslffgu -eO

.}t,
7 neu{a d r+hu6eruor+fll+idrumnn6nuEasn,rmasr{r (maktng) prarufi ouaro16'
riro6urs ru'a'lflnfar avoid fiasnrufira V.ing fiflflp avoid making...

8. seuf,o a l+irfiasuriqntrsrasa-% ugierserero-sa-%firaii8n (am) rfifinrfldaaslnnmrdr+lna

3J1nfl1.[.1o1{

nire6urs nmtf,riruiioer not only...bul also... {fsnursn-s "leiufiasuci...usigr-s... fin6i'nn1e.jr

6'o slf,nesrlfia ao pr fi'a s n-r tjec or u Fr-rfi a-s lu ti g"afl t a m n 1ar ilas a1% I

E 6l? {na"oan[ lnuoSry

9. eotr{e b fir q rx fr a s n ra'lfr +h ri rs n{ 5 a q r* trLGoI) u 1n r +lu r+ s

nho6ug ffaf(ffilesterafiia"lrrf,"ti 1 udnsprarurflu"lrl'l6'(ufloqfut6oouroH tudfi'driltas

Main Clause hifiatfir.tasaruilrflfir uuarlaa'luqrhasilecTanrird's ue16s1f,n6s'l
call tuqrl V.1

10. neu{e d pr r*ne I ar a'r+lfi u ro-l fi at s rn fi ahea (had wa I ted) nr at rlil utr ar fr r.n+ r fi

rlre6rns * u n., ofl ,r, 6 q {i rfi n t*uua o U a sf a u6 n nr q nra oftr u l rer fi a slf, P a s t
s i P e r fe c t

(f'"a . V.S) t$iifi?{rnn'jrqsrfi offiruaseilasriounisr arri ved

11. neu{o a uenrqrdturaona?tu, ritrlfi u#ir (a|though) n r+r+q nri"rriru

riia+rfrnnfras
'lfruri although
rlra6uT g ffafi"rgosnrrur-auffsrasdasrLestandtdoatn-r+ riT

ulrflgnruurfirsilasTan (S. + V.)

12. not{s c andrarasa-nhs?h{r$ (used to work) iifi ucifl ziouhflfitirmr+iifi ufirlu"ufi"

rl, s6rns
.
c) ^
nraudnsunqnl?ilrmnfl ilua? til0aE uardruranlf,arl
fi"ilufieluoagl [?'la'li]{'l?'L S. + used to + V.1 lfifieEr
r+anrtfiaqrn Past SimPle (V.2)

-uf
13. nsu{o b nd'6aJwas)?trdaludutorLnouiia"riaqidlerftern
Cra6tt udar]esorilLilrrdaitr rerfio'jruilur+ratuonflq{ dr$du{estflnfi?lritunrqnreof
tuo6e nfsrf,lfrasfr'asLflr+ was

14. neuf,s a a'r+ n a.j,r n o u riun admrd as dt*ilanerrrulrsurirn"t (as e xpensl veas) *r' 6 a l u'u

nl, aAtrs nlanl-aaUtfiauna,unirn-r+tasrirqorrf,in{ uerlfiqrL as + adiective + as Toad

rir q orrhr tif(f, fi'a s a -a'luqrl rl n fi

rxos"ldrftr (wou ld have seen) ernIild nrfn I os a'*ufir'jr a-$oqi iiu, ur arud a
15. nouia c q

#rln, ti'fr ufir firqulfiqadrsei's1o

rlT afina {of(ffrLestflnfiar."Lrn'uii 3 uaorsdriirflu'trL'ter16'luo-oa reroiruflr+fraslfftnerairr

If + S. + Past Perfect, S. + would have + V'3

16. nou{a a aeir6uCre:{r (to do) uut?tntrhfi?iourisoafu

fias'lf,Hrualrfiae
dreitra dalfln6ar re membe r tnoarufi ure'jr qoof *jrezfroqrirostt
to + V.1 6s1ffqrl remember to do'..

nrqalonei BAslc cRAMMAR 199

 17. ee!f,e d
o
ufr'iruqufiitrfaauriosa{ (fewer) ugiflriaufiraarfisaar (less) n.jrnrprrieruilufir
rhaftrrs ueinarufietrsecuflfiarln"$ 6o udorsdruaur6oilfutoriiriaeras usirarfiasoernurud
nlerarlfirs sr'a classes uiluureruruorf ds1f, few turfi+ndr no fewer uac$r'o
time rfluu.rru*1r'ter'lfr!ilsuilumnilqd"rduo sslf, Iittte lu#unfi ,a |ess

18. neria c rTa s trsr as be punlshed) ulrer crrrmnr6e ud aaruf

a"uegQnillTxn (wl I I

rheEtra ilavTaodtf,nSs'flunmilflursras passive voice aa rjeaorurflufinnnec?ir

:ilrfigrloa Verb to be + V.3 nrdslf,
will be punished

19. neuie c qnr'leifrasnra"laanSerrdar6n htdnia (do you)

Creftt,ts nratf, ouestion tag r6ori.rn,rerfr'ratavleerdoqjfia-silaslanil46a (you don"t...)
raT fiafiflqr.tranuri,r ;ils'tfiuri do you

20. nouf,o d 1{
'o lfi
1{{61 0r6t$t e{ fl a{ a il
rhaftns nretf,nia,r look forward fralmrudrelUi^tuyt to + N./V.ing tudfihsfr'aslff
to reading

21. sau{o a 4ordrdrrh (were you dotng) a:itao{ra'aarunaufr rlusrf,r

Cla6u,rg nmudo{n{ H nrenfrda nrenes?irdrira-srfi ofi+Ill slffp
a6 H fr'a pa s t co n t in u ous
(was/we re + V. i n g) Tner#srnmir$r-nfi rimcuraariiuruau

22. caria a rirnre*rarfr ireuln uFiilenrarfiogn$ (few) drumn q au'tfi

dra6rns ffafi"uaprsprerert-oufftTqEflf,Fi, rdaar but mrnrerfiasnraneirrn-qonriodsrasyr'fidruau
riaaurn fr'0slfl few * urur.lir'lA'ur4mrf n,rnlff a few q;murgn-s uafirjrs

23. neuf,e b naiaul+iaT ruraohTasrisu"tfi' rdawrern (because of) arufi mnasen

dre6rng nrudosrfiHflafinruarrfiasriru,ru fiastfl because of rilarsfi1ntfl because
esfr'asnlilfirerilaetetn (S. + V.)

24. nau{o c nrura"snqr*r{tuttT iinrente (hteresfl ng) ittrf,s ahFnentq (lnterested)

[112{11{

rire6trg m'audnsnarufiane'jr ur... fias?flgrJ -ing 6a interesilng uavru'afi,asnreudor

narilfiurs-jr ff,n... fiaflf,grJ -ed na interested

200 ore. qnfoarf 4nro6rg

25. nau{e d naalnf,rtasilannliq-nfi 6iot*ft usi(strrce)trriar+e'"s1fl u#nd,
--e- 3 c> Perfect (has/
rrfi n1?ot$rfl olti{ rl{anfi lracFirtfi ui{rqufisiloqu-u 6s1f, Present
-
Cra6tre
h"u" * V.3) uartr.rnfiosnramrpraTdru6urfinn*udala re,'lf, since + qadufiu
$osLtal fl6oa.rqtf,eruurfirerilastantuqrl Past Simple (V.2) fflfiurir+n"u

-.tr - .- V s . o--4^--- /--^- ---r$-

26. nauio b cl sl.Iyl lytoFlfl ?lnsnu ar+rhdttis$ (was wrltlng) 5m aa g

draftns -"'' rarlf, Past Continuous (was/were + V'ing)

*rnn,reofdrira-ssirrfinag.'luo-orn
,-::' . *"
uasuilailontflqnmrufil{surenrffru't rerlf, Past Simple
(V'2)

utrlqan-r*.naufi"firerri'urna; nnal'tnu (shall

22. sau{o a we)'
ulfia 'ltnhuagnar*f"

Cra6uu nratf, Ouestion tag na-lrles1aniiudosnref'n{au iiss*ufiufieel Let us n5o

grJeia 6a Let's uarfiaslf, shall we

28 Bauia c *qor"lfif
nrireaareernuqildlias'ttu"
ut+itae
er-@ elnl$'l n%usia'il1dfu(recelYed)
qaru'tgau-uai, 4ertasnIrfr ados6anrian"
e1lfl Present Perfect
dre6'rs fiafi-neilfisur4nraoi'frleirfin1*ur,aern"susio6monn-sflo1t"u
(V'2)
(has/have + V.3) uacdolf, since frasnrufirnrlestnn Past Simple

29. neris c "mnttrutfisnhur'olt (When)"

"6unrfidufir"
'h.dfi"drurer'#stnnoln
crefir,rc nrenrufi+rqn,rmf.i,rufiorn'ntudesraarlo uerlff When
n"r n ot d'irue nttrur fi s d af t ur fi iiufi a

30. nerlio d lu[iiarfiaiifiqirir$ur4sd uagHrfiLilfldft-n (ts known) 'lr+nqilnlnudf(t*gtu'

u-nf as ii fittt s
da # a s Pn+

drefi,s rerfraslfl passive voice (verb ro be + V.3) rdasqrnlfl6aqnuflr+d{e"n

tunrrutursfla{n1?onn?s{r re16s1f, is known

nvquToYrd BAslc cRAMMAR 201

Irregulor Verbs
$s ffi s & {$ {s *s s$ s $s s & qF {$ s s 4$ {$ $$ €$ se

4t

-ig;\
Itiv
 Irregular Verbs
trurs6-s niarfrfinrt Past Simple (nia,riosd 2) ua; Past Participle (niarriasd 3)
4'. v e , -e ^ L\ 'v' "-rriasrirLflufirAuToa#runn'irn6srrfl6irfi"ntdsfiLilunisr
luasnrerolae -ed ttuann?91112[u lJtafl rraas
fr

riasii z uasniendosii 3 fiacri6aisio"hlfi'

1. nsqrl6entys 3 rios
2. nsqrJrderlunSs'rdalii 1 uasdosii 3
3. nsqrJ6utuniarriasii 2 uasdasd 3
4. niet'lrvtdru doslaiufl fi un"uuael
a

Base Form Pmt',Tene Past ParttctPle Meailng

!
(n?tr1Ieqx u
J,\
(na.rniaefi e)
! J^\
(fEflrs{[tl dJ (n?rws)
bet bet bet I't1{1{

cost cost cost il?14',]

CUt CUI cut 9A

fit fit fit t11L1l1'lOO

hit hit hir EI

hurt lrurl hurt rirlfir6r

Oe
let let let ailfu'tFl [T
21q
PUI PUT PUT

read read read 41il

set set sel 9tfl 9l{

shut shut shut ila

upset upset upset rirlfioraun[u?lcl

wet wet wet ?i1[11r1lgn

Base Form Pasl Tense Past PartblPle Meanlng

(rfffiisld 0 (rrffr*e# 2) (ntunisod 3) Cmrrrrt)

became become narslflrr
become
come came come 3t1

ran run ?€
run

naquTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 203

 bend bent bent fi'u Ids
bring brought brought ld'13{1

build built built di,s

burn burnt/burned burnt/burned Bt't Ltl$r
buy bought bought {a
catch caught caught OU
dig drg dug flo
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed flrl
feed fed fed tr1atme
feel felt felt edn
fight fought fought rirf,
find found found l^tu
grind ground ground UO
hang hung hung uflx1{
have had had e{

hear heard heard [aEi1{

hold held held na
keep kept kept tflu?fl1r1
lay laid laid ars aan'lri
lead led led 1{',t

learn learnt/learned learnt/learned t?cr1{?

leave left left a0na1n
lend lent lent [ficril
lose lost losl ?t1fi1A
make made made ?l'l
mean meant meant fielmo?'t$t?,1
meet met met 1,,tu

Pay paid paid s'lcl

say said said ?'to
sell sold sold fl'lEt

204 ne. {ni'oani lnrofrg

send sent sent ds
L

sit sat sat 1{{

sleep slept slept 1{01{

smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled nil ilna$

speed sped sped tt{FIx1a{[?2

spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled dsn6r

spend spent spent tf,qrEr

spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled imn

stand stood stood ctl{

teach taught taught dau

tell told told ua't

rhink thought thought na

wtn won won {us

4. 'ldunuoun-u#r 3 rial

arise arose arisen

awake awoke awoken 911{

bite bir bitten NA

break broke broken uglfl

choose chose chosen [aan

eat ate eaten nil

fall fell fallen nfl

forget forgot forgot/forgotten asl

get got got/gotten La?U

give gave given [fi

hide hid hidden dau

ride rode ridden fl

shake shook shaken tlet'l

m;qalond BAslc cRAMMAR E

 Base Form Paet Tense Past Parllclple M6nlng
(ntuds{d 1) (namdad z) (nmdod al (azrunnra)
speak spoke spoken iln
steal stole stolen ilua
take took taken uor'[r.l

write wrote wrilten tlrEt1,[

blow blew blown lflnu.h

flv flew flown uld
grow grew grown t6ilTsr
know knew known ?sfl
show showed showed/shown udol
throw threw thrown rirsrlr
bear bore born/borne [1{fl111{A

draw drew drawn ?'to

tear tore torn qn11n
wear wore worn aauki
be was/were been
d-
[U1{ OEJ FIO

see saw seen t?11{

begin began begun t?e{H?[

ring i,i
rang rung 6t.[n?io{
sing sang sung ?0nr?'ras

swim swam SWUM 'y

21fl1.[',]

do did done ?11

go went gone '[rl

lie lay lain l{a$a{

E;" dnl$Al% I'lfltSfru