HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION/ HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION

A differential equation is said to be a Homogeneous Differential Equation if every term has the same
degree.
Homogeneous can be written as
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
If M is simpler, use:
x = vy, dx = vdy + ydv
If N is simpler use:
y=vx, dy = vdx +xdv

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
1. (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

IF N is simpler
Let
y=vx; dy = vdx +xdv
[𝑥 2 − 𝑥(𝑣𝑥) + (𝑣𝑥)2 ]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑣𝑥)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
[𝑥 2 − 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥 − (𝑣𝑥 2 )(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
[𝑥 2 − 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
1
Multiply the whole equation to 𝑥 2
1
[𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0] 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣
1
[(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣] (1−𝑣)(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥
= (1−𝑣)
Integrating both sides
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑥
= ∫ (1−𝑣)
(𝑣−1+1)𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = ∫ (1−𝑣)
(𝑣−1)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = ∫ (1−𝑣) + ∫ (1−𝑣)
−(−𝑣+1)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = ∫ (1−𝑣) + ∫ (1−𝑣)
−(1−𝑣))𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = ∫ (1−𝑣) + ∫ (1−𝑣)
𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ (1−𝑣)
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = −𝑣 − ln(1 − 𝑣) + 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑣 + ln(1 − 𝑣) = 𝐶

ENGGMATH 5: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 1

 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝑣+ln(1−𝑣) = 𝑒 𝐶
𝑒 𝑣 𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑥+ln(1−𝑣) = 𝑒 𝐶
𝑒 𝑣 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑒 ln(1−𝑣) = 𝑒 𝐶
𝑒 𝑣 (𝑥)(1 − 𝑣) = 𝐶
Since y=vx; v=y/x
𝑒 y/x (𝑥)(1 − y/x) = 𝐶
𝑒 y/x (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝐶

1. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

If M is simpler, use:
x = vy, dx = vdy + ydv

(𝑣𝑦)𝑦(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + [(𝑣𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑣𝑦 2 (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + [(𝑣𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
Multiply the whole equation to 𝑦2
1
[2𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0] 𝑦2
2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 = 0
(2𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 = 0
1
[(2𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 = 0] (2𝑣 2 +1)(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑦
+ 2𝑣 2 +1 = 0
Integrating Both Sides
𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑦
+ ∫ 2𝑣 2 +1 = 0
𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑛𝑦 + ∫ 2𝑣 2 +1 = 0
Let
u = 2𝑣 2 + 1
du = 4𝑣𝑑𝑣
1 (4)𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 4 ∫ 2𝑣 2 +1 = 0
1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 4 ∫ ln (2𝑣 2 + 1) = 0
1
[𝑙𝑛𝑦 + ln(2𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝐶]4
4
4𝑙𝑛𝑦 + ln(2𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑦 4 + ln(2𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝐶
4 + ln(2𝑣 2 +1)
𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒𝐶
4 2
𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 𝑒 ln(2𝑣 +1) = 𝑒 𝐶
𝑦 4 (2𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝐶

ENGGMATH 5: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 2

 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Since x = vy, v=x/y

𝑥
𝑦 4 (2(𝑦)2 + 1) = 𝐶
𝑥2
𝑦 4 (2 𝑦2 + 1) = 𝐶
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 = 𝐶 ------------------------- General Solution

If 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
2(0)2 (1)2 + (1)4 = 𝐶
𝐶=1
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 = 1 ------------------------ Particular Solution

ENGGMATH 5: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 3