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Group 4

Meaning and The Sentence

Semantic
Aini Nirmala Dewi
Gino Esa Yazani
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Intro
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WORD AND SENTENCE
·Words are the basic units of meaning in language.
·Sentences are combinations of words that convey meaning.
Characteristic of sentence: Referential meaning is a
foundational aspect of semantics, elucidating how words
acquire meaning through their relationship with real-world
referents.
Ex: father/son : of course thus words is with sense of relation
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MEANING AND SENTENCE
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·Meaning is determined by the context in which a sentence is used.

·Because there is no equivocation in talking about one-word
sentences the essential point is that conversations do not
normally simply consist of words, except when such words are
formed into sentences, and it is in this sense that sentences, but
not words, may be said to be meaningful.
·The meaning of words is derived from the meaning of the
sentence in which they occur and not vice versa.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Projection rules
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Projection rules describe
how the meaning of a The rules are called
sentence is derived from projection rules and the
the meanings of its
combination is referred
constituent parts. They
to as amalgamation,
illustrate how the
semantic content of words and the meanings are
is projected onto the called paths.
structure of sentences.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) PROJECTION RULES EXAMPLE:
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Sentence: "The man hit the colorful ball."

Components:
Subject: "The man", Verb: "hit", Object: "the colorful ball"
·The meaning of the sentence "The man hit the colorful ball" is
derived by combining the meanings of its constituent parts
(subject, verb, object) according to projection rules.
Each component contributes to the overall interpretation of
the sentence. The subject performs the action described by the
verb on the object
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) THE DIFFICULTIES OF THIS RULES:
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In attempt to use or move the word into sentence:

If we merely add components together as we used the
projection rules. Second, a problem arises in that the same
component may at times merely provide the environment for
amalgamation.
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PREDICATE
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CALCULUS
Contents

Predicate calculus is a formal system for representing relationships

between objects and properties within sentences. It provides a logical
framework for analyzing sentence structure and meaning.
- The meaning of a sentence is a PROPOSITION. Propositions consist of
TERMS, which are of two types, PREDICATES and ARGUMENTS.
-The predicates are the relational terms and usually correspond to
verbs in sentences;
- The arguments are the terms that are related, and usually
correspond to nouns.
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EXAMPLE PREDICATE Chapter 1

CALCULUS
The sentence
John loves Mary
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ANALYTIC AND SYNTHETIC
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- Analytic sentences are those whose truth is determined by the

meanings of their words alone, without reference to external factors.
- Synthetic sentences, on the other hand, require external knowledge or
experience to determine truth.
- And we assumes that we can distinguish between two kinds of truth,
the one NECESSARY and depending upon logical relations, the other
CONTINGENT and depending upon facts about the world.
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EXAMPLE:
ALL BACHELORS ARE UNMARRIED
ALL BACHELORS ARE MISERABLE.
Chapter 3
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CONCLUSION
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In conclusion, understanding the components and

interpretation of meaning in sentences is crucial for
effective communication. It involves syntactic structure,
semantics, and the contextual aspects of language. Clear
and unambiguous expression enhances communication
and fosters shared understanding. Embracing the
nuances of meaning enriches our interactions and
relationships.
 Thank You
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