1ST MONTHLY EXAMINATION

REVIEWER

EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY
POINTERS:
-ICT Development
-Types of Websites and Features of Web 2.0
-Key Trends in ICT
-Tips to Stay Safe Online
-Internet Threats
-Protecting Reputations Online (Copyright Infringement)

TYPES OF EXAM:
-Multiple Choice
-Modified True or False
-Constructed Response

ICT DEVELOPMENT
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) deals with the use of different
communication technologies such as mobile phones, telephone, and internet to locate, save,
send, and edit information. ICT in the Philippines. Several international companies dub the
Philippines as the “ICT Hub of Asia” because of huge growth of ICT-related jobs, one of which is
the rise of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) centers. According to the 2013 edition of
Measuring the Information Society by the International Telecommunication Union, there are
106.8 cellphones per 100 Filipinos in the year 2012. In a data gathered by the Annual Survey of
Philippine Business and Industries, NSO in 2010, the ICT industry shares 19.3% of the total
employment population here in the Philippines. Time Magazine’s “The Selfiest Cities around the
World” of 2013 places two cities from the Philippines in the top 1 and top 10 spots. This study
was conducted using Instagram, a popular photo sharing application.

TYPES OF WEBSITE
Web 1.0- A static or stationary page wherein users cannot interact with the page.
Examples: Mp3.com, Ofoto, Aliweb, shopping carts, personal websites, jekyll.com, brunch,
metalsmith.com, Wikipedia, etc.
Web 2.0- A dynamic page wherein users can interact with the page.
Examples: social networking sites (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.), video sharing sites
(YouTube, Vimeo, TikTok, Twitch, DailyMotion, Facebook Watch, etc.), wikis (Wikitravel,
WikiBooks, WikiHow, Wiktionary, etc.), web applications (Google Apps, Microsoft 0365, etc.),
hosted services (Bluehost, HostGator Cloud, Hostinger, GreenGeeks, DreamHost), and blogs.

FEATURES OF WEB 2.0

1. Folksonomy -allows users to categorize and classify or arrange information using freely
chosen keywords (e.g., tagging). Popular social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram,
Facebook, etc. use tags with the pound sign (#). This is also referred to as hashtag.
2. Rich User Experience -content is dynamic and is responsive to user’s input.
3. User Participation -the owner of the website is not the only one who is able to put content.
4. Long Tail -services that are offered on demand rather than on a one-time purchase.
5. Software as a Service -users will subscribe to a software only when needed rather than
purchasing them.
6. Mass Participation -diverse information sharing through universal web access.
Web 3.0 and the Semantic Web. Semantic Web -is a movement led by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C). The term was coined by the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-
Lee. It provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across
application, enterprise, and community boundaries.

KEY TRENDS IN ICT

As the world of ICT continues to grow, the industry has focused on several innovations which
cater to the needs of the people who benefit most out of it. The following trends are the
current front runners in the innovation of ICT.
1. Convergence- Technological convergence is the synergy of technological advancements to
work on a similar goal or task. It is the use of several technologies to accomplish a task
conveniently.
2. Social Media- Social media is a website, application, or online channel that enables web
users to create, co-create, discuss, modify, and exchange user-generated content.

Six Types of Social Media

NAMES DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES
a. Social Networks sites that allow you to Facebook, Google+
connect with other people
with the same interests or
background
b. Bookmarking sites that allow you to store StumbleUpon, Pinterest
Sites and manage links to various
websites and resources and
create a tag to easily search
or share them
c. Social News sites that allow users to post Reddit, Digg
their own news items or links
to other news sources
d. Media Sharing sites that allow you to upload Flicker, YouTube, Instagram
and share media content like
images, music, and video
e. Microblogging sites that focus on short Twitter, Plurk, Threads
updates from the user
f. Blogs and Forums websites that allow users to Blogger, WordPress, Tumblr
post their content

3. Mobile Technologies- The popularity of smartphones and tablets has taken a major rise over
the years because of the devices’ capability to do tasks that were originally found in personal
computers. Today, the latest mobile devices use 5G Networking (LTE), which is currently the
fastest mobile network.
Different Operating Systems used by Mobile Devices
a. iOS -used in Apple devices such as the iPhone and iPad
b. Android -an open-source operating system developed by Google
c. Blackberry -used in Blackberry devices
d. Windows Phone OS -a closed source and proprietary operating system developed by
Microsoft
e. Symbian -the original smartphone OS; used by Nokia devices
f. WebOS -originally used for smartphones; now used for smart TVs
g. Windows Mobile - developed by Microsoft for smartphones and pocket PCs
4. Assistive Media- is a nonprofit service designed to help people who have visual and reading
impairments. A database of audio recordings is used to read to the user.

TIPS TO STAY SAFE ONLINE

-Be mindful of what you share online and what site you share it to.
-Do not just accept terms and conditions; read it
-Check out the privacy policy page of a website to learn how the website handles the
information you share.
-Know the security features of the social networking site you use
-Do not share your password with anyone.
-Avoid logging in to public networks/Wi-Fi.
-Do not talk to strangers whether online or face-to-face.
-Never post anything about a future vacation.
-Add friends you know in real life.
-Avoid visiting untrusted websites.
-Install and update an antivirus software on your computer
-If you have a Wi-Fi at home, make it a private network by adding a password.
-Avoid downloading anything from untrusted websites.
-Buy the software; do not use pirated ones.
-Do not reply or click links from suspicious emails.
Remember that online safety requires continuous vigilance. By following these tips and staying
informed about online threats, you can greatly reduce the risks associated with internet use.

INTERNET THREATS
1. Malware (Malicious Software)
a. Virus- a malicious program designed to replicate itself and transfer from one computer to
another either through the internet and local networks of data storage like flash drives and CDs.
b. Worm- a malicious program that transfers from one computer to another by any types of
means. Often, it uses a computer network to spread itself.
c. Trojan o Rogue security software- tricks the user into posing that it is a security software. It
asks the user to pay to improve his/her security but, they are not protected at all.
d. Spyware- a program that runs in the background without you knowing it (it thus called “spy”).
It can monitor what you are currently doing and typing through keylogging.
e. Adware- a program designed to send you advertisements, mostly as pop-ups.
2. Spam- unwanted email mostly from bots or advertisers. It can be used to send malware.
3. Phishing- its goal is to acquire sensitive personal information like passwords and credit card
details.
Pharming- a more complicated way of phishing where it exploits the DNS (Domain Name
Service) system.

PROTECTING REPUTATIONS ONLINE (COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT)

Intellectual Property – a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human
intellect.
Intellectual Property encompasses two (2) types of rights: Industrial property rights and
Copyright.
• Copyright – the legal protection extended to the owner of the rights in an original work.
• Copyright Law – intended to encourage creativity by allowing creators to control and benefit
from their intellectual property.
Copyright Infringement
- occurs when someone uses, reproduces, distributes, or creates derivative works from
copyrighted material without the permission of the copyright owner. This unauthorized use
violates the exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder and can lead to legal consequences.

Tips to Avoid Copyright Infringement

1. Understand- Copyright protects literary works, photographs, paintings, drawings, films,
music (and lyrics), choreography, and sculptures.
2. Be responsible enough to know if something has a copyright.
3. Be creative- Ask yourself whether what you are making is something that came from you, or
something made from somebody else’s creativity.
4. Know the law- There are limitations to copyright laws. For instance, in the Philippines,
copyrights only last a lifetime (of the author) plus 50 years. There are also provisions for “fair
use” which mean that an intellectual property may be used without a consent as long as it is
used in commentaries, criticisms, search engines, parodies, news reports, research, library
archiving, teaching, and education.

-END-
 1ST MONTHLY EXAMINATION
REVIEWER

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS (UCSP)

POINTERS:
-Definitions, Concepts in/of Society, Culture, Politics (Lesson 1 &2)
-Definitions, Perspectives Goals of Anthropology, Sociology, Political Science (Lesson 1)
-Variations of Culture (Lesson 3)

TYPES OF EXAM:
-Multiple Choice
-Fill in the blanks
-Modified True/False
-Essay

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS IN/OF SOCIETY, CULTURE, POLITICS (LESSON 1 &2)

SOCIETY
-Society is a large group of people sharing a common bond subjected to common political
authority for a particular activity and purpose.
-For sociologists, society is the cornerstone of everything - this is why it's important to study it.
The type of society we live in determines many aspects of our lives, such as where we grow up,
how we are influenced, who we meet, what we do, and how we experience life. Each society is
different, and there are millions across the world.

CULTURE
-Culture is the ideas, beliefs, traditions, and behavior of the people of a particular place or
society. -Culture is an important aspect of the development of society.
-Culture helps to unite a society. Different societies have different culture, which represents the
ideas, customs, norms, as well as tradition of the particular society. A culture with particular
values and experiences makes them unique.
-Culture makes people of society understand the social, religious, as well as economic benefits.
It helps in the well-being of all the people and also the society. Culture plays an important role
in the formation of society as people of similar cultures, behavior, ideas, and values form
together with society. Culture is the social aspect of the society which reflects the tradition of
the society.

POLITICS
-Politics refers to the activity of government and those involved in the process of governing. It is
closely related to the field of political science.
-Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other
forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The
branch of social science that studies politics and government is referred to as political science.

HOW ARE POLITICS, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY INTERRELATED?

-Culture influences the activities of society. While politics is the reason for the formation of the
culture and also can transform culture. Culture and politics both influence each other. Politics
plays an important role in the development of the culture. While Culture is formed in the
society, by the society for the society. Let’s take an example, people living in society enjoy
different facilities and services. They perform different activities and behaviors. So we can say
that Culture is the way of using those facilities and services. Culture is the way people perform
different activities and behaviors. While politics is the way of distributing those facilities and
services. Understanding Culture and Society, as well as Politics, helps people understand the
situation of society. So at last, we can conclude by saying society is a group of people living in a
particular group. Culture is the tradition, norms, and behavior of the group. And politics is the
activities with the governance of the group.

DEFINITIONS, PERSPECTIVES GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE

(LESSON 1)

ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE

ANTHROPOLOGY SOCIOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE
-Genetics and evolution -Culture, society -Ideologies
-Cultural Variations -Socialization -Regimes, political culture
-Concept of culture, -Groups and organizations -State and constitutions
communication and language -Social inequality -Politics
-Social Stratification -Gender Stratification -Culture
-Sex, gender, culture -Race, ethnicity -Communication
-Associations and interest -Social institutions -Interest groups
-Groups -(families, government, -Elections
-Religion religion, education) -Legislatives, executives,
-Cultural Change -Social Change judiciaries
-Political economy
-International Relations

ANTHROPOLOGY
-Comes from the Greek words “Anthropos” means “human” and “Logos” means “to study”.
-It is the study, analysis, and description of humanity’s past and present.
-Anthropology is the study of the origin and development of human societies and cultures.
Culture is the learned behavior of people, including their languages, belief systems, social
structures, institutions, and material goods.
“ANTHROPOLOGIST”
-The ones studies anthropology

TYPES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Cultural Anthropology
It is the study of how people who share a common cultural system organize and shape the
physical and social world around them, and are in turn shaped by those ideas, behaviors, and
physical environments.
2. Biological Anthropology
Biological anthropology is the study of human biological variation and evolution. Biological
anthropologists seek to document and explain the patterning of biological variation among
contemporary human populations, trace the evolution of our lineage through time in the fossil
record, and provide a comparative perspective on human uniqueness by placing our species in
the context of other living primates.
3. Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic anthropology studies the nature of human languages in the context of those cultures
that developed them. Scholars in the field seek to understand the social and cultural
foundations of language itself, while exploring how social and cultural formations are grounded
in linguistic practices.
Language
A language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols
which are used by the people of a particular country or region for talking or writing.
Dialect
A dialect is a form of a language that people speak in a particular part of a country, containing
some different words and grammar.
4. Archaeological Anthropology
Archaeological anthropology is the study of past humans and cultures through material remains.
It involves the excavation, analysis and interpretation of artifacts, soils, and cultural processes.

Artifacts
An artifact is an object made by a human being. Artifacts include art, tools, and clothing made
by people of any time and place.
Fossils
Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments,
such as sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes and rivers. Fossils also include any preserved
trace of life that is typically more than 10 000 years old.

PERSPECTIVES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Holism
Anthropologists are keen all in all of mankind, in how different parts of life connect. One can't
completely see the value in being human by contemplating a solitary part of our mindboggling
narratives, dialects, bodies, or social orders. By utilizing a comprehensive methodology,
anthropologists request how various angles from human existence impact each other.
2. Cultural Relativism
The possibility that we should try to comprehend someone else's convictions and practices
according to the viewpoint of their way of life as opposed to our own. Anthropologists don't
pass judgment on different societies dependent on their qualities nor do they see alternate
methods of getting things done as second rate. All things being equal, anthropologists try to
comprehend individuals' convictions inside the framework they have for clarifying things.
3. Comparison
In cultural anthropology, we compare ideas, morals, practices, and systems within or between
cultures. We might compare the roles of men and women in different societies, or contrast how
different religious groups conflict within a given society.
4. Fieldwork
In Cultural Anthropology, field work is alluded to as ethnography, which is both the interaction
and after effect of social anthropological examination. The Greek expression "ethno" alludes to
individuals, and "graphy" alludes to composing. The ethnographic interaction includes the
exploration technique for member perception hands on work: you partake in individuals' lives,
while noticing them and taking field takes note of that, alongside interviews and reviews,
establish the examination information.

SOCIOLOGY
-Comes from the Greek word “socius” means “companion” and “logos” which means “to study”
-Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of
human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies,
and how people interact within these contexts.
Auguste Comte
-French social scholar, is generally known as the "Father of Sociology" as he instituted the term
'Humanism' in 1839.
-First coined the term sociology to describe a new way of thinking about societies as systems
governed by principles of organization and change.
Émile Durkheim
-French humanist, made the biggest commitment to the development of social science as a
social scientific discipline.

INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIETY
1. FAMILY
2. RELIGION
3. EDUCATION
4. GOVERNMENT

GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY
1. To understand how membership in one’s social group affects individual be
2. To understand how cultures and institutions interact in different societies
3. To understand the meaning and consequences of modernity, postmodernity and the new
globalization.
4. Understand the causes and consequences of social change in terms of general causes and
effects as well as unique historical circumstances
5. Understand the causes and consequences of population composition and pressures and how
population affects the environment and development of societies
6. To provide information that reflects upon different policy initiatives

PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY
Sociological Imagination
-Sociological imagination is an ability to see the context which shapes your individual decision
making, as well as the decisions made by others
-Charles Wright Mills, founded this field of thinking in the mid-20th century. At the time he
wrote, “Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without
understanding both.”

THREE MAIN SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

1. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
2. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
3. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
1. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVES
-Based largely on Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton
-It states that society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to
maintain balance and social equilibrium.
2. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES
-Based on the works of Karl Marx
Two division of groups: haves and the have nots
-It views society as composed of different groups and interest competing for power and
resources.
3. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVES
-Based on the works of Charles Coley, George Herbert Mead , George Simmel and Erving
Goffman
-It suggest that our identity or sense of self is shaped by social interaction.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
-It is the study of the nature, causes, and consequences of collective decisions and action taken
by groups of people embedded in cultures and institutions that structure power and authority.
-Political Science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of governance, and the
analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated constitutions and political behavior.
Socrates
-He did not like the idea of democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, and tyranny.
-Aspires to a kind of political organization in which philosophers behave as friends to the
political community and are recognized as such.
Plato (427–347 BC)
-Plato composed “The Republic”
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
-Aristotle composed the “Politics”.
-Known as the Father of Political Science.
-Known for his assertion "Man is a political animal".

GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. Is the concern with the process of growth, industrialization and change and the impact on
government forms and policies
2. Is to describe how various political systems function, and to find more effective political
systems.
3. Is to measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors,
including stability, justice, material wealth.

PERSPECTIVE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

-Political Science aims to measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining
many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth.

APPROACHES IN STUDYING POLITICAL SCIENCE

-Positivism
-Interpretivism
-Rational Choice Theory
-Behaviouralism
-Structuralism
-Post-structuralism
-Realism
-Institutionalism
-Pluralism.

RESOURCES IN STUDYING POLITICAL SCIENCE

PRIMARY SOURCES:
-Historical Documents
-Official Records
SECONDARY SOURCES:
-Scholarly Journal Articles
-Survey
-Research
-Statistical Analysis
-Case Studies
-Experimental Research
-Model Building

VARIATIONS OF CULTURE (LESSON 3)

Cultural Variation refers to the rich diversity in social patterns that different human group
exhibit around the world. Music, dance, languages, cuisine, and art are different from one
culture to another.

Cultural Universals are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.
-One example of cultural universal is the family unit. Every human group recognizes family as
the building blocks of the society that regulates sexual reproduction and care of their children.
-Another example of cultural universal is the language and the concept of giving names to
member of the family.

Variation between Cultures

1. Subculture
-Is a culture that is shared with a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values which differ
from a larger society. The group of society who exhibit subculture have a specific and unique
set of beliefs and values that set them apart from the dominant culture.
Examples:
-Hanukah is lesser Jewish festival lasting 8 days from the 25th day of Kislev (in December) and
commemorating the rededication of the Temple in 165BC by the Maccabees after its
desecration by the Syrians. It is marked by the successive kindling of 8 lights.
-Cockfighting is a blood sport in which two roosters specifically bred for aggression are placed
beak to beak in a small ring and encouraged to fight to the death.

2. Counter Culture
-Is a culture practice by groups whose values and norms place it at odds with mainstream
society or a group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms.
Examples:
-Paramilitary is a semi-militarized force whose organizational structure, tactics, trainings, and
functions are similar to professional military and not included as a parts of formal armed forces
like NPA and ISIS groups.

3. High Culture
-Is a culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of the society.
Examples:
-Watching opera, classical music and live theater

4. Popular Culture
-Is a culture practiced or patronized by the middle and working classes of the society.
Examples:
-Watching soap opera over the televisions, movies and rock concerts

Ethnocentrism is the regard that one’s own culture and society is the center of everything and
seen as the most efficient and superior among the cultures in the world.
Culture Shock is the feeling of disoriented, uncertain, out of place or even fearful when
immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
Cultural Relativism is the practice by assessing a culture by its own standards rather that
viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. It is the practice that one must understood in
the context of their locality.
Advantages of Cultural Relativism:
1. It promotes cooperation. Embracing the differences of the different society can create
cooperation because it allows a stronger bond with one another in the society.
2. Respect and Equality is encouraged. People from different culture with different ideas that
share their own perspectives and experiences in the society can promote respect and equality.
3. It preserves human cultures. Respect with the diverse set of traditions, ideas and practices
would help preserve the culture.
4. Cultural relativism creates a society without judgement. Worrying and practicing your own
culture prevent disagreement & judgement in the society.

Cultural Change is observed when new opens up new ways of living and when new ideas enter
a culture as a result of globalization.

-END-
 1ST MONTHLY EXAMINATION
REVIEWER

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH

POINTERS:
-Fitness
-Physical Activity
-Muscle and Bones Strengthening Activity

TYPE OF EXAM:
-True or False
-Constructed Response

FITNESS
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Physical Activity means a movement of the body that uses energy. Walking, gardening, briskly
pushing a baby stroller, climbing the stairs, playing soccer, or dancing the night away are all
good examples of being active. For health benefits, physical activity should be moderate or
vigorous intensity.

Moderate Physical Activity

-Walking briskly (about 3½ miles per hour)
-Bicycling (less than 10 miles per hour)
-General gardening (raking, trimming shrubs)
-Dancing
-Golf (walking and carrying clubs)
-Water aerobics
-Canoeing
-Tennis/Badminton (doubles)

Vigorous Physical Activity

-Running/jogging (5 miles per hour)
-Walking very fast (4½ miles per hour)
-Bicycling (more than 10 miles per hour)
-Heavy yard work, such as chopping wood
-Swimming (freestyle laps)
-Aerobics
-Basketball (competitive)
-Tennis/Badminton (singles)

Physical Benefits
-Cardiovascular System Your heart and blood vessels receive the most benefits from regular
physical activity.
-Weight Maintenance Staying at a healthy weight can reduce your risk for developing diseases
such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.
-Bone Strength Your physical activities make your bones stronger and denser.
-Balance and Coordination Physical activity improves your balance and coordination, which
may, in turn, improve your athletic ability.

-Aerobic exercise is any physical activity that makes you sweat, causes you to breathe harder,
and gets your heart beating faster than at rest.
-It strengthens your heart and lungs and trains your cardiovascular system to manage and
deliver oxygen more quickly and efficiently throughout your body.
-Aerobic exercise uses your large muscle groups, is rhythmic in nature, and can be maintained
continuously for at least 10 minutes.

Benefits of Aerobic
-Improves your circulation and helps your body use oxygen better
-Increases energy
-Increases endurance, which means you can work out longer without getting tired
-Helps reduce the risk of developing heart disease
-Helps reduce the risk of developing diabetes
-Helps reduce body fat
-Helps you reach and maintain a healthy weight
-Helps reduce stress, tension, anxiety, and depression
-Improves sleep

Examples of Aerobic Exercise

-Physical activity such as walking, jogging, indoor cycling, or aerobic dancing are all examples of
aerobic exercise that strengthen the heart and lungs, therefore improving your body's
utilization of oxygen.
-For general health, aim for a 30-minute workout (or three 10-minute workouts per day) three
to five days a week at moderate intensity.
-For weight loss, gradually work up to 45 minutes or longer at moderate to vigorous intensity
five to six days a week, allowing for at least one day of rest a week.

Strong Bones
All forms of physical activity will help keep your bones fit for purpose and reduce the risk of
falling. Bone-strengthening activities produce an impact or tension force on the bones that
promotes bone growth and strength.
-Running, trampolining, gymnastics, skipping and jumping exercise to music, dance-related
activities.
-Ball games, such as football, basketball, hockey and netball racket sports, such as badminton,
squash and tennis martial arts, such as karate and taekwondo
-Body weight exercises, such as press-ups and squats or lunges rock climbing

Muscle Strength
Should work with muscles as they move against resistance. This resistance can come from
workout machines, free weights or barbells, elastic bands, water, stairs, hills, cans of vegetables
from the pantry -- even your own body weight as you do a pushup.

Muscular Strength and Endurance

-These are important components of health related fitness because they can help you stay
"injury-free" and prevent some health problems (Example: Neck and Lower Back Pain).
-Muscular strength and endurance can also help you maintain bone strength, and can help to
improve your fitness level and sport performance.

Muscle Strengthening Exercises

Increase your muscular strength, power, endurance, and mass.
Here are a few examples of Activities:
-Skipping rope
-Jogging
-Playing sports such as gymnastics, basketball, volleyball, and tennis.

-END-
 1ST MONTHLY EXAMINATION
REVIEWER

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

POINTERS:
-Functions of Communication
-Process of Communication
-Nature of Communication
-Models of Communication

TYPES OF EXAM:
-Multiple Choices
-Essay

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication Functions
Communication as a human activity always serves as a function. Functions of communication
refer to how humans use language for different purposes. Theoreticians such as Roman
Jakobson, Michael Halliday, and Bronislaw Malinowski have categorized the different uses or
functions of communication. Below are five common functions of language- regulation/control,
social interaction, motivation, information, and emotional expression.

1. Regulation/Control
Communication can be used to control behavior of human beings. It can be used to regulate the
nature and amount of activities humans engage in. Examples of regulation/control include
doctor’s prescriptions, parent’s instructions to their children, friends giving advice on what
course of action to take, scolding, employer’s orders to their employees, customers making
orders, and many others.

Language Forms for Regulation or Control

Communication as means of regulation or control can come in the form of commands
(grammatically known as imperatives) such as the following:
Please come in.
Get a chair.
Run.

Another form in which communication can take as a form of control would be questions that
influence human behavior. They are called rhetorical questions because they are not intended
to get information. Examples include the following:
Why don’t we go to the dining room now?
Do you have a pen?
Can you pass the salt?
Statements ( grammatically known as declaratives) may also be the form in which
communication becomes a means of regulation or control. The idea is that when a person says
something, he or she wants the listener to do something. The following are examples:
I want to be alone.
You need to hurry.
That’s not the right thing to do.

2. Social Interaction
Communication can be used to produce social interaction. In their daily course of living, human
beings develop and maintain bonds, intimacy, relations, and associations. Humans do this
primarily through communication. Examples of communication as social interaction include
pick-up lines, invitations, greetings, appreciation, encouragement, marriage proposals, game
plans and many others.

Language Forms of Social Interaction

Below are several examples of expressions that produce social interaction.
Let’s be friends.
Will you marry me?
Be my group partner.
I like you.
I love you.
You mean so much to me.
Hello!

3. Motivation
Motivation as a function of communication refers to a person using language to express desires,
needs, wants, likes and dislikes, inclinations, choices and aspirations. Examples of
communication used as motivation include expressing one’s ambitions, talking about
preferences, ordering in a fast food restaurant, asking for milk, making petitions, picketing,
expressing a need, communicating desires and aspirations, and many more. Motivation as a
function of communication can be grammatically realized usually as declaratives but
sometimes as commands (grammatically known as imperatives) and rhetorical questions
(questions not intended for merely eliciting information).

Language Forms for Expressing Motivation

Forms expressing motivation include the following:
I need…
I want…
Give me…
I dream of…
I like…
We pray for…
Do you have…?
Can I…?

4. Information
Communication can be used for giving and getting information. Giving information usually
comes in the form of statements of facts (grammatically known as declaratives) and sometimes
in terms of rhetorical questions. Getting information can come in the form of questions
intended for getting information (grammatically known as imperatives) and even through
statements.

Language Forms for Sharing/ Obtaining Information

The following show some forms in which giving and getting information take.
Giving information using statements…
I have three brothers.
Philippine Normal University was established in 1901.
For every action, there is a reaction.
Using rhetorical question…
Did you know that some earphones can be used as microphones?
Getting information using questions…
Where is Mount Halcon?
Did it rain last night?
Is it windy last night?
Using Imperatives…
Tell me how much a can of corned beef costs.
Show me how to tie a knot.
Give me information regarding the weather.
Using Declaratives…
I don’t know where to find the city hall.
I need to understand how my bill was computed.

5. Emotional Expression
Human always need to express their emotions both verbally and nonverbally. Emotions are a
central part of who we are. Beyond thinking about the things and people in our world, we feel
about them and about ourselves. Whether it is love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other
emotion, humans need to let them out otherwise they harm our well-being.

Language Forms for Expressing Emotion

The following are examples of forms of expressing opinion:
I think…
I believe that…
In my opinion…
Let me say that…
The way I see it,…

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
1. In a given context, the sender converts his or her thoughts into signals such as words (usually
using the mouth)
2. The sender sends the signals (speaks) through a channel (such as air)
3. As the signals are sent through the channel, there is some noise (anything that reduces the
quality of the signals such as when words cannot be heard clearly).
4. The receiver hears the signals using the ears.
5. The receiver converts the signals into thoughts.
6. The receiver sends feedback by becoming the sender.

SENDER-ENCODING-MESSAGE-RECEIVER-DECODING-FEEDBACK

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication defined:
Communication is the process of giving and receiving information between a human source and
a human receiver using words, symbols, or actions.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
The communication process is best described through discussion of different communication
models. In simple terms, model means a systematic description of a phenomenon or abstract
process.

1. JAKOBSON’S MODEL
Roman Jakobson’s model has six components:
 Addresser- the sender of the message
 Addressee- the receiver of the message
 Context- the situation in which the message was given
 Message- the idea to be expressed

 Contact- the channel through which the message passes

 Code- the form of message
He said the six components each had to do with six functions of language which he enumerated
as cognitive, emotive, conative, phatic, metalingual, and poetic. The following diagram
illustrates his model:

2. SAUSSURE’S MODEL
Ferdinand de Saussure, considered the Father of Modern Synchronic Linguistics, described a
model in which a concept in the brain triggers a sound pattern in the brain. The sound pattern
in the brain triggers an actual pronunciation of a sound which goes out of the mouth of a
person and into the ear of the listener where the process occurs in opposite order. That is, the
sound produces a sound pattern in the brain, and the sound pattern in brain produces a
concept. Saussure’s model has been called the speech circuit model.

3. SHANNON’S MODEL
In 1948, Claude Shannon what came to be known as Information Theory. It was primarily
concerned with the transmission of electronic information. The diagram below illustrates his
model.
Shannon described the parts of his model as follows:
1. An information source which produces a message or a sequence of messages to be
communicated to the receiving terminal.
2. A transmitter which operates on the message in some way to produce a signal suitable for
transmission over the channel.
3. The channel is merely the medium used to transmit the signal from transmitter to
receiver .During transmission or at one of the terminals, the signal may be perturbed by noise.
4. The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation of that done by the transmitter,
reconstructing the message from the signal.
5. The destination is the person (or thing) for whom the message is intended.

4. BERLO’S MODEL
In 1960, David K. Berlo publishes El Proceso de la Communicacion (The Process of
Communication) in which he described his SMCR model of communication which is illustrated
below.

The sender sends a message based on his knowledge of the subject, ability to communicate,
attitudes particularly toward the sender and everything else, social system, and culture.. The
message is composed of elements that are arranged in a particular structure in a particular
form (musical, poetic, prose, etc.). The entirety (content) of the message is conveyed in a
particular way (treatment). The channel is the sense used to observe the message. The receiver
decodes the message based on similar personality components as the sender. Berlo's model
includes verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication. It is a linear type of model.

5. NIDA’S MODEL
Eugene Nida's model includes an element of noise. He also talked about a special message
called feedback. The following diagram illustrates his model:

According to Nida, the S is the source, M is the message, and R is the receptor. Both S and M
have decoder (De) and encoder (En) since S and R can switch roles. The wavy line through M
suggests the acoustic transmission and the printed form of M stands for written communication.
Throughout the communication, there is a factor of noise.

The four models discussed by Berg highlight a particular part of the code model of
communication. The linear model focuses on the conduit or channel. The circular or dialogic
model gives a more active role for the receiver. The feedback, interaction model tries to think
of messages beyond what is intentionally given by the sender. That is, all behaviour of the
sender sends a message. The self-regulatory model focuses on what the senders and receivers
get from the environment.

-END-
 1ST MONTHLY EXAMINATION
REVIEWER

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

POINTERS:
-ALL LESSONS SINCE DAY 1

TYPES OF EXAM:
-Multiple Choice
-Modified T or F
-Short Response

EARTH
Reasons why planet Earth is unique one:
1. It has liquid water
70% - water 97% - seawater 3% - freshwater
30% - land surface

The Earth is considered as BLUE PLANET for having the most liquid water in all planets.

2. Surface or Lithosphere which includes the crust and the upper mantle
Continental Crust is the ground floor
Oceanic Crust is the sea floor

3. It has an athmosphere that shelters it from the worst of the sun rays

4. It has the right distance from the sun

(pangatlong pinakamalapit sa araw)

EARTH’S FOUR SUBSYSTEMS

1.ATHMOSPHERE
-Mixture of gases that surrounds the planet
-COMPOSITION
 78% Nitrogen
 21% Oxygen
 1% Other Gases
LAYERS OF EARTH ATHMOSPHERE
TroSMITE
TRO-Troposphere
S-Stratosphere
M-Mesosphere
I-Ionosphere
T-Thermosphere
E-Exosphere

Troposphere
-Contains 75-85% of the athmosphere’s mass
-Almost all weather occurs within this layer
Stratosphere
-Contains ozone that absorbs most of the UV rays from the sun

Mesosphere
-Meteors vaporize in this layer as they enter the planet

Thermosphere
-Contains an Ionosphere a layer of positively charged molecules used to transmit radio waves in
the air.
-The aurora (the southern and northern lights) primarily occur in this layer

Exosphere
-Marks the line between the athmosphere of Earth and the outer space

2. HYDROSPHERE
-Refers to the water found on Earth (Ice, Liquid or Vapor)
 70% Water
 30% Land Surface

3. GEOSPHERE
-Also known as Lithosphere
-Contains a solid part of the Earth
-Composition

Compositional Layer
Crust- outermost and the thinnest layer of the Earth
 Continental- Rocks that form the continents
 Oceanic- Rocks that form the ocean floor

Mantle
-Thickest layer of the Earth
-Materials are semisolid form

Core
-Inner (Solid FE and NI)
-Outer (Liquid and NI)
*FE is Iron and NI is Nickle*
*Iron is responsible for Gravity*

Lithosphere
-The outermost mechanical layer of Earth
-Composed of the crust and upper portion of the mantle
-Hard, rigid and ductile

Asthenosphere
-Layer beneath the Lithosphere
-Composed of the upper portion of the mantle
-It flows easily because it is made up of semisolid materials

Mesosphere
-The lower part of the mantle
-Materials in this layer flow slower than the asthenosphere

Outer Core
-Made up of flowing liquid materials
-The flow caused the formation of Earth’s magnethosphere

Inner Core (Made up of Iron)

-The innermost mechanical layer of the Earth
-Materials are not flowing because it is made up of solid materials

4. BIOSPHERE
-“Bio” means “Life”
-Composed of all the organisms on Earth
-This is intimately connected with and dependent on other spheres

MINERALS
What are Minerals?
-Minerals are the building blocks of rocks
-Are made up of elements
-Combination of elements will lead to the formation of minerals
Minerologists use the criteria to determine whether a material is classified as a mineral or not
 Naturally Occurring
 Inorganic
 Homogenous Solid
 Definite Chemical Composition
 Orderly Crystalline Structure

Properties of Minerals
Color
-Most obvious characteristics of minerals
-It is least useful in identifying materials
Streak
-Color of mineral in its powdered form
-Minerals may or may not have the same streak with its color
Hardness
-Refers to the ability of the mineral to resist scraping
Luster
-Property of minerals that shows how much mineral reflects light
Cleavage and Fracture
-These properties describe how a mineral break
*Cleavage refers to the property of the mineral to break along flat and planar surface
*Fracture is the property of the mineral to break along random, irregular surfaces
Density
-2 minerals may have the same size but have different specific gravities
Crystal Habit
-Refers to the natural tendency of a mineral to repeatedly form into geometric shapes

PETROLOGY
-Petrology is the scientific study of rocks
Petrologists classify rocks based on how they were formed

3 CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
1. Igneous
-Formed when a hot, molten rock originally located beneath Earth’s surface
-The cooling down of magma or lava will lead to the formation of igneous rock

2 Types of Igneous
 Intrusive (Loob)
If the cooling of molten rock happens underneath Earth’s surface
 Extrusive (Labas)
If the molten rocks solidify on Earth’s surface

Characteristics of Igneous
Aphanistic- fine-grained rocks with crystals seen by aid of microscope
Phaneritic- coarse-grained rocks
Porphyritic- large crystals with small crystals
Glassy- a rock that looks like colored glass with no visible mineral crystal
Pyroclastic- results from explosive fragmentation of volcanic material

2. Sedimentary
-Form when existing rocks are broken down into sediments (smaller pieces of rocks). Over time,
the sediments are compressed by the weight of the layers above them.

3 Types of Sedimentary
 Clastic
Formed from accumulation of class: little pieces of broken rocks and shells. Examples
are breccia and conglomerate
 Chemical
Formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution. Example is Halite
 Biochemical
Rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris. Example is Coal. (Use in
geothermal power plant)

3. Metamorphic
-Formed from pre- existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary or other rocks that
have.
- Deep within the Earth or where tectonic plate meet.
-Metamorphism- transformation of one rock type into another
Examples: Quartzite (Quartz + Sandstone)

Metamorphism
1. Regional- Due to changes in pressure in temperature over large region of the crust. It may
happen when rock is buried deep below the surface of the Earth.
MOUNTAIN RANGES

CRUST CRUST
HEAT AND PRESSURE

2. Contact- The rock minerals and textures are changed mainly by heat due to contact with
magma.
EXOGENIC PROCESS
-Interactions (Physical and Chemical) between Earth’s lithosphere and natural forces.

EXOGENIC PROCESSES

WEATHERING EROSION

Breaking down of rocks caused by

Movement of rocks, minerals and soil
elements of weather and climate
from one place to another

CAUSES:
 Wind
 Gravity
 Ice
 Water

Types of Weathering
1. Physical Weathering
- Also called Mechanical Weathering
- (Loading, Unloading, Frost Wedging, Abrasion, Heat and Cold Cycles)

2. Chemical Weathering
-Breaking down of rocks is caused by chemicals, which are usually carried by water.
- (Hydrolysis, Dissolution, Oxidation)

3. Biological Weathering
-Primarily caused by organisms
-Organisms can cause either the physical or chemical breakdown of rocks

Erosions
Agents of Erosions
 Flowing Water
 Oceans and Sea Waves
 Ground Water
 Wind
  Glacier

ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Forces underneath the surface also change the composition and structure of Earth’s material.

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

PRIMORDIAL HEAT RADIOGENIC HEAT

Heat produced during the -Another source of Earth’s internal

formation of Earth, where heat is the radioactive elements
materials were attracted to one that formed during Earth’s
another due to gravity. formation and still exist today.
-Long-lived radioisotopes
- Their radioactivity heats up Earth
and contributed to the heat
produced during the formation of
Earth.

THE SOURCES OF HEAT AND HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction
Processes happen on the Earth’s surface and they direct the thermal settings in almost entire
solid portion of the Earth.

SUN- SURFACE- ATHMOSPHERE/OCEANS

Convection
Transfer of heat by the movement of mass, and it is a more effective mode of heat transport in
the Earth than pure conduction.

Radiation
-Least important mode of heat transport in the Earth
-The process of heat exchange between the sun and the Earth, through radiation, controls the
temperature at the Earth’s surface

-END-
 1ST MONTHLY EXAMINATION
REVIEWER

KOMUNIKASYON AT PANANALIKSIK

POINTERS:
-Mga Konseptong Pangwika
-Monolingguwalismo, Bilingguwalismo, Multilingguwalismo
-Barayti ng Wika

TYPES OF EXAM:
-Maramihang Pagpili
-Pagsusuri
-Short Response

MGA KONSEPTONG PANGWIKA

Ang Wika
-Isang napakahalagang instrument ng komunikasyon ang wika. Mula sa pinagsama-samang
makabuluhang tunog, simbolo, at tuntunin ay nabubuo ang mga salitang nakapagpapahayag ng
kahulugan o kaisipan.
-Ito ay behikulong ginagamit sa pakikipag-usap at pagpaparating ng mensahe sa isa’t isa.
-Nagkakaintindihan tayo, nakapagbibigayan tayo ng ating mga pananaw o ideya,
opinyon,kautusan, tuntunin, impormasyon, gayundin ng mga mensaheng tumatagos sa puso
at isipan ng isang tao, pasalita man o pasulat gamit ang wika.
-Ang salitang Latin na lingua ay nangangahulugang “dila” at “wika” o “lenggwahe”. Ito ang
pinagmulan ng salitang Pranses na langue na nangangahulugan ding dila at wika.
-Sa maraming wika sa buong mundo, ang mga salitang wika at dila ay may halos
magkakaparehong kahulugan.
- Ang wika ay tradisyonal at popular na pagpapakahulugang sistema ng arbitraryong vocal-
symbol o mga sinasalitang tunog na ginagamit ng mga miyembro ng isang pamayanan sa
kanilang pakikipagtalastasan at pakikipag-ugnayan sa isa’t isa.

Marami ding dalubhasa sa wika ang nagbigay ng iba’t ibang pagpapakahulugan sa wika
tulad nila:
-Ayon kina Paz, Hernandez, at Peneyra (2003:1), ang wika ay tulay na ginagamit para
maipahayag at mangyari ang anumnag minimithi o pangangailangan natin.
-Ayon kay Henry Allan Gleason, Jr., isang lingguwista at propesor emeritus sa University of
Toronto, ang wika ay masistemang balangkas ng mga tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa pamaraang
arbitraryo upang magamit ng mga taong nabibilang sa isang kultura.
-Cambridge Dictionary, ang wika ay sa ganitong paraan: ito ay isang sistema ng komunikasyong
nagtataglay ng mga tunog, salita, at gramatikang ginagamit sa pakikipagtalastasan ng mga
mamamayan sa isang bayan o sa iba’t ibang uri ng gawain.
-Samantala, ang siyentipikong si Charles Darwin ay naniniwalang ang wika ay isang sining tulad
ng paggawa ng serbesa o pagbe-bake ng cake, o ng pagsusulat.

Ang Wikang Pambansa

Ang Pilipinas ay isang kapuluang binubuo ng iba’t ibang pangkat ng mga Pilipinong gumagamit
ng iba’t ibang pangkat ng mga Pilipinong gumagamit ng iba’t ibang wika at diyalekto.
1934:
Kumbensiyong Konstitusyonal noong 1934. Sinalungat ng mga maka-Ingles.
Lope K. Santos – ang wikang pambansa ay dapat ibatay sa isa sa mga mga umiiral na wika sa
Pilipinas.
Manuel L Quezon – sinusugan na noo’y Pangulo ng Pamahalaang Komonwlt ng Pilipinas

1935
Ang pagsusog na ito ni Pangulong Quezon ay nagbigay-daan sa probisyong pangwika na
naksaad sa Artikulo XIV, Seksiyon 3 ng Sakigang batas ng 1935 na nagsasabing: “Ang Kongreso
ay gagawa ng mga hakbang tungo sa pagkakaroon ng isang wikang pambansang ibabatay sa isa
sa mga umiiral na katutubong wika. Hangga’t hindi itinatakda ng batas, ang wikang Ingles at
Kastila ang siyang mananatiling opisyal na wika.”

1937
Noong Disyembre 30, 1937 ay ipinroklama ni Pangulong Manuel L. Quezon ang wikang Tagalog
upang maging batayan ng Wikang Pambansa base sa rekomendasyon ng Suriansa bisa ng
Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg 134. Magkakabisa ang kautusang ito pagkaraan ng dalawang
taon.

1940
Dalawang taon matapos mapagtibay ang Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg.134 nagsimulang ituro
ang wikang Pambansa na batay sa Tagalog sa mga paaralang pampubliko at pribado.

1946
Nang ipagkaloob ng mga Amerikano ang ating Kalayaan, sa Araw ng Pagsasarili ng Pilipinas
noong Hulyo 4, 1946 ay ipinahayag ding ang mga wikang opisyal sa bansa ay Tagalog at Ingles sa
bisa ng Batas Komonwelt Bilang 570.

1959
Noong Agosto 13, 1959, pinalitan ang tawag sa wikang pambansa. Mula Tagalog ito ay naging
Pilipino sa bisa ng Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 7 na ipinalabas ni Jose E. Romero, ang kalihim
ng Edukasyon noon.

1972
Muling nagkaroon ng mainitang pagtatalo sa Kumbensiyong Konstitusyunal noong 1972
kaugnay ng usaping pangwika. Sa huli, ito ang mga naging probisyong pangwika sa Saligang
Batas ng 1973, Artikulo XV, Seksiyon 3, blg 2:

1987
Sa Saligang Batas ng 1987 ay pinagtibay ng Komisyong Konstitusyunal na binuo ni dating
Pangulong Cory Aquino ang implementasyon sa paggamit ng Wikang Filipino. Nakasaad sa
Artikulo XIV, Seksyon 6 ang probisyon tungkol sa wika na nagsasabing: “Ang wikang pambansa
ng Pilipinas ay Filipino. Samantalang nililinang, ito ay dapat payabungin at pagyamanin pa salig
sa umiiral na mga wika sa Pilipinas at sa iba pang mga wika.”

Wikang Opisyal at Wikang Panturo

Wikang Opisyal
Ayon kay Virgilio Almario (2014:12) ang wikang opisyal ay ang itinadhana ng batas na maging
wika sa opisyal na talastasan ng pamahalaan.
Wikang Panturo
-Ang wikang ginagamit sa pormal na edukasyon.
-Sa pangkalahatan ay Filipino at Ingles ang mga opisyal na wika at wikang panturo .Sa pagpasok
ng K to 12 Curriculum, ang Mother Tounge o unang wika ng mga mag-aaral ay naging opisyal na
wikang panturo mula Kindergarten hanggang Grade 3 sa mga paaralang pampubliko at pribado
man. Tinatawag itong Mother Tounge-Based Multi-Lingual Education (MTB-MLE).

MONOLINGGUWALISMO, BILINGGUWALISMO, MULTILINGGUWALISMO

Unang Wika (L1)

Ito ang tawag sa wikang kinagisnan. Tinatawag din itong katutubong wika, mother tongue.
Pangalawang Wika (L2)
Ibang wika na napapakinggan ng isang bata sa kanyang paligid na kalaunan ay natututunan
nyang salitain at intindihin.
Ikatlong Wika (L3)
Ibang bagong wika na natututunan at nagagamit sa pakikipagtalastasan sa mga tao sa paligid
niyang nagsasalita rin ng ganitong wika.

MONOLINGGWALISMO
Ito ang tawag sa pagpapatupad ng iisang wika sa isang bansa.
BILANGGUWALISMO
Paggamit at pagkontrol ng tao ng dalawang wika na tila ba ang dalawang ito ay kanyang
katutubong wika.
MULTILINGGWALISMO
Pag unawa at pagsasalita ng higit pa sa dalawang wika.

BARAYTI NG WIKA

DAYALEK
Barayting ginagamit ng partikular na pangkat ng mga tao mula sa isang partikular na lugar tulad
ng lalawigan, rehiyon, o bayan. Naiiba ang punto o tono, may magkaibang katawagan para sa
isang kahulugan.

IDYOLEK
Kahit iisang dayalek ang sinasalita ng mga pangkat ng tao, mayroon pa ring pansariling paraan
ng pagsasalita ng bawat isa.

SOSYOLEK
Nakabatay sa katayuan o antas panlipunan o dimensiyong sosyal ng mga taong gumagamit ng
wika. May pagkakaiba ang barati ng nakapag aral sa hindi nakapag aral, matanda sa kabataan,
may kaya sa mahihirap, ng babae sa lalaki o bakla, gayundin ng wika sa preso, tinder sa
palengke, at iba pang pangkat. Pagkakaiba ng paggamit ng wika ng mga tao na nakapaloob dito
batay sa kanilang katayuan sa lipunan at sa mga grupo na kanilang kinabibilangan.
Gay Lingo
Wika ng mga beki - sikretong lengguwaheng hindi maiintindihan ng mga taong hindi kabilang sa
kanila, subalit sa kasalukuyan, nagagamit na rin ito ng nakararami.
Conyotic o Conyospeak
Barayti na Taglish. May ilang salitang Ingles na inihahalo sa Filipino kaya't masasabing may code
switching na mangyayari.Sa conyotic ay mas Malala ang paghahalong Tagalog at Ingles na
karaniwang ginagamitan ng pandiwang Ingles na "make". Ang ganitong uri ng pagsasalita ay
karaniwang ipinagtataas ng kilay ng nakararami.
Jejemon/Jologs
Pinaghalong jejeje na isang paraan ng pagbaybay ng hehehe at ng salitang mula sa hapon a
pokemon. Ang jejemon o jejespeak ay nakabatay din sa wikang Ingles at Filipino subalit
isinusulat nang may pinaghalo halong numero, mga simbolo, at may magkasamang malalaki at
maliliit na titik kaya mahirap basahin at intindihin lalo na nang hindi pamilyar sa tinatawag na
jejetyping.
Jargon
Natatanging bokabularyo ng particular na pangkat na makakapagpakilala sa kanilang trabaho o
gawain.

ETNOLEK
Barayti ng wika mula sa mga etnolongguwistikong grupo. Ang salitang etnolek ay nagmula sa
pinagsamang etniko at dialek. Taglay nito ang mga salitang nagging bahagi na ng
pagkakakilanlan ng isang pangkat etniko.

REGISTER
Naiaangkop ng isang nagsasalita ang uri ng wikang ginagamit nya sa sitwasyon at sa kausap.
Nagagamit ng nagsasalita ang pormal na tono g pananalita kung ang kausap niya ay isang taong
may mataas na katungkulan o kapangyarihan, nakatatanda o hindi nya masyadong kakilala.
Pormal ang ginagamit sa mga pormal na pagdiriwang o pangyayari tulad g pagsisimba, seminar,
talumpati at iba pa. ang di pormal na paraan ay nagagamit kapag ang kausap ay kaibigan,
malalapit a kapamilya, kaklase, kasing edad, at matagal ng kakilala.

1. Nananatiling Register (Frozen Register) - register ng wika na ginagamit sa mga Saligang Batas,
Panunumpa sa Watawat, Himno ng paaralan at organisasyon, mga Banal na kasulatan. Taglay
ng mananalita ang pagmamalaki, mataas na respeto, at pag angkop sa sarili.
2. Akademikong Register-ginagamit sa paaralan, paghahatid ng mga impormayong pampubliko,
pananaliksik, mga pampublikong pagbigkas tulad ng pagdedebate, o paghahain ng talumpati, at
paglelektura. Karaniwang pormal ang istilo ng sangkot na mananalita. Ang Jargon ay bahagi nito.
3. Konsultatibong Register- gamit ng mga sumasangguni sa pinagkakatiwalaang
makapagbibigay ng mabuting payo, opinion, o hatol.
4. Karaniwang Register – karaniwang ginagamit sa pakikipag usap sa kaibigan, kakilala, o di man
kakilala.
5. Intimasyong Register-gamit Sa pag usap ng naglalambingang magkasuyo magkasintahan.
Walang kapormalan ang istilo ng usapan.

PIDGIN AT CREOLE
Pidgin - umuusbong na bagong wika o tinatawag sa Ingles na "nobody's native language"
Nangyayari ito kapag may dalawang taong nagtatangkang mag usap subalit pareho silang may
magkaibang unang wika kaya't di nagkakaintindihan dahil hindi nila ala mang wikang isa't isa.
Creole - nagiging likas na wika o unang wika ng batang isinilang sa komunidad ng pidgin.
Nagamit ito ng mahabang panahon kaya't nabuo ito hanggang sa magkaroon ng pattern o mga
tuntuning sinusunod ng karamihan. Ang wikang nagmula sa pidgin ay naging unang wika ng
isang lugar. Ex: Chavacano.

-END-