rffffdcgbbWIN24_5_Infra_Bijali_Paani_Transport_Comm_Mrunal

🥶FAQ: Do I have to remember all this Ministries/Govt orgs/Schemes/Portals/ given here?
Ans. UPSC is asking trivial GK from such things observe PYQs given in this handout. Some rough
idea necessary for occasional [Yearbook] / Scheme/Portal type MCQs. I’ve pasted info here so as to
save your time in not having to google. मैंने तो माल बटोर के आपको दिया है ताकि आपकी मेहनत बचे, इधर-उधर
google / CA-PDF pe ढूंढना नहीं पड़े.
Mrunal's Win24 Economy Updates Pillar#5: INFRASTRUCTURE
Table of Contents
🎯
50 Target UPSC-2025-26 with Unacademy Plus !..........................................................................258
50.1 🧱 Infrastructure → Mining Infra..............................................................................................259
50.2 🔋 Royalty rates for critical minerals reduced (2023) (अति महत्वपूर्ण खनिज)..................................259
50.2.1 🥰 🔋 Benefits of Reduced royalty?.......................................................................................259
50.3 ⚖️ MMDR Amendment, 2023..................................................................................................... 260
50.3.1 ⚖️ MMDR → private sector: companies can do atomic mineral mining.........................260
50.3.2 ⚖️ MMDR →NEW Type of Mining licenses.......................................................................260
50.3.3 ⚖️ MMDR → Specified Minerals : Who will give what type of license? ( निर्दिष्ट खनिज)......261
50.3.4 ⚖️ MMDR →Reconnaissance - sub-surface method allowed ( भूगर्भ में भी पूर्व परीक्षण).........261
50.4 Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) amendment 2023...............................262
50.5 →Infra → Energy → Electricity (ऊर्जा → विद्युत).......................................................................... 263
50.5.1 🌤️⚡️🤑 Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff for electricity use..........................................................263
50.5.2 ⚡️ Govt electricity rules for faster connection (2024-Feb).................................................263
50.5.3 👩🏻‍⚖️ Himachal Water-cess on Hydel project is Unconstitutional.........................................263
50.6 🔌💡↘️🧔📯 Green Credit Programme...................................................................................... 264
50.6.1 ♻️🤝💰 Trading: RPO, PAT, CCTS, GCP............................................................................264
50.6.2 ♻️🤝💰Difference between GCP and CCTS........................................................................264
50.7 🔌♻️ Infra → Energy → Renewable (नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा)..................................................................265
50.7.1 🔌♻️ PM Modi’s Panchamrit @COP-26 Glasgow, UK.......................................................265
50.7.2 🍋🏭⛴️ EU’s CBAM (प्रदूषित आयात पर ज्यादा कर लेगा यूरोपीय सं घ)................................................266
50.8 🧔🏻🌞 PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana in 👛Interim-Budget-2024.........................................266
50.8.1 🧔🏻🌞🔪 Loan: collateral-free low interest............................................................................. 266
50.8.2 🧔🏻🌞💰 Subsidy under PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana..................................................266
50.8.3 🧔🏻🌞🙋🏻 Eligibility for PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana....................................................266
50.8.4 🧔🏻🌞😋 Benefit of solar panel?...............................................................................................266
50.9 🐄♻️🔥 Biogas Blending in natural gas (प्राकृ तिक गैस में बायो गैस का मिश्रण।)....................................266
50.9.1 🥰 Benefit of Biogas blending?...............................................................................................267
Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 254

50.10 ✈️⛽️♻️ Sustainable Aviation Fuel / blending target...............................................................267
50.10.1 🔋🔬 MAHIR Research for Energy (2023).........................................................................268
50.10.2 👛Interim-Budget-2024 on energy......................................................................................268
51 → Infra → Water & Sanitation (जल व् स्वच्छता)..............................................................................268
51.1.1 🏬 📊 Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2023 (Clean Air ranking)................................................268
51.1.2 🏬 📊 Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023 by Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (2024-
Jan)....................................................................................................................................................... 268
52 →Infra → Transport → H20 → Inland Waterways....................................................................269
52.1.1 🔋⛵️ Harit Nauka initiative................................................................................................... 269
52.2 Infra → Transport → H20 → Shipping & Ports....................................................................269
52.2.1 ⚓️ Types of Ports- Classification Method#1: Major and Minor Ports...............................269
52.2.2 ⚓️ List of Major Ports in India: (A: Artificial, N: Natural harbor).....................................270
52.2.3 ⚓️ (under-construction) Vizhinjam international seaport (KERALA)............................271
52.2.4 ⚓️ Minor Port: Mundra, Gujarat...........................................................................................271
52.2.5 ⚓️Types of Ports- Classification Method#2......................................................................... 271
52.2.6 ⚓️ Sagar Aankalan- Guidelines for Indian Port Performance Index .................................272
53 → Infra → Transport → Road (सड़क)...........................................................................................273
53.1 🚕🕵🏽 TRANSPORT→ NHAI (1988, भारतीय राष्‍ट्रीय राजमार्ग प्राधिकरण)..............................................273
53.1.1 NHAI functions.......................................................................................................................273
53.2🚕🧔📯 TRANSPORT→ NHDP (1998)..................................................................................... 273
53.3 🚕🧔📯 TRANSPORT→ Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (2000)..................................274
53.3.1 → TRANSPORT→ E-toll collection via FASTag (2017)..............................................274
53.3.2 🛣️ Satellite-based toll collection............................................................................................274
53.4 ⛽️↘️: 🚕🔌 TRANSPORT→ ↓ Fossil Fuel USE→ Electric Vehicle..........................................275
53.5 🔋🚗 EV new policy (2024-March)............................................................................................. 276
53.5.1 🔋🚗 EV Policy → Conditions..............................................................................................276
53.5.2 🔋🚗 EV Policy → Tax Relief on imported EV cars...........................................................276
53.5.3 🔋🚗 EV Policy → Quota system on import duty relief.....................................................276
53.6 🔋🚗 Electric Vehicle: Misc. Updates (2023–24)........................................................................ 276
53.6.1 🔋🚗 Induction/Wireless Charging on Golden Quadrilateral Highway...........................276
53.6.2 🔋 🚎 EV → PM-eBus Sewa Scheme (2023)........................................................................277
53.6.3 🚗 Gigacasting......................................................................................................................... 277
53.6.4 ⛽️ India to produce its own “reference fuels” ( सं दर्भ मानक ईंधन)...........................................277

53.7 🚕🔗 TRANSPORT→ Bridges & Tunnel & Misc. (सेतु और सुरंग)..................................................277
53.7.1 🎢 Bridges → Sudarshan Setu / Signature Bridge (2024)...................................................277
53.7.2 🛣️ Longest Road Tunnels in India?.......................................................................................277
53.8 🚕🌐Transport → Transborder Connectivity (सीमापार सम्बद्धन)....................................................278
54 → Transport → Railway (अग्नीरथ)..................................................................................................280
54.1.1 → RAILWAY → RRTS (NAMO BHARAT).......................................................................280
54.1.2 🚝 Transport → India's first underwater metro line @Kolkata under Hoogli River.......280
54.1.3 🚝 Transport → Kochi Water Metro (Kerala, 2023)...........................................................281
54.1.4 🚝 Indo-Bangla: Akhaura-Agartala rail link.........................................................................281
54.1.5 🚝 Indo-Bangla Rail connection → others........................................................................... 282
54.1.6 👛 🚊 Interim-Budget-2024 → 3 economic railway corridors..........................................282
54.2 ✈️ Transport → Aviation (उड्डयन / हवाई यात्रा)...............................................................................282
54.2.1 🛫🤵🏻 International airport tag for Jamnagar for Anant Ambani wedding.......................283
54.2.2 ✈️ Airways → Flexible airspace / Flexible Use of Airspace (FUA)? ..................................283
54.3 🗽Tourism & Museum Infrastructure (प्रवासन व सं ग्रहालय).............................................................283
54.3.1 👛 Interim-Budget-2024 → iconic tourist centres..............................................................283
55 Infrastructure → 🏬 URBAN (शहरी बुनियादी अवसं रचना).....................................................................283
55.1 🏬 URBAN → Census definitions.............................................................................................. 283
55.1.1 🏬 URBAN → [Yearbook] MoHUA....................................................................................284
55.2 🏬 URBAN → AMRUT Mission (2015) → 500 cities................................................................285
55.2.1 🏬 AMRUT Funding between Union and States.................................................................286
55.2.2 🏬 AMRUT: 2 components....................................................................................................286
55.2.3 🏬 AMRUT: 3 reforms............................................................................................................ 286
55.2.4 🏬 AMRUT 2.0 [2021-Oct]....................................................................................................286
55.2.5 🏬 👨‍🦯👩‍🦽 URBAN → Misc → PH friendly → Sugamya Bharat (2014).............................286
55.3 (→) Infra → (Urban and Rural) → Housing for all by 2022....................................................287
55.3.1 👻(🏠) → Affordable rental housing Complexes (AHRC)................................................288
55.3.2 (🏠) → PMAY–U → Angikaar............................................................................................. 289
55.3.3 (🏠) → PMAY–U → Light House Project (LHP)...............................................................289
55.3.4 (🏠) → National Urban Housing Fund (2018)................................................................... 289
🏞
56 Infra → Rural ( )......................................................................................................................... 289
56.1.1 🕵️‍♂️ [Yearbook] Ministry of Rural Development ग्रामीण विकास मं त्रालय.....................................289
56.1.2 MoRD (Rural Dev): major schemes......................................................................................290

56.1.3 → RURAL → ST villages: Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojna..............................290
56.1.4 🏞 RURAL →📲 SAMARTH campaign for e-payments @villages (2023)......................291
56.2 🌬⚔️Infrastructure: Disaster, Security & Strategic Affairs........................................................291
56.2.1 🕵️‍♂️👮‍♂️ [Yearbook] Ministry of Home (गृह मंत्रालय)..................................................................291
56.2.2 🕵️‍♂️ 🌬 Disaster Infrastructure → Home Ministry → CDRI 2019......................................292
56.2.3 🕵️‍♂️🛡 Ministry of Defence (रक्षा मं त्रालय)...................................................................................292
56.2.4 🕵️‍♂️Ministry of External Affairs (विदेश मामलों का मं त्रालय)...........................................................293
57 →Infrastructure → Communication (सं चार)..................................................................................294
57.1.1 🕵️‍♂️ [Yearbook] Ministry of Communication (सं चार मंत्रालय)..................................................294
57.1.2 🕵️‍♂️ Ministry of Communication → Fraud Prevention Bodies............................................295
57.1.3 🕵️‍♂️Dept of Telecommunications → Digital Communications Commission....................295
57.1.4 🕵🏼 Ministry of Electronics & IT इलेक्ट्रोनिकी एवं सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी मं त्रालय.......................................295
57.2 Communication ( / 💻 📞) related Regulators /Apps / Portals.....................................................296
57.2.1 🕵🏼 Comm → Regulators → TRAI........................................................................................296
57.2.2 🕵🏼📞 Comm → Stolen phone? → Central Equipment Identity Register portal ..............297
57.2.3 🕵🏼📞 Telecom → Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)......................................297
57.2.4 Tele-fraud → CNAP Service (Caller-id) to prevent fraud/spam calls .....................297
57.2.5 ☎️😈 Tele-fraud: sancharsaathi & Chakshu & DIP.............................................................297
57.3 📞☎️ Communication → Telecom............................................................................................. 297
57.3.1 ☎️⚔️🤬 Controversy: Telecom →2G Spectrum Scam........................................................297
57.4 ⚖️☎️ Telecommunication Act/Bill, 2023.................................................................................... 298
57.4.1 ⚖️☎️ Functions / Subjects covered........................................................................................ 298
57.4.2 ⚖️☎️ Allocation of Spectrum.................................................................................................299
57.4.3 ⚖️☎️ Govt Take-over of private network? (सरकार निजी नेटवर्क अपने नियंत्रण ला सकती है)...........300
57.4.4 ⚖️☎️ Telecom Act → Ease of Doing Biz (व्यापार में सुगमता)....................................................300
57.4.5 ⚖️☎️ Telecom Act → Misc. / Others provisions................................................................. 300
57.4.6 ⚖️☎️ Telecom Act → 👎 LIMITATION / Criticism (आलोचना)..........................................301
57.4.7 👛 Digital Public Infra= new factor of production - says 👛Interim-Budget-2024: ........301
57.4.8 Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) - 📙ES23.......................................................................301
57.4.9 → India Stack for App development → 3 layers............................................................302
57.4.10 🛍️ Data marketplaces & Non-Personal Data..................................................................... 302
57.4.11 📑 Report: NeSDA Way Forward Report (annually published since 2019) ....................303
57.5 🕵🏼📽 [YB] Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (सूचना एवं प्रसारण मं त्रालय)..............................303

57.5.1 🕵🏼🤬📽 Comm → Regulators (Statutory) → Censor board.................................................304
57.6 ⚖️🎞 Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023.........................................................................304
57.6.1 🕵🏼🗞 Comm → Regulators (Statutory) → Press Council of India....................................305
57.6.2 🕸️ Press-Portal → Press Sewa portal (2024)........................................................................306
57.6.3 🕸️ Press- Portal → Navigate Bharat Portal (2024)..............................................................306
57.7🔭📡SPACE TECH Infrastructure (अवकाश क्षेत्र)..........................................................................306
58 🧱💰 Infra → PPP......................................................................................................................... 306
58.1.1 🤝 PPP → Joint Venture: (Theory)....................................................................................... 306
58.2 🕸️PPP related Misc. Portals / Reports........................................................................................ 307
58.2.1 India Industrial Land Bank (IILB) Portal..............................................................................307
58.2.2 🕸️ Portal → Monetisation Pipeline → GLIS Portal............................................................307
58.2.3 📑 Report → India Infrastructure Report 2023...................................................................307
58.3 😵‍💫 RANDOM GK/org for Crazy MCQs....................................................................................... 308
58.3.1 😵‍💫 S3i initiative........................................................................................................................ 308
58.3.2 😵‍💫 Stability and Growth Pact of EU...................................................................................... 308
58.3.3 😵‍💫 ADB gives $ 25 billion for PM Gati Shakti......................................................................309
58.4 WHAT IS ALREADY COVERED IN PAST Win## Series?.........................................................309
58.4.1 Win20: already covered following Topics.............................................................................309
58.5 🔠 Mock Tests ka Maha-Parv at Unacademy (FREE)!...............................................................314
58.6 💾 Free Material: PYQ Booklets for Prelims Mains, PT730 & More!.........................................314
58.7 🎯Target UPSC-2025-26 with Unacademy Plus subscription!...................................................314
58.8 💾 Missed previous classes / handouts?.......................................................................................314
50 🎯T ARGET UPSC-2025-26 WITH UNACADEMY PLUS !
unacademy.com/goal/upsc-optional/KSCGY/subscribe?plan_type=plus&referral_code=mrunal.org

50.1 🧱I NFRASTRUCTURE → MINING INFRA
50.2 🔋R OYALTY RATES FOR CRITICAL MINERALS REDUCED (2023) (अति महत्वपूर्ण खनिज)
BEFORE Royalty on Average Sales Price After 2023-Oct Reform
1) 3% royalty on Lithium- it’s used in batteries of mobiles, laptops, electric vehicles, and
12%
medical devices like pacemakers.
2) 3% royalty on Niobium: it has superconducting properties. Used in n jet engines,
12% rockets, beams for buildings, oil and gas pipelines, MRI scanners, Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance equipment (for spectroscopy).
3) 1% royalty on Rare Earth Elements or oxides(REE): It refers to a group of 17-odd
minerals like scandium, yttrium, and cerium etc. Most of these are used as catalysts and
12% magnets, in alloys, glass, electronics, petroleum extraction, electric motors of hybrid and
EVS and wind turbines, digital cameras, computer hard disks, smart phones, fluorescent
and light-emitting-diode (LED) lights, etc.
Note: Sales price of some of these critical minerals is decided based on data from London Metal
Exchange (LME).
50.2.1 🥰🔋 Benefits of Reduced royalty?

1. Reduced royalty → Improved profitability for the mining companies will attract more
investment / foreign companies to India. → Increased production
2. Reduced royalty → cheaper electric vehicle batteries → pollution control. → achieving net-
zero emission by 2070.
3. reduced reliance on the imported minerals → reduced current account deficit → stable
currency exchange rate. (Ref: Pillar#3B)

50.3 ⚖️ MMDR A MENDMENT, 2023
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023
50.3.1 ⚖️ MMDR → private sector: companies can do atomic mineral mining

BEFORE AFTER
➢ six minerals classified as atomic minerals
➢ Delisted these 6 minerals from
under the Act: (i) beryl and beryllium, (ii)
Atomic mineral list.
lithium, (iii) niobium, (iv) titanium, (v)
➢ So, now private sector companies
tantallium, and (vi) zirconium.
➢ 😢
Implications? Private sector companies
can also explore/mine them. [कु छ
खनिजों को परमाणु श्रेणी से हटाया गया था कि
were prohibited from exploring /mining them.
निजी क्षेत्र की कं पनियां भी उसका खनन कर
Only government companies / government
सके ]
org could explore / mining them.
50.3.2 ⚖️ MMDR →NEW Type of Mining licenses
BEFORE AFTER
1) reconnaissance license for a preliminary survey
to determine minerals in an area (पूर्व-परीक्षण) 1 and 2 continued for normal minerals. (इस
2) prospecting license for exploring, locating, or प्रकार के लाइसेंस/ ठेके जारी रहेंगे।)
proving mineral deposits. (ढूंढ़ना)
New category: exploration licence for
Not present reconnaissance/prospecting of specified
minerals (list given in next section) (अन्वेषण)
3) Mining license for the commercial activity of Yes these licenses also continued
digging/ extraction of minerals (खनन /खुदाई के लिए,)
4) Composite licence: prospecting and mining.
ढूंढने और खुद ने दोनों के लिए एक साथ दिया जाने वाला समग्र

BEFORE AFTER
लाइसेंस)
50.3.3 ⚖️ MMDR → Specified Minerals : Who will give what type of license? (निर्दिष्ट खनिज)
➢ 29 mineral such as: Gold, silver, copper, cobalt, nickel, lead, potash, rock phosphate; and
critical minerals such as (i) beryl and beryllium, (ii) lithium, (iii) niobium, (iv) titanium, (v)
tantallium, and (vi) zirconium etc.
➢ following clarity given for them in MMDR Act’s 2023’s amendment →
Type of License for above minerals Who will give?
State Government to give.
1) Exploration license for
but, Union government will prescribe details such as
reconnaissance/ prospecting
auction method, terms and conditions.
2) Mining lease: for commercial
digging
Union Government
3) composite licence: for prospecting
and mining.
50.3.4 ⚖️ MMDR →Reconnaissance - sub-surface method allowed (भूगर्भ में भी पूर्व परीक्षण)
➢ reconnaissance= a preliminary survey to determine mineral resources.

➢ following clarity given in MMDR Act’s 2023’s amendment →
BEFORE AFTER
✅Allowed (i) aerial surveys, (ii) geophysical, (iii) geochemical surveys (iv) ✅ Allowed
geological mapping.
✋🚨forbidden below-surface /sub-surface activities like trenching, drilling, and ✅ Allowed.

sub-surface excavation
50.4 OFFSHORE AREAS MINERAL (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) AMENDMENT 2023

To amend the Year 2002’s original Act (अपतटीय /समं दर क्षेत्र में खनन का क़ानून)
😬 BEFORE 🥰 AFTER
License for 30 years. can be renewed for
another 20 years. (this increased the Directly 50 years ka license = more ease of doing biz. (50
scope for minister/IAS to demand bribe वर्ष का ठेका एक साथ मिलेगा)
during renewal application)
License given based on administrative
discretion. (this increased the scope for via competitive bidding/auction. (प्रशासनिक विवेक/बाबू-मं त्रियों
crony-capitalism, bribery and collusion, की मर्ज़ी से नहीं, बल्कि स्पर्धात्मक नीलामी से मिलेगा ठेका। इससे भ्रष्टाचार के
depending on which company paid bribe अवसर कम होंगे।)
to the minister.)
only Govt companies will be allowed to do offshore
Less clarity mining of atomic minerals such as uranium, monazite,
पहले इस मामले पर स्पष्टता कम थी thorium etc. (के वल सरकारी कम्पनियां ही परमाणु खनिज का समं दर में
खनन कर पाएं गी।)
Setup ‘Offshore Areas Mineral Trust’: Then companies
will be required to pay some money to this org. It’ll be
No such statutory body. used for research, environment conservation and disaster
ऐसी कोई वैधानिक सं स्था नहीं थी management near the offshore mining areas. (अपतटीय क्षेत्र
खनिज ट्रस्ट → ये सं स्था खनन कं पनियों से पैसा लेगी और रिसर्च पर्यावरण
सं रक्षण और आपदा प्रबं धन के लिए काम करेगी।)
Less penalty /less jail. increased the jail/penalty for illegal mining in offshore
जुर्माना कम था areas. (अवैध समुद्री खनन पर जेल/कारावास और जुर्माने को बढ़ाया गया।)

50.5 🔌I NFRA → ENERGY → ELECTRICITY (ऊर्जा → विद्युत)
50.5.1 🌤️⚡️🤑 Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff for electricity use.

• By the power ministry using the provisions under Electricity (Rights of Consumers)
Amendment Rules, 2023
• Makes rules for different electricity price based on time of the day. (दिन के समय अनुसार बिजली का
भाव/क़ीमत कम या ज्यादा होगी)
Time of the day 🤑 electricity price

🌤️ Normal sunny day Price need to be 20% less than normal price
Peak hours (e.g. Price cannot be more than 1.10 to 1.20x times than normal price
evening) (depending on customer type).
Note: In the taxi, there is similar concept called “surge price” e.g. during the evening hours when
everyone is going from office to home, taxi operator, increase the price per kilometer, due to increase
in demand. Ministry of Road issued some guidelines for it. State governments have powers decide
the fares of rickshaws and taxis.
50.5.2 ⚡️ Govt electricity rules for faster connection (2024-Feb)
• Boss? Power Ministry → Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules
• Consumers can now obtain separate electricity connections for charging their electric
vehicles (EVs).
• Reduces time period for obtaining a new electricity connection
Area Previously New Time Period
Metropolitan area 7 days within 3 days
Other Municipal areas 15 days 7 days
Rural (non-hill areas) 30 days 15 days
Hilly rural areas 30 days 30 days (no change)
• Updated technical rules for installing rooftop solar systems easier and faster.
• New term: "prosumers” = to consumers who would also produce electricity through rooftop
solar system.
• If consumers raise complaints about meter reading not matching with their actual electricity
consumption, the distribution company will have to install new additional meter. This
additional meter will be used for monitoring consumption for 3 months for reassuring
consumers.
50.5.3 👩🏻‍⚖️
Himachal Water-cess on Hydel project is Unconstitutional
• 2023–24: The Himachal State government imposed a 10–50 paise per cubic meter “Water
Cess” on companies producing hydroelectricity.
• The Union Government complained to the Himachal HC that the “State government is
already charging an electricity duty. The State cannot charge an extra tax on the process of

electricity generation by calling it ‘water cess’. Otherwise, it violates the taxation provisions of
the Constitution.”
• 2024: The Himachal HC ruled that the Himachal water cess is ultra vires/unconstitutional.
50.6 🔌💡↘️️🧔📯 G REEN CREDIT PROGRAMME

👛Budget-2023: we will notify a green credit programme under Environment (Protection) Act.
50.6.1 ♻️🤝💰 Trading: RPO, PAT, CCTS, GCP
Year Scheme Objective Compulsory? Ministry
requires electricity
Ministry of New &
Renewable Purchase companies to buy some Yes, under Electricity
2014 Renewable Energy
Obligation (RPO) of the electricity from Act, 2003.
(MNRE)
renewable sources.
Perform, Achieve and Yes under Energy
for reducing energy use
2012 Trade (PAT) Conservation (EC) Power Ministry
in large industries.
[Legal-Compulsory] Act, 2001.
(1) To replace PAT Yes under Energy
Carbon Credit and
2023- scheme* Conservation (EC)
Trading Scheme Power Ministry
June (2) To reduce GHG Act 2001 (its 2022-
(CCTS)
emission Amendment)
For activities that help
2023- Green Credit Program environment e.g water Voluntary, under PM Environment
Oct (GCP) saving, waste Modi’s Mission-LIFE Ministry
management.
50.6.2 ♻️🤝💰Difference between GCP and CCTS

Carbon Credit and Trading Scheme
Matter Green Credit Program (GCP)
(CCTS)
Legally required on specified
Compulsory? industries under Energy Voluntary under PM-Modi’s Mission-LiFE
Conservation Act.
Ministry? Power Ministry Environment Ministry
Central Electricity Regulatory
Regulator? N/A bcoz Voluntary under
Commission (CERC)
1) Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE,
Indian Council of Forestry Research and
Administrato under Power Ministry)
Education (autonomous body under the
r? 2) National steering committee
environment ministry)
headed by power secretary (IAS)

Beyond GHG e.g.
(i) tree plantation (i) water management
(ili) sustainable agriculture (iv) waste
Objective? Reduce GHG Emission management (v) air pollution reduction
(vi) mangrove conservation(vi) ecomark
label development
(vii) sustainable building and infrastructure
1 Carbon Credit = ton of carbon
Certificate? Administrator will decide.
dioxide equivalent (tCO2e)
50.7 🔌♻️️I NFRA → ENERGY → RENEWABLE (नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा)

50.7.1 🔌♻️ ️PM Modi’s Panchamrit @COP-26 Glasgow, UK
 2021-Nov: PM Modi’s Panchamrit five big announcements at UNFCCC-COP26 Summit in
Glasgow, UK (ग्लासगो जलवायु परिवर्तन परिषद में प्रधानमंत्री मोदी की महत्वपूर्ण घोषणाएँ) and also proposed LIFE…
L, I, F, E, i.e. Lifestyle For Environment.
 2022: India’s NDC (nationally determined commitments) updated. (राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित प्रतिबद्धताएं )
Area 🎯 Target 🎯 Modi included in
originally @Glasgow NDC (2022)
Summit (2021)
⏫
1) By 2030: renewable energy capacity to _ 450GW 500 GW NOT included
_ _ . (पुनर्नवीनीकरण ऊर्जा का उत्पादन बढ़ाया जाएगा)
2) By 2030: _ _ _% non-fossil fuel energy in 40% 50% Included
India’s total energy production (कु ल ऊर्जा में ग़ैर-
जीवाश्म इंधन का हिस्सा)
3) Emissions intensity= emissions per unit 33-35% 45% Included
GDP.
It will be reduced by at least _ _ _ % by the
year 2030 from 2005 levels. (GDP की उत्सर्जन
तीव्रता को कम किया जाएगा)
4) a net-zero emissions target by 2070. means N/A 2070 Not included
all man-made GHG emissions must be
removed from atmosphere through
absorption in processes like photosynthesis or
physical removal (उत्सर्जन को शुद्ध रूप से 0/शून्य किया
जाएगा)
5) REDUCE TOTAL projected carbon N/A 2030 Not included
emissions by 1 bn tonnes from now to 2030.
(कार्बन उत्सर्जन में 1 टन की कटौती)
6) Carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes via Yes N/A Yes
afforestation

MCQ. Which are elements of India's ‘Panchamrit’ view on climate change? (UPSC-EPFO-2023)
1. India will reach its non-fossil energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030.
2. India will meet 50% of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
Codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2
50.7.2 🍋🏭⛴️ EU’s CBAM (प्रदूषित आयात पर ज्यादा कर लेगा यूरोपीय सं घ)

• European Union (EU)’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
• Imported goods in the EU will be subjected to Customs Duty + an extra tax based on carbon
content. (The actual method is more complicated; refer to the environmental classes.)
• Indian and Chinese exports will be harmed by this higher tax burden.
• India is opposed to it because CBAM violates the ‘common but differentiated responsibilities
principle’ agreed upon under the Paris Agreement. (Basically, developed countries are
supposed to take on more of the burden of combating climate change, instead of blaming it
on India or China.)
• 2023-Oct: Phase-1 of CBAM started. By 2026, it will be fully implemented.
50.8 🧔🏻🌞 PM S URYA GHAR MUFT BIJLI YOJANA IN 👛I NTERIM-BUDGET-2024

Boss? MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MNRE)
50.8.1 🧔🏻🌞🔪 Loan: collateral-free low interest
• Loan Interest Rate = Repo + 0.50% (presently Repo 6.50+0.50=70%)
• Collateral? = Not required. (कर्ज लेने के लिए कु छ भी गिरवी नहीं रखना है)
50.8.2 🧔🏻🌞💰 Subsidy under PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
Government to give subsidy for purchase of solar panel
Capacity Range Subsidy Percentage Subsidy amount approx
Upto 2 kW 60% ₹30,000 (1kw), ₹60,000 (2kw)
Upto 2 to 3 kW 40% ₹78,000 (3kw)
beyond 3kw nothing nothing
50.8.3 🧔🏻🌞🙋🏻 Eligibility for PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
• The applicant must be an Indian citizen.
• Must own a house with a roof that is suitable for installing solar panels.
• The household must have a valid electricity connection.
• The household must not have availed of any other subsidy for solar panel
50.8.4 🧔🏻🌞😋 Benefit of solar panel?
• Households can save electricity bills
• Households can earn extra money by selling surplus power to DISCOMs
• If household installing 3KW panel & using 300 units per month → saving ₹ 15,000 in a year.
50.9 🐄 ♻️🔥 B IOGAS BLENDING IN NATURAL GAS (प्राकृ तिक गैस में बायो गैस का मिश्रण।)

➢ Boss? Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
➢ Biogas is an energy-rich gas produced by anaerobic decomposition of biomass.
➢ It is produced from sources like agriculture residue, cattle dung, sugarcane press mud,
municipal solid waste, and sewage treatment plant waste,
➢ Biogas can purified by removing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide → then compressed to
make compressed biogas (CBG).
➢ Compressed biogas (CBG) need to be mixed/blended with natural gas (CNG/PNG) in
following ratio:
Year 2024-25 2025–26 2026–27 2027–28
blending target voluntary 1% 3% 4%
➢ CBG need to be mixed with
➢ with compressed natural gas (CNG) for vehicles
➢ with piped natural gas (PNG) for cooking.
➢ Such blended natural gas can be delivered via pipelines from city gas distribution (CGD)
50.9.1 🥰 Benefit of Biogas blending?

➢ Greater use of biogas in cooking and transportation (e.g. CNG rickshaw).
➢ Reducing import for liquefied natural gas (LNG), saving in forex, promoting circular
economy, achieving the target of net-zero emission.
➢ As more people shift from LPG cylinder to pipeline based gas, it will improve the logistic
efficiency / reduce air-pollution (in not having to transport LPG cylinders in trucks.)
50.10 ✈️⛽️♻️ S USTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL / BLENDING TARGET

➢ SAF is a liquid fuel currently used in commercial aviation.
➢ It can be produced by mixing food waste, fats, green and municipal waste and non-food
crops → convert to oil/fuel → mix with jet fuel.
➢ It reduces CO2 emissions by up to 80%.
Petroleum & Natural Gas Ministry has set up following targets
➢ 1% SAF blending target in 2027 ( Initially for International flights)
➢ 2% SAF blending target in 2028 (Initially for International flights )

50.10.1 🔋🔬 MAHIR Research for Energy (2023)
Mission on Advanced and High-Impact Research (MAHIR)
✔ Boss? Ministry of Power and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy have jointly
launched.
For research and development (R&D) on:
✔ Alternatives to Lithium-Ion storage batteries, Nano technology for EV battery
✔ Modifying electric cookers & pans to suit Indian cooking methods
✔ Solid state refrigeration., Green hydrogen for mobility (High Efficiency Fuel Cell)
✔ Carbon capture, Geo-thermal energy etc.
🙋🏼‍♀️
FAQ: What do these terms mean? Ans. Refer to Sci/Environ courses/articles.
👛
50.10.2 Interim-Budget-2024 on energy
• Commitment for ‘net-zero’ by 2070.
• Funding for (1) offshore wind energy plants of one gigawatt. (2) biomass aggregation
machinery for biogas generation
• Target 100 Metric Tonne of Coal gasification and liquefaction capacity by 2030. This will also
help in reducing imports of natural gas, methanol, and ammonia.
51 🌧I NFRA → WATER & SANITATION (जल व् स्वच्छता)
51.1.1 🏬📊 Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2023 (Clean Air ranking)

➢ by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
➢ Rank-2023: 1) Indore, 2) Agra, 3) Thane. (among the million plus population cities.)
51.1.2 🏬📊 Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023 by Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (2024-Jan)
• Cities: #1 Surat in Gujarat and #1 Indore in Madhya Pradesh jointly declared cleanest cities
of the country. Indore is on Rank1 for 6 consecutive years.
• States: #1 MH #2 MP # Chhattisgarh
• Cleanest Ganga towns: #1: Varanasi and #2: Prayagraj, both in Uttar Pradesh.
• Theme: 2023 - “Waste to Wealth”,
• Theme: 2024 - “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle”.
🔠⁉️ MCQ. Which of the following cities were conferred with the cleanest city award under
Swachh Survekshan Awards, 2023? (CDS-2024-1)
(a) Varanasi and Prayagraj (b) Indore and Surat (c) Prayagraj and Indore (d) Surat and Varanasi

52 🛶I NFRA → TRANSPORT → H20 → INLAND WATERWAYS
52.1.1 🔋⛵️ Harit Nauka initiative

• To adopt green fuels/technology in inland waterway vessels.
• 2024-Feb: PM Modi launched India’s first hydrogen cell-powered inland waterway vessel
The vessel is manufactured by Cochin Shipyard
• V.O.Chidambaranar Port (previously called Tuticorin Port Trust) is the first Green
Hydrogen Hub Port of the country.
52.2 ⚓️INFRA → TRANSPORT → H20 → SHIPPING & PORTS

52.2.1 ⚓️ Types of Ports- Classification Method#1: Major and Minor Ports
- Indian Ports Act, 1908: State Governments responsible for 200+ minor ports (लघु बं दरगाह), Union
Govt is responsible for 12 Major Ports (प्रमुख बं दरगाह). Next map source: NCERT.

52.2.2 ⚓️ List of Major Ports in India: (A: Artificial, N: Natural harbor)
A/N? NAME of the Major Port STATE
N ➢ Jawaharlal Nehru, Nhava Shewa (1989). developed as a satellite MH (2)
port to relieve the pressure at the Mumbai port.
➢ It's the largest container port in India - says NCERT. (other
websites tell different story, but I go with NCERT.)
N Mumbai. It has country’s largest oil terminal
N Deendayal Port Kandala, Gulf of Kutch. Tidal port (ज्वारीय बं दरगाह). Guj (1)
Developed in the 1950s because Karachi port lost in Partition.
Kandla is also the first Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in India and Asia
(concept nowadays called ‘SEZ)
N Mormugao. Tidal Port, @Zuvari estuary. It exports iron-ore to Japan. Goa (1)
A New Mangalore (Mangaluru). Deep water, all weather port. (1974-75) Karnataka(1)
N Cochin/Kochi. Willingdon island. Developed by Sir Robert Bristow Kerala(1)
during British-raj. Also called Queen of the Arabian sea.
Total Major Ports (West Coast) 6
N Kolkata. Oldest major port of India. WB(1)
It has 2 dock systems (1) Kolkata on Eastern Bank (2) Haldia on Western
bank of Hooghly River.
Problems?
1. It’s a Riverine Port on Hooghly River (नदी तटीय बं दरगाह) so Need
constant dredging (निकर्षण) to remove silt & keep depth.
2. The port has lost its significance considerably on account of the
diversion of exports to the other ports such as Vishakhapatnam,
Paradwip and its satellite port, Haldia.
N Vishakhapatnam & Eastern Naval command. AP(1)
Is a land-locked harbour, connected to the sea by a channel cut through
solid rock and sand.
A Paradeep (Manmade lagoon in Mahanadi Delta). Odisha(1)
Originally it was a port owned by the Orissa State government, but later
union government took ownership (1965).
N V.O. Chidambarnar Port, Tuticorin. It is located in the Gulf of Mannar. TN (3)
A Chennai (all weather Port) (1875). But it is not much suitable for large
ships because of the shallow waters near the coast.
A • Kamarajar Port, Ennore (private limited company, under
companies Act). Primarily as a coal port dedicated to handling
thermal coal requirements of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
• normally the major ports are founded using the legal provisions
of The Major Port Trusts Act, 1963. However this Kamarajar /
Ennore port is the only corporate port (Because it is registered as
a private limited company under the companies act.)
Total Ports East Coast 6

Additionally,
 2010: Manmohan announced to setup Port Blair (Andaman Nicobar) as Major port.
 2016: Modi announced to setup Sagar in west Bengal, Duggirajupatnam in Andhra Pradesh,
Vadhavan in Maharashtra, Enayam in Tamil Nadu as major ports.
 2020-Feb: Govt announced setting up a new major port at Vadhavan in Maharashtra. It’ll be
developed by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) company wherein Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
(JNPT) will have 50%/> or higher shareholding.
 But, Govt Annual reports & IYB (India Yearbook) still continue to list only 12 major ports, given
in above table so we need not lose sleep.
 💼 Budget-2020: we’ll consider corporatizing at least one major port (= converting it into a
Public limited company) and subsequently listing its shares on the stock exchanges.
52.2.3 ⚓️(under-construction) Vizhinjam international seaport (KERALA)

• India’s first deep-water transshipment port @Kerala, being developed by Adani.
• India has many major ports. But it lacks is a land-side mega-port to deal with ultra- large
container ships. Hence, nearly 75% of India's transshipment cargo is handled at ports like
Colombo, Singapore, and Klang (Malaysia)
52.2.4 ⚓️Minor Port: Mundra, Gujarat

• Gujarat has country's first Greenfield public-private partnership (PPP) port at Mundra.
• with help of Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd (APSEZL).
• BOOT-build, own, operate and transfer model. So, basically, Adani given land by Gujarat
government, to build-own-operate this port for 30 years. Then Adani will have to transfer its
ownership to Gujarat state government.
• Presently, it is largest privately owned port in India.
Port 7th Schedule Who regulates?
Major Union List Union
Not-Major (=minor) Concurrent List delegated to States.
🔠 MCQ. find correct pairs (Pre'23)

1. Kamarajar Port : First major port in India registered as a company
2. Mundra Port : Largest privately owned port in India
3. Visakhapatnam Port : Largest container port in India
Codes: (a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs (c) All three pairs (d) None
52.2.5 ⚓️ Types of Ports- Classification Method#2

Type of Port Notes
Dry Ports They are inland terminal, directly connected to a seaport by rail or road e.g.
(सूखे बंदरगाह) Patna@Bihar, Hazira@Guj. 20+ such dry ports under development (2018).
Industrial Port deal with bulk cargo like grain, sugar, ore, oil,chemicals and similar materials
Commercial deal with general cargo & passengers

Type of Port Notes
Port
Comprehensive both industrial + commercial port facility
Packet Station Ferry Ports for transporting passengers and mail on water for short distances.
Inland Ports away from sea coast via river/canal. e.g. Kolkata,Memphis, Rhine,Manchester
Out Ports deep water ports built away from the actual port to recieve very large ships e.g.
Piraeus is outport of Athens (Greece)
Ports of Call where ships used to anchor for refuelling, watering and taking food supplies
e.g. Aden, Honolulu, Singapore
Entrepot collection centres where the goods brought from different countries for export.
Ports e.g. Singapore,Asia. Rotterdam (Europe), Copenhagen (Baltic region)
Naval Ports for war ship repair/construction e.g. Kochi, Karwar
🔠❓Singapore is known as Port of Call because (UPSC-CAPF-2020)
(a) it deals in the processing and shipping of oil
(b) it is a deep water port built away from the actual port
(c) it is on main sea route where ships use to anchor for refueling, watering and taking food items
(d) it serves the parent ports by receiving ships which are unable to approach due to their large size.
52.2.6 ⚓️
Sagar Aankalan- Guidelines for Indian Port Performance Index
• Boss? Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
• “Sagar Aankalan” Guidelines for monitoring Indian Ports Performance
MCQ. Find wrong about Indian Maritime University (IMU)? (CDS-2023-II)

(a) It was established through an Act of Parliament as a Central University.
(b) It was established primarily to support the Indian Navy.
(c) It is located in Chennai.
(d) It was established to extend the benefits of knowledge and skill for development of individuals
and society by associating closely with local, regional and national issues of development.
MCQ. Which one of the following statements best describes the ‘Polar Code’ ? (Prelims-2022)
A. It is the international code of safety for ships operating in polar waters.
B. It is the agreement of the countries around the North Pole regarding the demarcation of their
territories in the polar region.
C. It is a set of norms to be followed by the countries whose scientists undertake research studies in
the North Pole and South Pole.
D. It is a trade and security agreement of the member countries of the Arctic Council.

53 🚕I NFRA → TRANSPORT → ROAD (सड़क)
53.1 🚕 🕵🏽 TRANSPORT→ NHAI (1988, भारतीय राष्‍ट्रीय राजमार्ग प्राधिकरण)

National Highways Authority of India is a statutory body under Road Ministry. It gets ₹ ₹ from →
- Road and Infrastructure cess on Petrol & Diesel → Central Road and Infrastructure Fund (setup
in 2000, Non-Lapsable) (More in 📑Pillar#2- Taxation)
- External Assistance from World Bank, ADB, Japan Bank for International Cooperation etc.;
- Market Borrowings by NHAI, Public Private Partnership(PPP).
- 2019: NHAI to setup Infrastructure Investment Trust (InVITs) ( 📑Ref: Pillar-1C)
2020: GATI Portal by NHAI to monitor the progress of Highway construction in India. Contractors
can file complaints (e.g. Govt engineer demanding bribes, not clearing files on time etc)
53.1.1 NHAI functions

• develop, maintain and manage national highways vested in it;
• collect fees on national highways;
• regulate plying of vehicles (meaning vehicles of which size/weight can be allowed on a given
highway?)
• develop and provide consultancy and construction services in India and abroad;
• carry on research activities in relation to highways
🔠 MCQ. Find wrong statement about NHAI ? (CDS-2023-II)
(a) NHAI collects fees on the National Highway.
(b) NHAI conducts training of Highway Engineers at entry level and in-service.
(c) NHAI provides consultancy and construction services in India and abroad.
(d) NHAI regulates and controls the plying of vehicles for its proper management.
53.2 🚕🧔📯 TRANSPORT→ NHDP (1998)

PM Vajpayee started National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) to build:
1. Golden Quadrilateral (GQ: स्वर्णिम चतुर्भुज)- 4 metro cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata
2. North-South corridor to connect Srinagar to Kanyakumari. [उत्तर दक्षिण]
3. East-West corridors to connect Silchar to Porbandar.[पूर्व पश्चिम]
4. Related terms: Diamond quadrilateral → to connect major metros via High Speed Railways.

53.3 🚕🧔📯 TRANSPORT→ P RADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA (2000)
- Boss? Rural Development Ministry. Centrally Sponsored Scheme → Core Scheme = NOT 100%
funded by Union. (General-60:40, Sp. Cat States-90:10)
- 2000: PM Vajpayee launched to construct all-weather single (lane) roads for all unconnected
rural habitations जिन ग्रामीण इलाकों में पहले से सड़क की सुविधा नहीं वहां तमाम मौसमों में कार्यरत रहे ऐसी सड़कों का निर्माण
- upto min. 500 population (plains) by 2019 (as per census-2001)
- 250/> (Sp.Cat States, tribal districts and desert areas) by 2019
- 100-249 population (if Naxal/LWE: Left Wing Extremism affected areas) by 2020
- PMGSY – II (2013 onwards): To repair previous rural roads and to construct new roads.
- PMGSY Phase-III (2019-20 to 2024-25): To upgrade 1,25,000 kms of road in the next five years.
In this phase, we’ll also construct road bridges. We’ll connect with roads with Agricultural
Markets, Schools and Hospitals. [तीसरे चरण में सड़कों को निर्माण, पुल भी बनाएँगे।]
- To reduce carbon footprint, PMGSY roads are built using Green Technology, Waste Plastic and
🎓
Cold Mix Technology. ( Read more in environment books/courses)
- (1) eMARG portal for monitoring scheme progress (2) Meri-Sadak App for citizen feedback.
53.3.1 🚕🏷 TRANSPORT→ E-toll collection via FASTag (2017)
📑Ref: pillar1A-1: Digital payments
53.3.2 🛣️ Satellite-based toll collection

BEFORE AFTER Satellite based Toll Collection
Vehicles will be fitted with GPS. Then highway-cameras
& satellites will track the Number of kilometres travelled
Vehicle has to cross toll-plaza → toll fees
→ automatically the toll fees will be deducted from car
deducted from ‘Fastag’.
owner’s bank account. This system will use Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based technology.
FASTags= vehicle has to slowdown at the now it’ll be reduced to ZERO seconds. Bcoz the vehicles
toll-plaza RFID machine for around 50 will not be required to stop or slow down for paying
seconds tolls.
Driver had to recharge/refill money in
Fastag account. This created problem for
no need. Because money directly deducted from bank
Paytm-fastag-walle drivers, when RBI
account
imposed a restriction on the Paytm
payment bank.
if a vehicle runs only 80km on a 180-km
highway, still in the FASTag, the drivers pay only for 80kms.
have to pay for the entire 180 km
53.4 ⛽️↘️: 🚕🔌 TRANSPORT→ ↓ F OSSIL FUEL USE→ ELECTRIC VEHICLE

53.5 🔋🚗 EV NEW POLICY (2024-MARCH)
Boss? Commerce ministry released the press statement. (probably because policy gives some tax
relief to the imported cars, and as we learned in the pillar#3: the import export matters are looked
after by commerce ministry.)
53.5.1 🔋🚗
EV Policy → Conditions
 Minimum Investment required: Rs 4150 Cr (∼USD 500 Mn). No limit on maximum Investment
 Must setup factory in India within 3 years.
 Domestic value addition (DVA) during mfg: 25% by the 3rd year and 50% by the 5th year.
53.5.2 🔋🚗 EV Policy → Tax Relief on imported EV cars

BEFORE After new EV Policy
 If Elon Musk makes above commitments with Bank
guarantee (ke I’ll setup factory in 3 years) then...
imported EV car pe 60–100% Customs
 → Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) will issue him a
Duty depending on price/engine-
certificate then...
model.
 → Imported Tesla cars will be subjected to 15% customs
duty in India for next 5 years.^^
यदि एलॉन मस्क यह कसम खाता है कि अगले तीन वर्षों में भारत में इलेक्ट्रिक गाड़ियों की फै क्ट्री लगाएगा तो फिलहाल के लिए आयातीत
टेस्ला गाड़ियों पर भारत सरकार कम टेक्स लगाएगी.
53.5.3 🔋🚗 EV Policy → Quota system on import duty relief

^^ above this duty-relief applicable for
 Annually not more than 8000 imported cars for given company.
 5 years mein total: not more than total 40,000 imported cars of given company. **
 Imported car price has to be higher than $35,000= approx. ₹ 30 lakh.
**Even here more terms and condition like Musk must invest $800 million if he wants 40,000 car
quota. But, further PHD= poor cost benefit. If some private mock test-wala asking more technical
things, just ignore.
53.6 🔋🚗 E LECTRIC VEHICLE: MISC. UPDATES (2023–24)
53.6.1 🔋🚗Induction/Wireless Charging on Golden Quadrilateral Highway

• Inductive charging (also known as wireless charging or cordless charging) = when EV car
automatically gets charged from bottom of the electrified road.
• Golden Quadrilateral = highways connecting the four metro cities of Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai and Kolkata.
• government is exploring Inductive charging 6000 kms for - Golden Quadrilateral.

• Note: I have given a very simple explanation. But, in reality it could be different because the
details are yet to be worked out. e.g. in Germany they’ve e-highway with overhead power
lines for trucks (similar to railways).
53.6.2 🔋🚎 EV → PM-eBus Sewa Scheme (2023)
• To run 10,000 electric buses in PPP model (public private partnership.)
• Boss? Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs
53.6.3 🚗 Gigacasting
normal car-mfg gigacasting car-mfg

underbody can consist of hundreds of car’s underbody made of large single die-cast. Tesla
individual parts. छोटे छोटे पुर्ज़ो को जोड़के बनाई famous for this. बहुत बड़े साँचे की मदद से गाड़ी का ज्यादातर हिस्सा एक
जाती है। ही बार में बना देते है।
53.6.4 ⛽️ India to produce its own “reference fuels” (सं दर्भ मानक ईंधन)
 Reference fuels are high-standard premium petrol and diesel fuels.
 They are used by automobile companies for calibrating and testing vehicles/engines.
 Before: India had to import them. After-2023: started manufacturing by Indian Oil Company at
its Paradip and Panipat refineries.
53.7 🚕🔗 TRANSPORT→ B RIDGES & TUNNEL & MISC. (सेतु और सुरंग)
Table 1: if u can remember good, else don't loose sleep.
53.7.1 🎢Bridges → Sudarshan Setu / Signature Bridge (2024)

• Sudarshan Setu (also called Signature Bridge) is India’s longest cable-stayed bridge.
• It connects Okha mainland and Beyt Dwarka, in Gujarat.
• Length: 2.32 km as per PIB. | 4.7 km as per IndianExpress
53.7.2 🛣️Longest Road Tunnels in India?

Different websites giving different answers, I am copying from TimesNow
Length Name Objective
9.02 km Atal Road Tunnel Longest high-altitude tunnel in India. Reduces

Length Name Objective
travel between Leh and Manali by 4 hours.
Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee / Longest tunnel in India. Reduces travel between
9.34 km
Chenani-Nashri Tunnel. Jammu and Srinagar by 2 hrs.
🔠❓MCQ. Which is NOT correct about the Atal Tunnel? (IES-2021)

a) It is the highest altitude tunnel in the world। सब विश्व में सबसे ज्यादा उचाई पर स्थित सुरंग है
b) It was inaugurated on 03 October 2020 in Rohtang ये तारीख को उद्घाटन हुआ था
c) In connects Manali to Lahaul-Spiti valley। इन दो जगह को जोड़ती है
d) It is capable of handling 5000 cars and 2500 trucks per day with maximum speed of 80 kmph
🔠❓MCQ. Which among the following is India's longest road tunnel? (CDS-2023-II)
(a) Atal Tunnel (b) Kuthiran Tunnel
(c) Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel (d) Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel
53.8 🚕🌐T RANSPORT → TRANSBORDER CONNECTIVITY (सीमापार सम्बद्धन)
Kartarpur - Kartarpur Sahib is located on the Ravi river bank, Pakistan, about 4.5 km
Sahib from the international border.
Corridor - Here Guru Nanak Sahib spent his 18 years until his death in 1539.
(2019) - 2019: 550th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Sahib.
- Govt launched Visa-free corridor - Indian citizens and OCI (Overseas
Citizens of India) can travel from India to Pak.
Kaladan - To connect Haldia/Kolkata Port → Sittwe Port (Myanmar) → Kaladan
Multi-Modal River → Road transport to Mizoram.
- in other words, this project aims to provide alternate connectivity between
eastern ports of India to Mizoram via Myanmar.
Sonamura- - Sonamura (Tripura) to Daudkandi (Bangladesh)
Daudkandi - This is a riverine route connecting Tripura’s Gomati river with India’s
(2020-Sept) national waterways through Bangladesh’s Meghna river.
IMT India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway.
The highway will connect Moreh in Manipur, India with Mae Sot in Thailand via
Myanmar.
BBIN Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) to
(2015) enable movement of passenger and cargo vehicles across borders. While
Bangladesh, India and Nepal have implemented it but Bhutan’s yet to do
INSTC International North–South Transport Corridor (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय उत्तर-दक्षिण परिवहन गलियारा):
(2000) 1. Members: India, Iran, Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Armenia,
Belarus, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Ukraine, Syria. Observer member -
Bulgaria. (It helps connecting Afghanistan through Chabahar port although
directly it may not be passing through it.)
2. With ship, rail, and road route for faster cargo transport.

Ashgabat  Ashgabat (@Turkmenistan) Agreement For multimodal goods transport
agreement between Central Asia and the Persian Gulf.
(2011)  Signatories: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Oman, Pakistan
(2016), India (2018). This also creates synergy for INTC.
Gwadar - Gwadar Port@Pakistan. So obviously China helped building it.
Chabahar - Chabahar Port@Iran. India helped building it.
- 2016: PM Modi signed agreement with Iran to construct a railway line from
Chabahar port to Zahedan (a region bordering Afghanistan)
- 2020-Jul: Iran dropped India from project citing India’s funding delays.
Separately, Iran is also seeking a 25 years economic and security partnership
pact with China to get billions of funding. So, critics term it as failure of
Indian diplomacy. ईरान चीन की गोद में बैठ गया वह भारतीय कू टनीति की विफलता
OBOR China One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative to connect Asia, Africa and Europe
(2013) via 6 proposed corridors
 New Eurasia Land Bridge Economic Corridor
 China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor
 China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor
 China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor
 Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM): 2019-
April: China dropped this BCIM from the OBOR list.
 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: It passes through Gilgit-Baltistan - a
territory of India that is illegally occupied by Pakistan.
 India has not officially joined, YET.
🤧 Corona = Partner nations unable to repay infrastructure loans taken from
China. Now China is thinking of shifting its policy. e.g. loan restructuring
(Changing interest rate/tenure), fresh loans at 0% etc.
B3W US President Joe Biden’s Build Back Better World (B3W) initiative announced in
G7 Summit 2020 for infrastructure development in the aftermath of Corona.
Blue Dot  Proposed by the USA, Japan and Australia. India is yet to join.
Network  If an infrastructure project gets ‘Blue Dot’ Certification = Project has high
(2019) standards of quality, transparency, sustainability, and developmental impact.
 It will encourage pvt investors from 1st world nations in such projects.
MCQ. How many statements are correct? (Pre'23)

1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.
2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.
3. Bangladesh-China -India -Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with
Kunming in China. Codes: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

54 🚝T RANSPORT → RAILWAY (अग्नीरथ)
54.1.1 → RAILWAY → RRTS (NAMO BHARAT)

➢ Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) also called NAMO BHARAT.
➢ National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) - statutory body under MINISTRY OF
HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS (MoHUA). It has representatives from the union
government and the states of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
➢ NCRPB → National Capital Region Transport Corporation Limited (NCRTC, 2013) is
responsible for this RRTS project.
➢ RRTS is a railway network to connect Capital with Panipat in Haryana, Meerut in Uttar
Pradesh and Alwar in Rajasthan.
img source: IndianExpress
54.1.2 🚝 Transport → India's first underwater metro line @Kolkata under Hoogli River
• by Kolkata Metro Rail. This tunnel passes under river Hooghly. img source: TimesofIndia
• India’s country’s deepest metro station — Howrah — situated 30+ metres below the surface.

MCQ. Under which one of the following rivers has India's first underwater metro rail tunnel been
constructed? (CDS-2023-II) (a) Yamuna (b) Ganga (c) Hooghly (d) Gomti
54.1.3 🚝 Transport → Kochi Water Metro (Kerala, 2023)
Connects 10 islands around Kochi through battery-operated electric hybrid boats.

54.1.4 🚝 Indo-Bangla: Akhaura-Agartala rail link
➢ a 12km railway lined to connect Agartala (Tripura, India) with Akhaura (in Bangladesh).
➢ Funding? (1) Ministry for Development of North East Region (DoNER) funded the work on
the Indian side, (2) the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) funded the expense for the
Bangladesh side as ‘Grand/Aid to Bangladesh’.
➢ It’ll pass thru Nischintapur in Tripura
➢ Nischintapur will serve as the international immigration station for passengers.
➢ Nischintapur will serve as Land Customs Station (LCS). It refers to any notified place
meant for the clearance of goods imported or to be exported by land or inland water by
Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) .
➢ this will also help faster connectivity between Tripura to West Bengal. (Refer to map)

54.1.5 🚝 Indo-Bangla Rail connection → others
Name Connect
Maitree Express Kolkata and Dhaka (2008)
Mitali Express Siliguri in W. Bengal and Dhaka (2021)
54.1.6 👛🚊 Interim-Budget-2024 → 3 economic railway corridors

Three major economic railway corridor programmes
• (1) energy, mineral and cement corridors,
• (2) port connectivity corridors, and
• (3) high traffic density corridors. Furthermore, we’ll convert 40,000 normal rail bogies to the
Vande Bharat standards for - safety, convenience and comfort of passengers.
54.2 ✈ TRANSPORT → AVIATION (उड्डयन / हवाई यात्रा)

54.2.1 🛫🤵🏻 International airport tag for Jamnagar for Anant Ambani wedding
• Jamnagar (Gujarat) is a defence airport where commercial flights are also allowed.
• 2024-Feb/March: Jamnagar airport was temporarily declared an international airport for 10
days by Airports Authority of India (AAI)
• To handle international flights of Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Rihanna, PM of Qatar etc.
who came to attend Anant Ambani wedding.
54.2.2 ✈️ Airways → Flexible airspace / Flexible Use of Airspace (FUA)?

• It is an airspace management concept that Airspace should not be designated as either purely
civil or purely military airspace.
• Airspace should be allocated in a flexible way and always on a temporary basis- to civil
and/or military users according to their requirement. (लचीला हवाई क्षेत्र की जिसे नागरिक और सैन्य दोनों
उड्डयन के लिए ज़रूरत के हिसाब से इस्तेमाल किया जाए।)
• It can greatly help reduce fuel consumption, and traffic congestion.
• Watch this Shorts for more https://youtu.be/SIWNRbve-hc?si=GeZGAZlms_uRB4ZP
54.3 🗽T OURISM & MUSEUM INFRASTRUCTURE (प्रवासन व सं ग्रहालय)
54.3.1 👛
Interim-Budget-2024 → iconic tourist centres
• We’ll setup ‘rating’ system for iconic tourist centres
• We’ll give Long-term interest free loans to States to develop iconic tourist centres.
Pillar#5C: Infrastructure- Sadak (Transport), My City, Village & Home & Comm/IT & Space
55 INFRASTRUCTURE → 🏬 URBAN (शहरी बुनियादी अवसं रचना)

2011 2030
Urban population 31% 40% (and 50% by 2050)
Contribution to GDP 63% 75%
• Introduction (Data): Urban areas support >30% of India’s population and contribute to
more than 60% of India's GDP. These figures are expected to grow to 40% and 75%
respectively by 2030. देश की आबादी और सकल घरेलू उत्पाद का एक बड़ा हिस्सा शहरी इलाकों से आता है.
• Urban development is a state subject and the Constitution (Seventy-Fourth) Amendment
Act, 1992, enjoins upon the state govs to delegate many functions to urban local bodies.
• However, Union Government plays a coordinating and monitoring role.
55.1 🏬 URBAN → C ENSUS DEFINITIONS
Census-2011 definitions of urban area: (जनगणना)
Statutory If an area is governed by a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or
towns 4000+ notified town area committee, etc.
Census towns If an area doesn’t have municipality etc. yet it could be counted as a ‘town’ if
3800+  Minimum 5000 people residing; AND
 Min. population density: 400/sqkm AND
 Min.75% of males engaged in non-agriculture occupations

Further,
Size / class of the area Population Size

Urban Class I 1,00,000 & above: further Metro city = 40 lakh/>, mega city = 1 cr />
Semi-Urban Class II 50,000 - 99,999
Class III 20,000 - 49,999
Class IV 10,000 - 19,999
Rural** (if Class V 5,000 - 9,999
<75% male Class VI less than 5,000
population in
non-agro)
Related Term: Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 defines a Metropolitan Area = population
of 10 lakhs or more, comprising of one or more districts.
🔠⁉️ MCQ. Find correct about Urban Population in India as per Census 2011? (Geosci’24)
1. More than 31% of the total population lives in towns.
2. The number of towns was more than 7500.
Codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Note: I have been teaching this (census-statutory towns topic) for a decade, and in 2024 UPSC asked
this. So do not mistake last two years' MCQs = 'trend', and the propaganda by youtube-vloggers
against my 'lengthy handouts'.
55.1.1 🏬 URBAN → [Yearbook] MoHUA

2017: PM Modi merged (1) Ministry of Urban Development and Housing (2) Ministry of Urban
Poverty Alleviation into a single ministry called →
🕵️‍♂️🏬 Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs आवासन एवं शहरी कार्य मं त्रालय consists of →
Dept NA
Attached  Central Public Works Department (CPWD) के न्द्रीय लोक निर्माण विभाग
offices  National Buildings Organisation (NBO) राष्ट्रीय भवन निर्माण सं गठन
 Land & Development Office (L&DO)- it has two Portals: 1) E-

SAMPADA- for allocation of central govt houses/office buildings 2)
E-DHARTI - property disputes, registration etc in Delhi
Statutory  Delhi Development Authority, Rajghat Samadhi Committee,
वैधानिक  Delhi Urban Arts Commission, Capital Region Planning Board
Autonomous  National Institute of Urban Affairs
Bodies स्वायत्त सं सथान  Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC)
 Central Government Employees Welfare Housing Organisation
 National Cooperative Housing Federation of India (NCHFI)
Subordinate  Town & Country Planning Organisation
Office अधीनस्थ कार्यालय  Government of India Stationery Office
 Department of Publication (responsible for printing Gazettes)
CPSE सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के  Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO)
उपक्रम  National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited
 (*) Hindustan Prefab Limited (HPL)
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
E-governance  2019: mHariyali App to encourage Public to plant trees & uploads
it geotagged photos through App.
MCQ. Find correct: (Prelims-2022-Set-A-Q.74)
1. The India Sanitation Coalition is a platform to promote sustainable sanitation and is funded by
the Government of India and the World Health Organization.
2. The National Institute of Urban Affairs is an apex body of the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs and provides innovative solutions to address the challenges of Urban India.
Answer Codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Note: as per official answerkey it is (D). My Counter-view is as follows:
• As per annual report of NIUA: The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), established
in 1976 under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) is India's top think tank
for urban planning and development.
• Synonym for "top" = Apex. So, ST2 should be right, but it seems that UPSC examiner may
have gone into pedantry that autonomous body = not under the ministry.
55.2 🏬 URBAN → AMRUT M ISSION (2015) → 500 CITIES

2005: Manmohan launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
→ 2015: Modi repacked it as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).
 🕵️
Boss? Urban Development Ministry. Core Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union.
 Covering 500 cities with population of 1 lakh /> people
 Validity? 2015 to 31/3/2020. It’s a five-year SUNSET scheme Then later on govt renewed for
another 2 years, till 31/3/2022. योजना की अवधि को बढ़ाया गया
 Aims to improve basic infrastructure - public transport, water supply, sewerage, storm-water
drains, green spaces and parks. (सार्वजनिक परिवहन, जल आपूर्ति, गटर, बारिश के पानी की नालियां, बाग़-बगीचे)
55.2.1 🏬 AMRUT Funding between Union and States
funding ratio IF
50:50 big city= If city population more than 1 million
80:20 smaller city = if city population upto 1 million
90:10 North East and Himalayan State (=sp.category states)
55.2.2 🏬
AMRUT: 2 components
• 1. Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) and Integrated Housing
• 2. Slum Development Programme (IHSDP),
55.2.3 🏬
AMRUT: 3 reforms
• 1. allot 25% municipal budget for the urban poor
• 2. implement 7-Point Charter, namely provision of land tenure, affordable housing, water,
sanitation, education, health and social security to the poor
• 3. reserve 25% land in all housing projects for slum improvement. (applicable for both public
and private sector housing projects.)
55.2.4 🏬 AMRUT 2.0 [2021-Oct]
 Primary objective: “WATER SECURE” Cities [“जल सुरक्षित” शहरों का विकास इसका उद्देश्य है]
 100% connectivity for water-sewage to all households in 4700 urban local bodies. [नगरपालिका विस्तार
के सभी घरों को पानी और गटर की सुविधा मिले]
 Focus on circular economy for water management, with latest global technology. [जल प्रबं धन के लिए
वैश्विक स्तर की प्रौद्योगिकी तथा परिक्रामी अर्थतंत्र के सिद्धांतों का उपयोग किया जाएगा] (More on circular economy in 📑
Pillar#4B)
55.2.5 🏬 👨‍🦯👩‍🦽 URBAN → Misc → PH friendly → Sugamya Bharat (2014)
🕵️ Boss? Ministry Social Justice and Empowerment → Divyangjan Dept.
 Ramps in public buildings / railways / airports; toilets for wheelchair users, Braille symbols and
auditory signals in lifts, disabled-friendly websites etc. so that life becomes easier for the PH.
 Under Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyaan), Divyangjan Dept hires auditors
to check public buildings & websites → then respective organization required to do above things
under the Persons with Disabilities Act (विकलांग व्यक्ति अधिनियम). Grants given as & where required.
 + Awareness generation, IEC, mobile app etc.

🔠⁉️MCQ. Find correct regarding the Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan: (CDS-2024-1)
1. This programme is initiated by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities,
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
2. It aims to develop an inclusive society for persons with disabilities.
3. It has provisions of pension for persons with disabilities.
Codes: (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 only
Note: Observe the scheme was made in 2014, and above MCQ asked after 10 years in 2024. I always
kept this topic from handout so over the years handout will become lengthy due to accumulation of
more schemes! So do not fall into trap of the YouTube-GuessMasters about 'lengthy-handouts'.
55.3 ( 🏠) I NFRA → (URBAN AND RURAL) → HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022
 1985: Indira Awas Yojana for rural areas gave money to poor families to build homes,
 2008: Rajiv Rinn Yojana for urban areas gave home loan Interest subsidy to poor.
 2015-16: Modi restructured them into Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).
 It’s a Centrally Sponsored Scheme → Core Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union. States also
need to contribute money. 60-40 for normal states. 90-10 for NE/Himalayan States. (कें द्र द्वारा
प्रायोजित → महत्वपूर्ण योजना).
 PMAY has two components.
🏠 👨‍🔧 PMAY (Urban) 🏠 👨‍🌾 PMAY (Rural / Gramin)

by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs By Ministry of Rural Development .
It has following components: (योजना के घटक/अवयव) Beneficiaries are identified through SECC-
 If person owns land: give him ₹ 1.50 lakh to 2011 data, and verified by Gram Sabha.

🏠 👨‍🔧 PMAY (Urban) 🏠 👨‍🌾 PMAY (Rural / Gramin)
build / renovate his house. They’re given money to build home.
 If a builder is keeping 35% apartments’ quota - ₹ 1.50 lakh (plains area),
for EWS then builder gets subsidy. - ₹ 1.60 lakh (hilly states)
- Additionally, they can get upto ₹ 70,000
 Slum redevelopment (झोपड़ियों को हटाकर गरीबों को
as bank loans
पक्के मकान बना कर देना)
Money transferred to beneficiary’s bank
 Credit-linked subsidy scheme (CLSS): account via AwaasSoft web platform.
Depending on the annual income, the  Convergence with other schemes to
beneficiaries are classified into 3 groups: provide electricity, LPG, drinking
o Economically Weaker Section (EWS), water & toilet. अन्य योजनाओं के साथ
समन्वय
o Low Income Groups (LIGs)
 Also provides skill programs for
o Middle Income Groups (MIGs: i.e. rural masons. ग्रामीण कारीगरों के लिए
annual income upto ₹ 18 lakhs). कौशल कार्यक्रम
These groups are given 3-4% interest subsidy on  minimum size of house is 25
loan amounts upto ₹ “x” lakhs. Govt has setup sq.meters.
Credit-linked Subsidy Services Awas (CLAP) Reservation Target:
 min 60% houses for SC/ST (While
Portal where beneficiary can track his application
some states may have less % of
status in real-time.
SC/ST population, so this is not
5) AHRC: given below every state-level target. It is national-
level target.)
 5% houses for PH. (usmein bhi first
priority given to PH-women).
55.3.1 👻(🏠) → Affordable rental housing Complexes (AHRC)
किराए के मकान किफायती दरों पर गरीबों और प्रवासी श्रमिकों के लिए. → बिल्डर सरकारी जमीन पर / जर्जर सरकारी मकानों तो तोड़कर
नए मकान बनाएगा- गरीब किरायेदारों के लिए. इस योजना में बिल्डर को रियायती दरों पर कर्जा और टैक्स में लाभ दिया जाएगा
 🕵️ Boss? Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY–U) → new subcomponent AHRC launched in
2020-May (under Atma-Nirbhar initiative).
 Govt will sign an agreement with builders (technically called as "Concessionaire"). Basically..
 Builders will be given vacant govt land & dilapidated govt buildings, concessional loans, and tax
relief. (How exactly? NOT IMP)
 Builders will construct housing complexes → rent it for 25 years at affordable prices to urban
migrants / poor.
 🤩 Benefit? Migrants live in slums, illegal colonies or peri-urban areas to save rent. They spend
lot of time travelling to workplaces. AHRC will ⏬ unnecessary travel from peripheral areas,
congestion and pollution.

55.3.2 ( 🏠) → PMAY–U → Angikaar
 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY–U) → Angikaar campaign launched to mobilise
communities for water & energy conservation, waste management, sanitation, hygiene. बिजली पानी
बचाओ स्वच्छता अभियान जागृति अभियान
🏠
55.3.3 ( ) → PMAY–U → Light House Project (LHP)
• in 6 states (Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh)
• To adopt/copy best globe design practices for constructing cheap/cost effective, fast paced,
sustainable, resource efficient and disaster resilient homes.
55.3.4 ( 🏠) → National Urban Housing Fund (2018)
🕵️ Boss? Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs → (Autonomous body) Building Materials and
Technology Promotion Council.
 They’ll raise mobilize ₹ 60,000 crores in next 4 years to finance the PMAY (Urban).
 This money will be raised through ‘extra Budgetary Resources’ i.e. BMTPC itself borrowing from
market / CPSEs / lenders without involvement of Govt. (so Govt’s fiscal deficit appears under
control.) (More in 📑Pillar#2D) (बजटेतर सं साधन)
56 INFRA → RURAL ( 🏞)
56.1.1 🕵️‍♂️[Yearbook] Ministry of Rural Development ग्रामीण विकास मं त्रालय

Dept  Dept. of Rural Development.
 Dept. of Land Resources (भूमि सं साधन).
Autonomous  National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj- HQ: Hyderabad.
Bodies Also has office at Guwahati (Assam). (राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण विकास और पं चायती राज सं स्थान)
 Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology
(CAPART) chaired by the Union Minister for Rural Development to
coordination with NGOs & Government
CPSE/ Statutory N/A or Not MCQ worthy. या तो विद्यमान नहीं या विद्यमान है किं तु परीक्षा के लिए काम के नहीं
/Attached इसलिए आगे बढ़ो
E-Governance • Yuktdhara- portal for rural planning developed by this ministry +
ISRO
• Integrated Land Information Management System (ILIMS)
• Unique Land Parcel identification Number (ULPIN)
• National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) - for
property deal ke legal documents.
• Linkage of e-Court with Land Record/Registration Data base
• Transliteration of Land Records in 22 Scheduled languages with

help of CDAC-Pune.
Committees DISHA: District Development Coordination and Monitoring Committees -
consisting of local MP, MLA, DM (IAS)- to ensure that Government
schemes are implemented effectively.
🕵️‍♂️There is also a Ministry of Panchayati Raj - but doesn’t have any MCQ-worthy orgs.
🔠❓ The ministry of Rural Development consists of which departments? (Geologist-2020)
a. Department of Rural Development and Department of Land Resources
b. Dept of Community Development, Dept of Drinking Water and Sanitation and Dept of Social
Assistance
c. Dept of Rural Development, Dept of Community Resources and Dept of Drinking Water and
Sanitation
d. Dept of Land Resources, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation and Department of
Social Assistance
56.1.2 MoRD (Rural Dev): major schemes

• 1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for 100
days job to villagers. (Ref: Pillar#6)
• 2. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) for self-employment and skill development;
(Ref: Pillar#6)
• 3. Housing for All via Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Grameen (PMAY-G)
• 4. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• 5. National Social Assistance Programme (NSoAP) for social pension; (Ref: Pillar#1D)
• 6. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission;
• 7. Watershed Development Component of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
56.1.3 🏞 RURAL → ST villages: Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojna

It is the new name of the old scheme Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Scheme (SCA to TSS)
Boss? Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Coverage? Villages having at least 50% ST population. Total 36,000+ such
villages.
Validity? 2021–22 to 2025–26
Funding? approx. ₹20 lakh per village + extra funds through other schemes.
It’ll focus to develop village in 8 sectors, namely:
 Road connectivity (Internal and Intervillage /block), 2) Telecom connectivity (Mobile /internet),
 School, 4) Anganwadi Centres, 5) Health Sub-Centre,
 Drinking water facility, 7) Drainage 8) solid waste management.
56.1.4 🏞 📲
RURAL → SAMARTH campaign for e-payments @villages (2023)
• Boss? Ministry of Rural Development
• SAMARTH campaign to promote digital transactions in villages, esp. among women.
• with help of Women Bank Business Correspondent agents (BC Sakhis).
56.2 🌬⚔️I NFRASTRUCTURE: DISASTER, SECURITY & STRATEGIC AFFAIRS
56.2.1 🕵️‍♂️👮‍♂️[Yearbook] Ministry of Home (गृह मं त्रालय)
Dept 1) Department of Border Management (सीमा प्रबं धन)

2) Department of Internal Security (आंतरिक सुरक्षा)
3) Department of Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh Affairs
4) Dept of Home: Notifies the appointment of PM & other Ministers etc.
5) Department of Official Language
6) Department of States
Attached / 1) Registrar General & Census Commissioner: National Register of Indian
Subordinate Citizens, Census; helps rural and urban ministries for conducting Socio-
Offices Economic and Caste Census (SECC) in respective areas.
2) Assam Rifles, Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police Force
(CRPF), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
3) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
4) Indo Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
5) National Security Guard (NSG)
Statutory 1) National Investigation Agency (NIA)
वैज्ञानिक सं स्थान 2) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) →Subhash Chandra
Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar (Awards for disaster management)
3) National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
4) Land Ports Authority of India for managing border infrastructure in India.
Also helped in Kartarpur-sahib corridor.
CPSE  Repatriates Co-op. Finance & Development Bank

Autonomous 1) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, SVNPA, Hyderabad for
स्वायत सं स्थान training of IPS officers
2) National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
3) National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH)
4) International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
E-Governance  2009-Crime and criminal tracking network and systems (CCTNS) to keep
database of criminals
 2011- National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) for intelligence sharing-
mainly for counter terrorism.
⚖️ Home ministry also looks after the administrative matters related to Padma Awards, and
legislative matters related to Passport Act & Citizenship. (नागरिकता)
56.2.2 🕵️ 🌬
‍♂️ Disaster Infrastructure → Home Ministry → CDRI 2019
 International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
 Announced in 2019’s UN Climate Action Summit in New York, USA
 HQ: Delhi. Registered under Societies Registration Act,1860
 Function: international knowledge exchange for disaster and climate resilience of infrastructure
→ help achieving the Sendai Framework targets for disaster risk reduction
56.2.3 🕵️‍♂️🛡 Ministry of Defence (रक्षा मं त्रालय)
 Department of Defence → Armed Forces (army, navy, airforce), Coast

Guard, Border Road Organization, National Cadet Corps (NCC-1948,
Motto: एकता और अनुशासन, Unity and discipline)
 Department of Defence Production →Subordinate organization: Ordnance
Factory Board (OFB, HQ: Kolkata) → 41 Ordnance factories (OFs) [New
Dept update in next section]
 Department of Defence Research and Development
 Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare
 Department of Military Affairs → Chief of Defence Staff (Late General
Bipin Rawat was the first person to be in this post. He had the rank of four
star general and also ‘Secretary’ to Govt)
 DG Defence Estate, DG Defence Accounts and others
Attached
 Indian Ordnance Factories → later became Companies (CPSE)
 Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun; Sainik School Ghorakhal,
Autonomous Nainital, Uttarakhand and other similar organizations.
 Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA)
 2001: Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) was set up under Defence
Committee Minister to fasttrack the procurement of armaments for army, navy, airforce,
coastguards. (रक्षा साधनों की खरीद के लिए परिषद)

Srijan portal (2020-Aug)
 displays defence items that are being imported currently. So that the Indian
industry can design, develop and manufacture them domestically.
 Help interaction between defence public sector undertakings (DPSUs),
Portals
Ordnance Factory to interact with the Indian industry.
 🤩Benefit: Promotes indigenization of defence production.
iDEX (2018)
 For Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)
 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, HAL.
CPSE  Bharat Electronics, Bharat Dynamics
सरकारी  Garden Reach Shipbuilders, Goa Shipyard, Hindustan Shipyard, Mazagon
कं पनियां Dock Shipbuilders | Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited, MIDHANI.
 (*) Bharat Earth Movers
Local  Cantonment Boards: Civic administration bodies (Ref Laxmikanth for more)
Governance  e-Chhawani Portal = e-governance portal for cantonment boards.
Operations
 👻OPERATION SAMUDRA SETU: Indian Navy as a part of national effort
to repatriate Indian citizens from overseas. (भारतीयों की वतन वापसी कोरोना में)
Exercises
 + many other defense exercises etc. self-Study from CA-PDF
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
56.2.4 🕵️‍♂️Ministry of External Affairs (विदेश मामलों का मं त्रालय)
📑
Responsible for organizing the Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: (More in Pillar#3A).
Dept  N/A
Attached  Foreign Service Institute, Delhi
Autonomous  India Centre for Migration (ICM)
स्वायत सं स्थान  India Development Foundation of Overseas Indians
 Indian Council for Cultural Relations (Delhi)
Portals  Madad Portal for consular grievances.
 Passport India Portal| Kailash Mansarovar Yatra Portal
 e-Sanad for online verification of documents of Indian citizens abroad.

57 📡I NFRASTRUCTURE → COMMUNICATION (सं चार)
57.1.1 🕵️️‍♂️[Yearbook] Ministry of Communication (सं चार मं त्रालय)

Dept 1. Dept. of Telecommunications (दूरसं चार विभाग )
2. Dept. of Posts (डाक विभाग): ref Pillar#1D for more
Statutory Bodies 3. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI: भारतीय दूरसं चार विनियामक
प्राधिकरण) under law of 1997.
4. Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT:
दूरसं चार विवाद समाधान एवं अपील अधिकरण)
CPSE/PSB 5. BSNL (2000): Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited & MTNL (1986):
सरकारी कं पनियों Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd for Delhi & Mumbai. Ref 📑
सार्वजनिक Pillar#2: for their merger.
क्षेत्र के बैंक 6. BBNL: Bharat Broadband Network Ltd. (2012) to implement
BHARATNET project to lay internet lines to Gram Sabha→
although, govt planning to merge this company with BSNL.
7. Telecommunications Consultants India (TCIL, 1978)
8. Indian Telephone Industries (ITI, 1948, Bengaluru)
📑
9. India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Ltd (More in Pillar#1B1)
10. Hemisphere Properties India (This company owns the left-over land
of VSNL. VSNL company was sold to Tata /privatized in 2002.)
Attached / 11. Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)
subordinate 12. Telecommunication Engineering Center

Autonomous 13. Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT)
57.1.2 🕵️
️‍♂️Ministry of Communication → Fraud Prevention Bodies
2021: Communication minister to set up two bodies
 1) Digital intelligence unit (DIU) against Unsolicited commercial communication -
Telemarketing, SMS spam.
 2) Telecom analytics for fraud management and consumer protection (TAFCOP).
🤩Objective? Combat: digital frauds involving Mobile calls and SMS.

57.1.3 🕵️️‍♂️Dept of Telecommunications → Digital Communications Commission
 1989- Telecom Commission was setup. (दूरसं चार/ दूरभाष आयोग)
 2018: Renamed in Digital Communications Commission (डिजिटल सं चार आयोग)
 DoT’s Secretary (IAS) is the chairman of this body. NITI CEO (IAS) is a part time member.
 Functions? finalizing policy, dept’s budget, spectrum auction etc → sending for
Minister/Cabinet’s approval
57.1.4 🕵🏼
Ministry of Electronics & IT इलेक्ट्रोनिकी एवं सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी मं त्रालय
Dept N/A
Attached - 1976: National Informatics Centre (NIC, राष्ट्रीय सूचना विज्ञान कें द्र) → 2020 they
offices setup Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Blockchain Technology in Bengaluru,
Karnataka,
Statutory Under the Information Technology Act, 2000 →
Bodies  Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) प्रमाणन प्राधिकरण नियं त्रक → Cyber
Appellate Tribunal.
वैधानिक
 Computer Emergency Response Team-India (CERT-In) भारतीय कं प्यूटर आपात
सं स्थाएँ
प्रतिक्रिया दल→ (1) they give CVA number to new vulnerability/cyber attacks.
(similar to how bank branches are identified by IFSC Codes).
Under the Aadhaar Act 2016 →
Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI, founded in 2009) भारतीय विशिष्ट
पहचान प्राधिकरण [although India yearbook says its Attached office. so tick
depending on context of MCQ/given options.]
CPSE 1. National Informatics Centre Services Inc.(NICSI) (CPSE under control of
सरकारी कं पनियां NIC) भारतीय सूचना विज्ञान कें द्र सेवा सं स्थान
these are 2. Digital India Corporation- for bringing ICT innovations to grassroot level.
Section-8 = 3. MyGov.in (yes it is also a company)
not for profit 4. National Internet Exchange of India(NIXI) - a meeting point for Internet
companies. Service Providers (ISP)
5. National e-Governance Division (NEGD)

Autonomous 6. Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) प्रगत सं गणक विकास
Bodies कें द्र → “E-Sangam” for delivery of Data among geographically dispersed
(स्वायत्त निकाय) departments
7. Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET)
8. Education & Research in Computer Networking (ERNET)
9. National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT -
Formerly DOEACC Society)
10. Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research
(SAMEER, 1984);
11. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI)- to promote IT exports.
12. Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-
informatics (BISAG)
13. Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL)
App 14. 2017: UMANG- Unified Mobile Application for New-Age Governance
(UMANG). It delivers government services by by Central and State
Government departments and Local bodies such as locating exam centre,
booking govt doctor appointment, applying for soil health card & filing
EPFO complaints.
 Data Security Council : is a (private sector) not-for-profit body on data protection by
NASSCOM. NASSCOM is a not-for-profit association of Software companies.
57.2 COMMUNICATION ( 💻/📞) RELATED REGULATORS /APPS / PORTALS
57.2.1 🕵🏼
Comm → Regulators → TRAI
1. 1997: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI: भारतीय दूरसं चार नियामक प्राधिकरण), a statutory
body under the Communications Ministry → higher appeal to Telecom Dispute Settlement And
Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT: दूरसं चार विवाद निपटान और अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण).
2. TRAI regulates the operators of telecom, internet, DTH/cableTV sector.
TRAI’s notable initiatives for consumer interest are →
3. DND (Do Not Disturb) registry: To prevent Telemarketing Calls/SMS.
4. SMS scrubbing guidelines: Telecom service providers will have to verify Every SMS for its
content before delivery.- mainly to prevent marketing spam SMS.
5. Strong directives to reduce Call-drops in mobile plans.
6. MySpeed App to help customers to measure 3G/4G speed & share with TRAI.
7. Directives for Net Neutrality (नेट तटस्थता) i.e. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) must treat all
internet traffic equally without increasing/slowing down speed towards any website.

8. DTH / Cable operators required to give customer the freedom of choosing channels, and fixed
prices for services.
9. 2007: Telecommunication Consumers Education and Protection Fund (TCEPF). Requires
Telecom service providers to deposit all unclaimed money of consumers, including excess
charges and security deposit.
57.2.2 🕵🏼📞 Comm → Stolen phone? → Central Equipment Identity Register portal
• By Dept of Telecom
• If your mobile gets stolen or lost → file First Information Report (FIR) in Police → upload
FIR details and International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) on this portal
• Govt will block the IMEI number of the phone → Phone will become unusable for the thief.
57.2.3 🕵🏼📞
Telecom → Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)
- Boss? Home Ministry. Launched pan-India in 2019-Feb.
- Victim dials 112 → Emergency Response Centre (आपातकालीन प्रतिक्रिया कें द्र) → redirect to
police (100), fire (101), health (108), women's safety (1090) & other helplines.
- Alternatively, victim can use Panic Button on the phone by longpressing ‘5’ or ‘9’, or, '112
India' mobile app which also has a ‘shout’ button so registered volunteers close to the victim
can come for immediate assistance before police/firemen arrive.
57.2.4 Tele-fraud → CNAP Service (Caller-id) to prevent fraud/spam calls

• Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) recommended ‘Introduction of Calling
Name Presentation (CNAP) Service in Indian Telecommunication Network.
• Basically means telecom company need to show the caller ID of the person.
• Will help curbing spam and scam calls.
57.2.5 ☎️😈 Tele-fraud: sancharsaathi & Chakshu & DIP

• 🕵🏻Boss? Ministry of Communications
• Sanchar Saathi portal → To report the stolen / lost mobile handset for blocking and tracing.
• ‘Chakshu’ → facility on Sanchar Saathi portal. Citizens can report fraud call/SMS/WhatsApp
e.g. scammer impersonating as bank officer/ government officer, sextortion, etc.
• Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP): when citizen reports stolen mobile/fraud call → this DIP
system will notify bank/police/telecom companies etc. for further action.
57.3 📞☎️C OMMUNICATION → TELECOM
57.3.1 ☎️⚔️ 🤬 Controversy: Telecom → 2G Spectrum Scam

To run telecom business, two things required → A) License, B) Access to Spectrum. Spectrum
refers to the radio waves that are used by mobile phones to transmit data.
- UPA-1: we’ll give give license by “First Come First Serve Basis”, and whoever gets the license, he
will automatically get free 2G spectrum linked with his License.

- 😰Scam? Certain shell companies who had no intention of actually running telecom business
applied and got licence & free spectrum → they sold it to the needy companies at higher prices,
thus, making windfall profit without doing any business at all. UPA’s ally DMK party’s A.Raja
(Telecom Minister) & Kanimozhi were arrested → later acquitted (2017).
After SC Judgement system:

- A) Companies has to apply for Unified License (i.e. valid for both voice and data services) and
- B) Company has to separately buy Spectrum through Dept of Telecom’s auctioning. (there are
some new changes in it- refer to next segment on Telecom Bill / Act 2023)
57.4 ⚖️☎️ T ELECOMMUNICATION ACT/BILL, 2023.
• It replaced following laws: 1) Indian Telegraph Act 1885, (2) Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933
(3) Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act 1950
• It contains following provisions:
57.4.1 ⚖️☎️ Functions / Subjects covered

Matter Covered in Telecom Act, 2023
Spectrum allocation / auction ✅ YES
wireless networks and Internet service ✅ YES
Content OTT services ✋🚨 No. It’s under I&B Ministry.
Internet based communication apps/softwares e.g. ✋🚨 No. It’s under MEITY
WhatsApp and Telegram Ministry.

57.4.2 ⚖️☎️ Allocation of Spectrum
Year Matter
Before UPA/Congress government gave 2G spectrum to companies via administrative discretion.
2012 There were allegations of corruption and mismanagement in it.
SC declared 2g allocation illegal and an arbitrary exercise of power. (स्पेक्ट्रम की प्रशासनिक
2012
विवेक/सरकारी मर्ज़ी आवंटन को सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने अवैध ठहराया था।)
Govt stopped administrative allocation. Now Companies had to bid in auctions to get
Post-
spectrum (इसलिए वर्ष २०१२ के बाद यदि किसी कं पनी को स्पेक्ट्रम चाहिए तो के वल नीलामी से ही हासिल कर सकती
2012
थी। सरकार द्वारा मनमर्ज़ी मुताबिक़ किसी को आवंटन नहीं होता था।)
The new Telecoms Act 2023 now allows both routes (1) Administrative (2) Auction.
Administrative allocation
Auction se allocation (नीलामी)
(प्रशासनिक विवेक/ सरकार की मर्ज़ी से आवंटन।)
For national security, defence, police/ law for normal mobile / internet services - which are
enforcement and crime prevention, public not covered in the list given in the left-hand
broadcasting services, disaster management, column of this table.
promoting scientific research and exploration,
metro rails, railways, satellite broadband services
etc. 19 matters ke liye admin allocation allowed.
Satellite broadband services e.g. Elon Musk’s

Starlink, Airtel’s OneWeb, Amazon’s Kuiper.
• to help startup companies

Administrative allocation
Auction se allocation (नीलामी)
(प्रशासनिक विवेक/ सरकार की मर्ज़ी से आवंटन।)
• to keep prices low.
57.4.3 ⚖️☎️ Govt Take-over of private network? (सरकार निजी नेटवर्क अपने नियं त्रण ला सकती है)
Matter Who can do?
Takeover telecom services during national security and war, keeping friendly
Union
relations with foreign States.
Takeover telecom services during disaster and other public emergency. Union | States
Law and Order ke liye intercept messages, suspend internet/telecom services^^ Union | States
• ^^ Journalists / media-houses exempted from this. But government can monitor them also,
IF it’s a matter of national security. (हालाँकि पत्रकारों को छू ट दी जाएगी, सिवाय के राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा का मामला हो।)
• Govt can also ask telecommunication services to transmit specific messages in public
interest. e.g. corona warning, cyclone warning etc.
57.4.4 ⚖️☎️ Telecom Act → Ease of Doing Biz (व्यापार में सुगमता)
BEFORE AFTER
many stages of licences, registrations
single authorisation process. (के वल एक ही चरण में अनुमति)
and permissions (अनेक चरण)
TRAI has powers to control prices
No changes. (ट्राई की सत्ता यथास्थिति रहेगी। उसमें कोई बदलाव नहीं।)
(Tariffs), and dispute resolution.
Spectrum sharing, trading, and
leasing of spectrum was difficult for Relaxed rules. (एक कं पनी अपने अतिरिक्त स्पेक्ट्रम अन्य कं पनियों को बेच
the companies / it required सके / किराए पे दे सके गी।)
government permission
government can take back unutilised spectrum from a
provisions were not clear. (स्पष्ट प्रावधान company, and re-allot to other companies. (यदि किसी कं पनी को
नहीं था) मिला स्पेक्ट्रम वह इस्तेमाल नहीं कर रही तो, सरकार उस स्पेक्ट्रम को वापस ले लेगी,
और अन्य कं पनियों ने पुनः वितरित कर सकती है।)
57.4.5 ⚖️☎️
Telecom Act → Misc. / Others provisions
• protect consumers with the setting up of a ‘Do Not Disturb’ register to ensure they don’t
receive a spam-messages without prior consent.
• Telecommunication network= NOT “asset/property” for tax purposes. So, telecom
companies will get relief when selling it to other companies. (otherwise asset selling ka profit
was subjected to “capital gains tax”- recall pillar2)
• Biometric User verification e.g. for selling SIM cards, internet connections etc.
Matter Provisions
Dispute - 1) adjudicating officer → 2) committee of appeals → 3) Telecom Disputes

settlement Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) on the top.
Penalty if someone giving telecom services without license = 3 years jail / ₹ 2 cr fine.
57.4.6 ⚖️☎️ 👎
Telecom Act → LIMITATION / Criticism (आलोचना)
• No clarity on Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) matter. (एजीआर मामले पर स्पष्टता नहीं।)
• Allows government to do mass surveillance and internet shutdowns. (सरकार मनमर्ज़ी सबकी जासूसी
कर सकती है। इंटरनेट पर पाबं दी लगा सकती है।)
• Govt can require companies to de-crypt the communications. = Opposition leaders, lawyers,
activists and journalists may be targeted. User privacy affected. (विपक्षी नेता / पत्रकारो आदि पर सरकार
जासूसी करवा सकती है।)
• All users have to be verifiable via biometric based identification = user privacy affected. (तो
बायोमेट्रिक सत्यापन के बाद ही आपको सिम कार्ड इंटरनेट खाता आदि मिलेगा कु छ लोगों को डर है इसे निजता का हनन होगा।)
57.4.7 👛 👛
Digital Public Infra= new factor of production - says Interim-Budget-2024:
• Economists list four factors of production: land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. (पारंपरिक
रूप से उत्पादन के चार कारक होते हैं ज़मीन मज़दूर पूं जी और उद्यमी)
• 👛 Interim-Budget-2024: Digital Public Infrastructure is a new ‘factor of production’. ( डिजिटल
सार्वजनिक बुनियादी अवसं रचना भी उत्पादन का एक कारक है।)
57.4.8 Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) - 📙ES23

📙ES23 appreciated how Digital Public Infra is helping citizens and government. Notable Examples:
Portal /App Utility
Bhashini (MEITY) translating documents into Indian languages using artificial intelligence
by MEITY.
OpenForge (MEITY) For giving access to Open source software development codes. e.g.
Aarogya Setu App’s source code released here. So private sector,
Computer developers can also make Apps using such codes.
ONDC (DPIIT) Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) for helping e-commerce
buyer and sellers. (Ref: Pillar#4B)
OCEN (MEITY) Open Credit Enablement Network for helping borrowers and lenders.
e-Sanchit, Portals related to customs clearance/import-export by CBIC.
ICEGATE,
TurantCustoms
(CBIC)
UPI (NPCi) 📙
(Ref: Pillar#1A1: Digital payment). ES23 said UPI is India’s sui-generis
payment infrastructure (UPI). Sui generis = first of its kind / unique /
uncommon / unparalleled.
UMANG App MEITY Ministry’s App to help citizens to access to Government services
(MEITY) in various sectors such as agriculture, education, health, housing,
employees, pensioners, and students’ welfare, the Public Distribution
System, and others. e.g. EPFO application, passport application etc.
GST portal and e- (Ref: Pillar#2A2: GST)

way bill (GSTN
company)
TReDS (multiple Short term loans to MSME through factoring. Ref Pillar#1C for more
companies)
National Single basically similar to how we can use gmail to log-in to IndianExpress
Sign-on Website, without having to create a new user name and password.
S3 Waas Secure, Scalable and Sugamya Website.

It is NIC's project for quickly creating webpages/websites for government
departments.
All this will help India achieve vision of $1 trillion digital economy by 2025- said 📙ES23.
57.4.9 📲🪜 India Stack for App development → 3 layers
• ‘India Stack’ set of open APIs (Application Programming Interface.) and digital public goods
to develop mobile apps and web-portals.
• These open source codes are available for every country.
• Indiastack means three (3) interconnected layers -
Layer Components
Identity Aadhaar number (and related services like E-KYC, Sign, Digilocker)
Payments UPI-Unified Payments Interface, ABPS-Aadhaar Enabled Payment Service etc.
Account Aggregator. They help the user share their financial information to various
Data Layer
organisations. (Ref: Pillar#1B2 Classification-Bank/NBFC).
Who owns / regulates Indiastack?
Service Owner
e-auth, e-KYC Unique ID Authority of India (UIDAI)
eSign Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
Digilocker Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
UPI National Payments Corporation of India (NPCi)
Account
Individual NBFCs. But Reserve Bank of India (RBI) regulates them.
Aggregator
🛍️
57.4.10 Data marketplaces & Non-Personal Data
Data marketplaces are platforms where individuals, businesses, and organizations can buy, sell, or
exchange various types of data- mainly Non-Personal Data (NPD).
Personal Data Non-Personal Data (NPD)
e.g. Kohli secured 51 marks in Maths in Total how many students in Paschim Vihar got less than
Class12 in CBSE school in Paschim 55% in Maths in Class10? (this does not disclose Kohli’s
Vihar, New Delhi. name/roll number.)

• Byjus/Coaching-wallas would like to buy such data for targeted advertisements in the areas
with low result in board exams.
• “So we govt should sell them, such non-personal data, for earning extra income!”- Suggested
past Economic Survey.
• In India, the regulation over NPD is opaque. Associated reports/keyterms are:
◦ Kris Gopalakrishnan committee on NPD by MEITY.
◦ Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeiTY)’s the National Data
Governance Framework Policy (NPD Framework)
📑
57.4.11 Report: NeSDA Way Forward Report (annually published since 2019)
• Boss? Ministry of Personnel → Department of Administrative Reforms and Public
Grievances (DARPG)
• It highlights the progress made by the States/UTs for e-governance.
• NesDA = National e-Governance Service Delivery Assessment.
57.5 🕵🏼📽 [YB] M INISTRY OF INFORMATION & BROADCASTING (सूचना एवं प्रसारण मं त्रालय)
Dept N/A
Attached 1. Press Information Bureau (PIB).पत्र सूचना कार्यालय
offices 2. Publications Division.प्रकाशन विभाग
सं लग्न सं स्थाएं 3. Directorate of Photo Division,
4. New Media Wing, Electronic Media Monitoring Centre
5. National Film Archives of India (Merged in NFDC)
6. Directorate of Film Festivals (Merged in NFDC)
Statutory 1. Press Council of India (भारतीय प्रेस परिषद)
Bodies 2. Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI) → later renamed as Press Registrar
वैज्ञानिक सं स्थाएं General of India (PRGI). (Note: it is both Statutory body and Attached
office as per their website.)
3. Central Board of Film Certification (के न्द्रीय फिल्म प्रमाणन बोर्ड) → Film
Certification Appellate Tribunal (this tribunal removed in 2021)
4. Prasar Bharati: a) All India Radio (1936) b) Doordarshan (1959). Prasar
Bharati motto is Bahujan Hitaya: Bahujan Sukhaya. Prasar Bharati also
operates India’s only free to air DTH platform, DD Free Dish DTH- it is the
largest distributed DTH platform in the country.
CPSE सरकारी 1. National Film Development Corporation Limited (NFDC)
कं पनी 2. Broadcast Engineering Consultants (India) Limited (BECIL) (1995)
Autonomous - Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune (1960)
Organizations - Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata
स्वायत्त सं स्थाएं - Indian Institute of Mass Communication (1965)
- Children’s Film Society of India (Merged in NFDC)

Activities  Doordarshan Arunprabha, a dedicated 24x7 TV channel for Arunachal
प्रवृत्तियां  Responsible for 1) National Film Awards, 2) Dadasaheb Phalke award, 3)
International Film Festival of India- which is jointly hosted by this ministry
& State Government of Goa. 4) Himalayan Film Festival with UT of Ladakh
 SAMVAD: Systemic Assimilation of Media Views for Decision Making
(SAMVAD) - an online Dashboard for analyzing the news.
 Employment News/Rozgar Samachar is a weekly journal, released every
Saturday, since 1976.
INDEX? सूचकांक  Press Freedom Index: Compiled by a Paris based non government
organisation Reporters sans frontières (Reporters Without Borders)
57.5.1 🕵🏼🤬📽 Comm → Regulators (Statutory) → Censor board
Indian Cinematograph Act, 1952 → Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC: कें द्रीय फिल्म प्रमाणन बोर्ड)
commonly known as ‘Censor board’, under Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. It gives
following types of movie certificates:
1. Unrestricted public exhibition (U)
2. Parental guidance for children <12 (U/A) e.g. “Jungle Book”. Then in 2023, it was changed
into 3 certificates: seven years (UA 7+), thirteen years (UA 13+), and sixteen years (UA
16+).
3. Adult (A) e.g. movie OMG2.
4. Viewing by specialized groups only (S) e.g. documentary movie about surgeries, meant to be
shown to doctors only, because ordinary person may get disturbed by the blood & gore.
57.6 ⚖️🎞 C INEMATOGRAPH (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023

Before After
3 categories: U/A 7+, U/A 13+ and U/A 16+.
These age-based markers would be only
Parental guidance for children <12 (U/A) recommendatory. It's left to parents to consider
= UA-12 certificate. whether their children should view such a film. (अंत में
माँ-बाप पे छोड़ा है की वे एसी फ़िल्म उस उम्र के बच्चे को दिखाना उचित
समझते है की नहीं?)
Strict Punishment Of Minimum 3 Months jail, And
less strict punishment for piracy. Fine of Rs. 3 Lakhs Which Can Extend Up To 3 Years
jail + 5% of Production Cost of film.
Censor certificate valid for 10 years only lifetime / perpetual validity.

57.6.1 🕵🏼🗞 Comm → Regulators (Statutory) → Press Council of India
3. 1978: Press Council Act → भारतीय प्रेस परिषद, a statutory body under Ministry of Information &
Broadcasting. Readers can complaint against violation of press ethics (e.g. yellow journalism,
paid news, hate news).
4. Newspaper / Journalists can complaint if their freedom of press violated.
5. Chairman + members from journalism field, (members from LS & RS), members sent by (UGC,
Bar Council, Sahitya academy).
Press Council of India doesn’t cover TV-News channel and so we have →
Digital News  (2022) Print and Digital Media Association (PADMA) setup as a self-
Publishers e.g. regulatory body.
Lallantop,  Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media
Cobrapost etc. Ethics) Rules, 2021, provide for setting up such self-regulating bodies.
News channels  News broadcaster association (NBA): Self regulatory body set up by the
e.g. news channels themselves (2008)
NDTV,  It punishes news-channels if they spread misinformation, hate news, harm
TimesNOW privacy of women by showing rape victim name / face etc.
Entertainment  Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC): Self regulatory body
channels मनोरंजन set up by non-news general entertainment channels themselves. (2011)
e.g. Colors Punishes them for objectionable content.
Over the Top e.g. Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hotstar, ALT-Balaji, SonyLIV etc
(OTT)  Before: they were regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and
platforms Information Technology.(MEITY)
 2020-Nov: Their regulation shifted to the Ministry of Information and
⏫
Broadcasting (I&B). It's likely to censorship over their content.
 2023: TRAI doesn't have power to regulate OTT platforms such as
Disney+Hotstar.- This judgement given by TDSAT (2023).
Notable laws  1954: Drugs and Magic Remedies Act prohibits advertising drugs for
about TV & Ads cancer, diabetes, abortion etc. (औषधि और जादुई इलाज कानून)
विज्ञापनों के साथ जुड़े  1986: Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) prohibits
कु छ प्रमुख क़ानून indecent representation of women in Print Media, TV etc
 1995: Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act prohibits sports-
😰
gambling ads. Controversy? ads about online sports gambling sites
shown in IPL
Television is a data-matrix to calculate popularity of a TV show/channel. Broadcast
Rating Point Audience Research Council (BARC), a private organization, prepared such
(TRP) TRP. 😰Controversy? Data Manipulation by some journalists.

57.6.2 🕸️ Press-Portal → Press Sewa portal (2024)
• 🕵🏻 Boss? Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
• for registration of Periodicals/ newspapers under the Press and Registration of Periodicals
Act, 2023 (PRP Act, 2023) by the Press Registrar General of India = PRGI [previously it was
called Registrar of Newspapers of India (RNI)]
57.6.3 🕸️ Press- Portal → Navigate Bharat Portal (2024)
• 🕵🏻 Boss? Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
• To give access to authentic Govt videos (e.g. press release, scheme announcement etc) at
single place.
57.7 🔭📡SPACE TECH I NFRASTRUCTURE (अवकाश क्षेत्र)
1. Prime Minister → Department of Space (DOS: HQ Bengaluru) → Indian Space Research

Organisation: (ISRO: HQ Bengaluru)
2. DOS/ISRO has two Government companies.
a. Antrix: It helps foreign nations/ companies to launch satellites with ISRO's help.
b. NewSpace India Limited (NSIL, 2019) for production of launch vehicles &
collaboration
58 🧱💰 I NFRA → PPP
58.1.1 🤝 PPP → Joint Venture: (Theory)

• Joint venture= a joint venture is the pooling of resources and expertise by two or more
businesses, to achieve a particular goal.
• There are no separate laws for joint ventures in India. They may be registered under the
Companies act/Partnership Act/ LLP Act etc (Ref Pillar:1C2)
• There are two types of Joint ventures:

Contractual joint venture Equity-based joint venture
e.g. Dharma Productions and Excel Hero-Honda JV company.
Entertainment doing a JV for a movie. Hyderabad Intl. Airport Company.
jointly-owned company is not created. There is
only a contract/agreement to temporarily
new company created.
work together for project. (e.g. Dharma doing
movie shooting while Excel-Ent doing VFX.)
parties do not share ownership of the business
ownership depends on shareholding.
but exercise some elements of control.
58.2 🕸️PPP RELATED MISC. PORTALS / REPORTS
58.2.1 India Industrial Land Bank (IILB) Portal

Shows info. about 4000 industrial parks in India- incl. how many vacant plots, contact details etc..
Boss? Ministry of Commerce & Industry
58.2.2 🕸️
Portal → Monetisation Pipeline → GLIS Portal
• 💼
Budget-2019: We’ll monetize the unused land assets of CPSEs (e.g. selling / renting).
• Govt Land Information System (GLIS) portal launched to keep track of all such land assets.
58.2.3 📑 Report → India Infrastructure Report 2023

🕵🏻 Boss? IDFC Foundation, Infrastructure Development Corporation (Karnataka) Ltd. (iDeCK) and
the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA).

58.3 😵‍💫 RANDOM GK/ ORG FOR CRAZY MCQS
58.3.1 😵‍💫S3i initiative

➢ Org? United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS, in Copenhagen, Denmark.)
➢ started Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative around
2019–21. (website differ on the exact year. I will not sleep on this faaltu topic.)
➢ Objective? S3i will fund three focus-areas: (a) affordable housing; (b) renewable energy; and
(c) health infrastructure - in (a) affordable housing; (b) renewable energy; and (c) health
infrastructure. As per original UN Document.
➢ 2023-Feb: This fund/scheme is stopped, due to mismanagement.
🔠⁉️ MCQ. [Pre23-SET-A-Q030] Consider the following infrastructure sectors :

(1) Affordable housing (2) Mass rapid transport (3) Health care (4) Renewable energy
On how many of the above does UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation
(S3i) initiative focus for its investments?
Code: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four
Ans. As per original UN document, answer should be (C) 3 of them. But some websites say it also
invests in mass-transport to reduce GHG/help in SDG goals. So, Coaching Answerkeys differed. Official
Ans.(C)
58.3.2 😵‍💫 Stability and Growth Pact of EU

2014: It is basically set of guidelines for member countries of the European Union, to
• To control their government budget deficit / fiscal deficit.
• To implement structural reforms.
• To invest money in job creation and GDP growth.
🔠⁉️ MCQ. [Pre23-SET-A-Q089] How many correct about EU's ‘Stability and Growth Pact’?
1. limits the levels of the budgetary deficit of the countries of the European Union
2. makes the countries of the European Union to share their infrastructure facilities
3. enables the countries of the European Union to share their technologies
Codes: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None`
Coaching Answerkeys differed. Official Ans.(A). But not humanly possible to memorize such low-
profile topics.

58.3.3 😵‍💫ADB gives $ 25 billion for PM Gati Shakti
🔠⁉️ MCQ. Recently which org committed up to $ 25 billion for the next five years to fund India’s
infrastructure creation under the Prime Minister Gati Shakti initiative as well as social development
and climate action, thus aiding India’s aspirations for green growth? (UPSC-EPFO-2023)
✅
(a) Asian Development Bank (b) International Finance Corporation (c) NDB (d) World Bank
Note: we can't prepare /memorize such ball-by-ball commentary on which global bank/inst. gave
how much loan? Above question is given for observation.
58.4 WHAT IS ALREADY COVERED IN PAST WIN## SERIES?

• LINKs to Previous Video Lectures and handouts at https://mrunal.org/win23
• Red highlight.= I find them less important for the prelims-2024/25.
• निम्न चीज़ें हम पहले ही पढ़ चुके हैं. आपने नहीं पढ़ा तो उसमें से देख लेना
58.4.1 Win20: already covered following Topics

• Ministries and Departments related to mining, heavy industries
• 🕵️‍♂️🚟
[Yearbook] Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises
• 🕵️‍♂️ 🔩
[Yearbook] Ministry of Steel (इस्पात मंत्रालय)
• → Steel → Purvodaya Initiative (2020)
• 🕵️‍♂️🧪
[Yearbook] Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers
• 🕵️‍♂️⛽️
[Yearbook] Yearbook: Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
• 🕵️‍♂️
[Yearbook] Ministry of Mines (खान मंत्रालय) <list not exhaustive>
• 🔥⚖️ Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance 2020
• →Mining → Atma-Nirbhar (खनन)
• →Infra → Energy → Electricity (ऊर्जा → विद्युत)
• 🔌 IEX = Current-PDF-walla gone crazier than usual
• 👻⚡️ Energy → DISCOMs Liquidity injection (पैसा की तरलता देके जान फूं कना)
• 👻⚡️ Energy infra→ Electricity reforms (बिजली क्षेत्र में सुधार)
• 🔌 DRAFT Electricity Bill 2020 (बिजली कानूण में सुधार विधेयक का प्रारूप/मसौदा )
• 🔌 💡↘️ 📊 Electricity → INDICES
• 🔌 💡↘️ 📊 Electricity → Index → Energy Transition Index
• 🔌 💡↘️ 📊 Electricity → Index → State Energy Efficiency Index 2019
• 🔌🌞🧔📯 Renewable → Ranking → SARAL INDEX for Solar rooftop
• 🧔📯 🧯🍽 Cooking → Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)
• 👻 ⚡️☢️ ENERGY INFRA→ATOMIC ENERGY →ATMA-NIRBHAR (परमाणु ऊर्जा)
• → Infra → Water & Sanitation (जल व् स्वच्छता)
• 🚽 SWACHH BHARAT MISSION (Gramin) Phase 2
• 🚽 SBM Protocols (कार्यपद्धति)
• 📔📔 Swatchh Bharat: What more can we do?
• SBM: Budget observations / announcements
• →Infra → Transport → H20 → Shipping
• ⚓️🚛🚅 ES20 Vol1ch6: logistics Challenge in India (मालसामान परिवहन)

• ⚓️🚛🚅 Logistics Ranking
• → Infra → Transport → Road (सड़क)
• 🚕🔌 TRANSPORT→ NOUSE Fossil Fuel → Electric Vehicle
• 🚕🔌🧔📯 EVs in India: steps taken to promote them
• 🚕🔌💯 100% EV Adoption? NITI vs Highway Ministry differ
• 🚕🔌📔 📔 ES19: EVs in India: Charging is the biggest challenge
• 🚕🚅 TRANSPORT→ 🚕💨 ⏬ Fossil Fuel Emission → Bharat Stage Norms
• 🚕💨 ⏬Decarbonizing Transport in India (2020-June)
• 🛵⚔️🚕⚖️ Motor Vehicle Amendment Act 2019
• 🚕🌐Transport → Transborder Connectivity (सीमापार सम्बद्धन)
• 🚝👨‍✈️ Railways → Modernization → Personnel & Org Reforms (कार्मिक और सं गठनात्मक सुधार)
• 🚝👨‍✈️ Railways Personnel Reforms → Unification of Services (सेवाओं का एकीकरण)
• 🚝👨‍✈️ Railways Organizational Reforms → Restructuring of Railway Board
• 🚝 🧔:👲 Railways Modernization → Private Train Operators
• 🚝 Transport → Hyperloop
• ✈️ Transport → Aviation (उड्डयन / हवाई यात्रा)
• Airfare price ceiling (हवाई यात्रा दरों में नियंत्रण)
• ✈️ Transport → Drone Regulation (ड्रोन विनियमन) & GARUD Portal
• 🤧 ⛴️✈️ Vande Bharat Mission 2020- Indians ki watan-waapsi
• 🗽Tourism & Museum Infrastructure (प्रवासन व सं ग्रहालय)
• 🕵🏻🗽 [Yearbook] Ministry of Tourism
• → Tourism→ PRASAD & HRIDAY Mission
• 🕵🏻🎷🎨 [Yearbook] Ministry of Culture (सं स्कृ ति मं त्रालय)
• 🗽Tourism → Museum Infra in Budget-2020 (सं ग्रहालय)
• Infrastructure → 🏬 URBAN (शहरी बुनियादी अवसं रचना)
• 2020 marks 5th Anniversary of Urban Mission
• 🏬 👩‍🎓 Cities → TULIP Internship (2020-June)
• 🏬 🌲🌳🌴 URBAN → Misc → Nagar VAN (2020-Jun)
• 🏬 URBAN → Misc → Parliament area, Central Vista
• 🏬 📊 Cities → Misc → TWO Indices for Quality of Life
• 🏬 📊 Cities → Misc →IUDX (सं शोधन कर्ताओं को डाटा प्रदान करने के लिए)
• 👻(🏠) → Affordable rental housing Complexes (AHRC)
• (🏠) Sustainable Housing → Global Housing Technology Challenge (GHTC) 2019
• (🏠) Sustainable Housing → World Habitat Award 2019 to Odisha’s JAGA Mission
• (🏠) → Model Tenancy Act, 2019 (आदर्श किरायेदारी अधिनियम)
• (🏠) → Corona: Landlords, tenants, rent & eviction
• 🏞 📲 Panchayati Raj Day & Portals
• 🏞 📐 Swamitva scheme for land survey & title disputes
• 🏞👴💸 RURAL → MPLADS (1993)
• 🏞 🤧 MPLADS Suspended (योजना को स्थगित करना)
• 🏞 Border infra and Shekatkar Committee (सीमा क्षेत्रों में बुनियादी अवसं रचना)
• 🌬⚔️Infrastructure: Disaster, Security & Strategic Affairs

• 🕵️‍♂️👮‍♂️ [Yearbook] Ministry of Home (गृह मंत्रालय)
• 🕵️‍♂️ 🌬 Disaster Infrastructure → Home Ministry → CDRI 2019
• 🕵️‍♂️🛡 Ministry of Defence (रक्षा मं त्रालय)
• 🕵️‍♂️Ministry of External Affairs (विदेश मामलों का मं त्रालय)
• →Infrastructure → Communication (सं चार)
• → Communication → Telecom → Controversies / Negative News
• → Communication → IT → 5G revolution in India
• 💻📡🏎😢 Challenges and Opportunities in of 5g (इसे अपनाने में चुनौतियां+अवसर )
• 🤼‍♂️
5G Hackathon by DoT (2020)
• 🕵🏼‍♂️
NEST Division in MEA
• 📔📔💾 ES19: Public Data: For the people, by the people
• 🔭📡 SPACE TECH Infrastructure (अवकाश क्षेत्र)
• 👻🔭📡 Space Tech: Atma-Nirbhar
• → Infra → GSM3: Investment Models (निवेश के तरीके )
• 🧔👉🏾🤵 🛡 Infra.Dev. → Non-PPP → GOCO for Indian Army
• 💰🚿 Infra Finance → National infrastructure pipeline (NIP)

• ⚒🔌 INFRASTRUCTURE →Mining & Energy Infrastructure
• ⚒⚖️Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2021
• 🔌🧔⚖️ Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules,2020: बिजली उपभोक्ता अधिकार नियम
• ⚡️☂️🧔📯 Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (2021-June)
• 🔌 💡↘️ 🧔📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → Gram Ujala Programme
• 🧯🍽 🧔📯 😷
: : LPG PAHAL-subsidy paused in Corona
• 🧯🍽 👩 🧔📯 : Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 2.0 [प्रधानमं त्री उज्ज्वला योजना का दूसरा चरण]
• 🔌 💡↘️ 🧔📯 Energy → Index → Global Reports
• Urban Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 announced in Budget-2021
• 🛶 Infra → Transport → H20 → Inland Waterways
• 🛶⚖️ 🧔 : The Inland Vessels Bill, 2021 (आंतरिक जलमार्ग जहाज़ विधेयक)
• ⚓️ 🧔📯 Infra → Transport → H20 → Blue economy Policy 2021
• 🚕 Infra → Transport → Road/Highway
• ↘️ : → TRANSPORT → ⏬ Fossil Fuel Use→ E20 Blending
• ⛽️↘️ 🧔📯
: ⏬
TRANSPORT→ Fossil Fuel Use→ National Hydrogen Mission
• 🚕💨 ⏬ Vehicle Scrappage Policy [वाहन परिमार्जन नीति]
• 🚝 Infra → Transport → RAILWAYS
• 🚝 National Rail Plan for India – 2030 [भारत के लिए राष्ट्रीय रेल योजना - 2030]
• 🚝 Transport → Metrolite, MetroNEO = Cheaper Metros for smaller cities (2021)
• →Infra → Rural, Urban, Housing
• 🏚🧑‍🤝‍🧑💪 Model Panchayat Citizens Charter framework.
• 🏚 Infra: Housing → Model Tenancy Act (MTA)
• 🏚 Infra: Housing → SWAMIH fund
• 📊 Report: Data Maturity Assessment Framework
• 📊 Report: Global Liveability Index 2021

• 📡Infrastructure → Communication (सं चार)
• ☎️🤵🏻 ⚔️🧔🏻 Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR)
• 💻 Digital India → PM-WANI Public Wifi (2020-Dec)
• 💰🚿 Infra Finance → NIP, NMP, GATI Shakti
• 💰🚿 Infra Finance: National Monetisation Pipeline 2021
• 💰🚿 Infra Finance: Gati Shakti Plan 2021
• 👜🥻 Budget-2022:- Infra Status to New Sectors
• 👩‍💻Lakhshya portal by petroleum ministry (2021)
• 🔥⚖️ Coal Mining- Nationalization & Entry of Private Sector
• Budget-2022: Coal / Carbon Related Announcements
• 🔌♻️ Grid → GREEN Grids / OSOWOG
• 🔌🧔📯 Electricity → Truckload of Schemes
• 🔌✍️ Conclusion: yes electricity access is imp.
• 🔌♻️ PM Modi’s Panchamrit @COP-26 Glasgow, UK
• 🔌🌞🧔📯 Renewable → Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
• 🧯🍽 Infra → Energy → Cooking (रसोई के लिए)
• 🧯🍽 👩 🧔📯 : Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 2.0 [प्रधानमं त्री उज्ज्वला योजना का दूसरा चरण]
• 🧔📯 🧯🍽 Cooking → Kerosene subsidy stopped (2020)
• 🏬📊 Sanitation → Index: Swachh Sarvekshan 2021 by Urban Ministry
• 🏬📊 Sanitation → Index: Prerak Dauur Samman
• ⛽️↘️ 🚕🔌
: ⏬
TRANSPORT→ Fossil Fuel USE→ Electric Vehicle
• 👜🥻 Budget-2022 on Road Transport / EV
• 🚝 Transport → Railway (अग्नीरथ)
• ✈️ Transport → Drones in 👜🥻 Budget-2022
• 🏬
Infrastructure → URBAN (शहरी बुनियादी अवसं रचना)
• 🏬 👜🥻
Cities → Budget-2022:- Urban Infrastructure related announcements
• 🏠
( ) Infra → (Urban and Rural) → Housing for all by 2022
• 🏞
Infra → Rural ( )
• 👻🏞 📐 Land Assets registration- Swamitva scheme for land survey (2020)
• 🏞📐 Land Assets registration- ULPIN in 👜🥻Budget-2022
• 🏞 Border infra & Backward Regions Infra → 👜🥻 Budget-2022
• 📡 Infrastructure → Communication (सं चार)
• ☎️🤵🏻 ⚔️🧔🏻 Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR)
• 🔭📡 SPACE TECH Infrastructure (अवकाश क्षेत्र)
• 📙📙 ES22: using cartography and geospatial data to track development
• 💰🚿 Infra Finance → National infrastructure pipeline (NIP)
• 👜🥻 Budget-2022 on Infra Finance

• Electricity generation in terms of company ownership
• 🔌🧔📯 Electricity → Major schemes
• 🔌 Electricity (Amendment) Bill 2022 (बिजली सुधार विधेयक )
• 🔌💡↘️🧔📯 Green Credit Programme
• 🔌♻️ Infra → Energy → Renewable (नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा)
• 🔌 1st solar city and solar village in India
• 🔌♻️ PM Modi’s Panchamrit @COP-26 Glasgow, UK
• Mission “LiFE” / Lifestyle for Environment
• Energy → →Fossil Fuel Use→ Green Grey & Blue Hydrogen
• ⛽️↘️ 🧔📯
: ⏬
Energy → Fossil Fuel Use→ National Hydrogen Mission
• ⛽️🍀 Green H2: “SIGHT” Subsidy Program
• ⛽️🍀 Green H2: “SHIP” Partnership (हरित हाइड्रोजन निर्माण के लिए सार्वजनिक निजी भागीदारी)
• 🧔📯 🧯🍽 Energy → Gas → GOBARdhan (2018)
• Natural Gas Price: Kirit Parikh panel (2022–23)
• 💰🏊 Arth-Ganga (2022-Aug)
• ️Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) : 100% landlord major port
• ⛴️ MV Ganga Vilas Longest River Luxury cruise
• Draft "Sagarmala lnnovation and Startup Policy"
• National Logistics Policy 2022 by Commerce Ministry’s DPIIT
• 🚛🚝 multimodal parks by Ministry of Road transport and highways
• ⚓️🚛🚅 Logistics Ranking (don’t loose sleep)
• 🚕 Infra → Transport → Road (सड़क)
• 🚝 Transport → Railway (अग्नीरथ)
• 🚝 Transport → 👛🥻 Budget-2023 on Railways & goods/cargo transport
• Railway: KOCHI WATER METRO (2023)
• ✈️ DIGIYATRA Facial recognition Tech for paperless airport passage
• Tourism / Culture infra
• Dharamshala Declaration 2022
• 👑🖨️ 👛
BHARAT Shri digital museum for inscriptions in Budget-2023
• 🏬
Infrastructure → URBAN (शहरी बुनियादी अवसं रचना)
• 👛 Budget-2023 - Urban Infra
• 👛 🧱
Budget-2023: Sustainable Cities of Tomorrow (कल के लिए वहनीय शहर)
• 👛 💰
Budget-2023: Municipal bonds
• 👛 💰
Budget-2023: Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF)
• 👛 🚻
Budget-2023: Urban Sanitation (शहरी स्वच्छता)
• 🏞📐 Land Assets registration- ULPIN / BHU-Aadhar
• 🏞 RURAL → ST villages: Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojna
• 🏞 RURAL → Vibrant Villages Programme (2022-23)
• YUVA SANGAM PORTAL (2023-Feb)

• 📡Infrastructure → Communication (सं चार)
• 💻 Digital India → ‘Digilocker ‘by MEITY Ministry
• 💻 Digital India → ‘MyScheme’ by MEITY Ministry
• Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) - 📙ES23
• Teledensity Data as per ES23
• Right of Way for 5G (रास्ते का अधिकार)
• GatiShakti Sanchar portal
• 👛
5G in Budget-2023
• Indian Space Policy - 2023- April
• 📙
PPP major types as per ES23
• 🕵🏽PPP related Misc. Org in News (2022–23)
• 🕵🏽Infrastructure Finance Secretariat
• 🕵🏽Public Private Partnership Appraisal Committee (PPPAC),
• 🕵🏽Infra Monitoring: IIG and PMG
• 🎺 PPP related Misc. Schemes in News (2022–23)
• 🎺 Viability Gap Funding (VGF)
• 🎺 India Infrastructure Project Development Fund Scheme’ (IIPDF, 2022)
58.5 🔠M OCK TESTS KA MAHA-PARV AT UNACADEMY (FREE)!
UCSC (Unacademy UAIPMT (Unacademy All India

Civil Services Championship) Prelims Mock Test)
T20 type format: 1 Day Match:
42 50 MCQs in 1 hr • GS : 100 Q in 2 hrs | CSAT: 80 Qs in 2 hrs
🎁 Win Laptop, Gadgets, Scholarship etc Get Free Coaching for Mains, if u clear Prelims.
https://unacademy.onelink.me/nWi1/ukmf1hzb https://unacademy.onelink.me/nWi1/c4bbv9i7
58.6 💾F M REE : PYQ B
ATERIAL P M
OOKLETS FOR RELIMS , PT730 & M
AINS ORE!
https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/downloads/ (🔖unlock Code: 'Mrunal.org')
58.7 🎯T ARGET UPSC-2025-26 U
WITH P
NACADEMY LUS SUBSCRIPTION !
unacademy.com/goal/upsc-optional/KSCGY/subscribe?plan_type=plus&referral_code=mrunal.org
58.8 💾M ISSED PREVIOUS CLASSES / HANDOUTS?
Visit Mrunal.org/win24 OR https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/mrunal-patel/
📑Next Handout Pillar6: Human Resource Development (HRD)

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🥶FAQ: Do I have to remember all this Ministries/Govt orgs/Schemes/Portals/ given here?

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 254

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 255

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 256

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 257

50 🎯T ARGET UPSC-2025-26 WITH UNACADEMY PLUS !

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 258

50.2.1 🥰🔋 Benefits of Reduced royalty?

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 259

50.3.1 ⚖️ MMDR → private sector: companies can do atomic mineral mining

50.3.2 ⚖️ MMDR →NEW Type of Mining licenses

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 260

➢ reconnaissance= a preliminary survey to determine mineral resources.

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 261

50.4 OFFSHORE AREAS MINERAL (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) AMENDMENT 2023

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 262

50.5.1 🌤️⚡️🤑 Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff for electricity use.

Time of the day 🤑 electricity price

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 263

50.6 🔌💡↘️️🧔📯 G REEN CREDIT PROGRAMME

50.6.2 ♻️🤝💰Difference between GCP and CCTS

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 264

50.7 🔌♻️️I NFRA → ENERGY → RENEWABLE (नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा)

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 265

50.7.2 🍋🏭⛴️ EU’s CBAM (प्रदूषित आयात पर ज्यादा कर लेगा यूरोपीय सं घ)

50.8 🧔🏻🌞 PM S URYA GHAR MUFT BIJLI YOJANA IN 👛I NTERIM-BUDGET-2024

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 266

50.9.1 🥰 Benefit of Biogas blending?

50.10 ✈️⛽️♻️ S USTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL / BLENDING TARGET

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 267

51 🌧I NFRA → WATER & SANITATION (जल व् स्वच्छता)

51.1.1 🏬📊 Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2023 (Clean Air ranking)

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 268

52.1.1 🔋⛵️ Harit Nauka initiative

52.2 ⚓️INFRA → TRANSPORT → H20 → SHIPPING & PORTS

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 269

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 270

52.2.3 ⚓️(under-construction) Vizhinjam international seaport (KERALA)

52.2.4 ⚓️Minor Port: Mundra, Gujarat

🔠 MCQ. find correct pairs (Pre'23)

52.2.5 ⚓️ Types of Ports- Classification Method#2

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 271

MCQ. Find wrong about Indian Maritime University (IMU)? (CDS-2023-II)

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 272

53.1 🚕 🕵🏽 TRANSPORT→ NHAI (1988, भारतीय राष्‍ट्रीय राजमार्ग प्राधिकरण)

53.1.1 NHAI functions

53.2 🚕🧔📯 TRANSPORT→ NHDP (1998)

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 273

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 274

53.4 ⛽️↘️: 🚕🔌 TRANSPORT→ ↓ F OSSIL FUEL USE→ ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 275

53.5.2 🔋🚗 EV Policy → Tax Relief on imported EV cars

53.5.3 🔋🚗 EV Policy → Quota system on import duty relief

53.6.1 🔋🚗Induction/Wireless Charging on Golden Quadrilateral Highway

Mrunal's Economy Win24 Series Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 276

normal car-mfg gigacasting car-mfg

Table 1: if u can remember good, else don't loose sleep.

53.7.1 🎢Bridges → Sudarshan Setu / Signature Bridge (2024)

53.7.2 🛣️Longest Road Tunnels in India?