PROPERTIES

LIGHT REFLECTION -
CARD REFRACTION OF IMAGE IN A PLANE MIRROR

9) Image size =
object size
9) Light -
It is a
form of energy that can be detected
by our
eyes .
2) Image distance =
object distance

OR 3) Image Is
always laterally invented

Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation 4) Image is alway laterally invented
of sight of view .

5) Image is
always virtual
2) Luminous objects The
objects which emit their own

{ PHERICAL MIRRORS
-

light is called luminous objects .

Ex -
s Sun ,
stars ,
bulb etc .

4 The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be

3) Non Luminous
-

objects -
The object which does not emit curved inwards or outwards .

their own
light is called non -
luminous G A spherical mirror, whose
reflecting surface is curved
object En Moon etc inwards that is towards the centre is called
pen faces of the sphere
-
.
. , , , ,

a concave mirror

LANG REFLECTION
.

OF OF LIGHT
4 A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards ,

9) The angle of incidence is equal to the

angle of reflection is called a convex mirror .

Cihr)

ii) The incident ray the

,
normal to the mirror at the point
of incidence and the reflected ray ,
all lie in the same

plane .

Normal
→
Reflected ray '

Ray
-

Incident ←
-
"

a) Concave mirror b) Convex mirror

Angle of Incidences
→
Angle of Reflection
 Relation R and Focal F
convene
between
length
Mirror
Concave F = I
Mirror
2

Principle R 2F
Pgriagncipk
=

axis pole pole

-••f
OB
p p
A number of rays parallel to the
principal
Cecntre axis
falling
→
are
Center of Of
on a concave mirror
curvature
.

curvature
Observe the reflected rays
-

They are all

intersecting at a point on the principal axis of
the mirror .

-
This point is called the principal focus of the concave mirror .

•
The Center of Curvature :

It is the point in the centre

of the mirror which passes
M
A
through the curve of the mirror and has the same
tangent D
and curvature at that point .

It is denoted
by the letter ' '
-

c
p
.
•

C F
At
•
Radius of Curvature ( ) r :
infinity B
It's the distance Pole the Center
linear between and
of curvature . N

Pole CP) :
Similarly the reflected rays appear to from point the
•

,
come a on

It's the midpoint of the spherical mirror .

principal axis .

-
This point is called the principal focus of the convex mirror .

•
Focus : -

The principal focus is represented as F .

It's any given point , light rays parallel

where to the principal axis, G-

will
converge after getting reflected from the mirror .

A
Principal Axis :
•

A
straight line passing through the
pole and the centre of curvature E
•
:

• -

of a spherical mirror .
P
t
• Focal Length :
B
The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a
spherical
At of
infinity
is called the
focal length and is
represented as f
'
mirror
'
.
Representation of Images Formed
by spherical Mirrors Using
Ray Diagrams
9) A ray parallel to the principal axis ,
after reflection ,
will pass
through the principal ;
•

focus in case
of a concave mirror or
appear ; p
to
from the principal focus in mirror
• • •

diverge case
of a convene .

P F C

A incident towards
r
• If
ray obliquely to the principal axis ,
a

point P ( pole of the mirror) on ,

the concave mirror or a convene
• • •
p mirror, is reflected obliquely
• • •

C F P F C .

The incident and reflected equal with

-

rays make
angles the

principal axis , ( following laws of reflection)

concave Convene

it Ray the
Image Formation by Concave Mirror
passing through principal focus of a concave mirror
or which is directed towards the principal focus of
a
ray a convex

mirror ,
passes parallel to the principal .

of P
of E
• .

q p
H

Ray
mirror
passing through
in
the centre
the
of curvature of a concave
or directed the direction of centre of curvature of
a convex mirror ,
after reflection ,
is
reflected back
along the
same
path .
 Uses Of Convex Mirror
•
Convene mirrors are
commonly used as rear - view ( wing) mirrors in
vehicles .

•
These mirrors are
fitted on the sides
of the vehicles ,
enabling
the driver to see traffic behind him/her to
facilitate safe
driving
Uses Of Concave Mirror
.

•
Converse mirrors are
preferred because they always give an

erect , though diminished ,

image .

Concave mirrors in torches lights Also

are
commonly used search and
they have wider
field of view as they are curved
•
a
•
-

, ,

vehicles
headlights to get powerful parallel beam
of light . outwards .

They're often used as

shaving mirrors to see a
larger image of
the
The
face .
SIGN CONVENTION FOR REFLECTOR BY {PHERICAL MIRRORS
dentists use mirrors to large images of the
•
concave see

teeth of patients .
9) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror .

Large mirrors used to concentrate sunlight to produce This implies that the light from the object falls the mirror from
•
concave are
-

on

in solar left hand

heat furnaces . the -
side .

Also used in mirrors

shaving
•
.

it All distances measured to the right of the

origin (along + x a-seis) are-

Image Formation by a convex Mirror taken as positive while those measured to the left of the origin(along x-axis) -

taken
are as
negative .

All distances parallel to the

principal axis are measured from the
pole of the mirror .

if Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis

( along +
g-
anis ) are taken as positive .
f) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the
principal axis
↳ When light goes from rare to dense medium it bends towards
( along y
- -
axis ) are taken as
negative . the normal .

When liaht goes from dense to rare medium it bends

away
from
the normal .

Laws of Refraction
4 Incident ray ,
normal and the refracted ray lie in the same

plane .

The of angle
4 ratio of sine
of angle of incidence to the sine

of refraction is constant for given pair of media .

MIRROR topmost Sini

sin
= constant

Ft ut -
-

I This constant value called index

is the refractive of the
-

second medium with respect to the

first
.

Magnification •
This is called Snell 's law .

Ch )
Height of
'

m =

image
the

Height of the
object Ch ) Reflection through a Glass slab

v →
image distance
u →
object distance
v →
focal length

REFRACTION
Refraction of light the in the
is phenomenon of change path of
→

light in going from one medium to another .

 Consider a
rectangular glass slab ABCD having parallel faces AB
•

and CD as shown above .

•
A ray of light EF in air is incident on the glass surface AB at
point O .

•
As the ray EO enters from air (rarer medium to ) glass ( denser
medium) , the
'

ray bends towards normal and

follows the path 00
inside the glass slab .

'

At point O refraction takes place again

•
.
,

•
As the
ray 00
'
enters from glass ( denser medium) to air ( rarer
medium) , the ray bends away from normal and follow the path
O' H outside slab
glass .

If medium 9 is then the refractive index of

'
•
Here the
, ray EF is called incident ray ,
00 ,
the refracted ray and →
vacuum or air ,

to the is to
the emergent ray O' H is parallel incident ray EF . medium 2 considered with respect vacuum .

The distance O 't the path of incident This absolute index medium
perpendicular between
original is called the refractive of the
•
→ .

and the the lateral displacement

ray emergent ray is called .

Speed light of in air

nm
T
= =

Refractive Index speed of light in the medium

Let v9
→
be the speed of light in medium 9 and v2 be the
speed
The
of light in medium
index
2 .

medium 2 with to medium

Optical Density
→
refractive of respect 9

is
given by the ratio of the speed of light in medium 9 and 4 The ability of a medium to refract light is also expressed in terms
the speed of light in medium 2 .
of its optical density .

•
This is
usually represented by the symbol na, .
-

Optical density has a definite connotation .

This can be expressed in an equation form as It is not the same as mass

density
• -

Speed of light in medium 9

Refraction by Spherical Lenses
hag =
=
Vc
Speed of light in medium 2 Va •
A transparent material bound by two surfaces are
spherical are

spherical , forms a lens .

1) Convene or
converging lens :

It is thicker at the centre than at the edges .

It
converges a parallel beam of light on
refraction through it
-

-
It has real focus .
 id Concave or
diverging lens : IDA ray of light passing through a principal focus after refraction
, from
thinner at than at the will
It is the centre
edges . a convex lens ,
emerge parallel to the principal axis .

It diverges a beam of light on refraction through it .

It has a virtual focus .

-
-
,

The
-

centres of these spheres called centres of curvature

of the
,
B.
are •
'
to

Ia
•

lens .
8
Fa Fa O F2
-

The centre of curvature of a lens is

usually represented as C .

Since there are two centres of curvature ,

we
may represent them as Convex Lens Concave Lens
(9 and (2 . .

)
iii A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will
An line passing through the centres of
straight two without deviation
*
imaginary curvature
emerge any .

of a lens is called its

principal axis .

The central point of a lens as its optical centre .

'

Optical i
-
-
.

Radius of
'
'

centre of Radius of
'

÷ ÷
'

centre ÷. ; ÷ ;
centre of R curvature curvature B curvature .
optical
.
,
curvature centre

O
Convex Lens Concave Lens
Cq O Ce C, Cz
%
Principal Pg Principal
Image Formation by Convex
axis
axis
.
!
'
'
-
a
Lenses
.
.

Image Formation by Lenses

1) A of light from the

ray object parallel to
,
the principal axis , after
refraction from a convex lens passes through
,
the principal focus on the
other side of the lens .

-
In case of a concave lens ,
the ray appears to diverge from
the principal focus located on the same side of the lens .

÷
•
"

;F
*
oooo ¥2
÷ ;
of
z

convex Lens Concave Lens

 Lens Formula And Magnification
÷ I - -

I
m =
Height of the image =L
the h
Height of object

Power of a lens

p= I
f-

The SI lens
'
•
unit of power of a is
'
dioptre .

It is denoted
'
-

by
'
D .

-
The
power of a convene lens is positive as a convex lens has

Image Formation by Concave Lenses a

positive focal length ,
while the power of a concave lens is

negative as concave lens has a

negative focal length .

Position of Position of the Relative size of Nature of the

the object image the image image
At infinity At focus Fg Highly diminished ,
virtual and erect

point -
sized

Between infinity Between focus Fa Diminished virtual and erect

and optical centre and optical centre
0 of the lens O
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