POLLUTION CONTROL OPTIONS

By: Dr. Muhammad Younis Zahid, Ex-Director EPA, Pb, Lahore

WhatsApp: 03454014741, Email: yunisepd@gmail.com
1. TYPES / NATURE OF TREATMENTS
1 Incineration 15 Biodegradation

2 Dry Scrubber 16 Composting

3 Wet Scrubber 17 Bioreactors

4 Aerobic Treatment 18 Fungal treatment

5 Anaerobic Treatment 19 Bacterial treatment

6 Activated Sludge Treatment 20 Yeast treatment

7 Oxidation Ponds 21 Bioreactors

8 Ozonation 22 UV Radiation

9 Chlorination 23 Vacuumization
10 Bioremediation 24 Chemical Denaturation
11 Coagulation/ Sedimentation 25 Pyrolysis / Carbonization
12 Briquetting (Carbon binding) 26 Oxidation

13 Process Control 27 Thermal Desorption

14 Encapsulation / Fixation / 28 Biogas / Biofuels/ RDF

Blocking

2. GREEN TECHNOLOGIES
1. Composting 10. Energy star appliances
2. Wind energy 11. Constructed wetlands
3. Waste to energy 12. Membrane bioreactors
4. Biodiesel/ Biofuel 13. Ozonation processes
5. Biogas 14. Pyro-oxidation
6. Hydrogen cells 15. Fuel Briquetting
7. Geothermal energy 16. Pyrolysis
8. Carbon sequestration 17. Incineration
9. Zigzag Firing Technology in Brick 18. Rain water harvesting using
Kilns infiltration trenches
3. BIO MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT / DISPOSAL METHODS
1. Autoclaving (Thermal treatment) 7. Incineration.
2. Chemical disinfection – Normal / 8. UV. Irradiation technologies -
Heating digestion, Antiseptics / Dry or Wet Waste (Direct
Disinfection with chemicals Pathogen Killing)
3. Biological Process (use of enzymes) 9. Pyrolysis
4. Pyro-Oxidation (Pyrolysis cum 10. Disinfection + Treatment
Incineration) (Physical, biological, chemical)
5. Sanitary Landfill 11. Deep slurry Injection
6. Mechanical Process (Shredding, 12. Mechanical processes ---
grinding, agitation, liquid-solid Shredding / Microwave
separation) Shredding, etc
7. Thermal processes - Autoclaving, 13. Encapsulation and inertization -
Micro Wave (Wet / Misty Waste) -- Sealing in safe packs
8. Deep Burial 14. Microwaving
9. Integrated steam-based treatment 15. Emerging technologies: Plasma
systems (Continuous Autoclaving) pyrolysis, Superheated steam
(Conduction/ Convection),
Ozonation, Promession (Liquid
nitrogen Cooling),
Vacuumization (Microbes Body
Explosion)
Note: Some treatments are interim like Shredding / Microwave Shredding, etc.

4. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
1. Burial in lead containers 4. Return to Supplier
2. Deep Burial 5. Deep Slurry Injection Technique
3. Dispose of after decay to 6. Spillage be covered immediately
background / half life with Lead Plate
Note: Radioactive Medicines & Wastes are controlled by PNRA under the “Pakistan
Nuclear Regulatory Authority Ordinance-2001 read with PNRA Regulations on
Radioactive Waste Management (PAK/915). Industrial be dealt under this
ordinance but the medicinal radioactive wastes can be disposed of / incinerated
after decay to its half life under Hospital Waste Management Rules 2014
5. SOLID WASTE

1. Compositing (Aerobic or Anaerobic 7. Sanitary Land Filling

or Vermicompost)
2. Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF) 8. Waste to Energy
3. Gasification (Water Gas-H2+CO) 9. Pyrolysis (Carbonization/
Carbon Binding)
4. Anaerobic Decomposition 10. Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
(Methanization)
5. Incineration 11. Biogas

6. LIQUID WASTE
1. Oxidation Pounds (for sewage) 6. Coagulation
2. Anaerobic Treatment (for 7. Ionization and Electric
distilleries) precipitation
3. Disinfection (for hospital waste) 8. Filtrations
4. PHYSICAL TREATMENT (Gravity 9. Activated Sludge Treatment (for
Sedimentation, Dissolved Air Industrial effluents) using
Floatation, Reverse Osmosis, settled sludge as inoculum
Screening, Filtration, Skimming)
5. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT 10. CHEMICAL TREATMENT (
(Oxidation Ponds, Aerated Ponds / Coagulation, Flocculation,
Lagoons, Oxidation Ditch, Neutralization, Precipitation,
Activated Sludge Treatment, Chlorination, Ozonation, Ion
Sludge Blanket Reactor, Rotating Exchange, Activated Carbon
Biological Contactor-RBC, Adsorption / De-odorization)
Trickling Filters, Aerobic / An-
aerobic Treatments)

Note: Some treatments are just interim Treatments

7. AIR POLLUTION
1. Wet Scrubbers 6. Mechanical Scrubbers
2. Chemical Scrubbers 7. Filters
3. Cyclones (for fugitive P.M) 8. Cleaner Fuel Substitution
4. Bag filters (for P.M / Dust) 9. Gravity Settling Chambers
5. Electro-static Precipitators (for 10. Improving Combustion
P.M) efficiency & Readjusting Air /
Fuel ration

8. NOISE/ TREMOR / VIBRATION POLLUTION

1. Sound Barriers 7. Sound Lining
2. Sound Absorbers 8. Overhauling of Machinery
3. Sound proofing canopy / 9. Sandi ditch around the
capsulation vibrating body
4. Proper / Effective Isolation 10. Improving Silencers
5. Damping of Vibrating body 11. Sound Reflecting Fins
6. Use of Rubbers Pads as vibration 12. Noise absorbing / insulation
/ tremor absorber materials (Glass wool, Asbestos,
Acoustic Tiles, Curtains, Foam,
Carpets, Jambolon, Wood

9. POLLUTION CONTROL BY PROCESS CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Selection of cleaner Raw Materials Fuel Cleaning (filter, Centrifuge)

Technology Alternatives
Machinery Alternative /Selection
Fuel selection / Substitution
5Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Re-
process, Re-integrate)
Employ Trained Personnels
Proper Foundation
Cleaner Production technologies
(Avoiding dangerous / banned
chemicals)
Capacity Building of concerned
staff