PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Date 2024-06-04

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The reference active power

is obtained through a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller
designed to regulate the DC link voltage. The control block
diagram in Fig. 3 illustrates the process of generating the
current reference, using circuit model parameters and
information from previous samplings to determine the
voltage required from the full-bridge AC-DC bidirectional
converter in each switching period.
The reversible DC-DC converter is controlled in
constant current and stages, as depicted in Fig.4. During the
constant current stage, the reference current is compared
with the actual current. The resulting current error is fed into
a PI controller, adjusting the output duty cycle via a Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM) modulator with a triangular
carrier at 10 kHz. Once the maximum voltage recommended
by the battery manufacturer is attained, the control
algorithm transitions to the constant voltage stage. Here, a
second PI controller is employed to maintain the reversible
DC-DC converter's output voltage constant according to the
voltage reference.
B. Vehicle-to-Grid mode
The full-bridge AC-DC bidirectional converter functions
as an inverter with sinusoidal current and a unity power
factor, while the reversible DC-DC converter operates as a
boost converter. In the Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) mode, and
similarly in the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) mode,
synchronization with the power grid's fundamental voltage
is essential for the full-bridge AC-DC bidirectional
converter. This synchronization is achieved through a
single-phase α-β Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) in α-β
coordinates. Here also, two sine waves are generated the
same way using PLL.
In the V2G mode, the active power to be fed back into
the grid is determined by an external input parameter
received from a serial communication port, facilitating the
integration of electric vehicles into smart grid systems.
Consequently, the control algorithm used in V2G mode

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mirrors that of the G2V mode. To generate the reference
current corresponding to the active power to be delivered,
predictive current control is employed.
In order for the full-bridge AC-DC bidirectional
converter to return energy stored in traction batteries back to
the grid, the DC link voltage must slightly exceed the peak
value of the power grid voltage. To achieve this, the
reversible DC-DC converter operates as a boost converter
when the traction battery voltage is lower than required for
the DC link voltage. Since the traction battery voltage
remains relatively stable over short time periods,
maintaining constant active power delivery to the grid can
be accomplished by drawing a constant current from the
traction batteries.
However, as the battery voltage decreases during
discharge, the reference current must be increased to
maintain constant active power. This is achieved by dividing
the reference active power (P*) by the traction battery
voltage to obtain the traction battery reference current. The
difference between this current and the actual current is used
as an error signal for a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller,
which adjusts the duty cycle for a 10 kHz Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) modulator.
III. COMPONENTS OF CHARGER
While designing the bi-directional charger, various
electronic converters and their controller have been
designed. This section comprises of these components and
various parameters taken into account.
A. AC-DC Converter
The electrical circuits that transform alternating current
(AC) input into direct current (DC) output are known as AC-
DC converters. Four IGBT switches have been used in the
converter which can act in both converter and inverter mode
by coordinating accordingly as shown in fig.2. The mode of
operation can be controlled by using controller circuit which
sends PWM signal to the AC-DC converter.
LCL filter is used in the beginning of the AC-DC
converter circuit to remove the harmonics present in input
current. The total inductance (L1+L2) is calculated on the
basis of maximum voltage drop across the inductor, which
has been limited to 10% of rated voltage. The value of total
inductance comes out to be 7.32mH.
𝑉 𝐿1+𝐿2 = I*𝑋(𝐿1+𝐿2) = I*2*π*f*(L1+L2) …... (1)
10% of V = I*2*π*f*(L1+L2) …... (2)
L1+L2 = 10% 𝑜𝑓 𝑉
𝑆 𝑉 ∗2∗𝜋∗𝑓
= 7.32mH …... (3)
Where V = 230V, f = 50Hz and I = 10A.
Grid
Controller
LCL
Filter
AC-DC
Converter

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DC-DC
Buck- Boost
Converter
Battery
PWM PWM
Controller
Fig.2: Simulink model of Bi-directional Charge
Value of inductor (L1) in the inverter side is
7.07mH,chosen on the basis of maximum permissible ripple
current which has been limited to 10% of the rated current.
L1 = 𝑉𝐷𝑐
4∗𝑓𝑠𝑤 ∗∆𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥
…... (4)
L1 = 400
4∗10000 ∗10∗1.414∗0.1
= 7.07mH …... (5)
where V(DC) = 400V and f(sw) = 10000Hz.

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