Discussion

Agriculture is negatively impacted by biotic stressors, which also worsen the environment. Plants
are impacted by various pressures in a variety of ways, which eventually results in financial
losses. Pakistan is among the Asian and African nations where the disease known as cotton leaf
curl virus (CLCuD) poses a danger to cotton output (Javed et al. 2017). The cotton leaf curl
disease complex's pathogens are the most common Begomoviruses in Pakistan (Briddon et al.
2001; Mansoor et al. 2003a). Numerous Begomoviruses spread by whiteflies are associated with
particular satellite particles (beta- and alpha-satellites) that are responsible for the development
of symptoms in this disease. The specific role(s) in the disease complexes that degrade cotton are
still unknown (Sattar et al. 2013).
The best long-term tactic for protecting cotton cultivars against CLCuV is host-plant resistance
(Jones 2001; Solomon-Blackburn and Barker 2001). However, research on resistance genetics is
helpful in the development of resistant cultivars (Solomon-Blackburn and Barker 2001). As a
result, a full 2677 bp cDNA sequence was produced using the RACE approach, which was
chosen using differential display to identify transcripts that had previously been produced by
CLCuV. First reported as a novel gene (accession # KR809372),
According to Akhtar et al. (2005), the disease’s symptoms include upward curling of the leaves,
thickening of the veins, and a leaf-like protrusion on the abaxial side of the leaf known as
“enation,” which causes plants to adapt different tactics. Such biotic stressors are common and
have a variety of negative effects on plants, which eventually result in financial losses. On the
other hand, inserting a desired gene into crops quickly and directly using plant biotechnology
appears to be a more appealing strategy for enhancing resistance to various hazards
(Abdurakhmonov et al. 2016).
In Pakistan, the Xcm-caused bacterial blight is endangering the cotton crop's productivity. Yield
losses are severe due to the pathogen's early infection. According to reports, 40–50% of cotton
crops are lost to bacterial blight, depending on the host's genotype and the length of the infection
(Verma, 1986; Khan et al., 1999; Bayles et al., 2007). Xcm is to blame for the low cotton
production since the pathogen infection impacts both the vegetative part of the plant and the
yield components. The virulent pathogen, favourable environmental conditions, and susceptible
cotton germplasm all contribute significantly to the emergence and propagation of cotton blight
outbreaks. In these circumstances, using resistant varieties is