2016 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication
Design of Batteries Charging by Charge
Management Concepts on
Photovoltaic Standalone System
Budi Amri
Department of electrical engineering
Intitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
budi.amri@gmail.com
Abstract — Charging systems of battery electric current from
the PV source with pulse charging technique is done to distribute
high electric current to the battery without causing damage to
the functionality and performance of the battery through a
process to vary the pulse width. Techniques vary the pulse width
is done by adjusting the duration of the charging current
through the control of electronic switches, the advantage of this
technique is there a time lag (break) for the battery in the
process of stabilizing the electrode, besides the rate of
temperature increase is small when charging process. The
Charge management concept is the charging process of three
battery units independently, when one battery is in full condition,
the system will disconnect the charging line and two other units
keep to do the battery charging process without being influenced
by the change of battery. The implementation of this concept
aims to maintain the power balance of PV in order to remain
continuously supplies energy at the point of maximum. The
simulation results of mode MPPT obtained an average of current
charging of the battery-1, battery-2 12V/5Ah of 2,53A and
battery-3 of 0,315A. The average level of the battery SOC rises in
mode MPPT was battery-1 of 50.0237%, battery-2 of 50,024%
and battery-3 of 50,0067 and mode constant voltage obtained
battery-1 of 50.009%, battery-2 of 50,009% and battery-3 of
50,0067 for charging 2 seconds at radiant 1000W/m2 and a
temperature of 250C
Keyword: Battery, sepic, boost, voltage, current, SOC.
I. INTRODUCTION
Batteries are the electrical energy storage component that
is portable. Today the use of batteries is important because of
the nature of the battery that has high mobility. Moreover, by
the development of battery technology that gave birth to the
battery can be recharged making it possible to use it
repeatedly [1].
The converter has an important role in the regulation of
batteries for renewable energy. Lithium ion batteries and
lithium iron are often used in large power applications, one
battery type lead acid battery (LAB) are still preferred and
popular used due to its reliability and cost [2].
Research on the photovoltaic pulsed charge using the
concept of charge management is done to distribute high
electric current to the battery without causing damage to the
functionality and performance of the battery, charging high
current pulses can overcome the sulfation on battery electrode,
93
2
Soedibyo
Department of electrical engineering
Intitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
dibyosoe@gmail.com
a negative electrode mainly because the battery is charged and
discharged with a high current pulse. Pulse current charging is
an effective way to delay the crystallization process and
minimize development PbO2 layer during the charging cycle
and increase the life cycle of LAB in charge condition. There
are two types of DC-DC converters used in the system, the
first is the type of sepic converter to maximize the power
output of PV at the maximum point and the second type is a
boost converter which serves to raise the value of the voltage
for the burp charging process.
Concepts of charge management applied in this study
serves to keep power balancing of PV in order to keep a
continuous supply of energy at the point of maximum, By
using three units of the battery, the power output of PV will be
stored and nothing is wasted, the process of setting the
charging current to the battery performed individually in
different time intervals, when one battery fully charged, the
power output of PV can be stored on the other battery unit.
The technique of pulsed charge has been selected for the
filling level (average current) can be controlled by varying the
time pulse width, during the charging process, there is a time
lag, the time lag was given to allow the chemical reaction in
the battery for stabilizing the electrode, so that performance of
the battery keeps good in accordance period of its useful life
(lifetime).
This system also facilitated electric current termination
functions that go into battery automatically when the battery
voltage reaches the maximum limit. Storage management
system of electric energy with PV expected to be applied at
the battery exchange station for electric cars or on hybrid
system and renewable energy that is cheap and
environmentally friendly, other than that the system is also
useful as an electric energy alternative for the people of
remote areas and coastal areas not reached by the electricity
network both other public and private.
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Battery
Battery serves as an electric current storage. For modeling
the battery to know the percentage of charge and discharge
mode can be determined using the following equation:
 2016 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication

1. Discharge Mode (i*>0) equivalent circuit for the boost converter is shown in figure 3.
(1) To get the value of component parameters of sepic and boost
converters can be obtained by using the equations listed in
2. Charge Mode (i*<0) table 1
(2)
Table 1 Equations DC-DC converter components
To know the state of the battery capacity (State of Charge) can
be used the equation as follow Dutycycle & Sepic Boost
Component
(3) D VO  V D
D  1
V IN
D
VIN  VO  V D VOUT
From the equation of mode charge, discharge and SOC above,
they can be made a series of battery modeling 12V/5Ah as L1 VIN (min) VIN  (VOUTt  V f  VINn )
L1   Dmax L 
seen in figure 1 below I L  f sw I L  f  (VOUTt  V f )

L2 VIN (min)
L1  L   Dmax
I L  f sw

C1 I O  Dmax I Crms  D  T
C (F ) C 
VO  0,5 xf sw VO

C2 I O  Dmax
C (F )
VO  0,5 xf sw

D. Charge Management Concept

Concepts of charge management is the process of
regulating electric current charging the battery is more than
one rotated through the duration of time is different. In figure
5 show scheme of charge management concept, when the
Figure 1 Modeling of battery battery-1 is being charged (switch S1 ON) within the time
duration t1, the battery-2 are in the opposite, the next, line of
B. Sepic Converter battery-1 was disconnected and then the charging line of
Sepic (Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter) is a battery-2and battery-3 are activated (S2, S3 ON). The process
DC-DC converter which can be used to raise and lower the of charging the battery-2 in duration t2 and the charging
voltage of the input voltage. Polarity between the input process of the battery-3 during the discharging process of the
voltage and output are same. The SEPIC converter circuit is battery-1 and battery-2 in duration t3, in this case the battery-3
shown in figure 2. Sepic converter can operate in conditions receives energy from the disposal of both batteries (burp
of continuous and discontinuous conditions. charging) through the converter circuit. When one battery is in
full condition, the controller will stop the charging process
and two other batteries continue charging, without being
influenced by replacing of the battery, in other words,
charging three battery units in independently, where one
battery can be replaced if it has been filled full.
The application of this concept to maintain the power
balancing of PV in order to remain a continuous supply of
Figure 2. Sepic converter circuit [3]. energy at the maximum point when the pulse break condition
or when one battery is in a fully charged condition.
C. Boost Converter
E. Estimation of Pulse Charge Current
L1 D1
Charging cycle process of electric current for the three
battery units by using pulse charge can be seen in figure 6
Q1
V1
2N6782
C1 R1
from the figure can be done estimation pulse currents leading
to the battery
(4)
Where:
Figure 3. Boost converter circuit [4] , ,
Boost converter is included DC to DC converter (DC- Period of duty cycle DC-DC converter
DC converter), which serves to raise the voltage. The Period of the pulse charging the 3 battery units

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 2016 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication
Number of a small pulse while charging the battery-1
Number of a small pulse while charging the battery-2
Number of a small pulse while charging the battery-3
If the input power efficiency that comes from photovoltaic
and power output of the DC-DC converter circuit taken into
account, so power efficiency gained
(5)
Then the average of small pulse current for battery-1
(6)
For the average current that goes to battery-2 when charging
current line of battery-1 disconnected
(7)
On the condition of the battery-2 in the charging process, the
lane of the battery-1 is disconnected and the switch S3 is
turned on to supply current from battery-1 with battery-3 by a
converter circuit, the estimated average pulse current of the
battery-3
(8)
F. Design of Fuzzy Controller with Perturb and Observe
(P&O) Method
Perturb and observe method is a method of maximum
power point tracking technique that is widely used because
only using a few parameters and the feedback structure is
simple. This method operates by adding or subtracting the
reference voltage (Vref) periodically. Output power (P) of PV
compared with power off system and observed voltage (V) of
the PV with the voltage of the system. If the power increases,
the interference (perturb) increases in the same direction for
the next cycle, if not then the disturbance will move instead.
By keeping the output voltage of the PV terminal, the
maximum power point will be reached [4].
Fuzzy rule is formed by the flowchart method of P&O.
Data inputs for voltage and current sensors are processed by
fuzzy then generates a signal of duty cycle. To qualify for the
MPP of PV so = 0, Thus obtained two fuzzy inputs are
error and AE [4]. Each input consists 3 members, they are
positive (P), zero (Z), and negative (N). From input variables
obtained output variables that are formed as many as 9 fuzzy
rules. Here is a draft of membership in MPPT system.
(a)
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(b)
(c)
Figure 4 a) Membership error, b) membership delta,
c) membership duty cycle.
From membership data, the next step is to create a rule
base that serves to determine the action of the error and delta
error. The rule base amount 9 rules. Here is shown the
composition of the rules that will be built, the rule base is used
as a reference in programming the microcontroller to get the
duty cycle value.
Table 2 Rule Base Fuzzy
Error/ Delta N Z P
N D2 D2 D2
Z D2 D1 D3
P D3 D3 D3
G. Design of System
In the design of the battery charging system with charge
management concept consists of multiple circuit functions
support such DC-DC converter of Boost and SEPIC types,
controller, current and voltage sensors, for the block diagram
system can be seen in figure 5.
For charge management system concept is carried out by
the microcontroller block function by regulating the process of
current charging to the battery through the setting switch (S1,
S2, and S3). Microcontroller functions to control the power
that generated by the PV to supply to the load and the battery,
when the power absorbed by the load bigger then the
controller will disconnect supply current to the load, and
supply power entirely into the battery, this case is done to
stabilize the PV power with power requirements absorbed by
the load to avoid overload.
Selection using the technique of pulse charge is because
this technique works with varying the pulse width where the
average level of charging current can be controlled, so that the
rate of temperature increasing during the process of charging
is small. During the charging process, there is an empty pause,
this pause is given to allow the chemical reaction of the
battery in the process of stabilizing the electrode. The lag time
can also avoid the effects are not desirable as the emergence
of gas bubbles, the emergence of crystal and passivation
 2016 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication

Konverter
DC-DC S2 Baterai 2
PV

S5

Ipv

S1 Baterai 1
Vpv

S3

VB1
Konverter
Baterai 3
Mikrokon DC-DC
troller VB2

VB3 S4

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Figure 7. The integrated circuit of photovoltaic pulse charge
LCD Charge Management Table 3 Parameters of DC-DC converters
Figure 5 Charge management block system Photovoltaic Sepic Boost
Pout : 80Wp Vin : 10 – 20 V Vin : 10 – 14,4 V
Vmp : 17,6V L1 : 0,10268mH L : 147,7uH
Imp : 4,5A L2 : 0,10268mH -
Voc : 21,8V C1 : 518,9uF C : 2586,2uF
Isc : 4,98A C2 : 518,9uF -

(a)

Figure 6 The Charging cycle of battery current

III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
This section will explain the results of the simulation and
analysis of electric current charging sourced from PV to 3 unit (b)
battery with pulse charging technique uses a battery
management concept. Simulation discussed consist of signal
of electric charging current 3 batteries, unit and when the
battery SOC reaches the maximum, the comparison of pulse
technique and constant voltage charge. The parameters
analyzed include electric current charging the battery,
recharge electric current when the charge burp techniques and
an increased level of the battery SOC
(c)
A. Simulation of Photovoltaic Pulse Charge with Battery
12V/5Ah.
The simulation was performed when the SOC percentage
of one of the three unit battery has not reached its maximum.
The charging current from the PV with light intensity
1000W/m2 and a temperature of 25C. Parameters of converter
and PV are shown in table 3, and the simulation results of the (d)
charge current of the battery-1, battery-2, battery-3 and Figure 8 a) MPPT PV, current flow b) battery-1, c) battery-2,
recharge current of the battery-1, the burp charge process are d) battery-3.
shown in Figure 8

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 2016 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication
Here is the graph the percentage increase in the SOC of each
battery in the charging duration for 2 seconds.
Figure 9 Percentage increaing in the SOC of 3 unit's battery in
the charging duration for 2 seconds.
Based on the signal of simulation results can be seen the pulse
charging current to each battery and period of the pulse
charging the 3 battery units, in which the duration of the
charging current to the battery-1 was 100ms battery-2 was
100ms and battery-3 was 35ms, the burp charge process on
the battery-1 and 2 were 35ms and time break battery-1 and 2
were 65ms, so
From , it can be determined the value of the
pulse current signals go to each batteries
With a value of output current from the SEPIC converter was
5,07A and a boost converter was 1.80A, it can be determined
value of electrical currents that lead to each battery
B. Simulation of Charging when SOC Battery Reached its
Maximum
The simulation was performed when the SOC condition
of one of the three unit batteries reached its maximum with
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light intensity 1000W/m2 and a temperature of 250C. The
simulation results on charge current of the battery-1, battery 2,
battery 3 are shown in figure 9. From the simulation results
can be seen pulse charging technique for each battery. When
SOC electric current of the battery-1 reaches the percentage of
99%, the value of battery voltage increases, an increase in the
battery voltage level is continuously will always be read by
the sensor, then the result of detection by the system in real
time would indicate that the charge level of electric current on
the battery reached the maximum level, the steps taken by the
system is terminating feed path of electric current in the
battery-1 and stop the process burp charge of battery 1 to
battery-3 as shown in figure 10 (b), the next step the system
will continue the charging process electric current for 2 units
of the remaining battery is battery-2 and-3 battery with the
same time period as shown in Figure 3.3 (c) and 3.3 (d).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 10 a) MPPT PV, current flow b) battery-1, c) battery-2,
d) battery -3
C. Comparison of Battery SOC Levels Between MPPT
Mode and Constant Voltage On Photovoltaic Pulse
Charge
Simulation of battery charging current by using MPPT
and constant voltage mode are made to see a comparison of
the percentage increase in the battery SOC current and also
the effectiveness of these two mode charging current to the
battery. Rate voltage of constant voltage in this test are given
 2016 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication
by 13,8V. Both of these mode are done with the light intensity
conditions of 1000W/m2 and a temperature of 250C with
initial capacity of 3 battery unis were 50%, the simulation
results comparison SOC percentage rate shown in figure 11.
Figure 11 Percentage of SOC. battery-1, battery-2, battery-3
pulse charge technique and constant voltage.
Based on the simulation results above can be seen the
level of increase in the percentage of SOC of each battery by
using the MPPT mode for the duration of current charging 2
seconds, where SOC battery-1 became 50.0237%, the SOC
battery-2 became 50.024% and SOC batteries-3 rose to 50.
0067%. For constant voltage mode, SOC percentage level
increase in the three battery units can be seen that the SOC
percentage of battery-1 became 50,009%, battery-2 became
50,009% and the battery-3 level rose to 50,0067%.
From these data it can be seen that the average rate of
increase in SOC on the MPPT mode of 0.180%, while the
constant voltage, an average rate of increase SOC of 0.020%
in the duration of charging 2 seconds, so that the rate of
increase in the percentage of SOC battery on the mode MPPT
faster than the mode constant voltage.
IV. CONCLUSION
The conclusions of this study are as follows:
 The using of pulse charging technique could distribute
high electric current to the battery without causing
damage to the functionality and performance of the
battery through a process to vary the pulse width.
 The P&O method with fuzzy algorithm could track a
maximum power point of PV.
 The test simulation indicates that battery charging lines
will be disconnected automatically when the battery
voltage reaches the maximum limit (VB=13V) so that
over charging conditions can be avoided
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 The average level of the battery SOC rises in mode
MPPT obtained battery-1 of 50.0237%, battery-2 of
50,024 and battery-3 of 50,0067 and mode constant
voltage obtained battery-1 of 50.009%, battery-2 of
50,009% and battery-3 of 50,0067 for charging 2
seconds at radiant 1000W/m2 and a temperature of 250C.
 The results of the simulation graph shown that the
battery SOC by using MPPT faster than the constant
voltage.
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