Predicting Paragraph

TEXT C

The latest round in an ongoing debate over global-warming trends claims that warming has indeed slowed
down this century. An obvious slowing in the rise of global temperatures was recorded at the beginning of
the twenty-first century. This was referred to as a "hiatus" or a "pause". This hiatus was first observed
several years ago. Climate change skeptics have used this as evidence that global warming has stopped
permanently. But in June last year, a study in science claimed that the hiatus was just an artifact which
disappears when biases in temperature data are corrected.

Now a prominent group of researchers is countering that claim. They argue in Nature Climate Change that
even after correcting these biases the slowdown was real. "There is this mismatch between what the climate
models are producing and what the observations are showing," says lead author John Fyfe. Fyfe is a climate
modeler at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis in Victoria. "We can't ignore it." Fyfe
uses the term "slowdown" rather than "hiatus". He also stresses that it does not in any way weaken global-
warming theory.

The debate turns in part around statistics on temperature trends. The study that questioned the existence
of the slowdown corrected known biases in the surface temperature record maintained by the US National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The finding showed differences in temperature readings
from ships and buoys This effectively increased the record about warming. The researchers also extended
the record to include 2014. This set a new record high for average temperatures.

Thomas Karl, director of National Centers for Environmental Information in Asheville, calculated the rate
of global warming between 1950 and 1999 as being 0.113°C per decade. This was similar to the 0.116°C a
decade calculated for 2000-14. This, Karl said, meant that an assessment done by the influential
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013 showing that warming had slowed was no longer valid.
Therefore, it can be concluded that global warming is a fabricated issue.
(Adapted flora :http://www.nature.com/news/globalwarming-hiatu-debate-flarets-up-again-1.19414)

1. Which of the following best restates the
sentence “Climate-change skeptics have
used this as evidence that global warming
has stopped” in paragraph 1?
(A) Climate-change believers have used
global warming as evidence to stop
this.
(B) This has been used as a proof by
climate change disbelievers to claim
that global warming has come to an
end.
(C) That global warming has come to an
end has been used by climate change
believers as a proof.
(D) This has been exploited by climate
change disbelievers as a proof to stop
global warming.
(E) This can be used as evidence to stop
climate change disbelievers.
2. How does the author organize paragraph
2?
(A) A claim is followed by a description
about this claim.
(B) A claim is followed by contrasting
arguments about it.
(C) A claim is followed by quotations from
an expert.
(D) A problem is followed by some
solutions.
(E) A cause is followed by several effects.

TEXT D

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Young people have put the spotlight on mental health in Mission Australia’s Youth Survey this year, naming
it as one of the top three issues facing Australia. The survey found concerns about mental health across the
country that have doubled alarmingly since 2011. About 22,000 young people aged 15 to 19 took part in the
survey and more than 20 per cent cited mental health as among their top national issues. Alcohol and drugs
were cited as their top concern, followed by equity and discrimination.

Mission Australia chief executive Catherine Yeomans said concerns about mental health were at their
highest level in the survey’s 15-year history. “If young people are telling us that they think this is one of the
top three concerns facing the nation, then we should sit up and pay attention and we should think about
whether we’ve got the right responses in place,” she said. “Let’s look at the issues and put in programs that
are going to support young people.”

The results did not surprise 19-year-old Savannah van der Veer, who has managed depression and
obsessive compulsive disorder for more than a decade. “People don’t take you seriously, they just assume
all children are kind of moody and unusual - they do strange things that don’t make sense,” she said. “But I
was really suffering and I didn’t really know how to talk about it and I didn’t really know that what was
happening to me wasn’t normal.” Miss van der Veer said she turned to her mother and counselors for
support.

Youth mental health group Batyr held more than 150 workshops in Australian high schools last year. The
program is facilitated by young people who have experienced mental health issues. “What our programs are
designed to do is to make it OK to not be OK - to show young people that there are people out there like
them who are suffering and going through tough times but that we can talk about it as a group,” chief
executive Sam Refshauge said. The sessions incorporate music and activities to shift negative stigma around
mental health issues.

(Adapted from: http//www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-05/mental-health-top-concern-among-young-

australians-survey-finds/8092846)

3. What topic does the paragraph preceding (A) High school programs prioritize social
the passage most likely discuss? welfare
(A) Alcohol and drugs (B) Workshops on mental health are
(B) Mental health of adults effectively conducted
(C) Equity and discrimination (C) Their family and school consider
(D) Mission Australia’s Youth Survey mental disorder seriously
(E) Mental problems faced by Australians (D) More research on mental health
reveals the roots
4. Based on the passage, young people will (E) Mental health becomes a school
understand their own mental health subject
condition if ....

Text

According to the latest New York Times poll, most Americans are troubled by performance-enhancing
drugs, which they believe are widely used by the nation’s athletes. The public believes that professional
athletes in major American sports leagues use steroids to a greater degree than American Olympic athletes
do. But the prospect of achievement through illicit means in the Winter and Summer Olympics is more
troubling. Also, younger Americans are much less troubled by drug use in sports and believe it to be more
widespread than do Americans age 30 and above.

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After recent revelations about the use of performance-enhancing drugs in football. baseball, and track-and-
field, 43 percent of those polled said they believe that at least half of professional athletes in the United
States use steroids. In comparison, 18 percent of those surveyed said they believe that at least half of
American Olympic athletes use banned performance-enhancing substances.

While 61 percent of Americans said they were bothered by the use of steroids among professional athletes.
75 percent said they were concerned about the use of performance-enhancing drugs among Olympic
athletes. This response seem to be based partly on the ideal that American Olympic spoils are purer than
professional sports, and on the widely held belief that Olympic athletes are still amateurs. “The Olympics
are pure and clean,” Jason Mannino, 32, a tax assessor, said. “We want these kids to be all on the same playing
field. A lot of these kids are trying to make a name for themselves purely on their athletic ability, and they
are not getting high-dollar contracts to perform. They are performing out of pride for the country and out
of pride for getting a gold medal.” In fact, the Olympics have been open to professionals since the late 1980‟s.
And most of the drug scandals in recent years have involved sports related to the Olympics.

(A) Both professional and amateur, will be

5. The paragraph following the passage will
likely talk about ....
(A) Drug use by Olympic athletes.
(B) The opinions of young people and
those above 30.
(C) What the surveyor think about drug
use.
(D) What is being done about the problem.
(E) What the problems will lead to.
6. Based on the passage, many American
athletes ....
disqualified if drug tests are done
stringently.
(B) Would not be able to achieve what
they have achieved of they had taken
drugs.
(C) Involved in professional sports would
do much better if they stayed away
from steroid.
(D) Would be able to break more records
if they had not been taking illicit drugs.
(E) Will not be taking steroids if they are
not competing.

(1) ____________________________ (2) Depending on what it resembles, a doll may seem to the little girl who plays
with it to be a baby, a child, or an older person. (3) The baby doll presumably appeals to the girl’s developing
sense of her own nature as a female, and by "mothering" the doll she strengthens her role identity. (4) Some
dolls, on the other hand, can be bought in the same size and "age" as the child, up to maxima usually of about
40 inches and 6 years of age; these dolls can actually wear the same clothes the little girl herself wears. (5)
Collecting dolls is a very popular hobby. (6) Their appeal therefore seems to lie in a sort of companionship
they provide in the girl’s imagination. (7) Finally, the dolls that represent older people presumably provide
a focus for the child’s ego ideal, appealing to his or her sense of a desired future identity. (8) In Japan, for
instance, where dolls have been very important for millennia, both boys and girls celebrate annual festivals
during which they are presented with dolls that represent men and women outstanding in Japanese history;
during the festivals manly and womanly virtues are praised for the children’s edification.

7. The paragraph should begin with …

(A) Baby dolls, child dolls, older dolls are common examples of dolls
(B) There seems to be three ways in which dolls are valued
(C) Dolls attract children regardless their age and sex
(D) There are several kinds of dolls that girls prefer to buy
(E) The annual doll festivals are very important for Japanese children

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European society in the 18th century was a broad pyramid, with the few of the nobility at the top and the
masses of the peasantry at the bottom. In western Europe there was an increasing split between the wealthy
nobility, who spent much of their time practicing exquisite etiquette at court, and those lower nobles who
stayed in the countryside, hunting and running their estates with little concern for either social niceties or
abstract ideas. Only a few at the social peak lived the life portrayed in 20th century historical novels amid
bright chandeliers, powdered wigs, and beautiful women, but it was in this milieu that the century earned
its reputation for licentiousness and decadence. Every monarch had his mistresses, and the ways of
Versailles were mimicked across Europe, most absurdly in the courts of the tiny German principalities.

8. The paragraph which precedes this one (C) family disputes in Europe
most likely discusses … (D) social class in European society
(A) European lower nobles (E) social problems
(B) wealthy people in Germany

(1) Wild animals have been kept in captivity for thousands of years, often as symbols of power or religious
significance. (2) However, what is now recognized as the modern zoo was developed in the early part of the
19th century with London, Paris and Dublin zoos opening within a few years of each other. (3) This
coincided with the Victorian fascination with natural history and increasing urbanization of the population
of Europe, and these 19th century zoos proved to be immensely popular, with millions flocking to see
unusual animals from far off lands. (4) The majority of zoos served simply to display animals, with the more
advanced among them, also utilizing their collections for the study of zoology. (5) By visiting zoos people
make a direct contribution through entry tickets to maintaining the threatened species in zoos. (6) However,
over time good zoos have changed their mission and focus due to a growing realization and documentation
of the decline in wildlife, driven mostly by loss of habitat. (7) From the mid-20th century these zoos have
been finding ways to help conserve wild animals and their habitats, and the animals now fulfill a number of
roles, from education to ambassadors for their species.

(C) effects of the changing roles of

9. The following paragraph most likely modern zoos
discusses ... (D) challenges of keeping animals in
(A) reasons why people enjoy going to modern zoos
zoos (E) examples of zoo animals performing
(B) conservation of animals in the various roles
wilderness

(1) More often than not, disagreements are based not on differences in reasoning, but in the values,
assumptions, or information brought to bear. (2) If we believe that all politicians are crooks, we will infer
that a specific politician’s actions are scurrilous. (3) If we believe that politicians act for the good of all, we
will look for some benefit in their actions. (4) Either way, we will try to use reason to explain the actions.
(5) We will look for some coherent explanation as a way of making sense of things. (6) As we saw earlier, if
we can understand why someone would do something, why someone might say something, why someone
might act in a certain way, we feel we have made sense of the act or statement. (7) It’s like a murder trial: if
we can put together opportunity, motive, and means, we can make a case. (8) The more evidence have
before us, and the more carefully we reason, the more valid our inferences. (9) Our inferences are not based
on evidence. (10) This principle is also relevant in reading a text.

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10. The following paragraph most likely discusses ... .
(A) valid evidence and reasons for reading a text
(B) explanation on the principle of reading a text
(C) the relevance of the principle in text reading
(D) valid principle to infer a reading text
(E) differences in reasoning and inferencing

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