INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

II YEAR (FORMULAS)
` KKP / MYP CEN TRE

Definition
A function (x) is called a primitive or an antiderivative of a function f(x) , if  '(x)  f(x).
Let f (x) be a function. Then the collection of all its primitives is called the indefinite integral of f(x) and is
denoted by
 f(x)dx.
d
Thus,
dx 
((x)  c)  f(x)  f(x)dx  (x)  c , where (x) is primitive of f(x) and c is an arbitrary constant

known as the constant of integration.

Fundamental integration formulae
xn 1 1 (ax  b)n 1
(1) (i)
 xndx 
n 1
 c,n  1 (ii)
 (ax  b)n dx 
a
.
n 1
 c , n  1

1 1 1
(2) (i)
 x dx  log | x | c (ii)
 ax  b dx  a (log | ax  b |)  c
ax
(3)
 e x dx  ex  c
 (4) a x dx 
loge a
c


(5) sin x dx   cos x  c

(6) cos x dx  sin x  c

 
2
(7) sec x dx  tan x  c (8) cosec 2 x dx   cot x  c


(9) sec x tan x dx  sec x  c

(10) cosec x cot x dx  cosec x  c


(11) tan x dx   log | cos x | c  log | sec x | c

(12) cot x dx  log | sin x | c   log | cosec x | c

 x

(13) sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x | c  log tan     c
4 2
x

(14) cosec x dx  log | cosec x  cot x | c  log tan  c
2
dx dx 1 x 1 x
 1 x2  sin x  c   cos x  c  a2  x2  sin a  c   cos a  c
1 1
(15) (16)

dx dx 1 1 x 1 1 x
 1  x2  tan  a2  x2  a tan
1
(17) x  c   cot 1 x  c (18) c  cot c
a a a
dx dx 1 x 1 x
(19)
x x 1 2
 sec 1 x  c   cosec 1x  c (20)
x a
x 2 2

a
sec 1  c 
a a
cosec 1  c
a
In any of the fundamental integration formulae, if x is replaced by ax  b , then the same formulae is applicable
but we must divide by coefficient of x or derivative of (ax  b) i.e., a. In general, if
 f(x)dx  (x)  c ,
1

then f(ax  b)dx 
a
 (ax  b)  c

1
 sin(ax  b)dx  a cos(ax  b)  c,
1
 sec(ax  b)dx  a log | sec(ax  b)  tan(ax  b) | c etc.

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 Some more results :
1 1 xa 1 1 x
(i)
 x2  a2  2a log x  a  c  a coth a
 c , when x  a

1 1 ax 1 1 x
(ii)
 a2  x2 dx  2a log a  x  c  a tanh a
 c , when x  a

dx x
(iii)
 2
x a 2
 log{| x  x2  a2 |}  c  cosh1    c
a
dx x
(iv)
 2
x a 2
 log{| x  x 2  a2 |}  c  sinh1    c
a
1 1 x
(v)
 a2  x2 dx 
2
x a2  x2  a2 sin1    c
2 a
1 1 1 1 x
(vi)
 x2  a2 dx 
2
x x 2  a2  a2 log{x  x2  a2 }  c  x x2  a2  a2 cosh1    c
2 2 2 a
1 1 1 1 x
(vii)
 x 2  a2 dx 
2
x x 2  a2  a2 log{x  x 2  a2 }  c  x x2  a2  a2 sinh1    c
2 2 2 a

Integration by substitution
(1) When integrand is a function i.e.,  f [ ( x )] '( x ) dx :
Here, we put (x)  t, so that  '(x)dx  dt and in that case the integrand is reduced to
 f(t)dt .
(2) When integrand is the product of two factors such that one is the derivative of the others i.e.,
I   f ( x ).f ( x ).dx : In this case we put f(x)  t and convert it into a standard integral.

(3) Integral of a function of the form f (ax  b ) : Here we put ax  b  t and convert it into standard integral.
1
Obviously if
 f(x)dx  (x), then  f(ax  b)dx  a (ax  b) +c.
f ( x )
(4) If integral of a function of the form
f (x)

f (x)
 f(x)
dx  log[f(x)]  c

[f(x)]n 1
 [f(x)] f (x)dx  n  1
n
(5) If integral of a function of the form [ f ( x )]n f ( x ) c , [n  1]

f ( x ) f (x)
(6) If the integral of a function of the form
f(x)  f(x) dx  2 f(x)  c
(7) Standard substitutions
Integrand form Substitution
1
(i) a2  x 2 , , a2  x 2 x  a sin  , or x  a cos 
2 2
a x
1
(ii) x 2  a2 , , x 2  a2 x  a tan  or x  a sinh
2 2
x a
1
(iii) x 2  a2 , , x 2  a2 x  a sec  or x  a cosh 
2 2
x a
x ax 1
(iv) , , x(a  x), x  a tan2 
ax x x(a  x)
x ax 1
(v) , , x(a  x) , x  a sin2 
ax x x(a  x)

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 x xa 1
(vi) , , x(x  a), x  a sec 2 
xa x x(x  a)
ax ax
(vii) , x  a cos 2
ax ax
x
(viii) , (x   )(  x), (   ) x   cos2    sin2 
x

Integration by parts
(1) When integrand involves more than one type of functions : We may solve such integrals by a rule
which is known as integration by parts. We know that,
d dv du
dx
(uv)  u
dx
v
dx
 d(uv)  udv  vdu  d(uv)  udv  vdu
  
du
If u and v are two functions of x, then
 uI vII dx  u  v dx 
 { dx . vdx}dx i.e., the integral of the product of two
functions = (First function) × (Integral of second function) – Integral of {(Differentiation of first function) × (Integral of
second function)}
Before applying this rule proper choice of first and second function is necessary. Normally we use the following
methods :
(i) In the product of two functions, one of the function is not directly integrable
(i.e., log | x |,sin1 x,cos1 x,tan1 x ......etc), then we take it as the first function and the remaining function is taken
as the second function.
(ii) If there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function e.g. in the integration of

 sin 
1
x dx, log x dx,1 is taken as the second function.

(iii) If both of the function are directly integrable then the first function is chosen in such a way that the derivative

of the function thus obtained under integral sign is easily integrable. Usually, we use the following preference

order for the first function.

(Inverse, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential). This rule is simply called as “ILATE”.

e f(x)  f '(x) dx, e f(x)  f '(x) dx,

x x
(2) Integral is of the form : If the integral is of the form then by
breaking this integral into two integrals integrate one integral by parts and keeping other integral as it is, by doing so,
we get

 e f(x)  f '(x) dx  e f(x)  c

x x
(i)


(ii) emx mf(x)  f '(x) dx  emx f(x)  c

 f '(x)  emx f(x)

(iii)
 emx  f(x) 
 m 
dx 
m
c

(3) Integral is of the form

 [x f '(x)  f(x)] dx : If the integral is of the form  [x f '(x)  f(x)] dx then by breaking
this integral into two integrals, integrate one integral by parts and keeping other integral as it is, by doing so, we get,

 [x f '(x)  f(x)] dx  x f(x)  c

e 
ax
(4) Integrals of the form sin bxdx , e ax cos bx dx :
ax
e eax b
 eax sinbx 
a 2  b2
(a sinbx  b cos bx)  c 
a 2  b2
sin(bx  tan1 )  c
a

eax eax  b
e cos  bx  tan1   c
ax
.cosbx dx  (acosbx  b sinbx)  c 
a 2  b2 2
a b 2 a 

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 eax eax   b 
 eax .sin(bx  c)dx 
a2  b 2
a sin(bx  c)  bcos(bx  c)  k 
a b2
sin (bx  c)  tan1     k
 2  a 

eax eax   b 
 eax .cos(bx  c)dx 
a2  b 2
acos(bx  c)  b sin(bx  c)  k 
a 2  b2
cos (bx  c)  tan1     k
  a 

Evaluation of the various forms of integrals by use of standard results

dx
(1)
 2
ax  bx  c
:

dx
Working rule : We write
 2
ax  bx  c
1 dx 1 dx dx dx dx

a  b
x2  x 
c

a   b  c b
2 2
, which is of the form
 X A2 2
,
 2
X A 2
or
 A  X2
2
.

a a x    
 2a  a 4c
dx dx dx dx
(2)
 2
ax  bx  c
: This can be reduced to one of the forms of
 a x2 2
,
 2
x a 2
or
 x  a2
2
.

(3)  ax 2  bx  c dx : This can be reduced to one of the forms of

 a2  x 2 dx,
 x 2  a2 dx or
 a2  x 2 dx .

( px  q ) dx ( px  q ) dx
(4)  ax 2  bx  c
,  ax 2  bx  c
,  ( px  q ) ax 2  bx  c dx :

For the evaluation of any of these integrals,

Put px  q = A {differentiation of (ax 2  bx  c)}  B
Find A and B by comparing the coefficients of like powers of x on the two sides.
In this way the integral breaks up into two parts.
x2 1 x2 1 dx
(5) Integrals of the form  x  kx 2  1
4
dx,  x  kx 2  1
4
dx ,  x 4  kx 2  1
, where k  R

Working Method
(i) To evaluate these types of integrals divide the numerator and denominator by x2 .
1 1
(ii) Put x   t or x   t as required.
x x
x 2  a2 x 2  a2
(6)
 x 4  kx 2  a 4
dx,
 x 4  kx 2  a4
dx , where k is a constant, negative or zero.

a2
These integrals can be obtained by dividing numerator and denominator by x2 , then putting x   t and
x
a2
x  t respectively.
x
(7) Substitution for some irrational functions
dx x
(i)
 (x   )(x  )
,
   dx
x 

 (x   )(  x) dx , Put x   cos2    sin2  .

dx
(ii)
 (px  q) (ax  b)
, Put ax  b  t 2

dx 1
(iii)
 (px  q) ax 2  bx  c
, Put px  q 
t

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 dx 1
(iv)
 (px 2  r) (ax 2  c)
, at first x 
t
and then a  ct 2  z2 .

dx
(8) Integrals of the form
P Q , (where P and Q are linear or quadratic expressions in x) : To evaluate

such types of integrals, we have following substitutions according to the nature of expressions of P and Q in x :
2
(i) When Q is linear and P is linear or quadratic, we put Q = t .
1
(ii) When P is linear and Q is quadratic, we put P  .
t
1
(iii) When both P and Q are quadratic, we put x  .
t
dx dx
Integrals of the form  a  b cos x
and  a  b sin x
To evaluate such form of integrals, proceed as follows:
x x
1  tan2 2 tan
(1) Put cos x  2 and sin x  2 .
2x 2x
1  tan 1  tan
2 2
x x
(2) Replace 1  tan2 in the numerator by sec 2 .
2 2
x 1 x
(3) Put tan  t so that sec 2 dx  dt.
2 2 2
dt
(4) Now, evaluate the integral obtained which will be of the form
 at2  bt  c by the method discussed earlier.
dx
(i)
 a  b cos x
dx 2  ab x
Case I : When a  b , then
 a  bcos x  a 2  b2
tan1 

 a  b
tan   c
2 

Case II : When a  b , then
x
b  a tan  b  a
dx 1
 a  bcos x

2
b a 2
log 2
x
b  a tan  b  a
c

2
dx 1 x
Case III : When a  b , then
a  bcos x a 
 tan  c .
2
dx
(ii)

a  b sin x
2 2
Case I : When a  b or a  0 and a  b , then
 x 
 a tan  b 
dx 2
 a  b sin x

2
a b 2
tan1 

2
c
a  b2 
2
 
x
(a tan  b)  ( b2  a2 )
dx 1
 2
2 2
Case II : When a  b , then  log c
a  b sin x x
b 2  a2 (a tan  b)  b2  a2
2
2 2
Case III : When a  b
In this case, either b  a or b  a
dx 1  x 1
(a) When b  a , then
 
a  b sin x a
cot     c  [tan x  sec x]  c
4 2 a
dx 1  x
(b) When b  a , then
  tan     c .
a  b sin x a 4 2
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 dx dx
Integrals of the form  a  b cos x  c sin x ,  a sin x  b cos x
dx
(1) Integral of the form  a  b cos x  c sin x
: To evaluate such integrals, we put b  r cos  and c  r sin .

c
So that, r 2  b2  c 2 and   tan1 .
b
dx dx
 I

a  r(cos  cos x  sin  sin x)


a  r cos(x   )
dt
Again, put x    t  dx  dt, we have I 
 a  r cos t
Which can be evaluated by the method discussed earlier.
dx
(2) Integral of the form  a sin x  b cos x : To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute a  r cos ,

b
b  r sin  and so r  a2  b2 ,   tan1 .
a
dx 1 dx 1
So,
 a sin x  b cos x  r  sin(x  )  r  cosec(x  )dx
1 x  1 x 1 b
 log tan     log tan   tan1   c
r 2 2 2
a b 2 2 2 a

1  tan2 x / 2 2 tan(x / 2)
The integral of the above form can be evaluated by using cos x  and sin x  .
1  tan2 x / 2 1  tan2 (x / 2)
Integrals of the form
dx dx dx dx dx
 2
a  b cos x
,
a  b sin 2 x
,  a sin x  b cos 2 x
2
,  (a sin x  b cos x ) 2 
,
a  b sin x  c cos 2 x
2

To evaluate the above forms of integrals proceed as follows:

(1) Divide both the numerator and denominator by cos2 x.
(2) Replace sec 2 x in the denominator, if any by (1  tan2 x).
(3) Put tan x  t  sec 2 xdx  dt.
(4) Now, evaluate the integral thus obtained, by the method discussed earlier.
Integrals of the form
a sinx  b cosx a sinx  bcos x  q

c sin x  d cosx
dx and
 c sinx  d cosx  r dx
a sinx  b cosx
(1) Integrals of the form
 c sinx  d cosx dx : Such rational functions of sinx and cosx may be integrated
by expressing the numerator of the integrand as follows :
Numerator = M (Diff. of denominator)+ N (Denominator)
d
i.e., a sin x  b cos x  M (c sin x  dcos x)  N(c sin x  dcos x)
dx
The arbitary constants M and N are determined by comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x from two sides
of the above identity. Then, the given integral is
a sin x  b cos x
I
 c sin x  dcos x
dx

M(c cos x  dsin x)  N(c sin x  dcos x) c cos x  dsin x


 c sin x  dcos x
dx  M

c sin x  dcos x
dx  N 1dx

 Mlog | c sin x  dcos x | Nx  c.
a sin x  b cos x  q
(2) Integrals of the form  c sin x  d cos x  r dx : To evaluate this type of integrals, we express the numerator

as follows: Numerator  M(Denominator)  N(Differentiationof denominator)  P

i.e., (c sin x  b cos x  q)  M(c sin x  dcos x  r) N(c cos x  dsin x)  P.

KUKATPALLY CENTRE: # 22-97, Plot No.1, Opp. Patel Kunta Huda Park, Vijaynagar Colony, Hyderabad - 500 072. Ph.: 040-64601123
MIYAPUR CENTRE: Above Sai Motors Maruthi Showroom, Allwyn X Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad.
 where M, N, P are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sin x,cos x and constant
term on both sides.
a sin x  b cos x  q Diff.of denominator dx


c sin x  dcos x  r
dx  Mdx  N
 
Denominator
dx 

c sin x  dcos x  r
dx
 Mx  Nlog | Denominator | P

c sin x  dcos x  r
.

Integration of rational functions by using partial fractions

If the given function is in the form of fractions of two polynomials, then for its integration, decompose it into
partial fractions (if possible). In the beginning chapters, we already discussed the decomposition of partial fractions.
Integration of trigonometric functions

Reduction formulae for special cases

 cos x.sinn 1 x n  1
(i)
 sinn x dx 
n

n  sinn  2 x dx
n 1
sin x cos x n 1

(ii) cosn x dx 
n

n 
cosn  2 x dx

tann 1 x

(iii) tann x dx 
n 1 
 tann  2 x dx

 1

(iv) cotn x dx 
n 1 
cotn 1 x  cotn  2 x dx

1 

(v) secn x dx 
(n  1)  
sec n  2 x.tan x  (n  2) secn  2 x dx 

1

(vi) cosecn xdx 
(n  1) 
[cosec n  2 x cot x  (n  2) cosecn  2 xdx]

sinq1 x.cosp 1 x 2 tan(x / 2)

(vii)
 sinp x cosq x dx  
pq
sin x 
1  tan2 (x / 2)
sinp 1 x.cosq 1 x p 1
(viii)
 sinp x cosq x dx 
pq

pq 
sinp x.cosq  2 x dx

dx x (2n  3) dx
(ix)
 2
(x  k)n

2
k(2n  2)(x  k)

n 1 k(2n  2) 
(x  k)n 1
2

Integration of hyperbolic functions

(1)
 sinh x dx  cosh x  c (2)
 coshx dx  sinh x  c

(3) sec h2 x dx  tanh x  c

(4) cosech2 x dx   cot h x  c


(5) sec hx  tanhx dx   sec h x  c

(6) cosechx  cot hx dx  cosech x  c

POINTS TO REMEMBER

 If F1(x) and F2 (x) are two antiderivatives of a function f(x) on an interval [a, b], then the difference
between them is a constant.
 The signum function has an antiderivative on any interval which doesn't contain the point x = 0, and does
not possess an anti-derivative on any interval which contains the point.
 The antiderivative of every odd function is an even function and vice-versa.
xneax n
 If In 
 xn .eax dx, then In 
a
 In 1
a


If In  (log x)dx, then In  x log x  x

KUKATPALLY CENTRE: # 22-97, Plot No.1, Opp. Patel Kunta Huda Park, Vijaynagar Colony, Hyderabad - 500 072. Ph.: 040-64601123
MIYAPUR CENTRE: Above Sai Motors Maruthi Showroom, Allwyn X Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad.
 1
 If In 
 log xdx, then
(log x)2 (log x)3
In  log(log x)  log x    .......................
2.(2!) 3(3!)



If In  (log x)n dx ; then In  x(log x)n  n.In 1

 Successive integration by parts can be performed when one of the functions is xn (n is positive integer)
which will be successively differentiated and the other is either of the following sinax,cosax,eax ,eax ,(x  a)m
which will be successively integrated.

 u.vdx  uv1  uv2  uv3  uv 4  ............ (1) 

 Chain rule : n 1un 1v  ( 1)n un .vndx
n

Where un stands for n differential coefficient of u and vn stands for n integral of v.

th th

x eax eax

 x eax sin(bx  c)dx 
2
a b 2
a sin(bx  c)  bcos(bx  c)  2
(a  b )
(a2  b2 )sinbx(bx  c)  2ab cosbx(bx  c)  k
2 2  
ax
e
 [(a2  b2 )sin(bx  c)  2ab cos(bx  c)]  k
2 2 2
(a  b )
x.eax
 x.eax cos(bx  c)dx 
a2  b 2
a cos(bx  c)  b sin(bx  c)
eax
 [(a2  b2 )cos(bx  c)  2ab sin(bx  c)]  k
2 2 2
(a  b )
ax

 a x .sin(bx  c)dx 
(loga)2  b2
[(loga)sin(bx  c)  b cos(bx  c)]  k

ax

 a x .cos(bx  c)dx 
(loga)2  b2
(loga)cos(bx  c)  b sin(bx  c)  k
(loga)cos(bx  c)  b sin(bx  c)  k
a cos x  b sin x ac  bd ad  bc
 c cos x  dsin xdx  c2  d2 x  c2  d2 log| c cos x  dsin x | k .
 To evaluate integrals of the form
 sinmx cosnx dx,  sinmx.sinnx dx,  cosmx.cosnx dx and
 cosmx.sinnx dx, we use the following trigonometrical identities.
1 1
 sinmx.cosnx  [sin(m  n)x  sin(m  n)x]  cosmx.sinnx  [sin(m  n)x  sin(m  n)x]
2 2
1 1
 sinmx.sinnx  [cos(m  n)x  cos(m  n)x]  cosmx.cosnx  [cos(m  n)x  cos(m  n)x]
2 2
sinn x
 Reduction formulae for I(n,m) 
 cosm x dx is
1 sinn 1 x (n  1)
I(n,m)  .  .I(n  2,m  2)
m  1 cosm 1 x (m  1)

KUKATPALLY CENTRE: # 22-97, Plot No.1, Opp. Patel Kunta Huda Park, Vijaynagar Colony, Hyderabad - 500 072. Ph.: 040-64601123
MIYAPUR CENTRE: Above Sai Motors Maruthi Showroom, Allwyn X Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad.