Chapter - 4

S. No Sample Name AC Conductivity

σac (S/m)

1 PVDF-HFP 2.38x10-9
2 PN5 1.61x10-8
3 PN10 2.72x10-8
4 PN15 2.83x10-8
5 PN20 1.52x10-7
6 PN25 1.17x10-7
7 PN30 4.77x10-7
8 PN40 5.54x10-7
Table 4.5 AC Conductivity values for all the samples at RT

The following formula is employed to determine the AC conductivity of all samples:

σac = εoεrωtanδ

“Where ε0 is the permittivity of free space, εr is the relative permittivity of a material,

ω is the frequency and tanδ is the dissipation factor.” The AC conductivity values are
listed in Table 4.5.

4.2.11 M-H loops

Fig. 4.17 displays the variation in the magnetization of NFO and PVDF-HFP/NFO
composite films as a function of the magnetic field at RT. NFO showed a magnetic
saturation of 46.7 emu/g with remanence magnetization of 32.4 emu/g and coercive
field value of 42.5 Oe. As PVDF-HFP is a non-magnetic matrix the hysteresis loops of
the composite films are attributed to the NFO nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer.
It is visualized that with the increase in filler content, saturation magnetization (Ms)
values also increased, thus confirming the magnetic nature of the material [26]. PN5 to
PN30 have hysteresis loops at low magnetic fields as seen in the inset of Fig. 4.17.
PN40 showed the highest magnetic saturation of 5.56 emu/g with remanence
magnetization of 1.81 emu/g and coercive field value 439.2 Oe. The magnetic
parameters of all the composites are listed in Table 4.6.

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