PHARMACEUTICAL

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
0510113/0510122/0521123

General Introduction and

Analytical Objectives

Dr. Ahmad Najjar

Philadelphia University
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Second Semester, 2021/2022

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 Philadelphia University
General Introduction and
Analytical Objectives
Chapter 1

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to
● Distinguish between qualitative analysis and
quantitative analysis.
● Outline the steps commonly employed in an analytical
procedure and to describe each step
● List some of the common measuring techniques
employed in analytical chemistry
● List some separation procedures employed in analytical
chemistry.

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 Philadelphia University
Analytical Chemistry /
Pharmaceutical Analysis
Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification,
and quantification of the chemical components of natural and
artificial materials.

Pharmaceutical analysis is the application of analytical

chemistry knowledge to analyze pharmaceutical Analyte
(the substance to be identified or quantified), whether it
was active pharmaceutical ingredient API, pharmaceutical
excipient, contaminant, or drug metabolite.

Samples in pharmaceutical analysis are mainly raw

materials, finished products or biological samples.

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 Philadelphia University
Analytical Chemistry

1- Qualitative Analytical chemistry:

- Focuses on the presence or absence of analyte
- Identification of analyte
- Recognition by color, boiling point, solubility, taste,… etc.

2- Quantitative Analytical Chemistry:

- Determination of concentration (amount of substance in specific
medium or environment)
- Gravimetric or titrimetric measurements, or instrumental
methods are employed for this purpose. They are depending on
measuring chemical or physical properties related directly to the
presence of analyte, like mass of product, volume of reactant,
conductivity of solution, electrode potential, light emission
absorption, mass to charge ratio, fluorescence, and many
more…

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 instrumental
Quantitative Analytical Methods

Philadelphia University
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Sample dissolving
Most classical analytical methods depends on chemical properties (chemical
reaction). So the analyte should be in its liquid or dissolved form to insure better
reaction performance.
Several reagents and solvents may be used to dissolve the sample or at least the
analyte in the sample. Choosing one of these reagents or solvents is depending on the
nature of sample matrix, properties of the analyte and types of interfering substances.
Examples are….
Substance Description Uses
Water H2O Clear, colorless liquid with low vapor pressure highly polar. Dissolving polar and ionic compounds (salts)
Hydrochlori Commercially available as 38% water solution. Evolves irritating fumes Dissolving metals, metal oxides and
c acid, HCl and must be handled in fume hood. A strong and dangerous acid carbonates metal ores.
Sulfuric Concentrated water solution as 96% H2SO4. A dense, syrupy liquid. Reacts Some organic sample dissolution (e.g.,
Acid H2SO4 on contact with skin and clothing. Evolves much heat when mixed with Kjeldahl). Also aluminum and titanium oxides
water.
Nitric Acid, Available as 70% water solution. Reacts with clothing and turns skin Dissolving more noble metals (e.g., copper
HNO3 yellow. Evolves thick white and brown fumes when in contact with most and silver) and some organic samples.
metals.
Hydrofluori Concentrated HF is a 50% water solution. Must be stored in plastic Dissolving silica-based materials and
c acid, HF containers, since it dissolves glass. Very damaging to skin. stainless steel.
Perchloric Commercially available as a 72% solution. Dissolving difficult organic samples and
Acid, HClO4 stable metal alloys.
Aqua Ragia A 1:3 (by volume) mixture of concentrated HNO3 and concentrated HCI. Dissolving highly unreactive metals such as
gold.
Organic Mostly clear colorless liquids that have high vapor pressures and are Dissolving nonpolar samples, or samples
Solvents mostly nonpolar. Examples are hexane, ether, carbon tetrachloride. requiring selective dissolution by extraction.

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Grade Classification of Chemicals
▪ Practical or technical grade: 70-95% purity. Seldom used in the analysis;
mostly used for cleaning.
▪ Reagent grade: they meat the minimum required specifications of the
Chemical Committee of the American Chemical Society. They possess high
purity and may be used in quantitative analysis if the level of certain
impurities does not affect the results.
▪ Primary standard grade: exceptionally high purity. Impurities are determined
using accurate instrumental methods. May be called AnalR in the UK.
▪ USP grade: used in the United States Pharmacopoeia. May be used in
pharmaceuticals and food additives. Mainly must not contain health hazard
impurities but may contain other impurities.
▪ Specific use chemicals: such as HPLC grade or spectroscopic grade.

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 Philadelphia University
References
Analytical Chemistry, 7th ed., by G. D. Christian, P. K. Dasgupta, and K. A. Schug, Wiley &
Sons Publisher, 2014.
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 9th ed., by D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J. Holler, and S.
R. Crouch, Cengage Learning Publisher, 2013.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Book%3A_Analytical_C
hemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Book%3A_Analytical_C
hemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/02%3A_Basic_Tools_of_Analytical_Chemistry
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Book%3A_Analytical_C
hemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfMveIZXq9A&list=PL9fwy3NUQKwbICh15S1cAUCJ
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