Download Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology help students to learn concepts from the CBSE syllabus
easily. Furthermore, Biology NCERT Solutions Class 12 is prepared by experienced faculty
members and academic professionals. Therefore, students have access to more resources than
other similar websites. Moreover, we emphasise understanding the conceptual basis of CBSE
Biology subject so that students can comprehend it with ease.

The topics covered in the Class 12 NCERT syllabus carry significant weightage for the
competitive exams. Hence, we have compiled these solutions in a manner where students will be
able to understand and recall the important topics with ease.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter-wise

Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Chapter 2 Human Reproduction
Chapter 3 Reproductive Health
Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapter 5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 6 Evolution
Chapter 7 Human Health and Diseases
Chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare
Chapter 9 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Chapter 10 Biotechnology and Its Application
Chapter 11 Organisms and Populations
Chapter 12 Ecosystem
Chapter 13 Biodiversity and Conservation
The following chapters have been removed from the NCERT Class 12 Biology textbook 2023-
24.

Reproduction in Organisms
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Environmental Issues
Access and download NCERT Class 12 Books here.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter Details and Exercises

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
The chapter Reproduction in Organisms explains how various organisms are able to procreate.
Reproduction is an important biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones
similar to itself. There are two types of reproduction. When offspring is produced by a single
parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation, reproduction is asexual. When two
parents (opposite sex) participate in the reproductive process and involve the fusion of male and
female gametes, it is called sexual reproduction. These concepts are elaborately explained with
relevant diagrams and suitable examples.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms, at
BYJU’S.

Reproduction in Organisms Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organism
Biology Revision Notes for Class 12 Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organism
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants explains the morphology, structure and processes of
sexual reproduction in angiosperms. It also elaborates on subtopics such as pre-fertilisation:
Structure and Events, Double fertilisation, Post fertilisation: Structure and Events, Apomixis and
Polyembryony.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies
and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilisation; post-
fertilisation events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation
of fruit; special modes – apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal
and fruit formation.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering
Plants, at BYJU’S.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 – Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Biology Revision Notes for Class 12 Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering
Plants
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
Reproductive events in humans include the formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in
males and ovum in females. Humans reach sexual maturity after attaining a certain age; this is
called puberty. There are remarkable differences between the reproductive events in the male and
in the female. In this chapter, students will examine the male and female reproductive systems in
humans. The subtopics covered in this chapter are the male reproductive system, the female
reproductive system, gametogenesis, the menstrual cycle, fertilisation and implantation,
pregnancy and embryonic development, parturition and lactation.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis
– spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development up to
blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea);
parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 3 Human Reproduction, at BYJU’S.

Human Reproduction Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
Biology Revision Notes for Class 12 Chapter 3 Human Reproduction
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 3 Human Reproduction
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
In the previous chapter, students have learnt about the human reproductive system and its
functions. This chapter discusses a closely related topic – reproductive health. The term refers to
healthy reproductive organs with normal functions. According to the World Health Organisation
(WHO), reproductive health means total well-being in all the aspects of reproduction, i.e.,
physical, emotional, behavioural and social. It covers subtopics such as Reproductive health –
Problems and Strategies, Population Explosion and Birth Control, Medical Termination of
Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Infertility.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth
control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP);
amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary
idea for general awareness).

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 4 Reproductive Health, at BYJU’S.

Reproductive Health Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 4 Reproductive Health
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Genetics is a branch of Biology that deals with inheritance, as well as the variation of characters
from parents to offspring. Inheritance is the process by which the characters are passed on from
parent to progeny; it is the basis of heredity. Variation is the degree by which progeny differ from
their parents. The chapter covers subtopics such as Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance, Inheritance of
One Gene, Inheritance of Two Genes, Sex Determination, Mutation, and Genetic Disorders.
Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete

dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy;
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and
genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex-
linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans –
thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s
syndromes.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and
Variation, at BYJU’S.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variations
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Principles Of Inheritance and Variation
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and
Variation
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
In the previous chapter, students have learnt the inheritance patterns and the genetic basis of such
patterns. At the time of Mendel, the nature of those ‘factors’ regulating the pattern of inheritance
was not clear. Over the next hundred years, the nature of the putative genetic material was
investigated, culminating in the realisation that DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – is the genetic
material, at least for the majority of organisms. In Class XI, they have learnt that nucleic acids
are polymers of nucleotides. It also includes subtopics such as DNA, the Search for Genetic
Material, RNA World, Replication, Transcription, Genetic Code, Translation, Regulation of Gene
Expression, Human Genome Project and DNA Fingerprinting.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA
packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene
expression and regulation – lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA
fingerprinting.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance, at
BYJU’S.

Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Molecular Basis of Inheritance Class 12 Notes
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 7: Evolution
Evolutionary Biology is the study of the history of life forms on earth. It covers subtopics such as
Origin of Life, Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory, What are the Evidences for Evolution? What
is Adaptive Radiation? Biological Evolution, Mechanism of Evolution, Hardy – Weinberg
Principle, A Brief Account of Evolution, Origin and Evolution of Man related to Evolution,
which is important for students to study.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 7 Evolution

Origin of life; biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution (palaeontology,
comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, modern
synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination)
and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift;
Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 7 Evolution, at BYJU’S.

Evolution Class 12 Notes

Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Evolution
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 7: Evolution
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 7 Evolution
Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases
Health, for a long time, was considered a state of body and mind where there was a balance of
certain humour. Health is affected by – (i) genetic disorders – deficiencies with which a child is
born and deficiencies/defects which the child inherits from parents from birth; (ii) infections and
(iii) lifestyle, including food and water we take, rest and exercise we give to our bodies, habits
that we have or lack, etc. The chapter also includes subtopics such as Common Diseases in
Humans, Immunity, AIDS, Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis,

ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic
concepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcohol
abuse.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases, at
BYJU’S.

Human Health and Disease Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Disease
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
With the ever-increasing population of the world, the enhancement of food production is a major
necessity. Biological principles, as applied to animal husbandry and plant breeding, have a major
role in our efforts to increase food production. Several new techniques, like embryo transfer
technology and tissue culture techniques, are going to play a pivotal role in further enhancing
food production. Subtopics that are explained in this chapter are Animal Husbandry, Plant
Breeding, Single Cell Proteins and Tissue Culture.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food
Production, at BYJU’S.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food
Production
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Besides macroscopic plants and animals, microbes are the major components of biological
systems on this earth. Students have studied the diversity of living organisms in Class XI.
Microbes are diverse-protozoa, bacteria, fungi and microscopic animal and plant viruses, viroids
and also prions that are proteinaceous infectious agents. Microbes like bacteria and many fungi
can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies that can be seen with the naked eyes. Such
cultures are useful in studies on micro-organisms. A few of the subtopics are Microbes in
Household Products, Microbes in Industrial Products, Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Microbes
in the Production of Biogas, Microbes as Biocontrol Agents and Microbes as Biofertilisers.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and
microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilisers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare, at
BYJU’S.

Microbes in Human Welfare Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare
Chapter 11: Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Biotechnology deals with the technique of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to
produce products and processes useful to humans. The European Federation of Biotechnology
(EFB) has given a definition of biotechnology that encompasses traditional views and modern
molecular biotechnology. The definition given by EFB is as follows: ‘The integration of natural
science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services.’
Some of the subtopics mentioned in the chapter are Principles of Biotechnology, Tools of
Recombinant DNA Technology and Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and
Processes, at BYJU’S.

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and
Processes
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Application
Biotechnology, as students would have learnt from the previous chapter, deals with the
industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified
microbes, fungi, plants and animals. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics,
diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste
treatment and energy production. The chapter also includes topics such as Biotechnological
Applications in Agriculture, Biotechnological Applications in Medicine, Transgenic Animals and
Ethical Issues.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 12 Biotechnology: and its Application

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production,
Stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic
animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Application,
at BYJU’S.

Biotechnology and Its Applications Class 12 Notes

Important Questions for Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Application
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Applications
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Applications
Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
Students have already learnt in the previous classes that Ecology is a subject which studies the
interactions among organisms and between the organism and its physical (abiotic) environment.
Ecology deals with four levels of biological organisation – organisms, populations, communities
and biomes. In this chapter, we explore Ecology at organismic and population levels. It also
includes subtopics such as Organisms and Its Environment and Populations.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations

Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes –

growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its
Environment, Major Abiotic Factors, Responses to Abiotic Factors, Adaptations)

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations, at
BYJU’S.

Organisms and Populations Class 12 Notes

Important Class 12 Biology Questions for Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations
Chapter 14: Ecosystem
An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact
among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment. In this chapter, we will
first look at the structure of the ecosystem in order to appreciate the input (productivity), transfer
of energy (food chain/web, nutrient cycling) and output (degradation and energy loss). We will
also look at the relationships – cycles, chains, webs – that are created as a result of these energy
flows within the system and their inter-relationship. Besides, it includes subtopics such as
Ecosystem – Structure and Function, Productivity, Decomposition, Energy Flow, Ecological
Pyramids, Ecological Succession, Nutrient Cycling and Ecosystem Services.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 14 Ecosystem

Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of

number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles)

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 14 Ecosystem, at BYJU’S.

Ecosystem Class 12 Notes

Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 14 Ecosystem
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 14: Ecosystem
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 14 Ecosystem
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity and Conservations consist of topics like Genetic diversity, Species diversity,
Ecological diversity, Diffe