CD

GOA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

FARM AGUD IGOA
Affiliated to Goa University

Subje ct: TRAN SMISS ION LINES AND

ANTE NNAS
Subjec t Code: ETC/E CE 5.2

Transmission Line
• Transmission lines are the conductors that serve as a path for
transmitting electrical waves through them.
• In microwave engineering transmission lines are known as
distributed parameter networks.
• It enables the transfer of electrical signals by a pair of
conducting wires that are separated from each other by a
dielectric medium which is usually air.
l(z)
>

_______________ _
+

Source V(z)
._

0 2
 Types of parameters circuits

Distributed parameters circuit

Lumped parameters circuit
• R, Land C are individually
concentrated and can be identifie d as
they represents a particul ar
parameter.
• These systems are applicable for low
frequency application.
• Concentration of individual
parameters is possible.
• R, Land Care distribu ted along ea~h
elemental length of the circuit having
it's own values.
• These systems are applicable to for
high frequency applica tion.
• Concentration of individu al
parameters is not possible.

Types of Transmission Line

• Transmission lines are classified into 3 categories:

Transmission
Line

Coaxial cable
Open wire line Waveguides
line

4
 Ill

Open wire line

2 lines tha t are separated by
• These are the con duc tor s having
connected to the source and
die lec tric me diu m whose, one end
oth er to the des tina tion .
m of tra nsm iss ion line.
• These are low cost and sim ple st for
t hig her as we ll as its
• Th eir ins tall atio n cost is som ew ha
dif ficu lt du e to the change in
ma inte nan ce som etim es becomes
atm osp he ric con diti ons .

Coaxial cable lines

ting wire is coaxially
• These lines are formed when a conduc
ductor.
ins ert ed ins ide an oth er ho llow con
2 con duc tor s share the same
• These are ter me d as coaxial as the
.
axis.
tion s wh ere high vol tag e levels
• These are wid ely used in app lica
are nee ded .

Outer Casing
Outer Conductor

(
-·1

6
 Open wire line
2 lines tha t are separated by
• These are the conductors having
connected to the source and
die lec tric me diu m whose, one end
oth er to the destination.
for m of transmission line.
• These are low cost and simplest
at higher as we ll as its
• Their installation cost is somewh
int en an ce som eti me s becomes dif fic ult due to the change in
ma
atm os ph eri c conditions.

5
I

Coaxial cable lines

ucting wire is coaxially
• These lines are formed when a cond
ductor.
inserted inside another hollow con
2 conductors share the same
• These are termed as coaxial as the
.
axis.
ns where high voltage levels
• These are widely used in applicatio
are needed.
~..
fl
Outer Casiog
Outer Conductoc
. ·-
f '

6
 • d
. . n line is use for signal
f h tra nsm 1ss10 .
• This category O t .e ve frequencies. h y som ewh at
transmission at microwa t· g tubes as t e
• These are basicall~ hollow ~? nduc 1n
e but do not have ce ntre
resemble like coaxial ~able I~ I cables.
conductor as present in coax1a

Rectangular waveguide

7 reference:
https://electronicsdesk.com/

Equivalent circuit representation of the

transmission line

R L R L R L

.G C G G

• Resistance is uniformly distributed along the length of

the conductor.
• When current flows through a conductor then it generat
es a magnetic
field perpendicular to the direction of the electric field and
inductance. its called

8 reference: electronics desk

 • Transmission line is composed of 2 parallel condu cting wire
separ ated by dielec tric mater ial and it behaves as a parallel
plate capacitor. Thus it has some capacitance which is also
distri buted unifo rmly over its length.
• Diele ctric or the insulators of the open wire line may not be
perfe ct and a leakage curre nt will flow and leakage
condu ctanc e will exist betwe en the condu ctors.

A line of cascaded T section

o---- /VVv 1-~- -

• Z1;2 Z1;2

Zo

• Cons ider a numb er of ident ical and symm etrica l T netw orks
conn ected in series .
• Each T sectio n is termi nated with Z0 .
• The inpu t impe danc e for the first T secti on is Z0 _
• The value of the chara cteris tic impe danc e for T secti on

Zar= Z1Z2 (l +~)

4Z
2
-------1
10
-
• If there are n such terminated sections and if the input and
output currents are l5 and Ir then
. h == eny
Ir
• y = propagation constant for T section
• y==a+j~, a= attenuatio n constant, ~= phase constant
• Incremental length 6.x of transmiss ion lines
ZAX = R+jwL)6x

jwC
G~x

I I
11

i. The series constant

Z= (R+·w1 •
2. The shu t J ) Q/un1t length of line
n constant
Y= (G+·wc •
3 S · · J ) U/urut length of Jin
. enes nnpedance is • e
Sh . given as ZL'.x ohms
unt adnnttance is given as y
• !he characteristic im e Ax mhos
nnpedance of one T :c~fonncewhoftransmission line -
•Sb u the above val . · ~z-z 1- L\x and •Z -~- aracteristic
ues m eq. 1 2 - 1/YD.x

• ~x {1+ ZAxYLlx
X 4 )

• -Jz
- ·_ (1 + z YLlx
y
-2
4 )

12
.. When Ll x~ o

20 = $ ohms

Constant
zi/ 2 zi/ 2

Ll ~ Ll
l1
2,
I2
Zo

13

• z0 =

14
 ·a1 thrn .
d d by binom1
~q. 2is exp an e 2 --

n(n- 1)x + .... .

(1+x)n = 1+nx + 2!

Z1 .!:
z -) 2
=1 (1+4Z2
• !.;_ (1 + -1--) = 2
4Z2
4Z2

c:
(1)(-21) f2)2 +
1 Z1) +2 ....•

•= ( 1+z<4z2 2

15

line l1x. the n

• When this eq. is applied to incr eme ntal leng th of
app lied is
Z1= Zfuc and Z2 = 1/Yfuc the pro pag atio n con stan t
yLix.

1 (- r;:;;;)s
= J+- fiy Llx + ! (-/iY)2 2fx2 + !s (ff l)3 2ix3 - 128
• erLlx vZY
- 5 +... ....
2
- 3
L1x

• By series expansion
-2 -3
L1x y2 L1x (y)3 L1x
• eY = l+yL1x + -- + --
3!
- +....... -4
2! 16
 • Equate eq. 3 and 4
1 (-/zY)S
• -{z y L1x + :!_ (ff l)2 'Jx2 + :!_ (VZf)3 :J.x3
-
8 128
2
-2 -3
-s y2 L1x y 3 Llx
L1x =yLlx + -2- + ---3!---
!
• Divide by ~x
-2
lx + y3L6Jx + •. . . . = . ffuy + (VZf)2LJx+ (-/zY)3
,, + y2L
• y.LJX 2 IV£
1
2 8
-2 .
L1x + ...

• As L1x~o
•y == {IT ----- 5

17

The transmission line -general solution

for the dis trib ute d cir cui t.
• Different analysis me tho d is required
h series inc rem en t of line , the
• Since the re is a voltage dro p across eac
shu nt ad mi tta nc e is a var iab le.
voltage applied to each inc rem en t of
the line.
• Thus the shunted current is variable along
stant bu t varies fro m po int to
• The current around the loop is no t con
point along the line.
 . . sistance onms, umL 1ength of
• R - senes re the line
. •nductance henrys/uru.t length of
t,1(3il •L·-senes 1 the line
. ac
•C-C8P itance between conductors Farads/unit length Of h .
_ ,E}.
~ - '>i!I
t e hne
• G- shun. t leakage conductance between conductors mhos/ •
of the lme un it length
. w L - series reactance ohms/uni
t leng
th of the line
. z=R+jwL seies impedance ohms/unit length of
the line
• wC - shunt susceptance mhos/uni
t length of the line
. y =G+jwC shunt admittance m
hos/unit length of the line
• s - distance to the point of obse
rvation measured from the receiving
end of the line.
• I - current in the line at any poin
t
• E - voltage between conducto
rs at any point
• 1- length of the line 19

Is ~ t ds s >-
r
Zds 7i(

\
I
I
1 JIr
'
Es E \
Yd~, I Zr
J., ..-:1
' l
.

• E\ementa I secti
•S . .
enes impedan
°
on f Ien gt h ds an d ca rri es
a cu rre nt I.
• Th ce of th e el em en t is Zds oh
e voltage d • ms
ra p in th e
• dE = IZ ds len gt h d •
s IS
dE
• -ds == IZ
---1

20
 -

• The adm ittan ce of the element of line is Yds mhos

• The curr ent dl that flows across the line is
• dl = EYd s
di
• -ds = EY ---2

• Taking derivative of eq. 1 w.r.t s

z !!:!..
2
• d E = = ZYE ---3
ds 2 ds
• --- eq. 2
2
• d 2I
ds
= ~Y
ds
= ZYI ---4

• 3 and 4 are differential circuit eq. for solution

d
•m =-
ds
21

•Eq . 3 m 2 E -ZY E =0
• (m 2 - ZY)E = 0
• m 2 = zy
•m =± ffi
•---eq.4 m 2 / -ZY I=O
• ( m 2 - ZY)I= 0
• m 2 = ZY
•m =± ffi
• The res ult ind icat es two solu tion one for pos itiv e and
oth er for the neg ativ e sign.

22
 •The solut ion of the diffe renti al eq.
• E == Aeffe s + Be-ff es -----5
•I== Ceffe s + De-f fes -----6
• Where A, B, C, & D are arbitrary constants of integration
• The distance is measured from the receiving end of the line at
s=O !=IR
E=ER
• Eq. 5 --+ ER == A + B ---- 7
• Eq. 6 IR = C + D ----8

23

Differentiate eq. 5 & 6 w.r.t. s

ds = AvZY
•.dE _r,:;-;;
effls -Bff le-ff ys
•• ;j;
di
= c{zy effis -Dffi e-..fi fs
• Substitute = JZ
ds
• IZ = A-vif effls - Bffle-ffy s
• Substitute !!:!..
ds
= EY
• EY= C-/zy effis -D@ e-@ s
• Divide by z throughout • Divide by Y throughout

•I = A$ e ffy s - B$ e-ffes ----9

•E =C .ft eills - D_fte- ffes --10

24
•A ts = 0, I= IR E = ER
• IR =A -B ff_
z
•ER =cj -D J
• To.find A & B

z0 = 1/Zo = $

A B
25
Zo Zo

I B = (ER -A ) ---- from eq. 7

A (ER -A )
=--
Zo Zo

2A ER
=---
Zo Zo

2A _ [ + ER
•-- R
Zo Zo

• 2A = ER + ER
Zo ZR Zo

ER Zo
• A == -[ l+ -J
2 ZR
 ________ from eq. 7

ER Zo j
• = ER --[]+
2 ZR

•
2 2ZR

• B = ER [J _ Zo j
27
2 ZR

•
• TofindC&D ER =IRZR

• ER =C$-D $

• ER =CZ0 -DZ0

• IRZR= CZ0 - (IR - C)Z0 ---from eq. 8

• IRZR= CZ0 - IRZo + CZ0
• 2CZ0 = IRZR + IRZo
• 2CZ0 = IR(ZR + Zo)

IR ZR
• C=-[l +-]
2 Z0 28
: IR -C + D

• D = IR - C

• -- I R IR
- -[]
z
+ --E.j
2 Zo

. D =.!.B._ IRZR
2 2Zo

•• Substitute A, B, C & Din eq. 5 & 6

• E = ER [J+ Zo Je.Jzy s + ER [1 - Zo Je-ffl s

2 Zn 2 Zn

• E = ER [(I+ Zo ) effe s + (1 - Zo ) e-ffl s] ----11

2 ZR ZR

•I=.0i_[(l+ZR )effis+(l-zR )e-ffls] ----12

2 Zo Z0

30
:Putf fi =y

----13

----14

• Eq. 13 and 14 are voltage and current at any point transmission

line. 31

•From eq. 11

eYS+ -ys ys -ys

• E = ER ( e ) +I R ZO (e - e ) -----15
2 2
32
•• From eq. 12

----16

• 15 eq. can be written as

• E = ERcosh ys + IRZ0 sinh ys ------17

• 16 eq. can be written as

• I= JRcosh ys ~sin h ys -----18

Zo

• Give s V and I values at any point on a transmission line.