LESSON 4

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION ETHICS

AND COMPETENCE

REPORT BY: ALEXANDER ANDAYA

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

• Identify ways/guidelines in communicating under

a diverse intercultural setting.
• Describe a communication approach to intercultural
communicator.
• Apply proper ethics in intercultural communication
situation
A lot of who you are depends on where you are, or atleast on where you come
from,
as well as on the groups you belong to and how they expect people to behave.
You are not alone: You belong and you don’t always have a choice. Simply
being a
Filipino both constrains and enables certain behaviors and styles. You belong to
many
groups, some small ( groups of friends or neighbors ), some large ( your
citizenship
or you ethnic group ), some central to your life ( family, friends ), and some
probably
peripheral ( your shoe size, clothing preference ). Someone in there,
somewhere in
your sense of yourself,however,is the culture ( are the cultures ) that you see
as yours.
HOWEVER YOU DEFINE THE TERM CULTURE, DIFFERENT CULTURES DO
THINGS
DIFFERENTLY. A SENSE OF BELONGING TO A CULTURE BRINGS WITH IT
A SENSE OF HOW TO BEHAVE, NORMS OF ACTING, AND A HOST OF
RELATIONAL FORMATS. THESE NORMS ARE TRANSACTED IN
COMMUNICATION
AS RESPECT FOR ELDERS, PERMITTED DEGREES OF OPENNESS AND
WARMTH,
NONVERBAL STYLE AND DEGREE OF DEFERENCE SHOWN TO OTHER
PEOPLE IN INTERACTION, AND THE APPROPRIATENESS OF LABELS
FOR PEOPLE.
IDENTIFYING YOUR
CULTURE

REPORT BY: PRINCESS JOY ALCOBER

 THESE CONTEXTS AND BACKGROUNDS GO BEYOND YOUR IMMEDIATE
NETWORKS TO A SENSE OF BELONGING TO A LARGER SET OF PEOPLE WHO
INCLUDE YOU IN THEIR MEMBERSHIP. FOR EXAMPLE, YOU MIGHT START OFF SEEING
YOURSELF AS A MEMBER OF A NATIONAL GROUP ( AMERICAN, ASIAN, ENGLISH,
AND ITALIAN ) OR AND ETHNICITY

( GERMAN, SPANISH OR HAN CHINESE ). INFACT IF YOU ASK PEOPLE TO

INDENTIFY THEMSELVES, ONE OF THE FIRST REFERENCES THEY MAKE IS TO
RACE OR NATIONALITY. CERTAIN GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS, NATIONS,
RACES, AND REGIONS ARE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN TALKING ABOUT
SOCIETY ND CULTURAL IDENTITY, BUT THE SIMPLE CONNECTION
OR IDENTIFICATION OF A NATIONALITY WITH A CULTURE IS A PROBLEM
FOR MANY REASONS .
IDENTIFYING SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN SUCH WAYS MAKES ASSUMING,
FOR EXAMPLE, THAT EVERYBODY FROM THE SAME NATION OR COUNTRY
HAS THE SAME SET OF ASSUMPTIONS ND BELIEFS. YET MOST
COUNTRIES HAVE REGIONS REGARDED AS DIFFERENT AND DISTINCTIVE
(ILOCANOS,BICOLANOS,DAVAOENOS,KAPAMPANGAN).

THE BELIEFS SYSTEMS IN THIS SMALLER AND DIVERSE GROUPS ARE

OFTEN RECOGNIZED AS SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT AND DISTINCT FROM
THOSE WITHIN THE LARGER SOCIETY ( LUZON,VISAYAS,AND
MINDANAO) OR A NATION.
YOU BELONG WITHOUT
KNOWING IT

REPORT BY: ALPHA

 YOU WERE BORN INTO A SOCIETY, A NATIONALITY, AND A HERITAGE;
YOU LIVE SOMEWHERE; YOU FOLLOW CERTAIN RULES THAT EXIST IN THAT
SOCIETY ( FOR EXAMPLE, YOU DRIVE EITHER ON THE RIGHT OR THE LEFT );
YOU SPEAK A PARTICULAR LANGUAGE OR SET OF LANGUAGES
THAT PREVAIL THERE; YOU EAT PARTICULAR FOODS AND CAN IDENTIFY
“ETHNIC CUISINES” OF OTHER NATIONS.

THAT MUCH WE CAN TAKE FOR GRANTED. THE VERY IDEA OF

“ HOMELAND SECURITY “ IMPLIES THAT EXISTENCE OF OTHER, DIFFERENT
PLACES FROM WHICH YOUR HOMELAND NEEDS PROTECTION
 THE LANGUAGE AND
ETHICS OF
PREJUDICE AND RACISM

REPORT BY: ERSHANNA ABDULLA

 COMMUNICATION CAN PLAY A
ROLE IN EITHER SPREADING
PREJUDICE AND RACISM OR
STOPPING THEIR SPREAD.
PREJUDICE AND RACISM ARE
COMMONLY VIEWED AS BEING
ROOTED IN THE CHILD'S EARLY
SOCIALIZATION AND FOSTERED IN
COMMUNICATION WITH OTHER
PEOPLE WHO ARE PREJUDICED OR
RACIST( ADORNO ET AL 1950)JIST
OVERHEARING RACIST COMMENTS
HAS BEEN SHOWN TO NEGATIVELY
AFFECT THE LISTENERS
EVALUATION OF THE PERSON
BEING SPOKEN ABOUT IN THE
STUDY CONDUCTED BY JEFF
GREENBERG AND TOM
PYSZCZTNSKI(1985)
GROUP OF WHITE COLLEGE
STUDENTS OBSERVED A DEBATE
BETWEEN AND AFRICAN-
AMERICAN STUDEBT AND WERE
ASKED TO EVALUATE THE SKILL OF
THE DEBATERS.
OUT OF REALIZATION THAT SPEECH
CAM CUE PREJUDICED BEHAVIOR
IN OTHERS, SOME JAVE ATTEMPTED
TO RESTRICT THAT TYPE OF
SPEECH, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS
HATE SPEECH. HATE SPEECH
INCLUDES THREAT OR VERBAL
SLURS DIRECTED AGAINST
SPECIFIC GROUPS OR PHYSICAL
ACTSSUCH AS BURNING CROSSES
OR SPRAY PAINTING SWASTIKAS
ON PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
PROPERTY (WALKER 1994).
THE LANGUAGE AND ETHICS
OF OTHERING

REPORT BY: ALSAIT

THE BIPOLARIZING TENDENCIES OF LANGUAGE AND RESEARCH
PRESENT AN ETHICAL CHALLENGE. “OTHERING”REFERS TO THE
LABELLING AND DEGRADING OF CULTURES AND SUBGROUPS
OUTSIDE OF ONE’S ( RIGGINS, 1997 ). INDIGENOUS PEOPLES,
WOMEN LESBIANS AND GAY MEN AND ETHNIC GROUPS
HAVE BEEN “OTHERED” BY OTHER GROUPS IN LANGUAGE.
ONE COMMON WAY IS TO PRESENT THE OTHER AS THE BINARY
OPPOSITE, FOR EXAMPLE, “ COLONISTS WERE HARD-WORKING;
NATIVES WERE LAZY ( JANDT & TANNO, 2001 )
 THE NAMES GIVEN TO “THEM” CAN BE USED BE JUSTIFY
SUPPRESSION AND EVEN EXTERMINATION. BOSMAJIAN ( 1983),
AS MENTIONED IN JANDT ( 2010 ), CALLS THIS “ THE LANGUAGE OF
OPPRESSION. “ THE NAZIS LABELED JEWS “ BACILI “ “PARASITES”
“DISEASE” “DEMON” AND “ PLAGUE” WHY DO THE WORDS USED TO
REFER TO “THEM” MATTER? ITS BECAUSE KILLING ANOTHER HUMAN
BEING MAY BE UNTHINKABLE, “EXTERMINATING A DISEASE” IS NOT.
SEGREGATION WAS JUSTIFIED WHEN BLACKS WERE CONSIDERED
“CHATTEL” OR PROPERTY. THE SUBJUGATION OF AMERICAN
INDIAND WAS DEFENSIBLE WHEN THE WORD SAVAGE WAS USED.
AND THE WORDS CHICKS AND BABES LABELED WOMEN AS
INFERIOR.
 COMMNUNICATION
APPROACH TO
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION

REPORT BY: JOVELYN EVIO

 PERSONAL STRENGTH
>The main personal traits that affect intercultural communication are:

* SELF CONCEPT- is the overall idea we have about who we are and our
judgements about ourselves.

SELF DISCLOSURE- Is a process of communication by which one person revea

information about themselves to another.
 *SELF MONITORING-Is personality that involves the ability to monitor
and regulate self presentation, emotions,and behavior in response to
social environment and situation s.

-It involves controlling your emotions and change your body language to
suit the situation and environment you are in.

SOCIAL RELAXATION - Is the ability to reveal little anxiety in

communication. Effective communication are must know themselves well
and through their seft awareness, initiate positive attitudes . Individual
must express a friendly personality to be competent in intercultural.
 COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Individual must be competent in verbal and nonverbal
behaviors. Intercultural communication skills require message
skills, behavior flexibility, interaction management and social
skills.

MESSAGE SKILLS-Is refers to ability to understand and use

language and feedback.

BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY- Is the ability to select an

appropriate behavior in diverse context.
 INTERACTION MANAGEMENT- Emphasize a persons other
oriented ability to interaction such as attentiveness and
responsiveness.

SOCIAL SKILLS- Are Emphaty and identity maintenance.

EMPATHY- Is the ability to think the same thoughts and feel the
same emotion as the other person.

IDENTITY- Is the ability to maintain a counterparts identity by

communicating back an accurate understanding of that person
identity.
 In other words , a competent communicator must be able to deal with different people in
different situations.

=> From the communication studies point of view, it is much more interesting to look how "
culture " gets done, not only focusing on the physical boundaries that surround it but also
exploring psychological and communication boundaries get drawn by the habit and private
communication there occurs.

=> It is important to recognize that, within any given nation or society many cultures
amount to different relation group that transact their business in communicative pattern
codes, style.

~" A healthy communication style can make it easier to deal with conflict and build a
stronger and healthier partnership."
 YOU DO IT WITHOUT
KNOWING IT

REPORT BY: YVESS MAAT

Your talk indicates or displays your cultural membership.Your culture
is
written in your voice not only in the language you speak but also the
thoughts you express and the assumptions you make.Obviously, talk
accomplishes
this is the straightforward sense: French men and women soeak
French.
But they also speak “ being French ( citizen of France )”.
Authors Steve and David are different. Steve is English; David is
american.
ETHICS ACROSS CULTURES
( Kale, 1997 )

Report by: Jubani

 • Ethical communicators address people of other cultures with the same
respect that they would like to receive themselves.
• Ethical communicators seek to describe the world as they perceive it as
accurately as possible.
• Ethical communicators encourage people of other cultures to express
themselves in their uniquenes.
• Ethical communicators strive for identification with people if other cu-
ltures. Intercultural communicators should be emphasize the commo-
nalities ofcultural beliefs and values rather than their differences.
 ASSUMING SIMILARITY
INSTEAD
OF DIFFERENCES

Report by: Alresh Niegas

 The second barrier is assuming similarity instead of difference. The
cultural difference may be in how teenagers listen to music. An
Angolan
teenager will probably play music in communal fashion for several
people
to liste, dance, and sing along.Most propbably here in the philippines,
the
teenager listen to the music alone.
 When you have no information about new culture, It migh
make sense to assume there are no differences, to behave as you
woud in your home culture. But making that assumption could result
in miscommunication.
Each culture is different and unique to some degree. Boucher (1974),
as stated by Jandt(2010), has shown how cultures differ as to whom
it is appropriate to display emotions.If you assume that display of
emotions is similar to your culture, you might see people of different
cultures in certain circumstances as lacking emotions inappropriately.
 ETHNOCENTRISM

Report by: Cama

 The third barrier to effective intercultural communication is
ethnocentrism, or negatively judging aspects of another cukture by
the standards of one’s culture. Everything in a culture is consistent
to that culture and make sense if you understand that culture.
For Example, assume that global warming is a fact and, s a result,
assume this summers in the united states to average 43 degree celcius.
As a country that is not used to humid weather condition,it would be
logical for americans to make adjustments:Rather than air-condition
building all day,they might close schools and businesses in the afternoons
to conserve energy.
 Another name for ethnocentrism is the ANTHROPOLOGICAL concept
of cultural relativism.It does not mean that everything is equa. It
does mean that we try to understand other people’s behavior in the
context of their culture before we judge it.It also means that we
recognize the subject nature of our own cultural behaviors and are
willing to re-examine them by learning about behaviors in other cultures
(Cohen,1998).
A less extreme from of ethnocentrism can be labeled cultural
nearsightedness,for taking one’s own culture for granted and neglecting
othet cultures.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
INTERCULTURAL
COMPETENCE

ANDAYA
Beyond knowing the specific rules of an individual
culture, there are also attitudes and skills called
“CulturalGeneral” that help communicators
build relationships with people from other
backgrounds ( Samovar & Porter,2004 )
as mentioned in Alder & Rodman (2009):
 MOTIVATION

The desire to communicate successfully with strangers is an important start.

For example, people high in willingness to communicate with people
from other cultures report a greater number of friends from different
backgrounds
than those who are less willing to reach out. Having the proper
motivation is important in all communication but particularly so in intercultural
interactions because they can be quite challengin.
 ALCOBER
TOLERANCE FOR
AMBIGUITY
Communicating with people from differentbackgrounds can be
confusing. A tolerance for ambiguity makes it possible to accept
and even embrace, the often equivocal and sometimes downright
incomprehensible messages that characterize intercultural communication.
For instance, a native american who happens to work with colleagues
raiser in traditional Native American co-cultures may find
them much quieter and less outgoing than the are used to. The
first reaction might be to think of this reserved attitude as
lack of friendliness.
 OPEN- Alpha

MINDEDNESS
It’s one thing to tolerate ambiguity; Its another to become
open-minded about cultural differences. There is a natural tendency to view
other’s communication choices as “wrong” when they dont match our cultural
upbringing. In some parts of the world, you may find that women are not
regarded with the same attitude of equality that is common in the west.
Likewise, in orher cultures ,you may be amazed at the casual tolerance
of poverty beyond anything at home, or with practices of bribery
that dont jibe with other cultures notion of what is ethical in situations like
these, principled communicators aren’t likely
to compromise deeply held beliefs about what is right.
 Ershanna
KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILL
The rules and customs that work with one group might be quite
different from those that succeed with another. For example, when travelling
in latin America, you are likely to find that meeting there usually
dont begin or end at their scheduled time, and that it takes
the participants quite a while to “get down to business”. Rather than
viewing your hosts as irresponsible and unproductive, you’ll want
to recognize that the meaning of time is not the same in all cultures. Likewise
the gestures others make, the distance they stand from you, and the eye
contact they maintain have ambiguous meanings that you’ll need to learn
and follow.
 One way to boost your understanding of cultural differences is via
mindfulness awareness of your win behavior and that of others.
Communicators
who lack this quality blunder through intercultural encounters mindlessly,
oblivious of how their own behavior may confuse or offend others, and
how
behavior that they consider weird may be simply different.
Communication
theorist charles Berger outlines three Strategies for moving forward to a
more
mindful, compentent style of intercultural communication:
• Passive observation involves noticing what behaviors embers of a different
culture use and applying these insights to communicate in ways that are
most effective.

• Active strategies include reading, watching films, and asking experts and
members of the other culture hoe to behave , as well as taking academic
courses related to intercultural communication and diversity.

• Self-disclosure involves volunteering personal information to people from

the other culture with whom you want to communicat. One type
of self-disclosure is to confess your cultural ignorance:
 Who stereotypes? And who is the target of streptyping?

What is the difference between CULTURAL SENSITIVITY and ethic stereotyping?

In 1997, American Airlines was criticized for a flight manual that said
Latin American customers like to drink before takeoff. Is that cultural
information that makes it possible for the airline to provide better customer
service, or is it a stereotype? That same flight manual also said that
latin american customers dont expect flights to depart on time and will
even call in bomb threats if they are running late and want the flight to be
delayed (Jandt,2010).

Alcober
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON
COMMUNICATION

EVIO
Stereotypes are harmful because they impede
communication in atleast four ways:
• They cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true when it may not be.
Research conducted by Gordon Allport (1954) showed, For example, that a
prevalent stereotype of Americans as dishonest was proved false when a
credit-reporting association gave the group credit ratings as good as those
given others.

• Continued use of stereotype reinforces the beliefs. Stereotype of women

as ornaments or of people of color as stupid or shameless or of gay men as
promiscuous reinforce a belief that places individual wome, African,Asians, and
gay men at risk
 • Stereotypes also impede communication when they cause us to assume that
a widely held belief is true if any one individual. For example, if a group is
stereotyped as dishonest, that does not mean that any one individual in
that group is dishonest.

• The stereotype can become a “ SELF—FULFILLING PROPHECY for the person

stereotyped.Research by pshychologists steele and Aronson (1995) has
shown that a negative stere creates a threat that can distract the individual
stereotyped and lower performance.
PREJUDICE

MAAT
DEFINITION

Whereas stereotypes can be positive or negative,prejudice refers to the

trational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race,religion,
or sexual orientation ( Rothenerg,1992). Persons within the group are
viewed
not in terms of their individual merit but according to the superficial
characteristics that make them part of the group. Psychologists
have identified the highly prejudiced individual as having an
authoritarian
personality (Adorno et al.,1950).
DEFINITION
Cultural nearsightedness often results in making assumptions that simple
things are the same everywhere.Designing forms for something
as simple as a person’s name is not that simple if you recognize how
widely practices vary.
For example in mexico people may have two surnames with
the first from the fathers first surname and the second
abbreviated.When a women marries,she usually retains both of
her surnames and adds her husbands first surname.
STEREOTYPES AND
PREJUDICE

Jubani
 Stereotypes and prejudice are a destructive stumbling block to
intercultural communication.The term STEREOTYPE is the broader
term commonly used to refer to negative or positive judgements
made about individuals based on any abservable or believed group
membership, whereas PREJUDICE refers to the irrational suspicion or
hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexua orientation. These
terms are related in that they both refer to making judgments about
individuals based on group membership.
STEREOTYPES

Niegas
 The word stereotyping was first used by journalist Walter Lippmann in 1992
to describe judgments made about others on the basis of their ethnic group
membership. Today, the term is more broadly used to refer to judgments made
on the basis of any group membership. Psychologists have attempted to
explain
stereotyping as mistakes our brains make in the perception of visual illusions
(Nisbett,1980 as stated in Jandt,2010).
What we see, the most readily available image, is what we expect to see.
 LOGICAL ADJUSTMENT

cama

Effective communicators
must be able to acclimate to
new environments. They
must be able to handle the
feelings of “CULTURE
SHOCK” such as frustation,
stress, and alienation in
ambiguous situations
caused by
new environments.
CULTURAL AWARENESS
To be competent in intercultural
communication
individuals must understand the
social customs
and the social system of the host
culture.
Understanding how a people
think and behave is essential
for effective communication
with them
Thank you