1

1 The structure of an organic compound, S, is shown.

H
H
C H
H
C C
O
H
C

O
H

Compound S is a solid at room temperature.

Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement of the particles in a solid.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 Sodium hydroxide is used to make the red dye alizarin.

Alizarin is soluble in ethanol.

A crystal of alizarin is placed in a beaker of ethanol.

After a few hours, the red colour has spread throughout the beaker.

crystal of ethanol
alizarin

at the start after a few hours

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

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[Total: 3]
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3 Concentrated aqueous hydrobromic acid releases fumes of acidic hydrogen bromide gas.

A long glass tube is set up as shown.

cotton wool soaked in damp blue

concentrated hydrobromic acid litmus paper
At first the blue litmus paper does not turn red.

After a short time the blue litmus paper turns red.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

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[Total: 3]

4 Ethene is a gas at room temperature.

Use the kinetic particle model to describe the separation of the particles in a gas.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 This question is about halogens.

The table shows some properties of four halogens.

density at room temperature

melting point boiling point
halogen and pressure
in °C in °C 3
in g / cm

chlorine −101 −35 0.003

bromine −7 59 3.12

iodine 114 184

astatine 302 6.35

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(a) Complete the table by predicting:

• the density of iodine at room temperature and pressure

• the boiling point of astatine. [2]

(b) Predict the physical state of bromine at 20 °C.

Give a reason for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

6 Bromine is a red-brown liquid.

A drop of liquid bromine is placed in a gas jar.
After 20 minutes the red-brown colour has spread throughout the gas jar.

glass cover

air
gas jar
drop of
bromine

at the start after 20 minutes

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

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[Total: 3]

7 Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between solid sulfur and sulfur gas in
terms of:

the arrangement of the particles ..............................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

the motion of the particles ........................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]
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[Total: 4]

8 The changes of state of aluminium are shown.

A
solid liquid aluminium
aluminium aluminium gas
B

Name the changes of state represented by A and B.

A ..............................................................................................................................................

B .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

9 The names of the elements of Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.

lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

Identify the element which has the highest rate of diffusion at room temperature.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

10 Bromine liquid turns into a gas very easily at room temperature.

Choose the word which best describes a substance that evaporates easily.

Draw a circle around your chosen answer.

conductor flammable malleable volatile

[1]

[Total: 1]
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11 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of
six substances,
D, E, F, G, H and I.
melting boiling conducts conducts
substanc
point point electricity electricity
e
/ °C / °C when when
solid liquid

D 1083 2567 yes yes

E −117 79 no no

F 3550 4827 no no

G 119 445 no no

H −210 −196 no no

I 801 1413 no no

Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is:

a liquid at 25 °C ........................................................................................................................

a gas at 25 °C ..........................................................................................................................

a solid consisting of simple molecules at 25 °C ....................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

12 The table shows some properties of four halogens.

melting point boiling point density of liquid at

halogen 3
/°C /°C
boiling point in g/cm

fluorine −220 1.51

......................................

chlorine −101 −35

...............................................

bromine −7 59 3.12

iodine 114 184 4.93

(a) Complete the table by predicting:

• the boiling point of fluorine
• the density of liquid chlorine at its boiling point.

[2]
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(b) Predict the physical state of chlorine at −105 °C.

Give a reason for your answer.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

13 Name the changes of physical state when:

oxygen gas is converted to liquid oxygen ................................................................................

solid sulfur is converted directly to sulfur gas........................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

14 The changes of state of lead are shown.

melting
B
solid liquid lead
lead lead gas
A condensing

Name the changes of state represented by A and B.

A ..............................................................................................................................................

B .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

15 Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between liquid lead and lead gas in
terms
of:

• the separation of the particles ...............................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

• the motion of the particles .....................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

16 The table shows some properties of four Group I elements.

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melting point boiling point

element relative hardness
/°C /°C

lithium 181 1342 5.0

sodium 883 0.7

......................

potassium 63 760
.......................

rubidium 39 686 0.2

(a) Complete the table by predicting:

• the melting point of sodium
• the relative hardness of potassium.

[2]

(b) Predict the physical state of potassium at 100 °C.

Give a reason for your answer.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

17 Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between solid aluminium and liquid
aluminium in terms of:

• the arrangement of the particles ...........................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

• the separation of the particles. ..............................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]
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18 Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between solid sulfur and sulfur gas in
terms of:

the arrangement of the particles ..............................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

the motion of the particles ........................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

19 The table shows some properties of four Group I elements.

melting point boiling point atomic radius

element
/ °C / °C / nm

lithium 181 1342 0.157

sodium 98 883
.....................

potassium 760 0.235

...................

rubidium 39 686 0.250

(a) Complete the table by predicting:

• the melting point of potassium

• the atomic radius of sodium. [2]

(b) Predict the physical state of rubidium at 700 °C.

Give a reason for your answer.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(c) Give two physical properties of Group I metals that are different from transition elements and
state how they are different.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 6]

20 A student took two identical syringes.

He filled one with water and the other with helium gas and sealed the end of both syringes. He
then
pushed the syringe plungers with equal force.
The diagram shows what happened.

syringe
plunger

syringe

water helium

Describe and explain these results using ideas about particles in liquids and gases.

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[Total: 4]
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21 The table shows some properties of the Group 0 elements helium, neon, argon and krypton.

density of the
electron liquefied gas melting point boiling point
element
arrangement 3 /°C /°C
in g/cm

helium 2 0.15 272 269

neon 1.20 248 245

argon 2,8,8 1.40 189 186

krypton 2,8,18,8 2.15 157 152

Which element in the table has the highest melting point?

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[Total: 1]

22 Name the change of state when liquid bromine changes to solid bromine.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

23 Describe the arrangement and separation of the particles in a gas.

arrangement ............................................................................................................................

separation ................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 2]

24 The graph shows how the volume of a sample of gas G changes as temperature increases.
The pressure is kept constant.
volume of
gas G / cm3

temperature /

Describe how the volume of gas G changes as temperature increases.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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25 Name the changes of physical state when:

oxygen gas is converted to liquid oxygen ................................................................................

solid sulfur is converted directly to sulfur gas. ......................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

26 The diagram shows the arrangement of carbon dioxide molecules at –25 °C and
100 atmospheres pressure.

represents a
molecule of
carbon dioxide

What is the state of carbon dioxide under these conditions?

Use the kinetic particle theory and the information in the diagram to explain your answer.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]