1. **Acceleration:** Change of velocity per unit time.

2. **Average orbital speed:** V = 2πr / T (Where r is the orbit radius and T is

the orbital period).

3. **Average speed:** Total distance traveled divided by total time taken.

4. **Boiling point:** The temperature at which a liquid changes state into a gas
(at a given pressure).

5. **Center of mass:** The single point within an object where all its mass can be
considered to act.

6. **Critical angle:** The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the
angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90°.

7. **Deceleration:** A decrease in velocity --> negative acceleration.

8. **Density:** Mass per unit volume.

9. **Digital:** A signal or form of data that exists in discrete states (typically

two, like on/off or 0/1).

10. **Echo of a sound:** A reflected sound wave that is heard after a delay.

11. **Efficiency:** The ratio of useful energy output to total energy input,
expressed as a percentage.

12. **Electric current:** The rate of flow of electric charge (measured in

amperes).

13. **Electric field:** A region of space where an electric charge experiences a

force.

14. **Electromotive force (e.m.f.):** The energy supplied by a source per unit of
charge as it drives charge around a complete circuit.

15. **Focal length:** The distance between the principal focus and the optical
center of a lens.

16. **Frequency of a wave:** The number of complete waves passing a point in one
second (measured in Hertz).

17. **Gravitational field strength:** The force per unit mass experienced by an
object in a gravitational field.

18. **Half-life of a particular isotope:** The time taken for half the nuclei of
that isotope in a sample to decay.

19. **Hubble constant:** Represents the rate at which distant galaxies are moving
away from Earth due to the expansion of the universe. The value is proportional to
the distance of the
galaxy from Earth. v = Hₒ x D

20. **Impulse:** The product of force and the time for which it acts, equal to the
change in momentum.

21. **Internal energy:** The sum of the kinetic energy (due to random motion) and
potential energy (due to the forces) of the molecules in a substance.
22. **Isotope:** Atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that have
different numbers of neutrons.

23. **Kilowatt-hour (kWh):** A unit of energy equal to the energy used by a 1000-
watt appliance for one hour the value --> 3.6 million joules or 3.6 x 10^6.

24. **Limit of proportionality:** The point beyond which Hooke's law (the extension
of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force) no longer applies.

25. **Longitudinal wave:** A wave in which the vibrations of particles in the

medium are parallel to the direction of the source .

26. **Magnetic field (direction):** The direction of the force on a North magnetic
pole. drawn as lines going from North to South.

27. **Mass:** A measure of the amount of matter in an object.

28. **Moment of a force:** The product of the force and the perpendicular distance
from the line of action of the force to the pivot.

29. **Momentum:** The product of an object's mass and its velocity ( mass X
velocity).

30. **Monochromatic light:** Light of a single frequency.

31. **Non-renewable:** A resource that cannot be easily replaced once it is used

up.

32. **Nuclear fission:** The process in which a large, unstable nucleus splits into
two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.

33. **Potential difference (p.d.):** The work done per unit charge in moving a
charge between two points in an electric circuit.

34. **Power:** The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred (measured in
watts).

35. **Pressure:** Force per unit area.

36. **Principal focus (for a thin converging lens):** The point where parallel rays
of light converge after passing through the lens.

37. **Radioactive decay:** The spontaneous and random decay of an unstable atomic
nucleus, resulting in the emission of radiation.

38. **Rarefaction:** A region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread
apart (lower pressure).

39. **Renewable:** An energy source that will not run out or can be easily reused.

40. **Specific heat capacity:** The amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

41. **Speed:** The rate of change of distance with respect to time.

42. **Spring constant:** The force applied per unit extension of a spring (k=F/x).

43. **Total internal reflection:** where all light is reflected back into a medium
when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

44. **Transverse wave:** A wave in which the vibrations of particles in the medium
are perpendicular to the direction of the source.

45. **Ultrasound:** Sound waves with frequencies above the human audible range
(above 20,000 Hz).

46. **Velocity:** The rate of change of displacement/distance with respect to time.

47. **Virtual image:** An image formed by the apparent intersection of light rays,
which cannot be projected onto a screen.