Project-.

Menstrua

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Miss Jyotsana Name: Vlshwanjall gupta
Class: 12th (Medical)
Roll No: 48
 Acknowledgement

I am Vlshwanjall Gupta studied in Tagore Academy Public School pursuing

12th (medical). I would like to express my special thanks of gratitud e to my Biology

Teacher (Miss Jyotsana) who gave me the golden opportunity to do,this wonderful

project on the Topic MENSTRUAL CYCLE, w hich also helped me in doing a lot of

Re.search and I came 'to know about so many new things I am really thankful to her.

MlNS'lllUAnDNC'fflJ. -
 INDEX
Sno To~ic P.no
1 Reproductive Cycle 4
2 Menstrual Cycle 5

3 Hormones 6
4 Phases Of Menstrual Cycle 7
5 Duration of different phases 8
6 Menstruation 9

7 Follicular Phase 10
8 Ovulation 11
9 Luteal Phase 12
10 Events Of Menstrual Cycle 13
11 Hormonal Levels During Different Phase 14
12 SignsOf Menstruation 15
13 Menarch& Menopause 16
14 Menstrual Cycle Disorder 17
15 Menstrual Taboos 18
16 Bibliography 20
 REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

The female of placental mammals exhibit cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and

accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase known as

reproductive cycle.

There are two types which are as follows

1. Oestrus cycle:Thls cycle occur in non-primate which are cow, rat etc.

2. M enstrual cycle::Thls cyde occur in primates which are apes and human being.

MIHSTJIUAOOH (YO.I- •
 MENSTIR,U AL CYCLE

Deflnltla,n:M enstrual ,cycle refers,·t o the cyclical

,chan1es in lthe a,ctiviitie:s of ovaries. and acee,ssory dL11cts as wen as hormones in fe111ale
primate mamrma~ls durr ing ·l he reproductive phase..

• lm1lhum1arn female,,menstn.1atlon ls repeated ~t a11 aVierage interval of about 21-29

days.
• lhe cyde of ev,ents from one mensl,ruatio·n tlH the,next ,o ne~ k:flown as m,en5ttual

cycle.

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 Hormones

1. Anterior Pituitary Hormone

I. Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)

II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone {FSH)

2. Ovarian Hormones

I. Estrogen
II. Progesterone

...
FSH
_ --·- -pllullaly
Punc-
• Sd-lollla,lorll"'W1t1
• Sdmulaa • - • Nctll1ion (fn>m doveloplng fOlllcJ••l
e._ a.- • Or. : , 1a4uf1ndornllnurn
( ~ n , g follldt) • 5 ' 1 - U< -~on (follicular pnue)
• lnNbita U< - FS>i (k/11111 phae)

U< -pltulloty • S<,rve- OYUIO!ion

• o... l0;i 1•dofco,pu1 luteum
• SI..,._ o,ageslillOOI UCllilon
Plnga.1 001 0wriN • r-.,,g ol ondomnium
(a,,i,utlu-l • ln,-.llita U< ond FSH (lullll phae)

Hormones And Their Functions

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 PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Changes in the level of Anterior pituitary hormone and Ovarian hormones Induces

changes In ovary and uterus results in different phases

Menstrual cyde can be divided Into 3 phases:

1. Menstrual Phase
2. FolHcular (Estrogen) Phase

3. Ollulation

4. Luteal (Progesterone) Phase

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Mer.a».alcyc:te
Phaseof Menstrual Cycle Average Start And End Day

Menstrual Phase 1-4

Pr,ollferatlve Phase 5-13

Ovulation 13-16

secretory Phase 16'28

Duration Of Menstrual Cycle

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Events DuringMenstruation Cycle

MIJ6l1tUAflOHCY(U -
 MENSTRUAL PHASE

• Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

• M enstruation

, Menstrual bleeding. menses, period,

• Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells, glandular secretions and blood

cells.

• Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its blood vessels.

• Result of the ~ous menstrual cycle.

• Due to stron1 vasoconstrictlon and proteolytic activity, functional stratum of

endometrial tissue dies and is discharged during menstrual bleeding.

• It last for 3-5 days.

• Endometrlum be,comes very thin, but due to low estrogen level s, hypophysis

secretes more FSH.

• FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and estrogen serves as proliferation sfgnal to

the endometrlal basal layer.

 FOLLICULAR PHASE

• Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first days of the

cycle, several ovarian follicles are stimulated.

• Follicles compete with each other for development.

• Follicle mature lntoGraaflan Folllcle.

• As they mature, the follicles secrete Increasing amounts of estrogen, which thickens
the new functional layer of endometriu m in the uterus.

• As in this phase endometrium regenerate through proliferation this phase is also

known asProllferatlve Phase.

• Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus.

• At the end of this phase ovulation occurs.

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 OVULATION

·• Durin1 the Follllcular Phase, estro,gen .suppresses,production of' l uteinizinB Hom1one

O.H)·from the. pa ulta rv lglandl.
• When the ovum has nearly matured, leve Is of estr01.en reach a ·threshold above
1

which they stimulate pl\oduction of LH (positive feedback. loop).

• Bott, LH and FSH attains a peak value:ca Ilied LH Suqe.

• The rel!ease of LH mahlres the ovum and wea'kens tJ!1 e wa Hof die fallide in the
ovary,.causing 1raffian follicle n-1 ptures and release of ovurn.

• After being released frorn ·the,ovary, the ovum Is swept lnt,o the ·faHopian t ube.
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 LUTEAL PHAS,E

• Graffl1n Falllcl• transform as Carpus:Luteum4!

1

1
• Carpus lut■um: solild body ·formed irn an ovary., after ovu1ation.

,. Corpu1 lu1eum .secre-t e .significant amounts of prog,esterone,, which plays a vltal role
in rna'klng the endom etrlu m receptive to i1npla ntation of the blastocyst.

·• High !levels o1·Estropn and Progesterone ~ppress production of fSH iind LH tha,t
the car,pus lut,eum needs 'to maintain itsel[

• Im albsence of fertilrsalion , ccrpus luteum de,generate ~

•
1
Fallin1 levels,of pqesterone dtsgenerate endometrium Hnin1, triaeir menstrwaHon
a1ncl the lbe11nnlrn1 ot·the next:cycle.

CORPUS IL UTEUIM
 Events of Menstrual Cycle

Hypothalanus secretes GnRH

l
Anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH
~
C(. l
~ Graafian follicle stilllllated
~
~
j ~
~
c Ovaries release estrogen }
~~ l t~
k: igh estrogen levels inhibit FSH secretion, stilllllate LH production
l
r LH tmkes imture follicle bum: ovulation
I
LH imkes corpus lutemn secrete progesterone
l
Progesterone inhibits LH secretion
J
Decreased LH and FSH levels ?
. J ~I.' l ~
Corpus Iuteum atrophJe~i stops 11m.1ng progesterone f!t ..a
Decreased estrogen and progesterone levelsstirmlate GnRH secretion t
 t hypolhilamua I
. GnRH
ft~~ !-- ~
a . _~--------_J
L----..:t""t- anterior pituitary
FSH LH
mldcycle peek of
LH (trigger• owlatlon)

Blood levela of FSH

LHlevela
I
• LH
growt .,.-- ovulation corpua
. - - - - lutaum

••
.Ntrogen prog..terone,
estrogen
Brood levela of
endometrlum wtlogefl
,.,..-c.,:•--
•...,.,.
of uterus
d E:::::::c==t==::1-....::~=b~
prog
• estrogen
menstruation

•days 4 14 28

FOLLICULAR PHASE OF ,_ L_UTEA

_ LPHASE _O_F_
MENSTRUAL CYCLE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Changing hormone ,.wl• during the_,,,.,,.,,.,., cycle.

MlNS11lU-.TIONaGI 1:1
 Sign Of M,e nsturalatian Cycl a
1 1

A Woman M,a , Experience :

1

• S:~uid Rletemtiion
• era rnp,ing
•
1
Mc od Swi'!lP,
• Weight Gain
• Breast Tenderness
• Dlarrhea1
• Oonstlpatlon 1
 Menarche & Menopause

M enarche:

✓ A woman's first menstruation.

✓ Typically occurs around age 12.

✓ Occurrence depends on overall health and diet.

Menopause:

✓ End of a woman 's reproductive phase,

✓ Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55

✓ Age of menopause is largely the result of genetics.

Shorter or longer
time between
menstrual
periods colffd lle
tho frrst sign o1
.
menopause m
women.

► Normal > Irregular cycle ► lrrregular cycle

cycle less than 4 days more than 7 days
Menstruation Cycle

Disorder

1. Menonha1la:Excess uterine bleeding, prolonged 7 days.

2. DUB: Excess,prolonged,frequent bleeding.
3. Oll@OfflehQ,, he•: Uterine bleeding occur at interval 35 days and 6 months.
4. Ameftorrhea: No menses for at least 6 months.

5. Anowlfdon:Anovulation is the failure of the ovary to release ova o\/et' a period

of time generally exceeding 3 months.
Menstrual Taboo

A Menstrual Taboo Is any soclal taboo concerned with Menstruation.

In some societies it Involves menstruation being perceived as unclean or embarrassing,

extending even to the mention of menstruation both

• In public (In the media and advertising)

• In private (amongst the friends, in the household, and with men).

Social Behavior with Women during Menstruation Cycle as follows:

► Many traditional religions consider menstruation ritually unclean.

► Women and girls are not allowed to enter temples, or take part In many religious

functions while menstruation.

► Women are also supposed to keep away from sacred objects even in their own

hom·es.
► Women are unclean for seven days (Leviticus 12). A women had to 'purify' herself

after she finished menstruating.

► Women were forbidden from even entering in kitchen during menstruating days.
► She had to depend on somebody even to take a drinking water from vessel as It

was believed that her touch might pollute that water.

...,HSTYIUAnoN C'ftU Ill

 Womanhood Is a gift from nature to females and they should cherish it and feel

proud about it, shame or guilt should not be associated with any gender. This practice of
seclusion of women in this way due to some biological processes a.ssociated with their

gender should stop. We all should know that this Is totally wrong and It Is our duty to
stop It.

Let's show some courage to eradicate this practice, let's confmnt these things

wherever we see them and let's start this from our own homes.
 Bibliography

~ www.google.co.ln
-Qr.. http://en.wiklpedla.org/wlkl/Corpus_luteum

,._ htt.p://www.tutorvlsta.com/content/biology/biology-
ii/reproduction/menstruatlon-and-menstrual-cycle.php

!$- http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/3/lebo101.pdf

MI NfnUJAnDIII MU •