Allied 4 Sports Biomechanics and Kinesiology Sem IV

KAMARAJ COLLEGE
SELF FINANCING COURSES

(Reaccredited with “A+” Grade by NAAC)
(Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli)
THOOTHUKUDI - 628 003.
STUDY MATERIAL FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION

SPORTS BIOMECHANICS AND KINESIOLOGY
SEMESTER – IV
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023
PREPARED BY
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION (SF)
KAMARAJ COLLEGE,
THOOTHUKUD
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SEMSTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2022 – 2023
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
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Unit I - Introduction of Kinesiology (12 hours)

History, Meaning and Definition of Kinesiology - Aim and objectives – Need for
and importance of Kinesiology in Physical Education and Sports – Axes and
planes
Unit II – Posture (12 hours)

Centre of gravity – Criteria for good Posture - causes for poor posture-Postural
deformities correction for Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis - Application of
kinesiology to motor skills and Daily living
Unit III - Upper Body & Lower Body Muscles (12 hours)
Location, origin, insertion, and action of muscles at upper limb: Pectoralis Major,
Deltoids, Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Rectus, Triceps and Biceps - Location,
Origin, insertion, and action of muscles at lower limb: Rectus femoris, Hamstring
group of muscles Semi membranous, Gastronomies, sartorius, gastrocnemius,
Unit IV - Introduction of Biomechanics (12 hours)

Biomechanics: Meaning, aim and objectives – Need for and importance of
Biomechanics in Physical Education and Sports- Linear kinematics: Speed –
velocity - acceleration - Angular speed - angular velocity - angular projectile
motion.
Unit V – Kinetics (12 hours)

Linear kinetics: Mass - weight - force - pressure - work - power - energy - impulse
- momentum - impact - friction - Newton's laws of motion - Types of levers –
equilibrium
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UNIT I
INTRODUCTION OF KINESIOLOGY
History, Meaning and Definition of Kinesiology - Aim and objectives –
Need for and importance of Kinesiology in Physical Education and Sports – Axes
and planes
INTRODUCTION OF KINESIOLOGY
 A basic understanding of kinesiology plays an important role in
establishing fitness- training programs for beginners.
 Kinesiology is the study of human motion and deals mainly with the
muscles and muscle functions. It describes movement, which muscles are
involved in the movement, and how they are involved. It explores the
muscular involvement in strength exercises and sports technique.
Kinesiology from the Greek words
‘Kinetin’- to Move,
‘Logos’- to Study
Is the scientific study of movements
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HISTORY OF KINESIOLOGY
ARISTOTLE (384 -322 B.C)
Aristotle is the “Father of Kinesiology”; His treatises, PARTS OF

ANIMALS, MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS and PROGRESSION OF ANIMALS,
described the actions of the muscles and subjected them to geometric analysis for
the first time. He first to analyzed and described walking, in which rotatory
motion is transformed into translator motion
Archimedes (287-212 B.C)
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Archimedes another Greek determined hydrostatic principles governing

floating bodies that are still accepted as swimming. In addition, he suggests that
his inquiries included the laws of leverage and determining the center of gravity
and the foundation of the oretical mechanics.
Galen (131-201 A.D)
Galen a Roman citizen who tended the Pergamum’s gladiators in Asia

Minor and is considered to have been the first team physician in history. He used
number to describe muscles. His essay DE MOTU MUSCULORUM
distinguished between motor and sensory nerves, against and antagonist muscles,
described tonus, and introduced terms such as diarthrosis and synarthrosis. Some
of writers consider his treatise the first text book of kinesiology and he has been
termed “the father of sports medicine”.
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Kinesiology and anatomy lay untouched from the mystical studies of Galen
until the 15th century when Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) advanced them
another step. This artist, engineer, and scientist, da Vinci was particularly
interested in the structure of the human body as it relates to performance, center
of gravity and the balance and center of resistance. He used letter to identify
muscles and nerves in the human body that he retrieved from grave yards in the
middle of the night. He described the mechanics of the body during standing,
walking up and downhill, rising from a sitting position, jumping and human gait.
To demonstrate the progressive action and interaction of various muscles during
movement, he suggested that cords be attached to a skeleton at the points of origin
Galileo
and insertion of the muscles.
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Galileo, the father of parabolic mathematics, also proved that the flight
(trajectory) of a projectile through a non-resistant medium is a parabola. His work
gave impetus to the study of mechanical events in mathematical terms, which in
turn provide a basis for the emergence of kinesiology as a science.
Sir Issac Newton (1642
-1727)
In PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA PHILOSOPHAE NATURALIS, which

is “perhaps the most powerful and original piece of scientific reasoning ever
published”, he laid the foundation of modern dynamics. Particularly important to
the future of kinesiology was his formulation of the three laws of rest and
movement, which express the relationships between forces (interaction) and their
effects:
MEANING OF KINESIOLOGY
Kinesiology and physical education study the role exercise, physical
movement and sports play in the development of human health and
happiness. They apply sciences like biomechanics, anatomy, physiology and
psychology to better understand how the human body responds to physical
activity.
DEFINITION OF KINESIOLOGY
“Kinesiology is the study of human movements”
“The branch of physiology that studies the mechanics and anatomy in relation to
human movements”
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AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF KINESIOLOGY

 The primary aims of kinesiology are
 Understanding the human body’s physiology and phychological responses
to acute short-term physical activity
 Understanding the various adaptations of the human body to chronic (or)
long-term physical activity. Understanding the cultural, social and
historical importance (or) physical activity
 Understanding the mechanical qualities of movement
 Understanding the processes that control movement and the factors that
affect the acquisition of motor skills, and
 Understanding the psychological effects of physical activity on human
behavior
 To achieve these aims, research in kinesiology requires the use of a variety
of scientific knowledge and research techniques from such field as biology,
chemistry, history, physics, psychology, and sociology. The areas of
investigation within kinesiology are quite extensive because the responses
of the human body to physical activity can be examined at many levels.
 A knowledge base in kinesiology provides professional preparation for
careers in fitness related industries, athletic training, teaching and
coaching, and health related fields such as physical therapy.
IMPORTANCE OF KINESIOLOGY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
 It provides movement to achieve optimal quality of function.
 Kinesiologists help promote health as they provide fitness facilities,
personal training, wellness facilities, etc.
 Kinesiology is beneficial for persons with disabilities as it helps them to
know about their optimum physical function.
 It is beneficial for persons with disabilities as it helps them to know about
the optimum physical functioning of the disabled person.
 It helps improve sports performance
 It helps to understand the relationship between human structure and
function.
 The knowledge for making safe movements during the game.
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 Kinesiology focuses on mechanical concepts related to human movement

that are beneficial to each player in their daily activities.
AXES AND PLANES

The body performs movements through a plane and around an axis.
Axis An axis is an imaginary line about which the body (or limb) rotates. It can
be divided in three parts
1. Frontal Horizontal Axis of the body that passes horizontally from side to
side at right angles to the sagittal plane.
2. Vertical Axis of the body that passes from head to foot at right angles to the
transverse plane.
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3. Sagittal Horizontal Axis of the body that passes from front to rear lying at
right angles to the frontal plane.
Plane A plane is an imaginary flat surface along which a movement takes place.
It can be divided in three parts
1. Sagittal Plane A vertical plane of the body which passes from front to rear
dividing the body into two symmetrical halves.
2. Transverse Plane Any horizontal plane of i the body which is parallel to the
diaphragm also called the’horizontal plane
3. Frontal Plane of the body which passes from side to side at right angles to.
the sagittal plane also called the coronal plane.
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UNIT - II
POSTURE
Centre of gravity – Criteria for good Posture - causes for poor posture-Postural
deformities correction for Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis - Application of
kinesiology to motor skills and Daily living
CENTREOF GRAVITY:
 Centre of gravity is that point in a body or system around which its mass
or weight is evenly distributed or balanced and through which the force of gravity
acts. The Centre of gravity is fixed, provided the size and shape of the body do
not change.
 The anatomical position, the COG lies approximately anterior to the
second sacral vertebra. However, since human beings do not remain fixed in the
anatomical position, the precise location of the COG changes constantly with
every new position of the body and limbs. The bodily proportions of the
individual will also affect the location of the COG. eg The body has moving parts
(arms, legs, head, various areas of the trunk), every time we move, the shape of
our overall form changes. And if we carry something like a suitcase, grocery bag
or if you wear a backpack, this adds weight to some areas, but not others,
changing the COG as it does. This point can and does change based on what we
carry and how we carry it, as well as the position you take and the movements
you make
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CRITERIA FOR GOOD POSTURE

What is posture?
Posture is how you hold your body. There are two types:
 Dynamic posture is how you hold yourself when you are moving, like
when you are walking, running, or bending over to pick up something.
 Static posture is how you hold yourself when you are not moving, like
when you are sitting, standing, or sleeping.
It is important to make sure that you have good dynamic and static posture.
The key to good posture is the position of your spine. Your spine has three
natural curves - at your neck, mid back, and low back. Correct posture should
maintain these curves, but not increase them. Your head should be above your
shoulders, and the top of your shoulder should be over the hips.
How can I improve my posture in general?
 Be mindful of your posture during everyday activities, like watching
television, washing dishes, or walking
 Stay active. Any kind of exercise may help improve your posture, but
certain types of exercises can be especially helpful. They include yoga, tai
chi, and other classes that focuses on body awareness. It is also a good idea
to do exercises that strengthen your core (muscles around your back,
abdomen, and pelvis).
 Maintain a healthy weight. Extra weight can weaken your abdominal
muscles, cause problems for your pelvis and spine, and contribute to low
back pain. All of these can hurt your posture.
 Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes. High heels, for example, can throw
off your balance and force you to walk differently. This puts more stress
on your muscles and harms your posture.
 Make sure work surfaces are at a comfortable height for you, whether
you're sitting in front of a computer, making dinner, or eating a meal.
How can I improve my posture when sitting?
Many Americans spend a lot of their time sitting - either at work, at school, or at
home. It is important to sit properly, and to take frequent breaks:
 Switch sitting positions often
 Take brief walks around your office or home
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 Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension
 Don't cross your legs; keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in
front of your knees
 Make sure that your feet touch the floor, or if that's not possible, use a
footrest
 Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded or pulled backwards
 Keep your elbows in close to your body. They should be bent between
90 and 120 degrees.
• Make sure that your back is fully supported. Use a back pillow or other
back support if your chair does not have a backrest that can support your lower
back's curve.
• Make sure that your thighs and hips are supported. You should have a
wellpadded seat, and your thighs and hips should be parallel to the floor.
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CAUSES FOR POOR POSTURE
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 Pain or past injuries. When you experience pain in your back or neck
muscles or any other part of the body, you tend to overcome the pain by
holding your body in a different position. ...
 Low nutritional state. ...
 Hereditary. ...
 Extra weight. ...
 Habit. ...
 Your job. ...
 Lifestyle and fashion.
POSTURAL DEFORMITIES CORRECTION FOR LORDOSIS,

KYPHOSIS, SCOLIOSIS Postural deformities
Posture is the position of an individual's body while standing, sitting,
walking, sleeping etc. There is no conform rigid standard of body positions.
Deformity is the malformation of any component or body part or joint of the body.
There are various postural deformities like knock knees, Bow legs, Flat foot,
Scoliosis, Lordosis and Kyphosis. Following are the common postural
deformities. 1. Knock Knees
knock knees images
Knock knees meaning - Knock knees or Genu Velgum is a postural

deformity in which the legs are bent inward and knees strike each other while
walking or running.
Between birth and 18 months, an outward-turning alignment from hip to
knee to ankle is normal. Between about 18 and 24 months, this alignment
normally becomes neutral. When the child is between 2 and 5 years old, an
inward-turning alignment is normal. The alignment returns to neutral as the child
grows.
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Knock knees meaning - Knock knees or Genu Velgum is a postural

deformity in which the legs are bent inward and knees strike each other while
walking or running.
Between birth and 18 months, an outward-turning alignment from hip to
knee to ankle is normal. Between about 18 and 24 months, this alignment
normally becomes neutral. When the child is between 2 and 5 years old, an
inward-turning alignment is normal. The alignment returns to neutral as the child
grows.
Knock knees causes:
 Rickets.
 Obesity during childhood.
 Muscular or ligaments weakness at early age.
 Fractures and injuries involving the knee joint.
 Lack of Balanced diet.
 Flat foot.
Precautions of Knock knees:
 Balanced diet should be taken.
 Babies should not be forced to walk at very early age.
 Perform proper exercises.
Knock knees exercise and Knock knees Remedies:
 Keep a pillow between the knees and stand erect for some time.
 Use cod liver oil.
 Horse riding.
 Use walking calipers.
Flat Foot
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Flat foot meaning - Flat foot is a postural deformity in which the inner curve of
foot has bulge more than normal. In this default of feet person gives complete
print of his foot sole over the plane surface.
Flat foot Causes:

 Weak muscles.
 Obesity.
 Using improper shoes.
 Carrying heavy weight for a long period.
 Standing for a long time.
Precautions of Flat foot:

 Always wear the shoes of proper shape and size.
 Obesity should be avoided.
 High heeled shoes should be avoided.
 Don't carry heavy weight for a long period.
Flat foot Remedies and Flat foot exercises:

 Walk on heels.
 Lose weight.
 Skip on rope.
 Perform stretching exercises.
 Use good quality shoes.
 Walk bare footed over the sand.
 Run fast bare footed over clean surface.
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1. Round Shoulder
Round shoulders meaning - Round Shoulders or arm around shoulder is

a postural deformity in which the shoulders become round and sometimes they
seem to be bent forward. If you are looking for how to fix rounded shoulders, you
are at right place. Fix your rounded shoulders without any surgery. See round
shoulder exercise given below for treatment of rounded shoulders.
Round shoulder Causes:
 Due to heredity.
 By wearing very tight clothes.
 By sitting on improper furniture.
 By walking, sitting in bent position.
 Lack of proper exercise.
Precautions of Round shoulder:
 Never sit, stand or walk in bent position.
 Use loose fitting clothes.
 Always use proper furniture to sit.
Exercises for Rounded shoulders and Round shoulder Remedies:
 Keep your tips of fingers on your shoulders and encircle your elbows
clockwise and anticlockwise direction for same number of times.
 Hold the horizontal bar for some time.
 yoga for rounded shoulders - Perform Chakra asana and Dhanur asana
regularly. 1. Lordosis
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Lordosis meaning - Lordosis is a postural deformity in which the lumbar

spine bends infront beyond the normal level. Thus, abdomen is ahead of body and
shoulders come outward and sideward. Lordosis symptoms are lower back pain,
stomach appears to be bulging out more than normal.
Lordosis Causes:
 Imbalanced diet.
 Improper development of muscles.
 Taking more food than required.
 Overweight or obesity.
 Diseases of spinal muscles.
Precautions of Lordosis:
 Stand straight while carrying weight.
 Never take excessive food.
 Maintain your weight.
Lordosis Treatment and lordosis exercise:
 Perform toe-touching at least 10 times.
 Perform sit-ups regularly.
 Stand straight and touch your feet with hands.
 Perform Hal asana, Paschimotan asana and Vipritkarni asana regularly.
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1. Kyphosis
Kyphosis definition- Kyphosis is a forward rounding of upper back. Some
rounding is normal but the term "Kyphosis" usually refers to and exaggerated
rounding, more than 50 degrees. This deformity is also called round back or
hunch back. It also leads to kyphosis cervical pain.
Kyphosis Causes:
 Malnutrition.
 Carrying heavy loads.
 Improper furniture.
 Weak muscles.
 Bending while walking.
 Wearing shapeless and tight cloths.
 Due to heredity.
Precautions of Kyphosis:
 Adopt correct posture.
 Wear loose clothes.
 Use suitable furniture.
Kyphosis Treatment and Kyphosis exercises:

 Always keep a pillow under your back while sleeping.
 Bend your head backward in standing position.
 Perform swimming.
 Perform dhanur asana, Chakra asana regularly.
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Bow legs meaning - It is a postural deformity. It is opposite to knock-

knees. In this deformity knees are widely apart. There remains a wide gap
between knees when a bow legged person keeps his feet together. It occurs during
childhood. Bow legs for babies are common. Sometimes parents get affraid about
their bow legs baby. But as they grow their legs starts to come in proper shape. If
there is bow legs in toddlers, then it is due to lack of nutrition.
Bow legs Causes:
 Rickets.
 Deficiency of vitamin D and calcium.
 Improper way of walking.
 Obesity.
 Using defaulted footwear.
 Forcing babies to walk at early stage.
Precautions of Bow legs:
 Don't carry heavy weight in childhood.
 Always walk properly.
 Use good quality shoes.
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Bow legs Remedies and bow legs exercises:

 vitamin 'D' and calcium should be taken in required amount.
 Walk on inner edge of the feet.
 Walk by bending the toes inward.
 Perform Garud asana regularly. 1. Scoliosis
What is Scoliosis?
Scoliosis meaning - Scoliosis is a postural deformity related with spine.
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the
growth spurt just before puberty. If spine curves more than one time at different
parts of spine it is called multiple scoliosis. Scoliosis causes one shoulder down
and other is raised up. Body weight is shifted to side ward and it causes lot of
pressure on one side of the foot. Here, I have provided you exercises for the
treatment of scoliosis without any scoliosis surgery. Read following instructions
to know how to treat scoliosis.
Scoliosis Causes:
 Birth defects.
 Wear and tear in the spine.
 Difference in the lengths of the legs.
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 Lifting weight towards one side in routine.

 Wrong standing posture.
 Unsuitable furniture.
Precautions of Scoliosis:
 Never walk for long time with carrying weight in one hand.
 Always stand in correct posture.
 Use suitable furniture.
 Study should be avoided in sideways bending position.
Scoliosis treatment and Scoliosis exercises:
 Hold the horizontal bar woth hands and let your body hang for some time.
 Swim by using breast stoke technique.
 Performing bending exercise in opposite side of the 'C' shaped curve.
 Perform Trikon asana and Ardhchakra asana in opposite direction.
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APPLICATION OF KINESIOLOGY TO MOTOR SKILLS AND DAILY

LIVING
Motor skills are human movements that are produced by a complex
combination of nerves and muscles. Fine motor skills are small precision
movements. These include writing, drawing, or using the eyes for visual tracking.
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UNIT - III
UPPER BODY & LOWER BODY MUSCLES
Location, origin, insertion, and action of muscles at upper limb: Pectoralis
Major, Deltoids, Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Rectus, Triceps and Biceps -
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muscles Semi membranous, Gastronomie

s, sartorius, gastrocnemius
LOCATION, ORIGIN, INSERTION, AND ACTION OF MUSCLES AT UPPER LIMB:

Location, Origin, insertion, and action of muscles at lower limb: Rectus femoris,
Hamstring group of
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LOCATION, ORIGIN, INSERTION, AND ACTION OF MUSCLES AT

LOWER LIMB:
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QUADRICEPS MUSCLE
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HAMSTRING
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UNIT IV
INTRODUCTION OF BIOMECHANICS
Biomechanics: Meaning, aim and objectives – Need for and importance of
Biomechanics in Physical Education and Sports- Linear kinematics: Speed –
velocity - acceleration - Angular speed - angular velocity - angular projectile
motion.
INTRODUCTION OF BIOMECHANICS
Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed analysis of sport movements
in order to minimize the risk of injury and improve sports performance. Sport and
exercise biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with the
analysis of the mechanics of human movement It refers to the description,
detailed analysis and assessment of human movement during sport activities.
Mechanics is a branch of physics that is concerned with the description of
motion/movement and how forces create motion/movement. In other words, sport
biomechanics is the science of explaining how and why the human body moves
in the way that it does. In sport and exercise, that definition is often extended to
also consider the interaction between the performer and their equipment and
environment. Biomechanics is traditionally divided into the areas of kinematics
which is a branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the motion of
objects, including displacement, velocity, and acceleration, without taking into
account the forces that produce the motion while kinetics is the study of the
relationships between the force system acting on a body and the changes it
produces in body motion In terms of this, there are skeletal, muscular and
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neurological considerations we also need to consider when describing

biomechanics [2].
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What is BIOMECHANICS?
It is the application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms
(Hall, 2007).
MEANING OF BIOMECHANICS
 Biomechanics is derived from Greek words, BIO + MECHANICS. Bio
means living thing and mechanics is a field of physics. Thus, it is the
branch of science which deals with the forces related to body movements
 The study and analysis of human movement patterns in sports (Bartlett,
2007)
 Sport and exercise biomechanics encompasses the area of science
concerned with the analysis of the mechanics of human movement. It
refers to the description, detailed analysis and assessment of human
movement during sport activities.
 Biomechanics is defined as systematic study of mechanics of body joints.
According to Wikipedia, “Biomechanics is the study of the structure and
function of biological system of humans.”
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF BIOMECHANICS
 It is the study of human motion during exercise and in sports
 To athletic performance physics and laws of mechanics are applied
 It can be further applied to individuals there by analyzing their movements
and coaching them for more effective movements.
 Biomechanics may also be used in the design of sports equipment, clothing
etc...
NEED FOR AND IMPORTANCE OF BIOMECHANICS IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
AND SPORTS
 Improves performance in sports
 Improvement in technique
 Development of improved sports equipment
 Improve in training techniques
 Prevents sports injuries
 Helps in understanding human body
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 Knowledge of safety principles

 Helps in research work
 Creates confidence in player
 Helps in maintaining healthy body
 Increases the popularity of sports
LINEAR KINEMATICS
SPEED AND VELOCITY
 Angular speed = angular displacement ÷ time

 Angular velocity = angular displacement ÷ time
Speed and velocity are used to describe how fast something is going. Speed is
the rate of change of distance and is a scalar quantity.
Speed (ms-1) = Distance (m) / Time (s)
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Velocity is the speed of a body in a specific direction and is the rate of change of
displacement. Unlike speed, velocity is a vector quantity which means it has a
direction as well as a magnitude. So if the direction of the moving body changes
then the velocity changes, even though the speed might stay the same.
Velocity (m/s) = Displacement (m) / Time (s)
ACCELERATION
Angular acceleration = (final angular velocity - initial angular velocity) ÷
time
Acceleration is defined as the rate at which velocity changes with respect to time.
 average acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) ÷ elapsed time
From Newton's 2nd law:
 Force = Mass x Acceleration
 Acceleration = Force ÷ Mass
If the mass of a sprinter is 60kg and the force exerted on the starting blocks is
600N, then acceleration = 600 ÷ 60 = 10 msec²
ANGULAR VELOCITY
 Angular velocity is less common than linear velocity, because it only
applies to objects that are moving along a circular path. For instance, a
racecar on a circular track, a roulette ball on a roulette wheel, or a Ferris
wheel, all have an angular velocity.
 The angular velocity of an object is the object's angular displacement with
respect to time. When an object is traveling along a circular path, the
central angle corresponding to the object's position on the circle is
changing. The angular velocity, represented by w, is the rate of change of
this angle with respect to time.
 For example, a Ferris wheel may be rotating pi / 6 radians every minute.
Therefore, the Ferris wheel's angular velocity would be pi / 6 radians per
minute.
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ANGULAR PROJECTILE MOTION

Projectile Motion
 When any object is thrown from horizontal at an angle θ except 90°, then
the path followed by it is called trajectory, the object is called projectile
and its motion is called projectile motion.
 If any object is thrown with velocity u, making an angle θ, from horizontal,
then
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 Horizontal component of initial velocity = u cos θ.

 Vertical component of initial velocity = u sin θ.
 Horizontal component of velocity (u cos θ) remains same during the whole
journey as no acceleration is acting horizontally.
 Vertical component of velocity (u sin θ) decreases gradually and becomes
zero at highest point of the path.
 At highest point, the velocity of the body is u cos θ in horizontal direction
and the angle between the velocity and acceleration is 90°.
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UNIT V
KINETICS
Linear kinetics: Mass - weight - force - pressure - work - power - energy -
impulse - momentum - impact - friction - Newton's laws of motion - Types of
levers - equilibrium.
LINEAR KINETICS
Introduction
 Motion itself can be beautiful, causing us to marvel at the forces needed to
achieve spectacular motion, such as that of a dolphin jumping out of the water, or
a pole vaulted, or the flight of a bird, or the orbit of a satellite. The study of motion
is kinematics, but kinematics only describes the way objects move—their
velocity and their acceleration. Kinetics considers the forces that affect the
motion of moving objects and systems. Newton’s laws of motion are the
foundation of kinetics. These laws provide an example of the breadth and
simplicity of principles under which nature functions.
 Isaac Newton’s (1642–1727) laws of motion were just one part of the
monumental work that has made him legendary. The development of Newton’s
laws marks the transition from the Renaissance into the modern era. This
transition was characterized by a revolutionary change in the way people thought
about the physical universe and describe motion.
MASS
The quantity of matter possessed by a body is called its mass. •It is measured
in kilograms (kg).
 The mass of a body refers to the amount of substance that it is made up of
and is measured in kilograms (Kg). For example, a footballer is made up of bones,
muscle, fat, connective tissue, etc and all of that ‘substance’ will have a mass of
100 Kg for example.
 When speaking scientifically this is is not the same as weight. Although
we talk about a players ‘weight’ and measure it on bathroom scales, weight is a
force and from Newton’s 2nd law (force = mass x acceleration due to gravity). If
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the same footballer was placed on the moon her mass would still be 90.8Kg but
her weight would be much less because gravity is less.
WEIGHT
 Weight: force due to gravity -9.81m/s² Force: a pushing or pulling action
that causes a change of state (rest/motion) of a body is proportional to mass x
acceleration.
 Weight is a familiar force (Figure 5.1) attributable to the gravitational pull
of the Earth. It acts vertically downwards through the centre of gravity of an
object towards the centre of the Earth. The centre of gravity (G in Figure 5.1) is
an imaginary point at which the weight of an object can be considered to act. For
the human performer, there is little difference between the positions of the centre
of mass (see later) and the centre of gravity. The former is the term preferred in
most modern sports biomechanics literature and will be used in the rest of this
book. One reason for this preference is that the centre of gravity is a meaningless
concept in weightless environments, such as space shuttles. An athlete with a
mass of 50 kg has a weight (G) of about 490 N at sea level, at which the standard
value of gravitational acceleration, g, is assumed to be 9.81 m/s2 .
FORCE
 Force: a pushing or pulling action that causes a change of state
(rest/motion) of a body is proportional to mass x acceleration. It is measured in
Newton’s (N) where 1N is the force that will produce an acceleration of 1 m/s² in
a body of 1kg mass
 The most important aspect of biomechanics to consider is force.
 Force is simply a push or a pull exerted by one object on another. For an
example, when a muscle contracts it creates a force that is transferred to the
tendon to pull on the bony attachment, thus resulting in motion. An important
consideration with force is that it is a vector quantity.
A vector quantity always has 3 variables:
1. A Point of Application
2. A Magnitude
3. A Direction
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A Simple Force Diagram

Types of Forces
There many types of forces to consider when looking at biomechanics. A detailed
consideration of these forces is necessary to achieve a full picture of the
biomechanical system. There are 4 types of forces to consider with biomechanics
mentioned below. However, this is by no means an exhaustive list of all the
forces involved with biomechanics. It is only meant to display the amount of
complexity involved with human biomechanics and to help compose a free-body
diagram.
 Motion Forces -Rotatory, Tranlatory, Curvilinear
 External Forces – Gravity, Wind, Objects, Other People
 Internal Forces – Muscles, Connective Tissue (Elastic), Bone
 Reactionary Forces – Ground Reaction, Joint Reaction,
Gliding/Shear/Friction
PRESSURE
 Force acting per unit area on an object or body.
 The amount of force exerted in a particular area. Pressure = Force/Area
(P=F/A).
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 Pressure is an important aspect of physical force systems. It can have a

profound affect on the body from both external and internal forces. The results
of pressure depend on many different variables, including: the body position, type
of external force orientation, and medium through which the force is applied.
Manipulating these variables can help a clinician to use pressure as a therapeutic
stress as opposed to noxious stimuli.
What is Pressure?
Pressure = Force / Area
Pressure is the force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the
surface of an object. It is proportional to force and inversely proportional to area.
Force = Pressure x Area

WORK
 Work is defined as the product of the force and distance in which the force
acts.
 Whenever a force acts on the body, the work done by the force is equal to
the product of the magnitude of the force and the distance to which the body
moves in the direction of the applied force.
 Work = Force* Distance (W=F*s).
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POWER
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IMPULSE
 Impulse is simply a measure of the force applied for a specific time.

Impulse = force x time and has units Ns (Newton seconds). It is an important
concept in sport because many techniques, particularly throwing activities,
require the performer to apply as large a force possible for as long as possible.
ENERGY
 The area of a force-time graph gives the impulse. For example, when
hitting a golf ball the player needs to strike the ball as hard as possible (applying
a large force) as the ball will fly off in a very short time. The golfer cannot really
control how long the force is applied to the ball but they can increase the
magnitude of the force.
 However, a Discus thrower needs to apply a force to the discus for as long
as possible to put the most energy into the implement. The same is true for the
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Javelin thrower. The longer ‘pull’ they can apply to the object the faster it will
leave the hand.
Example Calculations
The cricketer applies a force of 20N to a ball for 0.5 seconds. What is the impulse?
Impulse = force x time
I = 20 x 0.5 = 10Ns
A hammer thrower applies a force of 30N for 1 second doing 1 turn and 30N for
3 seconds doing 4 turns. What is the difference in impulse?
I (1 turn) = 30 x 1 = 30 Ns
I (4 turns) = 30 x 3 = 90 Ns
So, we can see that three times more impulse is generated by doing four turns as
opposed to one turn. The force is applied to the hammer for longer increasing
impulse.
Use your knowledge of impulses to explain whether a tennis ball struck
with a backhand without following through with the racket will hit the ball harder
than a backhand, where the player follows the shot through?
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Force time graphs

Force time graphs are often used to illustrate impulse. The area of the graph =
impulse.
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 The graph below shows the force-time plot for a vertical jump. When the
athlete is standing still only weight from gravity is acting down. As they bend
their legs ready to jump the force on the ground is negative and then when they
explode upwards into the jump the force becomes positive again.
MOMENTUM
 Newton’ Second Law is also related to the variable momentum, which is

the product of an object’s velocity and mass. Momentum is essentially the
quantity of motion an object possesses [11]. Momentum can be transferred from
one object to another. There are different types of momentum which each have a
different impact on the sport.
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Linear Momentum
 Linear momentum is momentum in a straight line e.g. linear momentum is

created as the athlete sprints in a straight line down the 100m straight on the track.
Angular Momentum
 Angular momentum is rotational momentum and is created by the rotations

of the various body segments e.g. the open stance forehand uses significant
angular momentum. The tremendous increase in the use of angular momentum in
ground strokes and serves has had a significant impact on the game of tennis. One
of the main reasons for the increase in power of the game today is the
incorporation of angular momentum into ground stroke and serve techniques. In
tennis, the angular momentum developed by the coordinated action of body
segments transfers to the linear momentum of the racket at impact.
IMPACT
 Biomechanics is the science of movement of a living body, including how
muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments work together to produce movement.
Biomechanics is part of the larger field of kinesiology, specifically focusing on
the mechanics of the movement. It is both a basic and applied science,
encompassing research and practical use of its findings.
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 Biomechanics includes not only the structure of bones and muscles and the
movement they can produce, but also the mechanics of blood circulation, renal
function, and other body functions. The American Society of Biomechanics says
that biomechanics represents the broad interplay between mechanics and
biological systems. Biomechanics studies not only the human body but also
animals and even extends to plants and the mechanical workings of cells.
 Biomechanics is the science of movement of a living body, including how
muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments work together to produce movement.
Biomechanics is part of the larger field of kinesiology, specifically focusing on
the mechanics of the movement. It is both a basic and applied science,
encompassing research and practical use of its findings.
 Biomechanics includes not only the structure of bones and muscles and the
movement they can produce, but also the mechanics of blood circulation, renal
function, and other body functions. The American Society of Biomechanics says
that biomechanics represents the broad interplay between mechanics and
biological systems. Biomechanics studies not only the human body but also
animals and even extends to plants and the mechanical workings of cells.
FRICTION
 The force acting along two surfaces in contact which opposes the motion
of one body over the other is called the force of friction.
Friction is of two types

1. Static Friction
 The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over
the another surface but the actual motion has yet not started is called static
friction.
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2. Dynamic Friction
 It is the friction between two surfaces that are in relative motion with
respect to each other. It is the opposing force that comes into play when one body
is actually moving over the surface of another body.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Issac Newton made three laws of motion which are explained below
1. Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of inertia)
 This law states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion
will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction till any external
force is. Applied on it to change that state. Application in sports Example:
 In basketball, players on the court must keep in mind about dribbling
because the ball will continue to bounce for some time if they lose control. If the
ball bounces too far away from the player, his or her team can lose possession.
2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion (law of momentum)
 This law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass. Application in
sports
 Runners struggle while stopping at the finish line because it requires a very
sudden change in motion. Shot-put throw.
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3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion (law of interaction)

This law states that to every action, there is always an equal and opposite
reaction.
Application in sports
While swimming, the swimmer pushes the water backwards using his hands and
thus attains a forward push due to an equal and opposite reaction from the water.
Page 52 of 57
TYPES OF LEVERS
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 First-Class Lever
 Second Class Lever
 Third Class Lever
First Class Lever
This is a type of lever which has the fulcrum in between the weight and the force
applied. Its order is represented as force-fulcrum-weight. This is the most basic
type of lever.
Example:
 Our hand pushing an object or seesaws crowbars.
 Using scissors represents the use of two first-class levers.
 A wheel and axle is also an example.
 Pulling a nail out of a wooden plank also represents a first-class lever.
Second Class Lever
In this, the fulcrum is at one end and the force applied is on the other end. The
weight is situated in the middle of these two. The order of this would be fulcrum
weight-force. The application of force at one end will result in some work done
on the other end.
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Example:
 Wheelbarrow
 Staplers
 Doors or gates
 Bottle openers
 Nutcracker
 Nail clippers
Third Class Lever
These are the levers in which the fulcrum is at one end and the force is applied in
the middle and the weight is on the other end. The order is represented as a weight
force-fulcrum. In this case, we have to apply more energy to displace the weight
to a longer distance.
Example:
 Fishing rod
 A broom
 A baseball bat
 A bow and arrow
 Human jaw
EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium is the state of no acceleration (no change of speed or direction) of

body.
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 Static Equilibrium refers to the body at rest or motionless.

 Dynamic Equilibrium refers to the body in motion with unchanged
acceleration created by balanced applied and inertial force
3. TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM
All objects rest is in equilibrium. That means all the forces acting of them are
equally balanced.
And sum of all the forces and of all torques equal zero. But all the objects are not
equally stable
The following are the types of equilibrium;-
A. stable equilibrium
If the person of an object is slightly altered and the object tends to return to its
original position, the object is said in stable equilibrium
(Fig. A) (the stable equilibrium occurs when an object is placed in such a way
that an effort to disturb it would require its centre of gravity to be raised)
B. unstable equilibrium
It exists when it requires only a slight push to disturb the equilibrium.
e.g.; the swimmers of sprint runners "set" position. (Fig. B).
C. neutral equilibrium
The object is said to be in neutral equilibrium when it is disturbed without either
raising or lowering the centre of gravity.
e.g.; a ball lying on a table is said to be in neutral equilibrium (Fig. C).
Page 56 of 57
THANK YOU
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KAMARAJ COLLEGE

SELF FINANCING COURSES

STUDY MATERIAL FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

SPORTS BIOMECHANICS AND KINESIOLOGY

Unit I - Introduction of Kinesiology (12 hours)

Unit II – Posture (12 hours)

Unit IV - Introduction of Biomechanics (12 hours)

Unit V – Kinetics (12 hours)

Aristotle is the “Father of Kinesiology”; His treatises, PARTS OF

Archimedes another Greek determined hydrostatic principles governing

Galen a Roman citizen who tended the Pergamum’s gladiators in Asia

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

and insertion of the muscles.

In PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA PHILOSOPHAE NATURALIS, which

AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF KINESIOLOGY

 Kinesiology focuses on mechanical concepts related to human movement

AXES AND PLANES

CRITERIA FOR GOOD POSTURE

CAUSES FOR POOR POSTURE

POSTURAL DEFORMITIES CORRECTION FOR LORDOSIS,

knock knees images

Knock knees meaning - Knock knees or Genu Velgum is a postural

Knock knees meaning - Knock knees or Genu Velgum is a postural

Flat foot Causes:

Precautions of Flat foot:

Flat foot Remedies and Flat foot exercises:

Round shoulders meaning - Round Shoulders or arm around shoulder is

Lordosis meaning - Lordosis is a postural deformity in which the lumbar

Kyphosis Treatment and Kyphosis exercises:

Bow legs meaning - It is a postural deformity. It is opposite to knock-

Bow legs Remedies and bow legs exercises:

 Lifting weight towards one side in routine.

APPLICATION OF KINESIOLOGY TO MOTOR SKILLS AND DAILY

Major, Deltoids, Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Rectus, Triceps and Biceps -

muscles Semi membranous, Gastronomie

LOCATION, ORIGIN, INSERTION, AND ACTION OF MUSCLES AT UPPER LIMB:

LOCATION, ORIGIN, INSERTION, AND ACTION OF MUSCLES AT

neurological considerations we also need to consider when describing

 Knowledge of safety principles

SPEED AND VELOCITY

 Angular speed = angular displacement ÷ time

ANGULAR PROJECTILE MOTION

 Horizontal component of initial velocity = u cos θ.

A Simple Force Diagram

 Pressure is an important aspect of physical force systems. It can have a

Force = Pressure x Area

 Impulse is simply a measure of the force applied for a specific time.

Force time graphs

 Newton’ Second Law is also related to the variable momentum, which is

 Linear momentum is momentum in a straight line e.g. linear momentum is

 Angular momentum is rotational momentum and is created by the rotations

Friction is of two types

3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion (law of interaction)

Equilibrium is the state of no acceleration (no change of speed or direction) of

 Static Equilibrium refers to the body at rest or motionless.

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