AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR EFFLUENT ON

WELL WATER QUALITY

(A CASE STUDY OF INKIL ABATTOIR BAUCHI METROPOLIS,

BAUCHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

BY

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BAUCHI,
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BAUCHI,
NIGERIA.

JANUARY, 2020

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 TABLE OF CONTNENTS
Title page - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration page - - - - - - - - - ii
Approval page- - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v
Table of contents - - - - - - - - - vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of Problem - - - - - - - 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study - - - - - 2
1.3.1 Aim of the Study - - - - - - - - 2
1.3.2 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - 2
1.4 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - 3
1.5 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - - 3
1.6 Limitation of the Study - - - - - - - 4
CHAPTER TWO
LIITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 6
2.1 Introduction of Abattoir Waste Water - - - - - 8
2.2 Sources of Waste Water in Red Meat Abattoirs - - - 9
2.3 Technical Definition of Abattoir Waste - - - - 10
2.4 Provisional Best Management Practice - - - - 11
2.5 Definition of Water Waste - - - - - - 12
2.6 Quality of Waste Water - - - - - - - 12
2.7 Physical Properties of Waste Water - - - - - 13
2.8 Classes of Waste Water - - - - - - - 13

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2.9 Characteristics of Waste Water - - - - - 14
2.10 Composition of Waste Water - - - - - - 15
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 20
3.2 Sampling Locations - - - - - - - 22
3.2.1 Sampling Point 1 - - - - - - - - 22
3.2.2 Sampling point 2 - - - - - - - - 22
3.3 Conditions of Sampling - - - - - - - 23
3.3.1 Time - - - - - - - - - - 23
3.3.2 Type of Sampling - - - - - - - - 23
3.4 Data Analysis - - - - - - - - 23
3.5 Solid Waste Management - - - - - - 24
3.6 Abattoir Waste Water Sampling - - - - - -
24
3.7 Colour - - - - - - - - - 25
3.8 Temperature- - - - - - - - - 26
3.9 Turbidity - - - - - - - - - 27
3.12 Photometric method - - - - - - - 29
3.14 pH - - - - - - - - - -
30
3.17 Total iron (Fe) - - - - - - - - 31
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Well Water Samples Collection - - - - - - 32

4.2 Data Analysis and Management- - - - - - 32
4.3 List of figures - - - - - - - - - - 35

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Fig: 1, Temperature - - - - - - - - - - 35
Fig: 2, Turbidity - - - - - - - - - - 36
Fig: 3, Colour - - - - - - - - - - - 37
Fig: 4, PH - - - - - - - - - - - - 38
Fig: 5, TDS - - - - - - - - - - - - 39
Fig: 6, Conductivity - - - - - - - - - - 40
Fig: 7, Total Hardness - - - - - - - - - 41
Fig: 8, Total Iron - - - - - - - - - - 42
Fig: 9, Total Alkalinity - - - - - - - - - 43
Fig: 10 Calcium - - - - - - - - - - - 44
Fig: 12, Magnesium - - - - - - - - - - 45
Fig: 13, Faecal Coli Form - - - - - - - - 46
Fig: 14 Total Coli Form - - - - - - - - - 47
4.3 Physical Analysis of well water - - - - - - 47
4.4 Chemical Analysis of well water - - - - - - 49
4.5 Microbiological Analysis of well water - - - - - 51
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION
5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 52

5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - - 52

References - - - - - - - - 53
Appendixes - - - - - - - - 56
List of Plates - - - - - - - - 56
Plate: 1, Sample collection - - - - - - 56
Plate: 2, Distance of Well - - - - - - 56
Plate: 3, Abbatoir Activites - - - - - - 57

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Plate: 4, Laboratory Test - - - - - - 57

ABSTRACT

The research examined the impact of abattoir wastes on groundwater quality of Inkil
abattoir Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi Local Government. Water sample were collected
from two point of bore holes in the study are. The water sample were tested for
physical, chemical and biological parameters such as temperature, Turbidity, color P H,
total dissolved solid, conductivity, total hardness, Alkalinity, iron, calcium, magnesium
total caliform and total fical coliform. The main values of parameters in the water
samples collected from the studied wells range from649 - 647μs, 398 – 202mg/L, 70 –
84mg/L 0.00 – 0.02mg/L 111.2 – 44mg/L, 29.30 – 19.86mg/L. There was a great
difference in the water quality from staged and control well in the parameters except
the total coliform the quality of the ground water improved with increasing distance
from the abattoir. Findings revealed that abattoir have the potential to impact the
quality of ground water. Therefore, careful precaution should be consideration in
required when choosing a location for sitting new abattoir, not forgetting existing
areas close to residential area, effective pollution control measure should be put in
place to protect ground water from pollution. The study recommends creating
awareness and treating of underground water in slaughter areas before use.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Water pollution from abattoir effluents may create substantial environmental

and public health hazards. Available literature is scanty on the quality of

groundwater located near abattoirs in tropical developing countries like

Nigeria. This study, therefore, accessed the impact of abattoir activities on

the quality of groundwater in Nigeria.

The meat industry which consist of various forms of processing which

include abattoir, abattoir is one of the largest consumer of water. (Angelakis

and Snyder, 2015). With over 2000 Gm3 of water requires per year for the

animal production. (Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2011) This high volume of

water for the meat production yields considerable equal amount of waste

water to the discharged. The waste water discharged very in pollution

content ranging from organic to inorganic pollution. The need for regular

surveillance, pre-treatment and treatment of water bodies is of utmost

importance in this generation so as to maintain the sustainability of the

environment. (Khan, Gani and Chakrapani, 2016).

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1.2 Statement of Problem

In Nigeria, many abattoir dispose their effluent directly into streams and

rivers without any form of treatment and the slaughter meat is washed by the

same water (Adelegan, et al, 2004) According to the world health

organization (WHO 2011), more than 3.4 million people die each year from

the waterborne disease most of them are hound men. It was estimated that

about fifty percent of the world's population in developing counties (such as

Nigeria) is suffering from a water related disease at any one time.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 Aim of the Study

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of abattoir effluent on the

well water quality in Bauchi Abattoir at Inkil Area.

1.3.2 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the present study are:

1. To provide a portable supply - one that is chemically and

microbiologically safe for human consumption.

2. To be free from apparent of turbidity, colour, odour, and objectionable

taste.

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 3. To measure the level of pollution from disposal of abattoir effluents

into the wells.

4. To determine the characteristics of abattoir effluent such as physical,

chemical and biological properties.

5. To determine the capacity of the wells to cleanse itself from its

pollutants.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Assessing the water quality within the vicinity of abattoirs in

residential areas will help to anticipate the impacts on the health of residents

who depend solely on the well waters for consumption and other domestic

uses. This is also important because most residents in developing countries

believe that because water is potable based on physical observations, it has

no effects on their health. The study, therefore, intends to assess the water

quality parameters of water in the shallow wells located in such areas.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The research consists of a field survey, sampling exercise, a

laboratory analysis of sample obtained. The field survey will be carried out

over 80 to 100 Meters distance of the wells within the area (specifically

between slaughterhouse and wells area). The following test will be conduct.

Physical (Color, odor, temperature and turbidity), Chemical, (Calcium

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 hardness, pH, Magnesium, Chlorine iron, Dissove oxygen Nitrate) and

Biological (Biochemical oxygen Deand, microbial population) of the waste

water sample.

1.6 Limitation of the Study

The study will provide basic information only the water use and

conflict. It will also evaluate the current water quality and degree of

pollution of the wells. The data will furnish information that will be useful to

predict likely changes over time in the concentration levels of different

pollutants. Possible solutions to the existing problems will be suggested and

may form basis of adoption of engineering measures to arrest pollution by of

abattoir and commercial activates. These pollutants were at various stages

moved down the slope into the drainage and percolates into the ground.

a. Physical Parameters

I. PH

II. Temperature

III. Colour

IV. Odor

V. Conductivity

VI. Turbidity

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b. Chemical Test

i. Total Hardness (as CaCOs) mg/1

ii. Total Alkalinity (as CaC03) mg/l

iii. Total Iron, Fe2+ (mg/l)

iv. Calcium, Ca2+ (mg/1)

v. Magnesium, Mg2+ (mg/1)

vi. Total Coli form (cfu/lOOml)

vii. Faecal Coli form (cfu/lOOml)

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