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Circuits CH3
Circuits CH3
Chapter 3
Complex Numbers
3-1 Imaginary Operator j
2
An algebraic equations, such as ( x 2x 5 0 ), does not have a real
solution but with the definition of the imaginary operator:
j 1
this equation can have the following solution,
x 2 2x 5 0 x 1 1 5 1 4 1 1 4 1 j2
3-2 Imaginary Number
We can see that the solution of the above equation is equal to a real number
plus a real number multiplied by the imaginary operator j.
A real number, multiplied by the imaginary operator j is called an imaginary
number. The following are other examples for imaginary numbers:
a = Re { A } , b Im{ A }
Note that Real numbers are a special case of complex numbers, where a real
number is a complex number with an imaginary part equal to zero, for example:
The real part is equal to the horizontal distance between the origin point and
the point representing the complex number and the imaginary part is equal to
the vertical distance between the origin and the point, representing the complex
number.
ac ,b d
3-6 Conjugate Complex Number
The only difference between a complex number: A a jb , and its conjugate
*
complex number ( A ) is the sign of the imaginary part:
*
A a jb
3-7 Operations with Complex Numbers
Any operation with complex numbers will always result in one complex
number with one real part and one imaginary part.
*
A B , A B , A* B , A/ B , A/ B
Solution: A B = 3 j 4 + 4 2 j =7 2 j
A B = 3 j4 - 4 2 j = 1 6 j
A* B = ( 3 j 4 ) ( 4 2 j ) = 12 6 j 16 j 8 20 10 j
A 34j ( 3 4 j )( 4 2 j ) 12 6 j 16 j 8
= = = = 0.2 1.1 j
B 4 2 j ( 4 2 j )( 4 2 J ) 20
A 34j ( 3 4 j )( 4 2 j ) 12 6 j 16 j 8
= = = = 1 0.5 j
B
* 42j ( 4 2 j )( 4 2 J ) 20
3
Fig. 8-8
The representation of the complex number in terms of A and is called:
"Exponential form" or "Polar form", which can be obtained from the Cartesian
form as follows:
A = a jb (Cartesian Form)
A = Ae j (Exponential Form)
A a 2 b2 , = tan 1 ( b / a )
A = Ae j A , B = B e j B
are equal, if their magnitudes and phase angles are equal:
A B , A = B
Example 3-2 Convert the following two complex numbers to the exponential
form and polar form:
V1 = 43j , V2 = 43j
o
V1 = 5 e j 36.9 = 5 36.9 o
4
Since the real part of V2 is negative, we have to write it and carry out the
conversion as follows:
o o o
V 2 4 3 j ( 4 3 j ) V 1 e j 180 V 1 e j 180 5 e j 36.9
o o
V 2 5 e j 143.1 5143.1o 5 e j 216.9 5 219.9 o
j 30 o
Example 3-3 Convert the complex number I 10 e to the Polar- and
Cartesian forms
o
Solution: I 10e j 30 1030 o 10 cos 30 o j 10 sin 30 o 5 3 j 5
Problems
3-1 Obtain the simplest Cartesian form for each of the following complex
numbers:
A ( 1 3 j )( 2 j ) ,B 2 j ( 3 j )( 1 j )
2 j
1 j
1 j ( 1 j )10
C , D , E ( 1 j )10 ( 1 j )10
( 1 j )( 2 j ) (1 j ) 20
3-2 Obtain the magnitude and phase angle for each of the complex
numbers given in problem no 3-1.
3-3 Obtain the Cartesian form for each of the following complex numbers:
A 5 30 o , B 12 45 o , C 390 o
D 4 30 o , E 2 150 o , F 6 120 o
3-4 Obtain the Cartesian form for each of the following complex numbers:
A 4e j / 4 , B 2e j / 3 , C 5e j / 2
j 60 o j 45 o j 150o
D 6e , E 3e , F 2e
3-5 Given:
A = 52j , B = 36j , C = 43j
Obtain the result of each of the following operations in Cartesian form:
BC , 4 A 2 B 3C , j C ( A B )2
* * * *
A Re{ B } B Re{ A } , [( A A )( B B )]* , ( 1 / A ) ( 1 / B )