PHYSICS

ACTIVITY
Ammar
XII-C
Our Own English High
School Sharjah, Boys
 3

INDEX

Sign.
Sl.No EXPERIMENT Remark

To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor,

an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a
1
mixed collection of such items.

To study the nature and size of the

image formed by a convex lens on a
screen by using a candle and a screen
2
for different distances of the candle
from the lens.

To study the nature and size of the

image formed by a concave mirror on a
screen by using a candle and a screen
3 (for different distances of the candle
from the mirror).

To draw the diagram of a given open

circuit comprising of at least a battery,
4 resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and
voltmeter. Mark the components that
are not connected in proper order and
correct the circuit and also the diagram.

To observe refraction and lateral

deviation (displacement) of a beam of
5
light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

To study variation in potential drop with

length of a wire for a steady current
6

ACTIVI
TY-1
*OBJECTIVE:
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a
resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such
items.

*APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

Apparatus: Multimeter. Material: Above mixed
collection of items.

*THEORY:
For identification, appearance and working of each
item will have to be considered.
1. A diode is a two-terminal device. It conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse
biased. It does not emit light while conducting.
Hence, it does not glow. 6
2. A LED (Light Emitting Diode) is also a two-
terminal device. It also conducts when forward
biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It
emits light while conducting, hence glows.
 3. A transistor is a three-terminal device. The
terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and
collector (C).
4. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi- terminal device
in for of a chip.
5. A resistor is a two-terminal device. It conducts
when either forward biased or reverse biased. (In
fact, there is no forward or reverse biased for a
resistor). It conducts even when operated with A.C
voltage.
6. A capacitor is also a two-terminal device. It does
not conduct when either forward biased or reverse
biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C
source, then multimeter shows full scale current
initially, but it decays to zero quickly. It is because a
capacitor initially draws a charge.

*PROCEDURE:
1. If the item has four or more terminals and has a
form of a chip, it is an IC.
2. If the item has three terminals, it’s a transistor. 7
3. If the item has two terminals, it may be a diode, a
LED, a resistor, or a capacitor.
*To Differentiate Proceed As Follows:

Make a series circuit with battery eliminator, reversing

key, the item and the multimeter with range set in milli-
amperes. Switch off the battery eliminator and watch
the movement of the multimeter pointer.
1. If the pointer moves when voltage is applied in one
way and does not move when reversed and there is
not light emission the item is a diode.
2. If the pointer moves when the voltage is applied in
one way and not when reversed and there is light
emission the item is a LED.
3. If the pointer moves when voltage is applied in one
way and also when reversed, the item is a resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in
one way and also when reversed, the item is a
capacitor.

DIAGRAMS
 9
ACTIVITY-
2
*OBJECTIVE:
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a
convex lens on a screen by using a candle and a screen
for different distances of the candle from the lens.
*APPARATUS:
1. An optical bench with three uprights.
2. A convex lens with holder.
3. A burning candle.
4. A card-board screen.
*DIAGRAM:

10

*THEORY:
From lens formula,
When u = ∞, v = f
When u = -2f, v = 2f
When u = -f, v = ∞
When u < (-f), v becomes negative, (image becomes
virtual).
Hence, as the object (burning candle) is moved from
infinity towards the convex mirror, its image (position of
screen) moves from lens focus towards infinity.
For candle distance < f, image becomes virtual and does
not come on screen.
*PROCEDURE:
Find rough focal length of the convex lens by usual
method.
Mount the convex lens in holder in central upright and
keep it in the middle of the optical bench.
Mount the card-board screen on another upright and
keep it at distance equal to rough focal length of the
lens, from the central upright. 11
Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it on the
other side of the central upright and near the end of the
optical bench.
 Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of
burning candle is formed on screen. Move the screen to make
the image sharp. The screen will be nearly at the focus of the
convex lens.
The image will be real inverted and much more diminished.
As the burning candle is moved towards the lens on one side,
the screen has to be moved away from the lens on the other
side, for getting sharp flame images. The inverted image size
increases.
When the position of the candle is at distance 2f from the lens,
the screen is also at same distance on the other side. The
image size will be equal to the actual flame size.
Move the candle nearer to the lens. The screen has to be
moved away for getting an enlarged inverted real image on
screen.
As the candle reaches the focus of the lens, the screen may not
be able to get its image which will be at infinity, i.e. beyond the
ends of the optical bench.

CONCLUSION:
The change in position, nature and size of the image is
according to theoretical predictions. 12

ACTIVITY-
3
*OBJECTIVE:
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a
concave mirror on a screen by using a candle and a
screen (for different distances of the candle from the
mirror).
*APPARATUS:
An optical bench with three uprights, a concave mirror
with holder, a burning candle, a card-board screen.
*DIAGRAM:

13
*THEORY:
From lens formula,
When u = ∞, v = -f
When u = -2f, v = -2f’
When u = -f, v = ∞
When u < (-f), v becomes positive (image becomes
virtual).
Hence, as the object (burning candle) is moved from
infinity towards the concave mirror, its image (position
of screen) moves from mirror focus towards infinity.
The two cross each other at distance 2f i.e., at the C of
the mirror. For candle distance < f, image becomes
virtual and does not come on screen

*PROCEDURE:
Find rough focal length of the concave mirror by usual
method.
Mount the concave mirror in holder in central upright
and keep it in the middle of the optical bench, keeping
mirror face inward. 14
Mount the card-board screen on another upright and keep it at
distance equal to rough focal length of the mirror, from first
upright.
Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it near
the other end of the optical bench.
Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of
burning candle is formed on screen. Move the screen to make
the image sharp. The screen will be nearly at the focus of the
concave mirror.
The image will be real inverted and much more diminished.
As the burning candle is moved towards the mirror on one
side, the screen has to be moved away from it to get sharp
flame images. The inverted image size increases.
When the position of the candle approaches the C of the
mirror, the screen also approaches the same position. The
image size will be equal to the actual flame size.
Move the candle nearer to the mirror. The screen has to be
moved away for getting an enlarged inverted real image on
screen.
As the candle reaches the focus of the mirror, the screen may
not be able to get its image which will be at infinity, i.e. beyond
the ends of the optical bench.
*CONCLUSION:
The change in position, nature and size of the image is
according to theoretical predictions. 15

ACTIVI
TY-4
*OBJECTIVE:

To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising

of at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter, and
voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected
in proper order and correct the circuit and also the
diagram.

*APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

1. A battery (0 to 6 V)
2. Rheostat
3. Two or one-way key
4. D.C ammeter (0-3 A)
5. D.C voltmeter (0-3 V)
6. Resistance box (100 Ω) 16
*THEORY:
An open circuit is the combination of primary
components of electric circuit in such a manner that on
closing the circuit no current is drawn from the battery.
*DIAGRAM:

*PROCEDURE:

Ammeter: It should be connected in series with the

battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel 17
Rheostat: It should be connected in series with the
battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in
place of rheostat).
One-way key: It should be connected in series to the
battery eliminator.

18

ACTIVI
TY-5
*OBJECTIVE:

To observe refraction and lateral deviation

(displacement) of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.

*APPARATUS:
1. Glass Slab 4. Drawing Pins
2. Drawing Board 5. Office Pins
3. White Paper Sheet 6. Protractor

19
DIAGRAM:
*THEORY:
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of
glass slab, the nit bends towards the normal since
refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The
refracted ray (QR) travel along straight line and
incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the
normal since refraction takes place from denser to rarer
medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is called
emergent ray. 20
(i) The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray, i
= e.
(ii) The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its
original path (incident ray) by a distance
d = t sec r sin (i – r).
*PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a
drawing board.
2. Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the
middle of the paper and mark its boundary
ABCD.
3. Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw
a line PQ making an angle I with the normal. PQ
will represent an incident ray.
4. Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at
distances 1 cm or more between themselves.
5. See images of these pins through face DC and
fix two more pins at points 3 and 4 (1cm or more
apart) such that these two pins cover the images
of first two pins, all being along a straight line.
6. Remove the glass slab. Draw a straight-line RS
through 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray. Join
QR to represent refracted ray.
21
7. Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure
angle e. It comes out to be equal to angle i.
 8. Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU
perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral
displacement d.
9. Take another angle and measure the lateral
displacement.
*CONCLUSION:
1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence ( e ).
2. The lateral displacement increases with the
increase in the thickness of the slab.
3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle
of incidence (i).

22

ACTIVI
TY-6
*OBJECTIVE:
To study variation in potential drop with length of a
wire for a steady current.
*APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:
a) Apparatus: Potentiometer.
b) Material: A fully charged 4.5 V battery or battery
eliminator, a low resistance rheostat, a voltmeter of
range (0-3 V), an ammeter (0-3 A), a one-way key, a
jockey, a set square, connecting wires and a piece of
sandpaper.

*DIAGRAM:

23
*THEORY:
For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material
density and thickness (CSA) carrying a steady
current, a potential drop is proportional to the length
of the wire.
V∝l
V = Kl
K = V/l = constant.
Where K is the drop of potential per unit length. It is
called the potential gradient.

*PROCEDURE:
1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the scheme of
connections.
2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the
connecting copper wires with a sandpaper.
3. Connect the positive pole of the battery (eliminator)
(a battery of constant a.m.) to the zero end (P) of the
potentiometer and the negative pole through a one-
way key, an ammeter, and a low resistance rheostat to
the other end (Q) of the potentiometer.
 24
4. Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the
end P of the potentiometer and the negative terminal
to the jockey.
5. Touch the jockey to the end Q of the potentiometer.
6. Close the key and set the rheostat such that the
voltmeter gives full scale deflection (3 V).
7. Touch the jockey at end P at 0 (zero) cm. The
voltmeter will give zero deflection.
8. Touch the jockey at marks separated by 50 cm
length of wire. Note the voltmeter reading in both
cases.
9. Record observations

*RESULT:
The graph between V and l is a straight line.
Therefore, the potential drop along the length of wire
is directly proportional to its length.
v∝l
v = kl
 THE END

TEACHER: MRS.BINDU
SUNILKUMAR