19-IR-Spectroscopy-Notes

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com
277
IR SPECTROSCOPY
a analyse an infra-red spectrum of a simple molecule to identify functional groups (see

the Data Booklet for functional groups required in the syllabus)
IR SPECTROSCOPY
CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

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Analytical techniques are important tools for investigating organic compounds.
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Learning outcomes 278
Candidates should be able to:
22 Analytical techniques
Analytical
22.1 techniques are important
Chromatography toolsand
a) explain for investigating
use the termsorganic compounds.
Rf value in thin layer chromatography and
retention time in gas/liquid chromatography from chromatograms
Learning
b) outcomes
interpret gas/liquid chromatograms in terms of the percentage
Candidates should
composition ofbe able to:
a mixture
22.2
22.1 Infra-red
Chromatography a) explain
a) analyse and
an infra-red
use thespectrum
terms Rf of a simple
value molecule
in thin to identify functional
layer chromatography and
spectroscopy groups (see
retention thein
time Data Booklet chromatography
gas/liquid for functional groups
fromrequired in the
chromatograms
syllabus) gas/liquid chromatograms in terms of the percentage
b) interpret
composition of a mixture
22.3 Mass spectrometry a) deduce the molecular mass of an organic molecule from the
22.2 Infra-red a) molecular
analyse an ion peakspectrum
infra-red in a massofspectrum
a simple molecule to identify functional
spectroscopy groups (see
b) deduce the Data of
the number Booklet foratoms
carbon functional
in a groups required
compound in the
using the M+1
syllabus)
peak
c) deduce the presence of bromine and chlorine atoms in a compound
22.3 Mass spectrometry a) using
deducethe M+2
the peak mass of an organic molecule from the
molecular
molecular
d) suggest ion
the peak inofamolecules
identity mass spectrum
formed by simple fragmentation
b) in a given
deduce themass spectrum
number of carbon atoms in a compound using the M+1
peak
22.4 Carbon-13 NMR c) analyse
a) deduce the presenceNMR
a carbon-13 of bromine andofchlorine
spectrum a simpleatoms in a compound
molecule to deduce:
spectroscopy using the M+2 peak
(i) the different environments of the carbon atoms present
d) suggest the identity of molecules formed by simple fragmentation
(ii) the possible structures for the molecule
in a given mass spectrum
b) predict the number of peaks in a carbon-13 NMR spectrum for a
given molecule
22.4 Carbon-13 NMR a) analyse a carbon-13 NMR spectrum of a simple molecule to deduce:
spectroscopy (i) the different environments of the carbon atoms present
22.5 Proton (1H) NMR a) analyse and interpret a proton NMR spectrum of a simple molecule
spectroscopy (ii)deduce:
to the possible structures for the molecule
b) (i)
predict the number
the different of of
types peaks in apresent
proton carbon-13 NMR
using spectrum
chemical forvalues
shift a
given molecule
(ii) the relative numbers of each type of proton present from
relative peak areas
22.5 Proton (1H) NMR a) (iii)
analyse and interpret
the number a proton NMR
of non-equivalent spectrum
protons of a simple
adjacent molecule
to a given
spectroscopy to deduce:
proton from the splitting pattern, using the n + 1 rule
(i) the
(iv) the possible
different structures
types of proton
for thepresent
moleculeusing chemical shift values
(ii) the the
b) predict relative numbers
chemical ofand
shifts each type of patterns
splitting proton present from in a
of the protons
relative
given moleculepeak areas
(iii) the number
c) describe the useofofnon-equivalent protons
tetramethylsilane, TMS,adjacent to a given
as the standard for
proton from the splitting
chemical shift measurements pattern, using the n + 1 rule
(iv) the
d) state possible
the structures
need for deuterated forsolvents,
the molecule
e.g. CDCl , when obtaining
3
b) an
predict
NMRthe chemical shifts and splitting patterns of the protons in a
spectrum
given molecule
e) describe the identification of O–H and N–H protons by proton
c) exchange
describe the useDof
using 2O
tetramethylsilane, TMS, as the standard for
chemical shift measurements
d) state the need for deuterated solvents, e.g. CDCl3, when obtaining
an NMR spectrum
e) describe the identification of O–H and N–H protons by proton 45
Back to contents page www.cie.org.uk/alevel
exchange using D2O
Back to contents page www.cie.org.uk/alevel 45

Figure 15.1
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279 The instrumen
wavelengths,
how strongly
wavelength. W
absorbs, ther
the radiation
up as a dip in
INFRA-RED (IR) SPECTROSCOPY
15.1 Infrared spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is a term that covers a range of practical techniques for studying
the composition, structure and bonding of compounds. Spectroscopic
techniques are now the essential ‘eyes’ of chemistry.
The range of techniques available covers many parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum, including the infrared, visible and ultraviolet regions. The
instruments used are either called spectroscopes (which emphasises the use of
techniques for making observations) or spectrometers (which emphasises the
importance of measurements).
Infrared spectroscopy is used to identify functional groups in organic
molecules. Infrared radiation from a glowing lamp or fire makes us feel warm.
This is because the frequencies of infrared radiation correspond to the natural
frequencies of vibrating atoms in molecules. Our skin warms up as the
IRradiation
molecules absorb infrared ABSORPTION
and vibrate faster.
Infrared spectroscopy is used to identify functional groups in organic molecules.
radiation
Figure 15.2
sample detector computer printer Essential feat
source
Most compounds absorb infrared radiation.
beam spectro
The wavelengths of the radiation they absorb correspond to the natural
Most compounds absorb infrared radiation. The wavelengths of the radiation
frequencies at which
they absorb vibrating
correspond bonds
to the in the
natural molecules
frequencies at bend
whichand stretch.
vibrating bonds in
the molecules bend and stretch. However, it is only molecules that change
However, it is only molecules that change their polarity as they vibrate that
their polarity as they vibrate that interact with infrared radiation.
interact with infrared radiation.
Figure 15.3
Bond vibratio
the infrared re
molecules tha
interact with e

280
IR ABSORPTION
Bonds vibrate in particular ways and absorb radiation at specific wavelengths.
This means that it is possible to look at an infrared spectrum and identify
functional groups.
As a result, the infrared spectrum gives valuable clues to the presence of

functional groups in organic molecules.
An ‘IR spectrum’ can be read to analyze the structure of an organic molecule -

most importantly the functional groups present. These are analysed in an
instrument called the spectrophotometer.
Only molecules that are polar (and hence have dipole moments) can absorb IR
radiation.
3
SKILL CHECK
Which of these molecules will absorb IR radiation?
A. O2
B. HCN
C. H2S
D. N2
E. CCl4
F. CO2

281
IR ABSORPTION
The major use of infrared spectroscopy is in determining the structures of
organic compounds. In an infrared spectrometer, infrared radiation in the range
400–4000cm−1 is passed through a sample.
The printout of the spectrum then shows which frequencies (wavenumbers) are
absorbed.
Infrared spectra are always looked at with the baseline (representing 100%
transmittance, i.e. zero absorbance) at the top.
The troughs (usually called ‘bands’) thus represent wavenumbers at which

radiation is absorbed.
IR SPECTRUM OF PROPANONE
We are usually interested in identifying the bonds/functional groups

in an organic molecule. To a good approximation the various bonds in a
molecule can be considered to vibrate independently of each other. The
wavenumbers at which some bonds vibrate are shown in Table A2.

Examiner’s tip
282
The infrared spectrum can be used to determine the bonds present in a molecule.
Thus, in the region above 1500 cm−1 in the infrared spectrum of propanone there are two
bands, corresponding to the C–H stretch and the C=O stretch.
The region below 1500 cm−1 is called the ‘fingerprint region’ and is characteristic of the
molecule as a whole. Comparison of the spectrum in the fingerprint region with spectra in
databases of infrared spectra can be used to identify the molecule.
For example, the infrared spectra of butanone and propanone can be distinguished using
the fingerprint region. They both show very similar bands in the region above 1500cm−1
because they have the same functional group, but they have different fingerprint regions.
We are interested in identifying the bonds/functional groups in an organic molecule.
To aThe important
good correlations
approximation between
the various different
bonds bonds and
in a molecule observed
can absorptions
be considered to
are shown in Figure 9.22. Hydrogen bonding broadens the absorption peaks of
vibrate independently of each other.
−OH groups in alcohols, and even more so in carboxylic acids.
The wavenumbers at which some bonds vibrate are shown below.
egions of the Wavenumber ranges
–1 –1
portant 4000 cm 2500 cm 1900 cm–1 1500 cm–1 650 cm–1
ds and C H C C C C
O H C N C O
N H fingerprint
region
single bond triple bond double bond
stretching stretching stretching
vibrations vibrations vibrations
8
Molecules with several atoms can vibrate in many ways because the vibrations
of one bond affect others close to it. The complex pattern of vibrations can be
contain C−H used as a ‘fingerprint’ to be matched against the recorded IR spectrum in a
t organic database.
k at around
ectrum
100
283
We are usually interested in identifying the bonds/functional groups

WAVENUMBERS
in an organic molecule. To a good approximation the various bonds in a
molecule
So how do can be considered
we connect moleculartofeatures
vibrate independently of each absorbed?
to wavenumbers other. The Take a
wavenumbers at which some bonds vibrate are shown in Table A2.
look at this table:
Examiner’s tip
A table of infrared
frequencies is give
IBO Chemistry D
The values in that
slightly from the o
here – you should
in the data bookle
examination.
9
The precise wavenu

We can use an infrared spectrum to identify the bonds present in a molecule vibration for a parti
but cannot always distinguish between functional groups. For example, using group depends on t
Table A2, we could identify the presence of C=O in a molecule but would adjacent to a particu
not be able to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone. C=O in a ketone h
Consider the infrared spectrum of butanoic acid, shown in Figure A11. different stretching
In order to identify the bonds present in the molecule we first of all look C=O in an ester.
at the region above 1500 cm−1.
We now need to match up the wavenumbers of bands in the spectrum
with the wavenumbersWAVENUMBERS
given in Table A2. We can identify the C=O
stretch, as this absorption band occurs in the 1700–1750 cm−1 region.
Note: These
The very values are a very
broad absorption bandclose approximation
between to the
about 2400 and 3400 cm−1actual
is
due to theabsorbed
wavenumbers O–H stretchby in carboxylic
differentacids and of
parts is very
thecharacteristic
molecule.ofThe
those molecules. The functional group of a carboxylic acid contains a
surrounding environment
C–O bond, and thereforeof
weeach
shouldtype of bond
now look in the fidetermines the exact
ngerprint region
−1
to confirm
wavenumber the presence of an absorption in the region 1000–1300 cm ,
absorbed.
We can use an infrared spectrum to identify the bonds present in a

molecule but cannot always distinguish between functional groups. For
example, we could identify the presence of C=O in a molecule but
would not be able to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone.
10

284
SKILL CHECK
Which of the following molecules will have an infrared band in the
1700 to 1750cm−1 region?
A. but-2-ene
B. propanal
C. CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
11
BUTANOIC ACID
This is the IR spectrum for butanoic acid. The ‘broad band’ absorption around
3000 cm-1 is characteristic of carboxylic acids:
etch also occurs in the
d 3000 cm−1, but this
stly obscured by the
absorption.
ss of the O–H band is

gen bonding between
the infrared spectrum
carboxylic acid in the
e O–H band is much
12
which is, indeed, the case. If there were no band in this region, we would
have to review our hypothesis that the molecule is a carboxylic acid.
The region below 1500 cm−1 contains many absorptions due to

C–C bonds and C–H bonds and is difficult to interpret. We usually
CEDAR COLLEGE look only at the fingerprint region to confirm the presence of a IR SPECTROSCOPY
particular vibration once we have a good idea of the structure of the
molecule. For example, a band in the 1000–1300 cm−1 region does
The C–H stretch also occurs in the
Online Classes : Megalecture@gmail.com −1
285 region around 3000 cm , but this
rs in the
is usually mostly obscured by the
ut this
broad O–H absorption.
by the
BUTANOIC ACID
The broadness of the O–H band is
−1
We first of all look at the region above 1500 cmdue
. to hydrogen bonding between
band is
etween molecules.
We can identify the C=O stretch, as this absorption If the infrared
band occurs spectrum cm−1
in the 1700–1750
ectrum is taken of a carboxylic acid in the
region.
in the gas phase, the O–H band is much
much The very broad absorption band between about narrower.
2400 and 3400cm−1 is due to the O–
H stretch in carboxylic acids and is very characteristic of those molecules.
The functional group of a carboxylic acid contains a C–O bond, and therefore we
should now look in the ngerprint region to con rm the presence of an absorption in the which is, in
−1
whichregion
is, indeed, the case. If there
1000–1300cm were
which is, no band in
indeed, thethis region, we would
case. have to revi
have to review our hypothesis that the molecule is a carboxylic acid.
If there were no band in this region, we would have to review our hypothesis that the
The regi
Themolecule
region below 1500 cm−1acid.
is a carboxylic contains many absorptions due to C–C bo
C–C bonds and C–H bonds and is difficult to interpret.
13
We usually look onl
look only at the fingerprint region to confirm the presence of a
particula
particular vibration once we have a good idea of the structure of the
molecule
molecule. For example, a band in the 1000–1300 cm−1 region does
not confi
not confirm the presence of a C–O in a molecule, but the absence
of a band
of a band in this region means that C–O is not present. For example,
in the IR spectrum of propanone (Figure A10 on page 7) there are
in the IR
peaks in the 1000–1300 cm−1 region but no C–O. peaks in
PROPAN-1-OL
The infrared spectrum of propan-1-ol is shown in Figure A12. The infra
We can identify
O–H (about 3350cm−1) and
C–H (about 2900–3000cm−1)

bonds.
A C–O bond should also be

present, and we can see that
there is a band in the region
1000–1300cm−1.
14
Again, by comparison of the bands with the values in Table A2, we

can identify O–H (about 3350 cm−1) and C–H (about 2900–3000 cm−1) Again, by
bonds. A C–O bond should also be present, and we can see that there is a can identify
band in the region 1000–1300 cm−1. bonds. A C
CEDAR COLLEGE
band in the
IR SPECTROSCOPY
in carbonyl groups has a strong, sharp absorbance peak.
Look at the Online Classes
infra-red : Megalecture@gmail.com
spectra of ethanol, ethanoic acid and
286 100
4000 3500 30
ethyl ethanoate shown in Figures 18.8–18.10.
Using the data in Table 18.3, note the broad bands
in Figures 18.8 and 18.9 arising from the O H groups Figure 18.9 The infra
ETHANOL CH3 COOH.
involved in hydrogen bonding in the alcohol and in the
l Chemistry 0 0
20 20
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
You can see that carboxylic
40 acid. Contrast the width of these peaks with 40
at is why we the sharp peak of the carbonyl group in the ester, ethyl
as NMR, infra- ethanoate
60 in Figure 18.10. 60
242
to work out the 0
80 80
Chapter 29).
rticular 20
100
Absorbance / %
100
road or sharp 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 4000 3500 30
40
the infra-red Wavenumber / cm–1
drogen bonding Figure
60 18.8 The infra-red spectrum of ethanol, CH3 CH2OH. Figure 18.10 The infr
15
in alcohols CH3 COOCH2CH3 .

he C O bond 80
orbance peak. QUESTION
hanoic acid and 100
10. 7 4000 3500
Look at 3000
the two 2500spectra
infra-red 2000 below:
1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1
road bands
A 18.9 The infra-red spectrum of ethanoic acid,
Figure B
O H groups
hol and in the
CH3 COOH.
0 ETHYL ETHANOATE 0
0 20 20
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
20 40 40
Absorbance / %
40 60 60
60 80 80
80 100 100
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 4000 3500 3000
Wavenumber / cm–1
100
500 1000 500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
a Which one of theWavenumber
infra-red spectra
/ cm–1
is that of butanone and which one is of butan-2
b Explain your reasoning in part a.
nol, CH3 CH2OH. Figure 18.10 The infra-red spectrum
16 of ethyl ethanoate,
CH3 COOCH2CH3 .
w:
B www.youtube.com/megalecture
287
you. You can see that carboxylic acid. Contrast the width of these peaks with
ly. That is why we the sharp peak of the carbonyl group in the ester, ethyl
ethanoate in Figure 18.10.
ETHANOIC ACID
uch as NMR, infra-
etry, to work out the 0
d (see Chapter 29).
ds, particular 20 Absorbance / %
hs (broad or sharp
40
k) on the infra-red
of hydrogen bonding
60
onds in alcohols
ast, the C O bond 80
p absorbance peak.
nol, ethanoic acid and 100
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
8–18.10.
Wavenumber / cm–1
the broad bands
the O H groups Figure 18.9 The infra-red spectrum 17 of ethanoic acid,
Cambridge CH3 COOH.
International ASAS
Level Chemistry
alcohol and in the
Cambridge International Level Chemistry
These values
These
absorption
absorption
willwill
values
bands
usually
overlap
bands
be given
usually to you.
be given
considerably.
overlap
YouYou
to you.
considerably.That
cancan
is why
That
seesee
is why
thatthat
we we
0 carboxylic
thethe
sharp
acid.
carboxylic
peak
sharp peak
Contrast
acid. Contrast
of of
thethe
thethe
carbonyl
width
carbonylgroup
of of
width
group
these
in in
peaks
these
thethe
peaks
ester,
with
with
ethyl
ester, ethyl
needneed
to use a variety
to use of techniques,
a variety of techniques, such as NMR,
such as NMR, infra-
infra- ethanoate in in
ethanoate Figure
Figure18.10.
18.10.
red red
spectroscopy
spectroscopy andand
mass massspectrometry,
spectrometry, to work
to workoutoutthethe 0 0
structure of aofnew organic compound (see(see
Chapter 29).29).
structure
As well
a new
as their
As well
organic
wavenumber
as their wavenumber
compound
bands,
Chapter
particular
bands, particular 20 20 20
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
absorbances
absorbances havehave
characteristic
characteristic widths
widths(broad
(broador sharp
or sharp
Absorbance / %
40 40
peaks) andand
peaks) intensities (strong
intensities or weak)
(strong on on
or weak) thethe
infra-red
infra-red
spectrum.
spectrum.For For
example,
example,the the
presence of hydrogen
presence of hydrogen bonding
bonding
60 60
makes
andand
the the
makes absorbance
carboxylic
absorbance
carboxylicacids
of the
broad.
acids broad.
O OH bonds
of the H bonds
By contrast,
in alcohols
thethe
By contrast,
in alcohols
C CO bond O bond
40 80 80Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry
in carbonyl
in carbonyl groups
groups hashas a strong,
a strong, sharp
sharp absorbance
absorbance peak.peak.
LookLook at the
at the infra-red
infra-red spectra
spectra of ethanol,
of ethanol, ethanoic
ethanoic acidacid
andand 100100
ethyl ethanoate
Using
Using the the
datadata
shown in
in Table
in Table
Figures
ethyl ethanoate shown in Figures 18.8–18.10.
18.3,
18.3,
18.8–18.10.
notenote
thethe broad
broad bands
bands 60 COMPARING IR SPECTRUMS 4000 3500
4000 3500 3000
3000 2500
2500 2000
Wavenumber
Wavenumber
2000 1500
/ cm
/ cm –1 –1
1500 1000
1000 500500
These values will usually be given to you. You can see that carboxylic acid. Contrast the width of these peaks with
in Figures Figure
Figure 18.9
18.9 TheThe infra-red
infra-red spectrum
spectrum of of ethanoic
ethanoic acid,
acid,
in Figures 18.818.8
andand 18.918.9 arising
arising fromfrom
thethe H groups
O OH groups absorption bands overlap considerably. That is why we the sharp peak of the carbonyl group in the ester, ethyl
involved in hydrogen bonding in the alcohol CH3CH 3 COOH.
COOH.
involved in hydrogen bonding in the alcohol andand in the
in the need to use a variety of techniques, such as NMR, infra- ethanoate in Figure 18.10.
0 0
0 0 red spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, to work out the 0
20 20 80 structure of a new organic compound (see Chapter 29).

20 20 As well as their wavenumber bands, particular 20
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
absorbances have characteristic widths (broad or sharp

Absorbance / %
40 40 40 40 peaks) and intensities (strong or weak) on the infra-red 40
spectrum. For example, the presence of hydrogen bonding

242 242
60 60
100 60 60
makes the absorbance of the O H bonds in alcohols
60
1500 1000 500 80 80

4000 3500 80 80
3000
and carboxylic acids broad. By contrast, the C O bond
2500
in carbonyl groups has a strong, sharp absorbance peak. 2000 1500 80
1000 500
m–1 100 100
4000400035003500300030002500250020002000 1500 1500 10001000 500500 100100 Look at the infra-red spectra of ethanol, ethanoic
40004000
ethyl35003500 3000
ethanoate 3000
shown2500
2500 in 20002000 1500
Figures 1500 1000
–1 acid and
Wavenumber / cm
1000 500500
18.8–18.10.
100
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber
Wavenumber / cm/–1cm
–1
Wavenumber / cm –1
Wavenumber / cm–1
Wavenumber / cm –1
Using the data in Table 18.3, note the broad bands
Figure
18.818.8
TheThe infra-red spectrum of ethanol,
CH3CH
CH3 2CH2OH. Figure in18.10TheThe
Figures infra-red
18.8 spectrum
andspectrum
18.9 of of
arising ethyl
from ethanoate,
the O H groups Figure 18.9 The infra-red spectrum of ethanoic acid,
ethanol, CH3 CH2OH.
Figure
Figure
ethanol 18.10 The infra-redethyl
infra-red spectrum of ethanol, OH. Figure 18.10 infra-red
spectrum
ethanoate of ethyl ethanoate,
ethyl ethanoate,
CH3CH 3 COOCH
COOCH ethanoic acid
2CH
involved
2 CH 3.
3 . in hydrogen bonding in the alcohol and in the
CH3 COOH.
0 0
QUESTION
QUESTION CH3 COOCH2CH3 . 20 20
7 Look at the two infra-red spectra below:
Absorbance / %
7 Look at the two infra-red spectra below:

Absorbance / %
40 40
A B
A B
0 0 60
0 0 60
242
20 20 80
20 20 80
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
40 40
40 40 100 100
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
below:
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
60 60 Wavenumber / cm–1 Wavenumber / cm–1
60 60
80 80 Figure 18.8 The infra-red spectrum of ethanol, CH3 CH2OH. Figure 18.10 The infra-red spectrum of ethyl ethanoate,
80 80 CH3 COOCH2CH3 .
100 100
100 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 100 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
B
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500
Wavenumber / cm–1
Wavenumber / cm–1
1000 500 QUESTION
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500
Wavenumber / cm–1
Wavenumber / cm–1
1000 500
18
a Which one of the infra-red spectra is that of butanone and which one7is of
Look at the two infra-red
butan-2-ol? spectra below:
a Which one of the infra-red spectra is that of butanone and which one is of butan-2-ol?
b Explain your reasoning in part a. 0 A B
0 0
20 20
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
20 40 40
Absorbance / %
60 60
80
40
80
100 100
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1 Wavenumber / cm–1
60 a Which one of the infra-red spectra is that of butanone and which one is of butan-2-ol?
hydrogen bonded)
C¬H 2800–2900 Worked example
triple bonds −C ‚ C− or ¬C ‚ N Online Classes
2200 : Megalecture@gmail.com
C “ O in RCOCl 1800
288
Compounds T and U are isomers with the molecular formula C H O . Suggest their 3 6 2
structures based on the spectra shown in Figures 29.15 and 29.16.
C “ O in RCO2R 1740
Figure 29.15 Infrared (IR) spectrum of T 100
double bonds to oxygen C “ O in RCHO 1730
C “ O in RCO2H 1720 80
transmittance/%
C “ O in R2CO 1715
C “ C double bonds
C “ C in alkenes SKILL CHECK
1650 60
C “ C in arenes 1600 and 1500

40
single bonds C—O 1100–1250
Compounds T and U are isomers with
20
the molecular formula C3H6O2.
Worked example
Suggest their structures based on the
0 spectra shown below:
Compounds T and U are isomers with the molecular formula C3H6O2. Suggest their 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
structures based on the spectra shown in Figures 29.15 and 29.16. wavenumber/cm–1
ctrum of T 100
IR Spectra for Compound T
Figure 29.16 IR spectrum of U 100
IR Spectra for Compound U
29_15 Cam/Chem AS&A2
Barking Dog Art
80 80
transmittance/%
transmittance/%
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
wavenumber/cm–1 wavenumber/cm–1
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
U 100 Answer
29_15 Cam/Chem AS&A2 T and show a C“O absorption in their spectrum at about 1700–1800 cm –1, and a
Both
Barking DogUArt
Barking Dog Art
80 Table 29.4 Some infrared (IR) absorption
C¬O absorption at about 1250 cm –1. T shows a broad hydrogen-bonded O¬H band from
Type of bond
–1 Bond Frequency of absorption
transmittance/%
frequencies for organic groups 19 to 2500 cm , whilst U shows no O¬H band at all. (wavenumber)/cm–1
3300
60
(The exact frequency of absorption So T is CH3CH2CO2H (propanoic acid) and U could be either the ester CH3CO2CH3 (methyl
of a group depends on its molecular O ¬H 3600
environment, and can be 50 cm–1 or so
ethanoate) or the ester HCO2CH2CH3 (ethyl methanoate).
O¬H (hydrogen bonded) 3200–3500
40 higher or lower than the frequencies given
N¬H 3400
here.) bonds to hydrogen
O¬H in RCO2H (strongly 2500–3300
20
506 hydrogen bonded)
C ¬H 2800–2900
0 triple bonds −C ‚ C− or ¬C ‚ N 2200
HEMISTRY 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 C “ O in RCOCl 1800
wavenumber/cm–1 506
181333_29_AS_Chem_BP_495-519.indd 06/11/14 5:56 PM
C “ O in RCO2R 1740
Answer
me infrared (IR) absorption
Type of bond Bond Frequency of absorption
organic groups –1 cm –1, and a C “ O in RCO2H 1720
Both T and
Barking DogUArt
show a C“O absorption in their spectrum at about 1700–1800
(wavenumber)/cm
uency of absorption –1 C “ O in R2CO 1715
ends on its molecular C¬O absorption at about 1250 cmO¬H. T shows a broad hydrogen-bonded
3600 O¬H band from
–1 C “ C in alkenes 1650
nd can be 50 cm–1 or so 3300 to 2500 cm , whilst U showsOno ¬HO¬H band
(hydrogen at all. 3200–3500
bonded) C “ C double bonds
than the frequencies given
So T is CH3CH2CO2H (propanoic acid) C “ C in arenes
N¬Hand U could be either3400 the ester CH3CO2CH3 (methyl 1600 and 1500
bonds to hydrogen
ethanoate) or the ester HCO2CH2CH O¬ (ethyl
3H in RCOmethanoate).
2H (strongly 2500–3300
single bonds SKILL CHECK C—O 1100–1250
hydrogen bonded)
C¬H 2800–2900 Worked example
Both T and U show
triple bonds −C ‚ C− ora¬C=O
C‚N absorption
2200 in their spectrum
Compounds at 1700-1800
T and U are isomers cm-1C,Hand
with the molecular formula aC
O . Suggest their 3 6 2
C “ O in RCOCl 1800 structures based on the spectra shown in Figures 29.15 and 29.16.
-1
—O absorption Cat
“ O about
in RCO R 1250cm 1740 .
Figure 29.15 Infrared (IR) spectrum of T
2
100
06/11/14 5:56 PM
C “ O in RCO2H 1720
T shows ‘broadCband’ absorption around 300080 cm-1, indicating the presence of an
transmittance/%
“ O in R CO 1715 2
60
C “ C in alkenes 1650
O-H bond,
C “ C double bonds while U shows no O-H band.
C “ C in arenes 1600 and 1500 40
single bonds C—O 1100–1250
So, T is CH3CH2CO2H (propanoic acid) and U could

20
either be the ester
Worked example 0
CH 3CO
Compounds 2CH
T and (methyl
U are3isomers ethanoate)
with the molecular formula C H O or thetheirester HCO
. Suggest 4000 2CH
3
3500 2CH
6 2
(ethyl
3000 3 2500 2000 ethanoate).
1500 1000 500
structures based on the spectra shown in Figures 29.15 and 29.16. wavenumber/cm–1
Infrared (IR) spectrum of T 100 Figure 29.16 IR spectrum of U 100

Barking Dog Art
80 80
transmittance/%
transmittance/%
60 60
40 40
20 20
T U
0 0
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
wavenumber/cm–1 20 wavenumber/cm–1
IR spectrum of U 100 Answer

29_15 Cam/Chem AS&A2 T and show a C“O absorption in their spectrum at about 1700–1800 cm –1, and a
Both
Barking DogUArt
Barking Dog Art
80 C¬O absorption at about 1250 cm –1. T shows a broad hydrogen-bonded O¬H band from
3300 to 2500 cm –1, whilst U shows no O¬H band at all.
transmittance/%
60 So T is CH3CH2CO2H (propanoic acid) and U could be either the ester CH3CO2CH3 (methyl
ethanoate) or the ester HCO2CH2CH3 (ethyl methanoate).
40
20 506
0
CEDAR COLLEGE
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000
wavenumber/cm –1
1500 1000
181333_29_AS_Chem_BP_495-519.indd
500
506
IR SPECTROSCOPY 06/11/14 5:56 PM
Answer
Both T and
Barking show a C“O absorption in their spectrum at about 1700–1800 cm –1, and a
DogUArt
C¬O absorption at about 1250 cm –1. T shows a broad hydrogen-bonded O¬H band from
242
80 80
100 289 100
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1 Wavenumber / cm–1
Figure 18.8 The infra-red spectrum of ethanol, CH3 CH2OH. Figure 18.10 The infra-red spectrum of ethyl ethanoate,
CH3 COOCH2CH3 .
SKILL CHECK
QUESTION
7 Which
Look at one ofinfra-red
the two the infra-red spectra
spectra below: is that of butanone and which one is of butan-2-ol?
Chapter 18: Carbonyl compounds
A B
0 0
20 20
Absorbance / %
Absorbance / %
6 An alcohol has the molecular formula C3H8O. When warmed with an alkaline solution of iodine it forms a
40 precipitate.
yellow 40
a 60Name the yellow precipitate. 60

[1]
b Draw the displayed formula of the alcohol. [1]
c 80The first stage in the reaction of the alcohol with alkaline iodine80solution is an oxidation reaction. Name the
organic product of this first stage. [1]
100 100
d There are four isomeric alcohols with
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 4500 the formula C H9 OH. 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
i Name the four isomeric alcohols.
Wavenumber / cm–1 Wavenumber / cm–1 [1]
ii Classify each one as a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol. [1]
a Which one of the infra-red spectra is that of butanone and which one is of butan-2-ol?
iii Which of the four isomeric alcohols will give a yellow precipitate when warmed with an alkaline solution
of iodine? [1]
21
Total = 6
7 Use data from the table below of characteristic infra-red absorptions in organic molecules to answer the
following question.
Bond Location Wavenumber / cm–1

C O alcohols, esters 1000–1300
C O aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters 1680–1750
O H hydrogen bonded in carboxylic acids 2500–3300 (broad)
N H primary amines 3100–3500
O H hydrogen bonded in alcohols, phenols 3230–3550
245
O H free
SKILL CHECK 3580–3670
One of the three spectra labelled A to C below is produced when ethanal is analysed in an infra-red
Which one of the infra-red spectra is that of ethanal? Give three
spectrophotometer: reasons.
0
Absorbance / %
50
0
Absorbance / %
A
100
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1 50
0
Absorbance / %
C
100
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
50 Wavenumber / cm–1
B
100
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1 22
Which infra-red spectrum is most likely to be produced by ethanal? Give three reasons for your choice. [3]
Total = 3

Now try this
290 Compound V (C3H6O) gives a silver mirror when warmed with Tollens’ reagent. It can be
converted to compound W by reagent X. Use the spectra in Figures 29.17 and 29.18 to
identify the functional groups present in V and W, and suggest the identity of reagent X.
100
80
transmittance/%
SKILL CHECK 60
Techniques of analysis 40
Compound V (C3H6O) gives a silver mirror when warmed with Tollens’ reagent. It
20
can be converted to compound W by reagent X. Use the spectra below to identify
Now try this 0
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
the functional
Compound V (C H O) gives a groups present
silver mirror when
3 6 warmed within V and
Tollens’ reagent.W,
It can and
be suggest the identity of reagent
wavenumber/cm X.500 –1
converted to compound W by reagent X. Use the spectra in Figures 29.17 and 29.18 to
Figure 29.17 Infrared (IR) spectrum of V
identify the functional groups present in V and W, and suggest the identity of reagent X.
100
V 29_17 Cam/Chem AS&A2
100 Dog Art
Barking
W
80 80
transmittance/%
transmittance/%
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
wavenumber/cm–1 wavenumber/cm–1
Figure 29.17 Infrared (IR) spectrum of V
Figure 29.18 IR spectrum of W
29_17 Cam/Chem AS&A2 29_18 Cam/Chem AS&A2
100 Dog Art
Barking Barking Dog Art
29.4 Proton (1H) nuclear magnetic

REVIEW QUESTIONS
80 23
transmittance/%
60 resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Extension questio
40
The basis of NMR spectroscopy
1 20With the help of the data sheet, sketch and labelWe cannot see molecules 3 Figure 15.15
with our naked shows the ofmass
eyes, but some spectrum
the most of ethanol
direct evidence
for their structures and shapes comes to us from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
diagrams to predict the pattern of the main peaks in aspectMatch
of an NMRthe
0 spectroscopy. Every a) numbered
spectrum demands anpeaks with theandformulae of
exact interpretation,
the
4000 infrared
3500 spectra
3000 2500 of
2000the1500
following
1000 compounds there is usually a unique molecular structure that gives rise to a particular spectrum.
500
wavenumber/cm –1 these positive ions formed: of theC H +, CH2OH+,
between wavenumbers 1500 cm–1 to 3500 cm–1. NMR is potentially the most powerful technique at the disposal structural
2 5
Figure 29.18 IR spectrum of W organic chemist. C2H5O , C2H5OH and C2H3+.
+ + (
Like electrons, nucleons (protons and neutrons) have spin. If an atom has an
a) Cyclohexane
Barking Dog Art (2)
even number of nucleons, the spins cancel out and there is no overall magnetic
29.4 Proton (1H) nuclear magnetic

b) 1-bromopropane
moment. If, however, an atom has an odd number of nucleons, there is an overall
100 (2)
magnetic moment. As a result, the nucleus can take up one of two orientations. In
3
resonance
c) Propanone SKILL
(NMR) spectroscopy CHECK
the absence of a magnetic field, the energies of the two orientations are the same,
(2)
but in the presence of an external magnetic field one orientation has a slightly higher
energy than the other. 80
Relative abundance/%
This splitting into two energy levels forms the basis of NMR
The basis of NMR spectroscopy
2 Oxidation of butan-1-ol gives a product with the spectroscopy: nucleons can be persuaded to flip from the lower energy spin state to
Oxidation of butan-1-ol gives a product with the infrared spectrum shown below.
We cannot see molecules with our naked eyes, but some of the most direct evidence the higher spin state (i.e. to resonate) by irradiating a sample with electromagnetic
infrared spectrum shown in Figure 15.14. Use the data
for their structures and shapes comes to us from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 60
sheet
Use to data
the interpret theto
sheet spectrum. State
interpret thethe reagents and
spectrum. State the reagents and conditions
spectroscopy. Every aspect of an NMR spectrum demands an exact interpretation, and
507
conditions that were used to carry out the oxidation of
there is usually a unique molecular structure that gives rise to a particular spectrum.
40 4
that
the were
alcoholused
organic chemist.
to carry
and give your out the oxidation of the(4)
reasons. alcohol and give your reasons.
NMR is potentially the most powerful technique at the disposal of the structural
Like electrons, nucleons (protons and neutrons) have spin. If an atom has an 1 2
181333_29_A_Chem_BP_495-519.indd 507
even number of nucleons, the spins cancel out and there is no overall magnetic
100 20 14/10/14 2:03 PM
5
moment. If, however, an atom has an odd number of nucleons, there is an overall
magnetic moment. As a result, the nucleus can take up one of two orientations. In
80 of a magnetic field, the energies of the two orientations are the same,
the absence 0
Transmittance/%
but in the presence of an external magnetic field one orientation has a slightly higher 0 10 20 30 40
energy60than the other. This splitting into two energy levels forms the basis of NMR
spectroscopy: nucleons can be persuaded to flip from the lower energy spin state to
Mass to charge ratio (m/e)
the higher spin state (i.e. to resonate) by irradiating a sample with electromagnetic
40 Figure 15.15 !
507
b) Write an equation to represent the formation of th
20
molecular ions. (
0 c) i) Write an equation to show how the molecular
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 100014/10/14500
2:03 PM
Wavenumber/cm–1
ion fragments to give CH2OH+.
Figure 15.14 ! 24 ii) Why does the other chemical species formed
during this fragmentation process not show up
in the mass spectrum? (
Data Data Practical

guidance

291
SKILL CHECK
The infra-red spectrum of compound A is shown below.
(a) What information does the absorption at 1690 cm–1 give about compound A?
(b) There is a sharp absorption at 2950 cm–1. What could this be due to?
PTION A – MODERN
(c) ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
The infra-red spectrum of compound A does not show a broad absorption at about
3300 cm–1. What 3.
opy is a powerful tool for identifying
information does
The infra-red give about
spectrum compound
of compound A isA?
shown below.
ds. State what occurs at the molecular 100
% transmittance
bsorption of infrared (ir) radiation and

80
e that is necessary for ir absorption to
hy infrared studies are particularly 60
racterisation of organic molecules. [4]
40
n Table 18 of the IB data booklet to
n regions expected for: 20
d. [2]
0
3000 2000 1000
anoate. [2] 25 wavenumber / cm–1
ption listed in (b) which could be used (a) What information does the absorption at 1690 cm–1
ween these two compounds. Explain give about compound A? [1]
orptions could not be used. [2]
(b) There is a sharp absorption at 2950 cm –1. What could
ption listed in (b) which has the this be due to? [1]
d calculate its wavelength in cm. [2]
(c) The infra-red spectrum of compound A does not show
a broad absorption at about 3300 cm –1. What
echnique of ascending paper
information does give about compound A? [1]
n experiment to investigate some
(labelled P1 – P5). The result is 4. This figure below depicts the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum and the two regions nearest to it.
SKILL CHECK
visible
Q. Infrared spectroscopyA is a powerfulBtool for identifying organic

compounds. List the absorption regions
increasing expected for:
wavelength
(i) ethanoic acid.

(a) Name the regions labeled A and B, identify the atomic
or molecular processes associated with each region and
compare the energies of the photons involved in these
P2 P3 P4 P5 processes. [5]
(ii)methylmethanoate.
(b) State, giving a reason, which region (A or B) could be
he diagram above, describe how the
used to obtain information about the strength of bonds. [1]
d be carried out and explain the
rms stationary phase, mobile phase, 1H
5. NMR spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between
front and Rf value [8]
pentan-2-one and pentan-3-one. In each case state the
alue of P1. [2] number of peaks in their 1H NMR spectra and state the
ason, wheather P4 is a single substance ratios of the areas under each peak. [4]
[1]
26
tene is given below: 7. The 1H NMR spectrum of compound A is shown below:

CH3 CH3
CH3 TMS
CH3 CH3 CH3

he carotene molecule accounts for the www.youtube.com/megalecture
s light in the visible region of the
292
SKILL CHECK
Q. Identify the absorption listed in (a) which could be used to distinguish
between these two compounds. Explain why the other absorptions could
not be used.
Instrumental analysis
Definitions Bonds vibrate in particular ways and absorb radiation at specific wavelengths.
An absorption spectrum is a plot This means that it is possible to look at an infrared spectrum and identify
27
that shows how strongly a chemical functional groups.
absorbs radiation over a range of Spectroscopists have found that it is possible to correlate absorptions in the
frequencies. region 4000–1500 cm–1 with the stretching or bending vibrations of particular
Transmittance on the vertical axis of bonds. As a result, the infrared spectrum gives valuable clues to the presence
infrared spectra measures the of functional groups in organic molecules. The important correlations between
percentage of radiation that passes different bonds and observed absorptions are shown in Figure 15.4. Hydrogen
through the sample. The troughs bonding broadens the absorption peaks of –OH groups in alcohols and even
appear at the wavenumbers at which more so in carboxylic acids.
the compound absorbs strongly.
Wavenumber ranges
4000 cm–1 2500 cm–1 1900 cm–1 1500 cm–1 650 cm–1
Note CH C C C C
OH C N CO
Most organic molecules contain C–H SKILL CHECK
N H fingerprint
bonds. As a result, most organic region
single bond triple bond double bond
compounds have a peak in their stretching stretching stretching
The spectrum
infrared following are3000
at around thecminfrared
–1.
spectra of ethanol,vibrations
vibrations ethanal and ethanoic acid.
vibrations
(a)Which spectrum belongsFigure

to which
15.4 !compound?
Main regions of the infrared spectrum and important correlations between bonds and
observed absorptions.
(b)Why do all three spectra
Data have a peak at around 3000 cm–1?
Molecules with several atoms can vibrate in many ways because the vibrations
of one bond affect others close to it. The complex pattern of vibrations can be
(c)Why do two of the spectra have broad peaks at wavenumbers between 3000
used as a ‘fingerprint’ to be matched against the recorded infrared spectrum in
–1
and 3500cm ? a database.
a b c
Transmittance/%
Transmittance/%
Transmittance/%
C F
E
B
A
D G
4000 2000 1000 600 4000 2000 1000 600 4000 2000 1000 600
–1
Wavenumber/cm –1 Wavenumber/cm
28 Wavenumber/cm –1
Figure 15.5 ! Infrared spectroscopy is an analytical tool that can be used to monitor the
Infrared spectra for three organic progress of an organic synthesis. Comparing the spectrum of the final product
compounds. Note that the quantity plotted with the known spectrum in a database can be used to check that the product
on the vertical axis is transmittance, which is pure.
means that the line dips at the
wavenumbers at which the molecules
absorb radiation. Chemists often refer to
Test yourself
these dips in the line as ‘peaks’, because
1 Why do the vibrations of O–H, C–O and C=O bonds show up strongly in infrared
they indicate high levels of absorption.
CEDAR COLLEGE spectra, while C–C vibrations do not. IR SPECTROSCOPY
2 Figure 15.5 shows the infrared spectra of ethanol, ethanal and ethanoic acid.
Definition
a) Which vibrations give rise to the peaks marked with the letters A–G?
Infrared wavenumbers range from b) Which spectrum belongs to which compound?
–1 –1 –1
1 State which analytical technique would be most suitable for each of the following
c procedures:
IR spectroscopy is one of the techniques that is used to determine the structure of organic m
A student recorded the IR spectrum of a compound, X:
a Determination of the amount ofOnline
mercury inClasses
a soil sample.: Megalecture@gmail.com [1]
b Separation of a mixture of sugars. 293 [1]
c Distinguishing between samples of pentane and hexane. [1]
2 Certain molecules absorb infrared (IR) radiation.

a Consider the molecules: H2 CO HCl N2 O2 SKILL CHECK
Select the molecule(s) from this list that can absorb IR radiation and explain your choice. [3]
b ExplainAwhy
student
there arerecorded thebands
three absorption IR spectrum of a of
in the IR spectrum compound, X. inHe
SO2 but only two theknew that X was one of the
IR spectrum of CO2. [4]
following compounds. Deduce which of the molecules is X and explain your choice by
c IR spectroscopy is one of the techniques that is used to determine the structure of organic molecules.
reference
A student toIRthe
recorded the spectrum.
spectrum of a compound, X:
The student knew that X was one of the following compounds.
Deduce which of the molecules is X and explain your choice by reference to the spectrum.
29
The student knew that X was one of the following compounds.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
Small molecules in the atmosphere (especially CO2, CH4, H2O and
CFCs) are responsible for the greenhouse effect: they absorb infrared
Deduce which of the molecules is X and explain your choice by reference to the spectrum.
[4]
radiation that is emitted from the surface of the Earth, preventing it

from being lost to space.
Consequently, the amount of heat lost is less than that gained from
solar radiation, and the Earth warms up.
30

294
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
• IR spectroscopy works quickly and accurately to monitor pollutants, including
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, as well as
more than a hundred VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and low-level ozone.
• Scientists can use the characteristic wavelengths of infrared radiation absorbed by

the molecules of the pollutants to identify them. They can also analyse the intensity
of the absorptions to find the concentration of each pollutant present in a sample.
• Monitored over a period of time, this data provides useful information on the
effectiveness of pollution control measures introduced locally and on a global level.
31


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Online Classes : Megalecture@gmail.

a analyse an infra-red spectrum of a simple molecule to identify functional groups (see

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

Back to contents page www.cie.org.uk/alevel 45

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

INFRA-RED (IR) SPECTROSCOPY

15.1 Infrared spectroscopy

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

As a result, the infrared spectrum gives valuable clues to the presence of

An ‘IR spectrum’ can be read to analyze the structure of an organic molecule -

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

The troughs (usually called ‘bands’) thus represent wavenumbers at which

We are usually interested in identifying the bonds/functional groups

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

We are usually interested in identifying the bonds/functional groups

The precise wavenu

We can use an infrared spectrum to identify the bonds present in a

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

ss of the O–H band is

The region below 1500 cm−1 contains many absorptions due to

O–H (about 3350cm−1) and

C–H (about 2900–3000cm−1)

A C–O bond should also be

Again, by comparison of the bands with the values in Table A2, we

in alcohols CH3 COOCH2CH3 .

20 20 80 structure of a new organic compound (see Chapter 29).

absorbances have characteristic widths (broad or sharp

40 40 40 40 peaks) and intensities (strong or weak) on the infra-red 40

spectrum. For example, the presence of hydrogen bonding

1500 1000 500 80 80

7 Look at the two infra-red spectra below:

C “ C in arenes 1600 and 1500

So, T is CH3CH2CO2H (propanoic acid) and U could

Infrared (IR) spectrum of T 100 Figure 29.16 IR spectrum of U 100

IR spectrum of U 100 Answer

a 60Name the yellow precipitate. 60

Bond Location Wavenumber / cm–1

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

29.4 Proton (1H) nuclear magnetic

60 resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

29.4 Proton (1H) nuclear magnetic

Data Data Practical

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

bsorption of infrared (ir) radiation and

Q. Infrared spectroscopyA is a powerfulBtool for identifying organic

(i) ethanoic acid.

tene is given below: 7. The 1H NMR spectrum of compound A is shown below:

CH3 CH3 CH3

(a)Which spectrum belongsFigure

2 Certain molecules absorb infrared (IR) radiation.

radiation that is emitted from the surface of the Earth, preventing it

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

• Scientists can use the characteristic wavelengths of infrared radiation absorbed by

CEDAR COLLEGE IR SPECTROSCOPY

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