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Maths Revision Handbook
Maths Revision Handbook
Maths Revision Handbook
Area of a triangle : Let (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) Chord of contact :
respectively be the coordinates of the vertices A, B, C of a The equation of chord of contact of tangent drawn from a
triangle ABC. Then the area of triangle ABC, is
x2 y2
1 point P (x1, y1) to the hyperbola = 1 is T = 0
[x (y – y )+ x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)] a2 b2
2 1 2 3
Or xx1 yy1
x1 y1 1 where T –1
2
a b2
1 x
= 2 y2 1 Equation of normal in different forms :
2 x y 1 Point Form : The equation of the normal to the hyperbola
3 3
x2 y2 a2x b2 y
CONIC SECTIONS = 1 at the point (x1, y1) is = a2 + b2
a2 b2 x1 y1
Condition of Tangency : Circle
x2 + y2 =a2 will touch the line. THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
y = mx + c if c = ± a 1 m 2
Slope Form : The equation of normal to the hyperbola
Pair of Tangents : From a given point P( x1,y1) two tangents
PQ and PR can be drawn to the circle x2 y2 m(a 2 b2 )
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. = 1 in terms of slope 'm' is y = mx ±
a2 b2 a 2 b2 m 2
Their combined equation is SS1 = T2.
Condition of Orthogonality : If the angle of intersection of Conditions of Parallelism and Perpendicularity of Two
the two circle is a right angle ( = 90°) then such circle are Lines:
called Orthogonal circle and conditions for their orthogonality Case-I : When dc's of two lines AB and CD, say 1 , m1, n1
is 2g1g2 + 2f1f2 =c1 +c2 and 2 , m2, n2 are known.
Tangent to the parabola : AB | | CD 1 = 2 , m1 = m2, n 1 = n 2
Condition of Tangency : If the line y = mx + c touches a AB CD 1 2 + m1m2 + n 1n 2 = 0
parabola y2 = 4ax then c = a/m Case-II : When dr's of two lines AB and CD, say a1, b1 c1 and
Tangent to the Ellipse: a2, b2, c2 are known
Condition of tangency and point of contact :
The condition for the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the a1 b1 c1
AB | | CD a2 b2 c2
x2 y2
ellipse = 1 is that c2 = a2m2 + b2 and the coordinates AB CD a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
a2 b2
If 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two
a 2m b2 lines; and is the acute angle between the two lines; then
of the points of contact are ,
a 2m2 b2 a2m2 b2 cos = | 1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 |.
Normal to the ellipse Equation of a line through a point (x1, y1, z1) and having
(i) Point Form : The equation of the normal to the ellipse
x x1 y y1 z z1
x2 y2 a2x b2 y direction cosines , m, n is
= 1 at the point (x1, y1) is m n
a 2 b2 x1 y1
= a2 – b2 Shortest distance between r a1 b1 and r a2 b2
(ii) Parametric Form : The equation of the normal to the
(b1 b 2 ).(a 2 a1 )
x2 y2 is
ellipse = 1 at the point (a cos , b sin ) is | b1 b 2 |
a 2 b2
ax sec – by cosec = a2 – b2 Let the two lines be
Tangent to the hyperbola :
x 1 y 1 z 1
Condition for tangency and points of contact : The condition ..........(1)
for the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the hyperbola 1 m1 n1
x2 y2
= 1 is that c2 = a2m2 – b2 and the coordinates of the x 2 y 2 z 2
a2 b2 and ..........(2)
2 m2 n2
a2m b2 These lines will coplanar if
points of contact are ,
a 2 m2 b2 a 2 m2 b2
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2 1 2 1 2 1
For a function f :
m1 n1 Differentiability Continuity;
1 =0 Continuity derivability
2 m2 n2
Not derivibaility discontinuous ;
The plane containing the two lines is
But discontinuity Non derivability
x 1 y 1 z 1 Differentiation of infinite series:
1 m1 n1
=0
2 m2 n2 (i) If y f (x) f (x) f (x) ........
The equation of a plane through a point whose position
y = f (x) y y2 = f (x) + y
vector is a and perpendicular to the vector N is
(r a).N 0 dy dy dy f '(x)
2y = f ' (x) + =
Vector equation of a plane that passes through the dx dx dx 2y 1
intersection of planes r.n1 d1 and r.n 2 d 2 is
f (x)....
r.(n1 n2 ) d1 d 2 , where is any nonzero constant. (ii) If y = f (x)f (x) then y = f (x)y.
Two planes r log y = y log [f(x)]
a1 b1 and r a2 b2 are coplanar if
1 dy y '.f '(x) dy
(a 2 a1 ) (b1 b2 ) 0 log f (x).
y dx f (x) dx
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS dy y 2 f '(x)
dx f (x)[1 y log f (x)]
Existence of Limit :
lim f (x) exists lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 1 dy y f '(x)
x® a x® a- x® a+ (iii) If y = f (x) .... then
Where is called the limit of the function f (x) 1 1 dx 2y f (x)
(i) If f(x) g(x) for every x in the deleted nbd of a, then f (x) f (x)
(iii) lim fog (x) = f lim g (x) = f (m) where lim g (x) = m Interpretation of the Derivative : If y = f (x) then, m= f (a) is
x a x a x a the slope of the tangent line to y = f (x) at x = a
1 Increasing/Decreasing :
(iv) If lim f(x) = + =0 or – , then lim (i) If f (x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is increasing
x a f (x) x a
CONTINUITYAND DIFFERENTIABILITY OFFUNCTIONS on the interval I.
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a if (ii) If f (x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is decreasing
on the interval I.
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f(a)
x® a+ x® a- (iii) If f (x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is constant
Discontinuous Functions : on the interval I.
(a) Removable Discontinuity: A function f is said to have Test of Local Maxima and Minima –
removable discontinuity at x = a if lim f (x) = lim f (x) First Derivative Test – Let f be a differentiable function defined
x® a- x® a+ on an open interval I and c I be any point. f has a local maxima
but their common value is not equal to f (a). or a local minima at x = c, f (c) = 0.
(b) Discontinuity of the first kind: A function f is said to
have a discontinuity of the first kind at x = a if dy
Put 0 and solve this equation for x. Let c1, c2........cn be
dx
lim f(x) and lim f (x) both exist but are not equal. the roots of this.
x® a- x a
(c) Discontinuity of second kind: A function f is said to If dy changes sign from +ve to –ve as x increases through
have a discontinuity of the second kind at x = a if neither dx
lim f (x) nor lim f (x) exists. c1 then the function attains a local max at x = c1
x® a- x® a+
dy
Similarly, if lim f (x) does not exist, then f is said to have If changes its sign from –ve to +ve as x increases through
x a dx
discontinuity of the second kind from the right at x = a. c1 then the function attains a local minimum at x = c1
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dy g(x)
If does not changes sign as increases through c1 then d
dx Leibnitz rule : F(t) dt g (x)F(g(x)) f (x)F(f (x))
x = c1 is neither a point of local maxm nor a point of local dx f (x)
minm. In this case x is a point of inflexion. If a series can be put in the form
Rate of change of variable :
1r n 1 r 1r n r
dy dy f or f , then its limit as n
The value of at x = x0 i.e. represents the rate n r 0 n nr 1 n
dx dx x x0
of change of y with respect to x at x = x0 1
dy dy / dt dx is f (x) dx
If x = (t) and y = (t), then , provided that 0 0
dx dx / dt dt
Thus, the rate of change of y with respect to x can be Area between curves :
calculated by using the rate of change of y and that of x b
each with respect to t. y f (x) A [upper function] [lower function] dx
dx dy a
Length of Sub–tangent = y ; Sub–normal = y ;
dy dx d
=
dy
(x – x1). The equation of the normal at P (x1, y1) PROBABILITY
dx P
Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with equally
1
to the curve y = f (x) is y – y1 = (x – x1) likely outcomes Probability of an event is
dy
dx n(A)
P P(A) , where n (A) = number of elements in the set
n(S)
INTEGRAL CALCULUS A, n (S) = number of elements in the set S.
Theorem of total probability : Let {E1, E2, ...,En} be a partition
of a sample space and suppose that each of E1, E2, ..., En has
Two standard forms of integral : nonzero probability. Let A be any event associated with S,
e x [f (x) + f ' (x) dx = ex f (x) + c then
P(A) = P(E1) P (A | E1) + P (E2) P (A | E2) + ...
e x [f (x) + f '(x)] dx = e x f (x)dx + e x f ' (x) dx + P (En) P(A | En)
Bayes' theorem: If E1, E2, ..., En are events which constitute
= ex f (x) – e x f '(x) dx + e x f' (x) a partition of sample space S, i.e. E1, E2, ..., En are pairwise
(on integrating by parts) = ex f (x) + c disjoint and E1 E2 ... En = S and A be any event with
Table shows the partial fractions corresponding to different nonzero probability, then
type of rational functions :
S. Form of rational Form of partial P(E i ) P (A | E i )
P (E i | A) n
No. function fraction
P(E j ) P(A | E j )
px q A B j 1
1. (x a) (x b) (x a) (x b) Let X be a random variable whose possible values x 1, x2, x3,
..., xn occur with probabilities p1, p2, p3, ... pn respectively.
px 2 qx r A B C n
2. 2 (x a) 2 (x b)
(x a) (x b) (x a) The mean of X, denoted by µ, is the number x i pi
i 1
px 2 qx r A Bx C The mean of a random variable X is also called the
3. 2 2 expectation of X, denoted by E (X).
(x a) (x bx c) (x a) x bx C
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Lagrange's identity :
a.c a.d DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(a b).( c d) (a.c)(b.d) (a.d)(b.c)
b.c b.d Methods of solving a first order first degree differential
equation :
Reciprocal system of vectors : If a, b, c be any three non dy
coplanar vectors so that (a) Differential equation of the form f (x)
dx
[a b c] 0 then the three vectors a ' b 'c ' defined by the dy
f (x) dy = f (x) dx
dx
b c c a a b Integrating both sides we obtain
equations a ' , b' , c'
are called
[a b c] [a b c]
[a b c] dy f (x) dx c or y = f (x) dx c
the reciprocal system of vectors to the given vectors a, b, c dy
(b) Differential equation of the form f (x) g(y)
dx
STATISTICS dy dy
f (x) g(y) f (x) dx c
Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M. dx g (y)
A.M. G.M. H.M. dy
(c) Differential equation of the form of f (ax by c) :
Equality sign holds only when all the observations in the dx
series are same. To solve this type of differential equations, we put
Relationship between mean, mode and median : dy 1 dv
ax + by + c = v and dx a
(i) In symmetrical distribution b dx
Mean = Mode = Median dv
dx
(ii) In skew (moderately symmetrical) distribution a b f (v)