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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BA/B.Sc
(I SEMESTER)
Choice Based Semester System
Common Course in Malayalam : MAL1A07(1)
Book Code - 19151
ae-bm-f k
- m-ln-Xy-w˛
- 1
(2019 ADMISSION ONWARDS)
1
ae-bm-f k
- m-ln-Xy-w˛
- 1
STUDY MATERIAL
I SEMESTER
Book Code - 19151
BA/B.Sc
Calicut University- PO, Malappuram,
Kerala, India - 673 635
2
STUDY MATERIAL FIRST SEMESTER
BA/B.Sc

Book Code - 19151
ae-bm-f k
- m-ln-Xy-w˛
- 1
Xøm-dm-°n-bXv,
cp‹nWn. sI
Akn. s{]m^-k¿, ae-bmfw
hnZq-c-hn-Zym-`ymkhn`mKw
Imen-°‰v bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, 2019
3
4
D≈-S°w
1. BapJw
2. samUyqƒ 1
3. samUyqƒ 2
4. samUyqƒ 3
5. samUyqƒ 4
5
BapJw
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ae-bm-fk
- m-ln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-hnsS hn`m-h\w
sNøp-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw-˛1 F∂ Cu tIma¨tImgvkv
ae-bmfw sF—n-I-am-sb-SpØv ]Tn-°mØ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw
amXr-`m-j-tbmSpw kmln-Xy-tØm-Sp-ap≈ Xmev]cyw h¿≤n-
∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip-∂-XmWv. hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS `mjm-{]-tbm-K-ss\-
]pWyw hf¿ØpI, hyXykvX Ime-L-´-ß-fnse ae-bm-f-
km-ln-Xy-sØbpw AXns‚ `mjm-{]-tbm-K-co-Xn-I-sfbpw a\-
n-em-°p-I, tIc-fk
- w-kv-Im-cØ
- ns‚ hyXy-kvXX - e
- ß
- ƒ Adn-
bp-Ibpw hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sfbpw hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ß-
sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂sX√mw hnim-
em¿∞-Øn¬ CXns‚ e£y-ß-fmbn hcp-∂p. sNdp-t»-cn,
Fgp-Ø-—≥, ]q¥m-\w, Ip©≥\-ºym¿ F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-
Iƒ H∂m-asØ samUyq-fnepw, \mS≥]m-´v, hS-°≥]m-´v, am∏n-
f- ∏ m´v F∂o hmsam- g n- h y- h - l m- c - c q- ] - ß ƒ c≠m- a sØ
samUyqfnepw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. aq∂pw \mepw samUyq-fp-I-
fn¬ ae-bm-f-sN-dp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn-[-L-´-ßƒ
{]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ IY-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cßs\
ae-bm-f-km-ln-XysØ kw_-‘n® Hcp kmam-\y-[m-cW
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v CXn-eqsS e`n-°p-∂p. kw{K-loX cq]-
Øn-emWv Cu Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
6
samUyqƒ ˛1
1. Imfn-ba
- ¿±\w (Ir-jvWK
- m-Y)
sNdp-t»-cn \ºq-Xncn
Ihn-]-cn-Nbw
DØ-c-tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]gb Ipdp-{º-\mSv Xmeq-°nse hS-
I-c-bn¬ sNdp-t»cn C√-ØmWv sNdpt»cn \ºq-Xncn (1375-
˛1475) P\n-®-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Aßs\ Hcn√w C∂v
ImWm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v AXv ]n∂oSv \in-®p-t]m-
bXmhmsa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. sNdp-t»cnC√w ]p\wC√-Øn¬
ebn-®p-sh∂pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. {In.-h.1466-˛75 ImeØv tIme-
Øp-\mSv `cn-®n-cp∂ DZ-b-h¿Ω≥ tIme-Øn-cn-bpsS ]fin-
X-k-Z- nse AwK-am-bn-cp∂p Ct±lw F∂-Xn\v IrXn-bmb
IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬Øs∂ kqN-\-bp-≠v. cmPmhpw Ihnbpw
XΩn- e p≈ NqXp- I - f n- ° n- S - b n¬ D¥p- ¥ p- ¥ p- ¥ m- s f- b p¥v
Fs∂mcp Xmcm´v dmWn ]mSn-b-Xmbpw cmPmhv AX-\p-k-
cn®v Icp-\o°n hnP-bn-°p-I-bpw, B CuW-Øn¬ Hcp Imhyw
cNn-°m≥ ]n∂oSv cmPmhv Ihn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xm-bp-ap≈
Hcp IYbpw {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.
KmYm-{]-ÿm\w
KmY F∂ hm°n\v Km\w F∂¿∞w. ]g-b-Im-eØv
{Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ cNn® Imhy-ßsf s]mXpsh KmY
F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. DÆn-®n-cp-tXhn Ncn-X-Øn-emWv Cu ]Zw
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-ambn {]tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. Kmwò-cy-
tØ-°mƒ emfn-Xy-Øn-\mWv Cu Km\-co-Xn-bn¬ {]m[m-\yw.
ae- b m- f - Ø ns‚ emfn- X yhpw {]k- ∂ - X bpw sXfn- ™ p-
\n¬°p∂ IrjvW-Km-Y-bmWv KmYm-{]-ÿm-\-Ønse \Sp-
\m-b-I-amb IrXn.
IrjvW-KmY
a[y-Ime ae-bm-f-Øns‚ anI-hp‰ cN-\-bmb IrjvW-
Km-Ybv°v IrjvW-∏m´v F∂pw t]cp-≠v. ]m´pw aWn-{]-hm-
fhpw Ac-ßp-hm-Wn-cp∂ ImeØv ip≤-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ Fgp-
X-s∏´ Hcp alm-Imhyw F∂ \nebv°v Cu IrXn {]m[m-
\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. kwk-vIr-X-Ønse alm-Im-hy-ßsf amXr-I-
bm-°n-s°m-≠mWv Cu Imhy-cN - \ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈X - v. F∂m¬
7
Km\m-fl-I-hr-Ø-amb aRvP-cn-bmWv Cu Imhy-Øns‚ `qcn-
`m-Khpw Fgp-X-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv F∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬
alm-Im-hy-e-£-W-ap≈ BZy-Ir-Xn-bmbn IrjvW-Km-Ysb
ImWmw. `mK-hXw Zi-a-k-vI-‘-Ønse IY-bmWv IrjvW-
Km- Y - b nse {]ta- b w. {ioIr- j v W s‚ Ah- X mcw apX¬
kz¿§mtcm-lWw hsc-bp≈ IY-I-fm-Wn-Xnse {]Xn-]mZyw.
BsI \mev]-Øn-tb-tgmfw IY-Ifpw FÆm-bn-cØn \m\q-
dn-\p-ta¬ Cuc-Sn-I-fp-ambn Ccp-\q-‰n-ap-∏Xv hrØ-ß-fnembn
\n_-‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. kwk-vIr-X-Im-hy-]m-c-º-cysØ A\p-I-
cn-°p-tºmgpw ae-bm-fØX-\n-a-bpw tIc-fob kmwk-vIm-cnI
{]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Cu IrXn-bn¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂p. {]mk-
ß-tfmSv Gsd {]nb-ap≈ Ihn ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]mkw hym]-
I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse Ae-¶m-c-{]-tbm-K-
ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw [mcm-fnØw ImWmw. D]-a, D¬t{]-
£, cq]Iw apX-emb Ae-¶m-cßƒ°mWn-Xn¬ {]m[m-\yw.
"D]-am-Im-fn-Zm-kky' Fs∂mcp {]kn≤ hmIy-ap-≈-t]mse
"D¬t{]-£m-Ir-jvW-Km-Ymbmw' Fs∂mcp hmIyhpw {]N-cn-
®p-h-cp-∂p. as‰mcp {KŸ-Ønepw ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ Xc-
Øn-ep≈ at\m-l-c-amb D¬t{]-£-IƒsIm≠v kº-∂-amWv
IrjvW-Km-Y. IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS Hmtcm k¿§-hp-a-h-km-\n-°p-
tºmƒ, ""B⁄bm tIme-`q-]ky {]m⁄-tkym-Zb - h
- ¿ΩW
IrXmbmw IrjvW-Km-Ymbmw'' F∂ {]kvXm-h\ ImWmw.
AXp-t]m-se, Imhym-cw-`-Øn¬ ImWp-∂,
]mem-gn-am-Xp-Xm≥ ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂
tImem-[n-\m-Y-\p-Z-b-h¿Ω≥
B⁄-sb-s®-bvI-bm-e-⁄-\m-bp≈ Rm≥
{]m⁄-s\-∂n-ßs\ `mhn-®n-t∏mƒ
F∂n-ßs\bp≈ {]kvXmh-\-I-fn¬\n-∂mWv Ihn-bpsS
ImesØ kw_-‘n® kqN-\-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xv. sNdp-t»-cn`m-
cXw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp IrXn Ct±-l-Øn-t‚-
Xm-sW-∂pw As√∂pw D≈ hmZ-K-Xn-I-fp-≠v.
Imfn-b-a¿±\w
IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ IrjvWs‚ _mey-Im-e-eo-e-Iƒ
h¿Æn-°p∂ Hcp `mK-amWv Imfn-b-a¿±-\w. tKm]-_m-e- m-cp-
ambn Imensb ta®v \me-©p-Zn-hkw Ign™ ka-bØv Hcn-
8
°¬ {ioIr-jvW\pw _e-cm-a\ - pw-IqSn Imen-If - p-ambn Imń¬
\S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc kt¥m-j-tØmsS Ahƒ \S-
°p-∂-t\cØv tKm]-_m-e-IcpsS A`y¿∞\ am\n®v t[\p-
I≥ F∂ Akp-cs‚ Xme-h\ (]-\-¶m-Sv) Øn¬\n∂v ]g-
ßƒ ]dn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. t[\p-I≥ Hcp Igp-Xb - psS cq]-Øn¬
h∂v _e-cm-as\ Nhn-´m≥ `mhn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw DSs\Ø-
s∂ Ahs‚ Imen¬ ]nSn-IqSn Npg‰nsbdn-bp-Ibpw Ahs\
sIm√p-Ibpw F∂n´v ]\-¶m-b-Iƒ F√m-h¿°p-ambn \¬Ip-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ IrjvW≥ tKm]n-I-am¿°pw a‰p-
≈-h¿°p-sa√mw IÆn-\m-\-µhpw a\- n-\p-√m-khpw \¬In
\S-°sh shbn-te-‰p-X-f¿∂ tKm]-_m-e- m¿ Imfn-µn-bpsS
Ic-bn-se-Øn. Imfn-b-s\∂ Imf-k¿∏-Øns‚ hnjw-I-e¿∂
Pe-am-W-h¿ tImcn-°p-Sn®v Zmlw-Xo¿Ø-Xv. hnj-ta‰v Ah-
tcm-tcm-cp-Ø-cmbn hogm≥ XpS-ßn. ]mh-I-sf-t∏mse hoWp-
In-S°
- p∂ tKm°-sfbpw _me-Is - cbpw I≠v IrjvW≥ hfsc
k¶- S - s ∏- ´ p. Irjv W s‚ ]cn- { i- a - Ø n¬ Ah- s c- √ m- h cpw
Bekyw hns´-gp-t∂¬°p-∂p. CXn-\p-]n-∂n¬ Imfn-b-\m-
sW∂pw Ahs\ Imfn- µ n- b n¬\n∂pw HmSn- ® n- s √- ¶ n¬
\msfbpw Cu KXn h∂p-tN-cp-sa∂pw Nn¥n®v IrjvW≥
Hcp \oe ISºpa-c-Øn¬ NmSn-°-bdn Xmsg-bp≈ \Zn-bn-
te°v Hcp alm-tacp ]¿∆-X-sa-∂-t]mse Dut°msS NmSn.
B i_vZw-tI´v Imfn-b≥ henb tIm]-tØmsS ]pd-Øp-h-cp-
∂p.
""Bcn-∂p-h-∂-sX-∂m-ebw X∂nte
[oc-\mbv tIhew Nmh-Xn-∂mbv''
F∂mWv Imfn-b≥ tNmZn-°p-∂-Xv. Imfn-bs‚ hnj-izm-
k-ta‰v kao-]a - p≈ sh≈-sa√mw Xnf-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. IdpØ
sh≈- Ø n¬°qsS Ah≥ \o¥n- b - S p- ° p∂ t\cw Zqsc
IrjvW-s\-°≠v Xn¶-sf-°≠ cmlp-sh-t∏mse IrjvW-\p-
t\¿°-W-™p. e£vao-tZ-hn-bpsS at\m-l-c-amb ssII-fm¬
Xtem-S-s∏-Sp∂ B ]mZ-ß-fn¬ h¿≤n® tIm]-tØmsS ISn-
®-Xpw-t]m-cm™v IrjvWs‚ a¿Ω-ßƒtXmdpw ISn-°m≥ XpS-
ßn. \n¿Ω-e-\mb B ss]X-en-t\mSv CØ-c-tamtcm bp≤-
Øn-te¿s∏´v ]ns∂ Xs‚ akvX-Iw-sIm≠pw ASn-bv°m≥
XpS-ßn.
9
2.e£va-W-km-¥z\w
(cm-am-b-Ww˛A-tbm-[ym-Im-fiw)
Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥
Ihn-]-cn-Nbw
ae-∏pdw Po√-bn¬ Xncq¿ Xr°-≠n-bq-cnse Xp©≥]d-
ºmWv Fgp-Ø-—s‚ P ˛ÿ-ew. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ t]cv, Imew,
IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v GIm-`n-{]m-b-a√ \ne-hn-ep-≈-
Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ A—≥ Hcp \ºq-Xn-cnbpw AΩ N°me
\mb¿kv{Xo-bp-am-sW-∂mWv hnizm-kw. Fgp-Øm-im- m-cpsS
PmXn-bn¬ ]nd∂ BfmWv Fgp-Ø-—-s\∂v B¿.-\m-cm-b-W-
∏-Wn-°¿ A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. D≈q-cns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬
t£{X-{]-th-i-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ht´-°m´v \mb¿ Xd-hm-ńse
Hcw-K-amWv Fgp-Ø-—≥. ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw iq{Z-Pm-
Xn-bn-bn¬ P\n-®-Xp-sIm≠v th≠{X AwKo-Imcw e`n-®n-cp-
∂n-√. {In.h. 1475-˛\pw 1575-˛\pw CS-bn-emWv Fgp-Ø-—s‚
Pohn-X-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ bYm¿∞ t]cv
cma≥ F∂msW∂v B¿.-\m-cm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿ ]d-bp-∂p,
F∂m¬ cmam-\p-P≥ F∂ t]cm-Wv s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-
®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv. tPyjvT\pw Kpcp-hp-amb cmas\ A\p-kva-cn-
®mWv Cu t]cv kzoI-cn-®-sX∂pw AX√ A[ym-fl-cm-am-
bW I¿Øm-hmb cmam-\-µs\ A\p-kvacn®mWp-≠m-b-
sX∂pw c≠p ]£ap≠v. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ k\ym-k-Im-esØ
t]cmWv cmam-\-µ-s\∂pw AXn-\memWv Nn‰q-cnse B{i-a-
Øn\v cmam-\-µm-{K-lm-csa∂p A\p-am-\n-°s∏Sp-∂p.
`‡n-{]-ÿm\w
GXm≠v ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-t≠msS C¥y-bn-ep-S-\ofw
`‡n-{]-ÿm\w i‡n-{]m-]n-®p. inh-kvXp-Xn-Iƒ ]mSn-s°m-
≠p≈ \mb-\m¿am-cpw hnjvWp-kvXp-Xn-Iƒ ]mSn-s°m≠v
Bgvhm¿amcpw k©-cn-®p. lnµn-bn¬ I_o¿Zm-kv, Xpf-ko-
Zm-kv, kq¿Zmkv F∂n-hcpw Xan-gn¬ Iºcpw `‡n-Im-hy-
ßƒ Fgp-Xn. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v tIc-f-Øn¬ thtcm´w
e`n-®Xv ae-bmfw Hcp kzX-{¥-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ hy‡n-
Xzw-t\-Sm≥ XpS-ßnb Ime-Øm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ `‡n-{]-
10
ÿm\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v henb ÿm\-ap-
≠v. {InkvXph¿jw 9˛mw iX-I-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°-
m-cmb Ipe-ti-Jc Bgvhm¿, tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ, \mb- m¿
apX-em-b-h-cpsS kvt{Xm{X-ßƒ CXn¬ ]¶phln-®n-´p-≠v.
13-˛mw iX-I-Øn¬ cma-N-cnXImc\pw Xs‚-Xmb ]¶p-h-ln-
®n-´p-≠.v ]n∂oSv IÆ-»- m-cpsS IrXn-Ifpw Aø-∏n≈ Bims‚
cma-IY - m-]m´pw, sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS IrjvWK- m-Yb
- p-sa√mw `‡n-
bpsS XpS¿®- I - f mbn IW- ° m- ° mw. 16- ˛ mw \q‰m- ≠ n¬
sshjvWh `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ `mc-X-Øn-
seßpw Ae-b-Sn-®p-b¿∂ L´-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ AXns‚
\mb-I-ÿm-\-tØ-°p-b¿∂Xv Fgp-Ø-—-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kmwk-
vIm-cn-I-ambn Po¿Æm-h-ÿ-bn¬ InS-∂n-cp∂ tIc-fob kap-
Zm-bsØ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°pI F∂ al-Ømb ZuXyw \nd-th-
‰p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p FgpØ—≥.
Infn-∏m-´p-{]-ÿm\w
Infn-sb-s°m≠v ]mSn-°p∂ ]m´v F∂ \ne-bn¬ Infn-
∏m´v F∂v s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°p-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Imhy-{]-
ÿm\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-X-am-hp-∂Xv Fgp-Ø-—-t\m-
Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. AXn-\p-apºpw Ac-b-∂w, Ipbn¬, h≠v apX-
em-b-h-sb-s°m-s≠ms° ]mSn-®n-cp∂ k{º-Zmbw `mj-bn-
ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xan-gnepw Infn-hn-SpØv Fs∂mcp k{º-Zm-b-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw Hcp {]ÿm-\s - a∂ \ne-bn¬ ÿm\w
t\Sp-∂Xv Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Infn-∏m-´p-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Fgp-Ø-
—≥ Infn-∏m-´p-coXn kzoI-cn-®-Xn\v ]e Imc-W-ßƒ ]fin-
X- m¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Adw-]-‰m-Xn-cn-°m≥ th≠n-sb∂pw kc-
kz-Xo-tZ-hn-bpsS Iøn-ep≈ ipIsØ A\p-k-cn-®p-sIm-
s≠∂pw ]pcm-W-I-Ym-I¿Øm-hmb ipI-a-l¿jnsb Hm¿Øp-
sIm-≠m-sW∂pw Xan-gnse ss]¶n-f-°-Æn, ]cm-]-c-°Æn
F∂o hrØ-ßsf A\p-I-cn-®m-sW-∂p-sams° ]e hmZ-K-
Xn-Iƒ D≠v. F∂m¬ AXn-s\m∂pw th≠{X B[n-Im-cn-I-
X-bn-√. Infn-∏m-ń-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]e hrØ-ßƒ°pw Xangv
hrØ-ß-fp-ambn kmZr-iy-ap-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. tII, ImI-fn,
If-Im-©n, A∂-\S F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ Infn-∏m´v hrØ-
ßƒ. Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS Chbv°v henb {]Nm-cw
e`n-®p. ]m´v, aWn-{]-hmfw F∂n-h-bpsS kay-°mb taf-\-
11
Øn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvXa - mb Hcp Imhy-kc - W
- n-bmWv
Fgp-Ø-—≥ DZvLm-S\w sNbvX-Xv. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ A[ym-
fl-cm-am-bWw Infn-∏m´pw alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m´pw am{Xw aXn
Infn-∏m´p {]ÿm-\sØ kº-∂-am-°m≥.
e£va-W-km-¥z\w (A-tbm-[ym-Im-fiw)
"e£va-W-ho-c≥ kpan-{X-bm-a-Ωsb ................... apX¬
cmL-h≥ Xs∂∏ncn-™m¬ s]mdp-°ptam' hsc
AΩ-bmb kpan-{Xsb e£vaW - ≥ Iuk-ey-bpsS Iøn¬
ka¿∏n-®n´v hµn-®-t∏mƒ kpan{X Xs‚ aIs\ kt¥m-j-
tØmsS Benw-K\w sNbvXv A\p-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw Cßs\
D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \o tPyjvTs\ ]cn-N-cn-®psIm≠v
]ncn-bmsX Ft∏mgpw aptº \S-°-Ww. cmas\ kZm Zi-c-Y-
s\∂pw Fs∂ koX-sb∂pw, h\sØ Atbm-[y-sb∂pw
Icp-X-Ww. C°m-cyw Bflm¿∞-ambn a\- n-ep-d-∏n®v \o
kpJ-ambn t]mbnhcn-I. AΩ-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ icn-km-h-
ln®v BZ-c-]q¿∆w sXmgp-Xn´v, Aºpw hn√pw Iøn-se-Sp-
ØpsIm≠v e£va-W≥ {iocm-as‚ ASp-sØØn hW-ßn-
\n-∂p. {iocm-a≥ koX-tbmSpw e£va-W-t\mSpw IqSn ]nXm-
hns\ hµn-°m≥ t]mIp-tºmƒ, ]uc-P-\-ßsf kvt\l-
]q¿∆w ISm-£n-®p. kpµ-c\pw Ipam-c\pw \oe-\n-dw-sIm≠v
at\m-lc - a
- mb ico-ct- ØmSv IqSn-bh- \pw Ima-tZ-h\p Xpey\pw
Aò-jvS-ß-sf√mw \¬Ip-∂-h\pw kIe temI-ßƒ°pw
B\-µ-Zm-b-I\pw Bflm-cm-a\pw Xma-c-°-Æ\pw inh-\m¬
tkhn-°-s∏-´-h\pw F√m temI-ß-fnepw \nd-™p-\n¬°p-
∂-h\pw Bb {iocm-a≥, ]nXr-Kr-lØ - n-te°p \S∂p t]mIp-
∂-Xp-I≠v ZpxJ-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]uc- m¿ ]c-kv]cw Cßs\
]d™p. "IjvSw; IjvSw t\m°q, ssZhta! F¥m-Wn-ßs\
kw`-hn-®Xv' ktlm-Z-c\pw `mcy-bp-sam-∂n®v I√pw ap≈pw
Ip≠pw Ipgnbpw \nd™ Zp¿L-S-amb Im´p-h-gn-bn-eq-sS,
sN¥m-a-cbv°p Xpey-amb ]mZ-ß-fq∂n \nXyhpw \S-°m≥
Iev]n® cmPm-hns‚ a\ v ITn-\w-X-s∂. Zi-c-Y-\p-≈-Xp-
t]mse ]p{X-hm-’eyw C∂-se-hsc a‰m¿°p-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
C∂v At±-l-Øn\v Cßs\ tXm∂m≥ F¥mWv ImcWw?
CXp-tI´v as‰m-cmƒ ]d-bp-∂p-˛-cm-Pmhv ssItIbn°v c≠p
hcw sImSp-Øp-h-t{X. AXn-\m¬ {iocm-a≥ h\-Øn-te°p
12
t]mIp-∂p. At∏mƒ `c-X≥ cmPyw `cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. Aß-
s\-sb-¶n¬ \ap-°p-IqsS h\-Øn-te°p t]mImw. {iocm-
as\ ]ncn-bp-∂Xv \msa-ßs\ kln°pw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈
s]mXp-P-\-kw-km-c-tØmsS Cu `mKw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.
e£va-W≥ Xs‚ AΩ-bmb kpan-{X-sb-°≠v bm{Xm-\p-aXn
hmßp-Ibpw kpan{X Xs‚ aIs\ kvt\l-tØmsS D]-tZ-
in®v bm{X-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Cu kµ¿`w cmam-b-W-
Ønse G‰hpw t{ijvThpw {]kn-≤h - p-amb t«mIw AS-ßnb
`mKw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. cmam-bW
- Ø
- nse G‰hpw t{ijvTa - mb t«mI-
taXv F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw tXSn-b-e™ hc-cp-Nn-bpsS
IY {]kn-≤-am-W-t√m. h\-hm-k-Øn-\mbn ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ cma-
t\mSpw koX-tbm-Sp-sam∏w XpW-bmbn t]mIp∂ e£va-
W\v AΩ kpan{X bm{Xm-\p-aXn \¬Ip∂ Cu kµ¿`Øn-
emWv hc-cpNn At\z-jn® t«mIw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
kwk-vIrXw aqe-Ønse B cmam-b-W-t«mIw Cß-s\-bmWv.
"cmaw Zi-cYw hn≤n
amw hn≤n P\-Im-flPm
Atbm-≤ym-a-Show hn≤n
K—-XmX bYm-kpJw'
(tPy-jvTs\ A—-\mb Zi-c-Y-\mbpw tPyjvT-`m-cy-bmb
koXsb AΩ-bmbpw h\sØ Atbm-≤y-bmbpw Icp-X-Ww.
Cßs\ a\- n- e p- d - ∏ n®v \o kpJ- a mbn t]mbv hcnI
F∂¿∞w). Cu kµ¿`-sØ-bmWv Fgp-Ø-—≥ A[ym-flcm-
am-bWw Infn-∏m-ń¬ C{]-Im-cw ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
""A{K-P≥ Xs∂-∏-cn-N-cn-s®-s∏mgp
at{K-\-S-∂p-sIm-t≈Ww ]ncn-bm-sX.
cmas\ \nXyw Zi-c-Y-s\-∂p-≈n˛
emtam-Z-tamSp \ncq-hn-®p-sIm-≈-Ww.
Fs∂÷\-Im-fl-P-sb-∂p-d-®psImƒ
]ns∂-b-tbm-≤y-sb-t∂m¿Øo-S-S-hn-sb.
ambm-hnlo\-an-h-Æ-ap-d-∏n®p
t]mbm-ep-sa-¶n¬ kpJ-ambv hcn-I-tX.''
cmam-b-W-Ønse {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp kµ¿`-am-b-Xp-sIm-
≠pX-s∂-bm-bn-cn°mw hfsc {]m[m-\y-tØm-Sp-IqSnbmWv
13
Cu `mKw Fgp-Ø-—≥ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmam-
bWw aqe-Øn¬ \mev hcn-I-fp≈ t«mIsØ Fgp-Ø-—≥
F´v hcn-I-fn-embn hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. tPyjvT-s\bpw
tPyjvT-`m-cy-sbbpw ]cn-N-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°p Imh-em-bn-
cn-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p e£va-Ws‚ ZuXyw F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ A°m-cy-Øn\v Du∂¬ sImSp-Øp-sIm≠mWv Fgp-
Ø-—≥ ChnsS hnh¿Ø\w \n¿∆-ln-®n-´p-≈-Xv. GXp `mK-
am- s W- ¶ nepw icn, CØ- c - Ø n¬ HuNn- X y- ] q¿Æ- a mb
hnh¿Ø-\-amWv Fgp-Ø-—s‚ khn-ti-j-X. Bh-iym-\p-k-
cWw Nne `mK-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿Øpw Bh-iy-an-√m-Øh Hgn-
hm-°nbpw kmc-k-ºq¿Æ-hpw kzX-{¥-hp-amb Hcp hnh¿Ø-
\-co-Xn-bmWv Fgp-Ø-—≥ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv F∂v sXfn-bn-
°p-∂-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw Infn-
∏m-´p-Iƒ. hnh¿Ø-\-am-b√ XnI®pw kzX-{¥-amb auen-I-
Ir-Xn-I-fm-bn-Ø-s∂-bmWv Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ ae-bm-f-
km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏ń´p-≈-Xv.
3. ⁄m\-∏m\
]q¥m\w
Ihn-]-cn-Nbw
IrjvW`-‡n-bpsS Ihn-bmb ]q¥m\w \ºq-Xncn ae-
∏pdw Pn√-bnse s]cn-¥¬a-Æ-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Iogm-‰q-cn¬
]q¥m\w C√-ØmWv P\n-®-Xv. C√-t∏-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂
Cu Ihn-bpsS bYm¿Y t]cv A⁄m-X-am-Wv. 16-˛mw \q‰m-
≠ns‚ ]IpXn apX¬ 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-hsc At±-
l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Imew IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ta¬∏-Øq¿
\mcm-b-W-`-´-Xn-cn-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-sa∂v
Icp-Xs
- ∏-Sp-∂p. AXn\v Dt]m-Zv_e- I
- a
- mb Nne IY-Ifpw {]Nm-
c-Øn-ep-≠v. ]mfinXyw Ipd™ ]q¥m-\-Øns‚ `‡n-bmWv
ta¬∏-Øq-cns‚ ]mfin-Xy-tØ-°mƒ `K-hm\v CjvS-s∏-´Xv
F∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ IY \ne-hn-ep-≠v. Cu IY {]ta-b-am°n
h≈-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ `‡nbpw hn`-‡nbpw F∂
t]cn¬ Hcp IhnX cNn-®n-´p-≠v.
14
⁄m\-∏m\
(ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ sNm√n-°-e-ln-®p apX¬ ........ \mw
hrYm... hsc)
⁄m\-∏m-\-bmWv ]q¥m-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb
cN-\. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ thZw F∂v Cu IrXnsb
\ncq-]-I¿ hmgvØn-bn-´p-≠v. AXoh EPphpw efn-X-hp-amb
Cu Imhy-Ønse H´p an° hcn-Ifpw ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v kp]-
cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. ]q¥m-\-Øns‚ a‰p IrXn-I-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂
Xo{h-amb IrjvW-`-‡n-bm-Wn-Xn¬. sslµ-h-X-Xz-Nn-¥-bn¬
A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-ln-I-hn-a¿i-\-amWv ⁄m\∏m\-bnse
{]ta-bw. A°m-esØ tIc-fo-b-k-aq-l-Øn¬ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp∂
[\m¿Øn, Agn-a-Xn, A[n-Im-c-{]-a-Ø-X, `‡n-tem]w XpS-
ßn-b-h-bvs°-√m-sa-Xnsc {]tbm-Kn® Akv{X-am-bn-cp∂p Cu
eLp-Im-hyw. Fgp-Ø— - s- \-∂t- ]mse `‡n-{]-ÿm-\Ø - n¬s∏-
´ Ihn-bm-bmWv ]q¥m-\-sØbpw ImWp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Fgp-
Ø-—-\n-en-√mØ {]Xy-£-amb kmaq-ln-I-hn-a¿i\w ]q¥m-
\-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p. ]q¥m\w Ihn-Xsb I≠Xv `‡n-kw-
h¿≤-\-Øn\p am{X-a√ kmaq-lnI hna¿i\Øn\pw kap-Zm-
b-\-thm-∞m-\-Øn\pw IqSn-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]q¥m-
\sØ ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-km-aq-lnI hna¿i-I-\mb Ihn
F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-√. kmaq-lnIhna¿i-\-
Øns‚ Hcp XpS¿® ]n∂oSv Ip©≥\-ºym-cn-eq-sS-bmWv \mw
I≠-Xv.
ka-Im-enI tIc-fØ - n¬t∏mepw {]k-‡a - mbn´p≈ {]ta-
b- a mWv ⁄m\- ∏ m- \ - b n- t e- X v . a\p- j ys‚ [\m¿Øn,
Imam¿Øn apX-emb A¥-an-√mØ B¿Øn-I-tfbpw Al-
¶m-c-sØbpw \mSy-ß-sfbpw ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ°m-bp≈ ISn-
]n-Sn-I-sf-bp-sams° hna¿i-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I-bmWv Ihn.
F√m {]iv\-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ]cn-lm-c-ambn At±lw \n¿t±-
in-°p-∂Xv `‡nbpw hnc-‡n-bp-am-Wv. ÿm\-am-\ß - ƒ°mbn
Ie-ln®v \mWw-sI-´p-\-S-°p∂ Hcp Iq´¿ aZhpw a’-chpw
Xebv°p Ib-dn-b-h¿. Nne¿ kpJ-ßƒ°p-th≠n kpµ-cn-am-
cpsS hoSp-Iƒ t\m°n \S-°p-∂p. Ah¿ Ip©n-cm-a≥am-sc-
t∏mse Ipc-ßp-I-fn-°m≥hsc Xøm-dm-Ip-∂p. A[n-Im-c-
tamlw hf¿∂ t\Xm-°sf {]oWn-∏n®v tImhn-e-I-ß-fn-eqsS
15
D]-Pm-]-hp-ambn \S-°p-∂p thsdmcp Iq´¿. aX-sØ-t∏mepw
CØcw the-Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bmWv Nne aX-]p-tcm-
ln-X-∑m¿. AXv sIm©n hf¿tØ≠ ss]X-ens\ I™n-
Ip-Sn-°m≥ th≠n hn¬°p-∂-Xp-t]mse A]-lm-ky-am-Wv.
amXm-]n-Xm-°sf Ah-K-Wn®v kz¥w Imcyw am{Xw t\m°n
\S-°p-∂-hcpw D≠v. A·n-km-£n-bmbn kzoI-cn® ]Xv\nsb
kz]v\-Øn¬t]mepw ImWm≥ Nne¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂n-√. CØ-
c-°msc D]-tZ-in-°m≥ Bsc-¶nepw sN∂m¬ Ah¿°p-t\sc
i{Xp-°s - f-t∏mse Ib¿Øp-Nm-Sp-∂p. hµn-t°-≠h
- s
- c-t∏mepw
\nµn-°p-∂p. Xs∂-s°m-≠mWv temIw Cßs\ \ne-\n¬°p-
∂Xv F∂v Ch¿ Al-¶-cn-°p-∂p. {_m“WywsIm≠v Xe-
°-\w-IqSn {_“m-hp-t]mepw X\n°v the-°m-c-\mWv F∂v
Nne¿ Nn¥n-°p-∂p. kºØpw ]Z-hnbpw t\Sm≥th≠n Ch¿
A·n-tl-{XmZn bmK-ßƒ sNøp-∂p. I®-h-S-Øn-emWv F√m-
h-cp-sSbpw IÆv. F¥pw I®-hSw sNbvXv em`w sImøp-I
F∂Xv am{X-amWv e£yw. kz¿Æw, cXv\w, IpXn-c, B\
F∂n-h-sb√mw I®-hS Nc-°m-Wv. Nne¿ I∏-ep-≠m-°nbpw
em`w sImøm≥ t\m°p-∂p. CØ-c-°m¿°v F{X Inń-bmepw
aXn-bm-I-bn-√. ]Øv Inń-bm¬ \qdv thW-sa∂pw \qdp Inń-
bm¬ Bbncw thW-sa∂pw Bbncw Inń-bm¬ ]Xn-\m-bncw
F∂nßs\ a\ v B¿Øn ]q≠n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ]mh-
ßƒ sN∂n-cp-∂mtem Hcp ]Ww-t]mepw Ch¿ sImSp-°-bn-
√. NØp-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ DSpØ hkv{Xw t]mepw sIm≠p-
t]m-Im≥ Ch¿°p Ign-bptam? acWw ASp-Øp-h-∂psIm≠n-
cn-°p-tºmgpw taml-ßƒ a≠n a≠n Itc-dp-I-bm-Wv. HmWw
Ign-™m¬ hnjp. hnjp Ign-™m¬ Xncp-hm-Xn-c, P-∑Zn-\-
ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ t]mIp∂p. Pohn-X-Øn¬ X\ns°mcp DÆn
D≠m-bn-°m-Wm≥ BZyw sImXn°pw. ]ns∂ Ahs‚ ]nd-
∂mƒ, thfn AXp-I-gn-™m¬ Ahs‚ DÆn-bpsS ]nd-∂mƒ.
Aß-s\-bn-cn-°sh NØp-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. hnZy-sIm≠v
Adn-tb-≠Xv Adn-bmsX hnZzm- m-cmbn \Sn-°p-I-bmWv Nne¿.
"" Ip¶p-a-Øns‚ hmk-a-dn-bmsX
Ip¶paw Npa-°pw-t]mse K¿±`w''
F∂mWv Ah-sc-°p-dn®v ]q¥m\w ]d-bp-∂Xv Pohn-X-
Øns‚ A¿Y-a-dn-bmsX hrYm a’-c-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h-
tcm-Sv,
IqSn-b√m ]nd-°p∂ t\cØpw
16
"" IqSn-b√m acn-°p∂ t\cØpw
at[y-bn-ßs\ ImWp∂ t\cØv
a’-cn-°p-∂-sX-¥n\p \mw hrYm''
F∂mWv ]q¥m-\-Øn\p tNmZn-°m-\p-≈-Xv. hf-sc-°pd-
®pImew am{Xw Cu temIØv IqSn-°-gn™v ]ncn-™p-t]m-
Ip-∂-h¿ XΩn¬ F¥n\v sshchpw hntZz-jhpw ]Ibpw
a’-c-hp-sa√mw F∂mWv hnth-In-I-fmb Ihn-Iƒ F∂pw
tNmZn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
""]mŸ¿ s]cp-h-gn-b-º-ew X∂nte
Xm¥-cm-bv°qSn hntbmKw hcp-tºmse''
F∂v Fgp-Ø-—\pw CtX Bi-bw-Xs∂ ]¶p-sh-bv°p-
∂p-≠v. A∂sØ tIc-f-Øns‚ tcmKm-h-ÿ-bv°p≈ acp-
∂m-bn-cp∂p CØcw IrXn-Iƒ. C∂pw tIc-fo-b-k-aq-l-Øn\v
Ch AXy¥w Bh-iy-ambncn°p∂p F∂-XmWv hmkvX-hw.
F{X sNdp-Xm-sW-¶nepw \√ Imhy-ß-fpsS {]k‡n Hcn-
°epw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂v ⁄m\-∏m\ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
efn-X-amb `mjm-]-Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kwk-vIr-X-]-Z-
ßsf ]c-am-h[n Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠p≈ sXfn™ Imhy-c-N-
\m-ssi-en-bmWv ]q¥m-\Ø - ns‚ {]tXy-IX- . Kl-\a
- mb thZm-
¥-Nn-¥-Isf hfsc efn-X-ambpw lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bm-bp-amWv
Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v. F≥.-Ir-jvW]
- n≈ ]q¥m-\sØ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv˛ ""Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Iøn¬
In´p-tºmƒ s]mXnsc X√p-ta-Sn-°p∂ Bfp-IfpsS hn{In-b-
Iƒ ]q¥m\w ]d-bp-∂-Xv, Aen-thmSpw k¶-S-tØm-Sp-amWv
]q¥m\w HmØn-√mØ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]nd∂ {_m“-W-\m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hn`-‡n-b√ `‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]q¥m-\-Øns‚
kn≤n-sb∂pw ]p{X-Zpx-J-Øm¬ hnc-‡-\mb tij-amWv
IrXn cNn-®-sX∂pw a‰p-ap-≈ sFXn-ly-ßƒ IrXn-bpsS
Bflm-hn-te-°p≈ {]th-i-\-I-hm-S-ß-fm-Wv. X\n ae-bm-
fnØw Xpfp-ºp∂ kw`m-j-W-`m-jbpw \mtSm-Sn-ssi-enbpw
kw£n-]vXX - bpw `‡n-bpsS ]mc-ayhpw ⁄m\-Øns‚ AKm-
[-Xbpw Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse Bflm¿∞-Xbpw Hs°-°q-Sn-
tN¿∂v ⁄m\-∏m\sb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ atlm-]-\n-jØv
B°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.'' {]m]-©n-I-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-
\-Øn\v hfsc efn-X-amb am¿§-amWv Ihn Cu IrXn-bn-
eqsS \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
17
3.cp‹n-Wo-kz-bw-hcw
(Hm-´≥Xp-≈¬)
Ip©≥\-ºym¿
Ihn-]-cn-Nbw
Xp≈¬{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmb Ip©≥\-
ºym¿ sIm√-h¿jw 880-˛¬ ({In.-h.1705) ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse
Xncp--hnezm-a-ebv°p kao-]-ap≈ In≈n-°p-dn»n awK-eØv Ie-
°Øv `h-\Ø - n-emWv P\n-®Xv F∂v Icp-Xs- ∏-Sp-∂p. Ip©≥,
IrjvW≥, cma≥ XpS-ßnb ]e t]cp-Iƒ \ºym-cp-tS-Xm-
sW∂ A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v. Ip©≥ F∂Xv ÿm\-t∏-cm-Im-
sa∂pw Ip™v F∂ Hma-\-t∏cv ]n∂oSv Ip©≥ F∂m-b-Xm-
Im-sa∂pw cma-s\t∂m IrjvW-s\t∂m BImw bYm¿∞
t]sc-∂p-sam-s°-bmWv A`n-{]m-b-t`-Z-ßƒ. GXm-bmepw
am¿Øm-fih¿Ω-bpsS B{in-X\ - mbn Ign-™n-cp∂p Ct±lw
F∂Xv ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1770-˛¬ t]hnj _m[-
tb‰v A¥-cn-®-Xmbpw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Xp≈¬{]-ÿm\w
tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-I-em-cq-]-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xnepw ]e-
X-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ Xp≈epIƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Hcp
{]ÿm-\-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬ Xp≈¬ F∂ Iem-cq]w AhXcn-
∏n-°-s∏-´Xv Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Ime-Øm-Wv. Xp≈¬{]-ÿm-
\-Øns‚ D¬]-Ønsb kw_-‘n®v \ne-hn-ep≈ sFXnlyw
C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. IqØn\v angmhp sImń-s°m-≠n-cp∂ \ºym¿
Dd°w Xqßp-∂Xv I≠ NmIym¿ \ºymsc IW-°‰v Bt£-
]n-°p-∂p. A]-am-\n-X-\mb \ºym¿ AXn-\p≈ Hcp ]I-cw-
ho-´¬ F∂ \ne-bn¬ A∂p cm{Xn-Xs∂ Hcp Xp≈¬°Y
\n¿Ωn®v ]nt‰-Zn-hkw IqØns‚ ka-bØv Ifn-Ø-ń¬ Ibdn
Xp≈¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. IqØns‚ ImWn-I-sfm-s° Xp≈¬
ImWm-\mbn sN∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. AXn-i-tbm-‡n-
]-c-amb Cu IY F{X-am{Xw hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-amWv F∂-dn-
bn-√. F¥m-bmepw Hscm‰ Znh-kw-sIm≠v Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂
Hcp Iem-cq-]-a√ Xp≈-se∂v \n w-ibw ]d-bmw. Hcp-]-t£,
Gsd-\m-fmbn Xm≥ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp Iesb
18
s]s´-s∂mcp Ah-kcw Inń-b-t∏mƒ \ºym¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-
Xp- a m- h mw. lmky- { ]- [ m- \ - a mb Hcp kmln- X y- c q- ] - a mWv
Xp≈¬°hn- X - I ƒ. AXn- \ m¬Øs∂ AXn\v s]s´∂v
kzoIm-cy-Xbpw e`n-®n-cn-°-Ww.
Zr-iyhpw {imhy-hp-amb Hcp Iem-cq-]a - mWv Xp≈¬. Aº-
e- ∏ pg {]tZ- i - ß - f n¬ \S- ∏ p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ ]S- b Wn F∂
{]mNo\ Iem-cq]w ]cn-jvI-cn-®mWv Xp≈¬ krjvSn-®-sX∂
hmZ-ap-≠v. {]mNo-\-Imew apX¬ A\p-{I-a-ambn hf¿∂p cq]m-
¥cw {]m]n-®p-h∂ Nne \rØcoXn-Iƒ Xp≈-en¬ D]-tbm-
Kn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°mw.
Xp≈¬ aq∂p-hn[w
ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥, Hm´≥ F∂n-ßs\ tIc-fØ - nse BZn-
a-\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS PmXn-\maw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv \ºym¿
Xp≈-ep-Iƒ°v \maI-cWw sNbvXsX∂v G.-Un. lcn-i¿Ω
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu t]cp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ Ah-cpsS
D¤-h-ÿm\w a\- n-em-°mw. ]d-b≥ Xp≈-ense h‡mhv
]d-b-\m-sW∂v \ºym¿ Xs∂ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-ap≈Xn-\m¬
]d-b≥Xp≈-en\v PmXn\ma-hp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂v ]d-bmw.
F∂m¬ ioX-¶≥ F∂ ]Z-sØ-∏‰n A`n-{]mbhyXym-k-ap-
≠v. ioXIi_vZØ - n\v aµ≥, ]eXpw ]d-bp-∂h - ≥, Beioe-
an-√m-Ø-h≥, XWp-∏≥ F∂n-ßs\ ]e A¿∞-ß-fp-ap-≠v.
\ºym¿ kzbw aµs\∂p \Sn-®p-sIm≠v ioXIi_vZw Xp≈-
en-t\mSp tN¿Øp-sh∂ hmZ-ap-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse ]pe-b-cpsS
CS-bn¬ [mcmfambn ioX-¶≥ F∂ t]cv hy‡n-Iƒ°p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]pe-b-cpsS CS-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ \rØ-co-Xn-I-
fn¬ Ipcp-tØme Ae-¶m-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. ioX-
¶≥Xp≈-enepw Xp≈¬°m¿ Ipcp-tØm-e-sIm-≠p≈ thjw
AWn-bp-∂p. Ip´-\m-S≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]S-b-Wnsb A\p-
k-cn-®-XmWv ioX-¶≥ Xp≈-se∂v tUm. Fkv. sI. \mb¿
A`n-{]m-bs - ∏Sp∂p. ]d-b≥, ioX-¶≥ F∂n-hsb At]-£n®v
thKX IqSp-X-ep≈ Xp≈-emWv Hm´≥ Xp≈¬ AXp-sIm-
≠mhmw AXn\v Cu t]cv e`n-®-Xv. IWn-bm-∑m¿ F∂
{]tXyI hn`mKw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ tIme≥ Xp≈-en¬ \n∂mWv
Hm´≥Xp≈¬ D≠m-b-sX∂v tUm. Fkv. sI. \mb¿ ]d-bp-
∂p-≠v. Hm´≥Xp-≈-en\v HmS-\m-Sp-ambpw (Im-bw-Ip-fw) ioX-
19
¶≥ Xp≈-en\v ioX-¶-\m-Sp-ambpw (tZ-in-ß-\m-Sv) ]d-b≥
Xp≈en\v ]pd-b-\m-Sp-ambpw (]p-d-°m-Sv, Aº-e-∏p-g) _‘-ap-
s≠∂v Fw.-]n. i¶pÆn \mb¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xcw-
KnWn hrØw {ZpX-Xm-fØ - n-ep≈ hrØ-am-bX - p-sIm≠p Xs∂
Hm´≥Xp≈-ense {][m\ hrØ-am-Wn-Xv. ImI-fn, tII, If-
Im-©n XpS-ßnb hrØ-ßƒ Aev]w hyXym-k-tØmsS ioX-
¶-\nepw hIv{Xhpw a√n-Ibpw ]d-b≥Xp≈-enepw D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂p.
Xp≈-ep-I-fnse thjhpw NS-ßp-Ifpw
ioX-¶≥ Xp≈¬
D®-Xn-cn-™mWv ioX-¶¬Xp≈¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. apJØp
tX∏pw an\p°pw ]mSn-√. IsÆ-gpXpw shfp-Ø-s]m-´p-sXmSpw
Xe-bn¬ IdpØ Ddp-am-emWv sI´p-∂-Xv. AXn\p apºmbn
sIm≠-sI-´pw. Ddpam-en\p apI-fnepw amdnepw Ipcp-tØm-e-
ame AWn-bp-∂p. Nneºpw sI®bpw c≠pw Imenepw sI´p-
∂p.
]d-b≥ Xp≈¬
k¿∏-]Øn apSn CXns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Nph∂ ]´p-
sXm-ßepw Nm¿Øp-∂p. H‰-°m-en¬ am{X-amWv Nneºv
AWn-bp-I. AXv heXv Imen¬ Bbn-cn-°pw. sI®-a-Wnbpw
AtX Imen¬Øs∂ sI´p-∂p. Igp-Øn¬ ame Nm¿Øpw
Nµ\w ]qipw apJ-Øp-tX∏pw an\p-°p-an-√. IsÆ-gp-XpI am{X-
ta sNøq. Ime-ØmWv ]db≥ Xp≈¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. H‰-Im-
ense \rØ-ap-≈q.
Hm´≥Xp-≈¬
inc- n¬ at\m-l-c-amb h´-ap-Sn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. apJØp
]®-tX°pw. IÆpw ]pcn-Ihpw hmep-\oń Fgp-Xpw. IÆp
Npa-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Np≠-∏q-hn-Spw. IS-II¶-Wßfpw s\©p-
]-e-Ibpw {]tXy-I-ap-≠v. I®bpw sI®bpw c≠p-Im-en-ep-a-
Wn-bpw. "Aº-e∏ - p-gt- °m-WIw' sIm≠p≈ DS-bm-Sb - mWv [cn-
°p-∂-Xv.
cpKvan-Wo-kz-bw-hcw (Hm-´≥Xp-≈¬)
Ipfin-\-hm-kn-Iƒ.............-ap-X¬ tamZn-t°-W-a-SpØp
hnhmlw hsc.
20
{]mNo-\-I-hn-{X-b-Ønse G‰hpw P\-Io-b-\mb Ihn
F∂ _lp-aXn Ip©≥\-ºym¿°v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
kmam-\y-P-\-ß-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ Iebpw kmln-
Xy-hp-sam∂pw A∂v IqSp-X-embn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-
√. kwk-vIrXw F√m-‰nepw ta¬t°mbva t\Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
AwKo-Ir-X-co-Xn. F∂m¬ \ºym-cm-Is´ kmam-\y-P-\-X-bpsS
Akzm-Z\ \ne-hm-c-Øn-\p-Xt-∑Ip∂ Hcp Iem-cq]w Xs∂
hm¿sØ- S p- ° p- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. AXn- \ p- t h≠ kmlnXyw
At±lw Fgp-Xn-bXpw km[m-c-W-°m-cp-sS `mj-bn¬Ø-s∂.
""`SP-\-ß-sS \Sp-hn-ep-s≈mcp ]S-b-Wn-°n-l-tN-cp-hm≥
hSn-hnbs∂mcp Nmcp tIc-f-`mj Xs∂ NnXw-hcq
ISp-I-sS-∏-Sp-I-Tn-\-kw-k-vIr-X-hn-I-S-I-Sp-I-hn-tI-dn-bm¬
`S-P-\-ßƒ [cn-°-bn√ Xncn-°p-sam-s°bp-ta-‰p-S≥''
F∂v Xm≥ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-
≠m-sW-∂n-hnsS \ºym¿ Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. `S-P-\-ßƒ
F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv A∂sØ km[m-cW P\-ß-sf-bm-Wv.
AØcw Bfp-Isf ckn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
DX-Ip∂ `mj efn-Xhpw a[p-c-hp-amb ae-bmfw Xs∂-bm-
sW∂v At±-l-Øn-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. "ap√-∏q-sºm-Sn-tb-‰p-In-
S°pw I√n-\p-ap-≠msamcp kuc`yw'' F∂ ań-ep≈ F{Xtbm
efn-Xhpw a[p-c-hp-amb Ihn-hm-Iy-ßƒ C∂pw \mw \nXy-Po-
hn-Xkµ¿`-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xpw
B Ihn- b psS C\nbpw \jv S - s ∏- ´ n- ´ n- √ mØ P\- I o- b -
XsbXs∂-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]pXnb ]c-ky-hm-N-I-ß-
fn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hcn-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. ""P\-
lr-Zb - Ø- n¬ At±-lØ - n-s\m-cp-°nb knwlm-k\ - ß
- f
- n¬ Ib-
dn-bn-cn-°m≥ aptºm ]ntºm B¿°pw Ign-™n-ń-√'' F∂
tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw F{X-bpw km¿∞-
Iam-sW-∂s{X CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
\ºym-cpsS H´p-an° Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-Ifpw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xp
tZh-Xm-kvXp-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. cp‹n-Wo-kz-bw-hcw Hm´≥Xp-
≈epw AØ-c-Øn¬ Hcp IrjvW-kvXp-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv
Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
""Aw_-c-\-Zo-hm-k-\w-_p-P-tem-N-\≥
Nn ˛b≥ PK- ˛b≥ Ieva-j-hn-\m-i-\≥''
21
F∂ kvXpXn-bnse "Aw_-c-\-Zo-hm-k≥' Aº-e-∏pg
IrjvW-\m-sW-∂mWv \ncq-]I aXw. Aw_-c-\Zn AYhm
Aw_-c-∏p-g-bmWv ]n∂oSv Aº-e-∏pgbmb-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-
Sp-∂p. Ihn-bpsS CjvS-tZ-h-X-bmb Aº-e-∏pg IrjvWs\
a‰p ]e IrXn-I-fnepw kvXpXn-®n-´p-ap-≠v. IqSp-X¬ sshIm-cn-
I-Xbpw CØcw kvXpXn-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. IrjvW-kvXp-
Xn-I-fnepw IrjvW h¿Æ-\-I-fn-ep-sams° AØ-c-Øn-ep≈
Hcp Bflm¿∞-Xbpw B¥-cn-I-amb `mh-Xm-fhpw Zriy-am-
Wv. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ ]m¿∞-km-cYn h¿Æ-\-t]mse cp‹n-Wo-
kzbwhcw Hm´≥Xp-≈e - nse IrjvWs‚ tIim-Zn-]m-Zh
- ¿Æ\
t\m°p-I˛
""]oen-Øn-cp-ap-Snbpw amebpw Nn√n-Ifpw
\otem¬]-esØ sh√pw temN-\-{]-`m-hhpw
tNsemØ \mkn-Ibpw _me-Ø-cp-Wn-am¿Ø≥
tNXs h©n-®nSpw teme-am-a-[-chpw''
F∂n-ßs\ t]mIp∂ kmam\yw Zo¿L-amb h¿Æ\mk-
vXp-Xn-bn¬ {ioIr-jvWs‚ k¿∆m-e-¶m-c-hn-`q-jn-X-amb cq]-
amWv ChnsS hmMvab Nn{X-ambn hc-®p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Cßs\ `‡nbpw lmky-hp-sa-∂√ GXp ckhpw \ºym-
cpsS Xqen-I-°n-W-ßp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xp≈-ep-Iƒ s]mXpsh
lmky-c-k-{]-Zm-\-am-Wv. Ihn tXme-\n¬ XpSßn Nºq-Im-c-
m-cn-eq-sSbpw NmIy- m-cn-eq-sSbpw hf¿∂v Ip©≥\-ºym-cn-
eqsS Icp-Øp-t\-Sn. C.-hn. IrjvW-]n-≈, kRvP-b≥ F∂n-
h-cn-eqsS ]pXnb cq]-`m-hß - ƒ ssIs°m≠v hn.-sI.-F≥ hsc-
bp≈ hen-sbmcp ]mc-ºcyw Cu lmky-km-ln-Xy-Øn\p
ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠v. CXn¬ lmky-km-{am-´mbn {]Xn-jvTn-X-am-
bn-´p-≈Xv Ip©≥\ºym¿ Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-
≠nse tIc-fobPohn-X-Øns‚ Po¿Æ-X-bmWv \ºym¿ Xs‚
IrXn-I-fn-eqsS lmkym-fl-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xs‚
kmaq-lnI hna¿i\w IqSp-X¬ i‡hpw ck-\o-b-hp-am-°m≥
\ºym¿ Is≠-Ønb am¿§w ]pcmWIY-I-fpsS ]pd-t¥m-Sn-
\p≈n¬ ka-Im-en-Im-h-ÿsb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ Ime-Øn-s‚bpw tZi-Øn-s‚bpw
AXn¿Øn-Isf At±lw t_m[-]q¿∆w ewLn-®p. tZh-tem-
IØv N°n-s∏Æpw Nncp-X-s∏Æpw a‰pw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw
22
Zptcym-[-\s‚ ]S-bnse \mb-∑m¿ tXm°p-ambn \S-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ bp‡n-cm-ln-Xy-ßƒ Bhn-jvIc - n-°m≥
\ºym¿°v H´pw aSn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. kmaq-ly-hn-a¿i\w
am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p At±-l-Øns‚ e£yw. kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Øn-
\-IsØ sIm≈-cp-Xm-bva-Iƒ At±-lsØ Gsd hnj-an-∏n-
®n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \mb- msc ]cn-l-kn-°m≥
In´p∂ Hchkchpw At±lw shdpsX If-™n-√. cp‹nWn
kzbw-h-c-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Cu ]mTy-`m-Khpw \ºym-cpsS kmaq-
ly-hn-a¿i-\-Øns‚ \s√mcp amXr-I-bm-Wv.
IYm-k-µ¿`w
hnZ¿`-bnse cmPm-hmb òjvaI - \v cp‹n, cp‹-cY - ≥, cp‹-
_m-lp, cp‹-tI-i≥, cp‹-amen F∂n-ßs\ A©p ]p{X-
mcpw cp‹nWn F∂ ]p{Xn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _meyw apX¬
{ioIr-jvW-s\-∏‰n tIń-cp∂ cp‹nWn At±-l-Øn¬ A\p-
c-‡-bm-hp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ \mc-Z-a-l¿jn hnZ¿`-cm-P-[m\n
kµ¿in® ka-bØv ]eXpw kwkm-cn-®n-cns° cp‹n-Wn-
bpsS hnhm- l - I mcyw N¿®- b m- h p- ∂ p. {ioIr- j v W - \ mWv
Ahƒ°p-]-‰nb hc≥ F∂v \mc-Z≥ ]d-™p. F∂m¬
ktlm-Z-c-\mb cpKvan°v {ioIr-jvW-t\mSv shdp-∏m-bn-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ kplr- Ø mb tNZn- c m- P mhv inip- ] m- e \v Ahsf
hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°m-\mbncp∂p cp‹n°v Xm¬]-cyw.
ktlm-Z-cn-°p- ]-‰nb hcs\ Is≠-Øm≥ cp‹n-tbmSv A—≥
Bh-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ At±lw Xs‚ A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ kµ¿`-am-Wn-Xv. k¿∆-Kp-W-ßfpw XnI™ a\p-jy¿
`qan-bn¬ Ipd-bp-sa∂pw Hmtcm a\p-jy¿°pw Hmtcmtcm Ip‰-
ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv cp‹n-bpsS aXw. kIe a\p-
jy-cnepw Ip‰-ßƒ Is≠Øn Ah-km\w inip-hmb Xs‚
tkmZ-cn-bpsS ]Xnbm-Im≥ inip-]m-e-\mWv F¥p-sIm≠pw
tbmKy≥ F∂mWv cp‹n A—s\ Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. AX-ß-
s\-Øs∂ F∂v ]nXmhpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. cp‹-nWn-bpsS
kJn-am¿ Cu hnhm-l-hn-ti-j-ßƒ Ahsf Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
]pcm-W-I-Ym-k-µ¿`-am-Wn-sX-¶nepw Hcp tIc-fobKrl-
Øn¬ \S-°p∂ hnhm-lm-tem-N-\m-tbm-K-ambn tXm∂n-∏n°pw
hn[-amWv \ºym¿ Cu cwKw ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. PmXn-
23
t{i-jvT-Xbpw a‰phn[ F√m KpW-K-W-ß-fp-an-W-ßnb hc-
s\-bmWv A—\pw ktlm-Z-c mcpw IqSn cp‹n-Wn-°mbn tXSp-
∂-Xv. Hcp a\p-jys\bpw Xs‚ aIƒ°mbn t_m[n-°mØ
]nXm-hn-t\mSv cp‹n ]d-bp-∂-Xv˛
Ip‰w IqSm-Xp≈ \c-∑m¿
Ipdbpw `qan-bnse∂psSXmX!
e£w am\p-j¿Iq-Sp-tºm-f-Xn¬
e£Wap≈-h-scm-t∂m-ct≠m''
F∂mWv. ]n∂oSv a\p-jy-cpsS ]e-hn[ tZmj-ß-sf-∏‰n
FÆn-sbÆn ]dbp ∂p. kplr-Ømb inip-]m-e≥ am{X-
amWv Ahƒ°v tbmPn®sX∂v ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. AXp Xs∂
A—\pw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ "aq∏o∂pw ]p\-sc-f-abpa-
ßns\' Xocp-am-\n-®p-d-∏n® hnhm-l-°mcyw \mSp-\osf {]N-
cn-s®-¶nepw tXmgn-am-cmWv cp‹-Wnsb Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. GXp
IY-bm-sW-¶nepw AXn¬ tIc-fob kaq-l-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-
t—- Z sØ lmkym- fl - I - a mbn Ah- X - c n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬
\ºym¿°p-≈{X {]mhoWyw A°m-esØ a‰v Ihn-I-fn-
sem∂pw Xs∂ ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√. Nncn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Nn¥n-
∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ coXn.
""Nncn-°p∂ IY-tI-´m-en-cn°pw
Bb-X-s√-¶n¬ Xncn°pw''
F∂ t_m[yw \∂m-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p \ºym¿°v.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. Poh\pw IqSmsX tIhew `qan-bn¬
]mh-Iƒ hoWp-In-S°pw t]mse ˛
kµ¿`hpw kmc-kyhpw hy‡-am-°p-I.
2. KmYm-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IrjvW-bnse
Imfn-b-a¿±-\sØ ap≥\n¿Øn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
3. sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS Imhy-ssien Cu ]mT-`m-KØv F{X-
tØmfw {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-≠v? N¿® sNøp-I.
4. ""cmas\ \nXyw Zi-c-Y-s\-∂p-≈n˛
emtam-Z-tamSp \ncq-]n-®p-sIm-≈Ww'' Cu hcn-I-fnse
kµ¿`hpw kzmc-kyhpw hy‡-am°n CXns‚ {]m[m\yw
hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
24
5. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ hnh¿Ø-\-coXn cmam-b-W-]m-T-`m-KsØ
ap≥\n¿Øn hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
6. Infn-∏m´v {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ e£vaW
km¥z-\sØ ap≥\n¿Øn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
7. hnZy-sIm-≠-dn-tb-≠-X-dn-bmsX
hnZzm≥am-cmbv \Sn-°p-∂nXp Nne¿ ˛ Cu hcn-I-fpsS
kµ¿`hpw kzmc-kyhpw hy‡-am-°p-I.
8. {_m“-Wyw-sIm≠p Ip¥n-®p-Ip-¥n®p
{_“m-hp-sa-\n-s°m-∆m-sb∂p Nne¿ ˛ ChnsS sXfn-
bp∂ kmaq-lnI hna¿i\w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
9. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ \iz-c-Xsb ]q¥m\w Bhn-jvI-
cn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
10. Ip‰w IqSm-Xp≈ \c- m¿
Ipdbpw `qan-bn-se-∂psS XmX !
-˛ kµ¿`hpw kzmc-kyhpw hy‡-am-°p-I.
11. ]pcm-W-I-Ym-k-µ¿`-ßsf t]mepw tIc-fo-bm-¥-co-£-
Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS ]mS-
hsØ ]mTy-`m-KsØ ap≥\n¿Øn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
12. lmkym-fl-I-ambn kmaq-lnI hna¿i\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬
Ip©≥ \ºym¿ F{X-am{Xw hnP-bn-®n-´p-≠v? ˛ hni-I-
e\w sNøp-I.
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ
1. tUm:Fw. eoem-h-Xn, Ihn-Xm-km-lnXy Ncn-{Xw, tIc-f-
km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿, 1998.
2. tUm: Iev]‰ _me-Ir-jvW≥, ae-bm-f-km-lnXy Ncn-
{Xw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2000.
3. F≥. IrjvW-]n-≈, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY.
4. ]q¥m\w, ⁄m\-∏m-\.
5. tUm: Aº-e-∏pg tKm]-Ip-am¿, Ip©≥ \ºym¿ (]-T-
\w), Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm´-bw, 2015.
6. Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n-≈, `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw \q‰m-
≠p-I-fn¬, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
25
samUyqƒ ˛ 2
tIc-fØ
- nse \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ
\mS≥ kwk-vIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw ssNX-
\yw Ie¿∂-hb - mWv \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ. kar-≤a - mb Hcp \mS≥
]m´p-]m-c-º-cy-amWv tIc-f-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. sX°≥ ]m´p-Iƒ, hS-
°≥]m-´p-Iƒ, CS-\m-S≥]m-´p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ {]mtZ-in-Ia - mb
h¿§o-Ic - Ww Ch-bv°p-≠v. hoc-Nc - n-Xß
- f
- mWv Ch-bpsS {]Xn-
]m-Zyw. hS-°≥]m-´p-Isf ]pØqcw ]m´p-Iƒ, Xt®m-fn-∏m-´p-
Iƒ H‰-∏m-´p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ h¿§o-I-cn-°mw. sX°≥ ]m´p-
I-fn¬ cma--I-Y-∏m-´v, Cc-hn-°p-ń-∏n-≈-t∏mcv F∂n-hbpw {][m-
\-am-Wv. am∏nf-∏m-´p-t]m-ep≈ kmap-Zm-bn-I-Km-\-ßfpw a‰-
t\Iw A\p-jvTm-\-∏m-´p-I-fp-sa√mw \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fn¬s∏-Spw.
sXmgn¬]-cw, hnt\m-Z-]-cw, A\p-jvTm-\-]cw, Ncn-{X-]cw F-
∂n-ß-s\bpw \mS≥ ]m´p-Isf Xncn-°mw. a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-
Ø-ns‚ hnIm-k] - c
- n-Wm-aß
- f
- psS kqN-Iß - f
- mWv \mS≥ ]m´p-
Iƒ. tIc-f-Øns‚ \mtSmSn kwkv-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-
ƒ°v hep-Xm-sbmcp ÿm\-ap-≠v. Im¿jn-I-hr-Ønbp-sSbpw
a‰pw A[zm-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]mY-an-
I-amb \mS≥]m-´p-I-fpsS [¿Ωw. ]n∂o-Smhmw AXv sXmgn-
em-fn-˛-Io-gmf h¿§-ß-fpsS X\Xv Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-fp-sSbpw
P-∑n A[o-i-h¿§-ß-fpsS Nqj-W-ß-fp-sSbpw AXn-s\-Xn-
cmb {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn-s‚-bp-sams° ]m´p-I-fm-bn-Xo-cp-∂-Xv.
F¥p Xs‚ Xo≠-emWv
taem-f\ - mb P∑n Iogm-f\ - mb I¿j-It- \mSv ImWn-°p∂
Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Hcp \mS≥ ]m´mWv CXv. ]pe-cp-
tºmƒ sXm´v cmhn-cp-fpw-hsc A[zm-\n®v P-∑nbv°v hnf-hp-
≠m°n ]Øm-b-Øn¬ \nd-®p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠Xv Iogm-f-\m-Wv.
]Øm-b-Øn¬ hnfhv \nd-°p-tºmƒ Iogm-f\v Abn-Ø-an-√.
F∂m¬ AXp Ign-™m¬ Abmƒ°v Abn-Ø-am-Wv. Xºp-
cm≥ hcp-tºmƒ Abmƒ hgn-am-dn-s°m-≈-Ww. CXv F¥p-
Xcw Xo≠-emWv F∂mWv ASn-bm-fs‚ tNmZyw. ASn-bm-f-
h¿K-Øns‚ AS-°n-sh® ZpxJhpw Aa¿j-hp-sa√mw L\o-`-
hn-®p-In-S-°p-∂- Hcp \mS≥ ]m´m-Wn-Xv. Cu Aa¿jw XXz-Nn-
26
¥m-]-c-amb Hcp Xe-Øn-te°p IqSn hnI-kn-°p-∂p-≠v Cu
]mń¬.
""F¥p Xs‚ Xo≠-emWv Xºpcms‚ Xo≠ev''?
..............................................................
amdSm amdSm amd-S-ß´v amd-Sm........
amdSm amdSm ]m°-\mtc amd-Sm.......
F∂-h-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]m°-\mcpw Xºp-cm\pw (P-∑n)-
X-Ωn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ cq]-Øn-emWv IhnX hnI-kn-
°p-∂-Xv F∂v a\- n-em-°mw. Abn-Ø-Øns‚ \nc¿∞-IX
]d-bp∂ ]d-bn-s]‰ ]¥n-cp-Ipew IY-bnse Hcp IYm-]m-{X-
amWv ]m°-\m¿. hc-cpNn F∂ {_m“-W\v ]©an F∂
]d-bn-bn-ep-≠mb ]{¥≠v a°fn¬ Hcmƒ. ]{¥≠v a°-fn¬
Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw Hmtcm ÿeØv Dt]-£n®v t]mb-t∏mƒ
Hmtcmtcm PmXn-°m¿ FSpØv hf¿Øn Aßs\ ]{¥≠v
PmXn-I-fmbn Ah¿ hf¿∂p. G‰hpw aqØm-bsf {_m“-
W≥ hf¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ Abmƒ {_m“-W-\m-bn. tag-tØmƒ
A·n-tlm-{Xn-bmbdnb-s∏-´p. ]m°-\mcpw \mdm-WØp {`m¥-
\p-sams° Iogm-f-cmbn amdn. Cßs\ PmXn-b-X-bp-sSbpw
Xo-≠-en-s‚-bp-sams° A¿∞-iq-\yX CXn-e-[nIw ]d-bp∂
as‰mcp IY-bn-√. Xo≠-en-s\-Xn-cmb ]mń¬ CXv Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bXv F{Xbpw DNn-Xa - m-Wv. Xo≠-ens‚ A¿∞-iq-\y-Xsb
Hcp tNmZy-Øn-eq-sS i¶-cm-Nm-cysc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ønb N-
fim-fs‚ IY-IqSn ChnsS tN¿Ø-phm-bn-°mw. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-
¿ Nfim-f-t\mSv Xs∂ Xo≠msX hgn-am-dm≥ Iev]n-®p-sh-
s{X? At∏mƒ Nfim-f≥ Xncn-®p-tNm-Zn-®p. F¥mWv amtd-
≠Xv tZltam tZlntbm? ico-c-Øn-\mtWm Bflm-hn-\m-
tWm Xo≠¬? Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ DØcw apńb i¶-
cm-Nm-cy¿°v Xs‚ sX‰p a\- n-em-bn. B Xncn-®-dn-hn¬ Fgp-
Xnb A©p t«mI-ßƒ a\o-jm-]-©Iw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Cu Nfim-f≥ inh≥ cq]w amdn-h∂v i¶-cs\ ]co-£n-®-
Xm-sW∂ `mjy-hp-ap-≠v. \thm-∞m-\I - m-eL
- ´- Ø
- n¬ ]fin‰v
sI.-]n. Idp-∏≥ PmXn-bvs°-Xn-cmbn Fgp-Xnb PmXn-°p-Ωn-
bnepw Cu IY-bmWv FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu ]mń¬ ]m°-\m¿, P-∑n F∂o IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS
kw`m-j-W-ß-fm-bmWv hcn-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. "amd-Sm...-
27
am-d-Sm...'F∂v Xºp-cm≥ Bt{Im-in-°p-tºmƒ F¥p Xs‚
Xo≠-emWv Xºp-cms‚ Xo≠ev F∂v ]d™v AXns‚ \n¿-
∞-IX ]m°-\mcpw t_m[n-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p. Nfimf-≥
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-tcmSp tNmZn-®-t]m-se, F¥n¬ \n∂mWv? F¥n-
\mWv Xm≥ amdn-\-S-t°-≠Xv F∂ tNmZy-amWv ]m°-\mcn-
¬\n∂pw Db-cp-∂-Xv. Cu {]]-©-Øn¬ Hmtcm-∂n\pw kl-
P-amb [¿Ω-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cnt° H∂n\v AXns‚ [¿Ω-Øn¬-
\n∂pw amdm≥ km[y-a√ - . D∏p-Ip-Øn-bm¬ apf-bv°ptam? then-
bn¬ ]S-cptam? D∏n\p AXns‚ kl-Pa - mb [¿Ω-Øn¬\n∂p
amdm-\m-hptam? AXp-t]mse a’yw h¿÷n-°p-∂-hcpw Ipfn-
°p-∂Xv a’y-ap≈ sh≈-Øn¬ Xs∂-bm-Wt- √m. B sh≈w
Xs∂-bt√ hmbn-em-°p-∂Xpw IpSn-°p-∂Xpw. ]ns∂-¥n-
\mWo Abn-Øw? BIm-i-tØbv°v Asº-bvXm¬ BImiw
Xpf-bptam? Idp-Ø-h≥ ASp-Øp-h-∂mtem sXm´mtem shfp-
Ø-h≥ Idp-°ptam˛AXp-t]mse Xncn®pw kw`-hn-°ptam?
H∂pw kw`-hn-°p-I-bn-√. ]ns∂-¥n-\mWo Xo≠ev? Cßs\
\n¿∞-I-amb Xo≠¬ BN-cn-°p-∂-Xnse Akw-_-‘sØ
hnfn-®p-]d - b
- p-Ib
- mWo ]mń-eqsS GtXm A⁄m-X\ - mb Ihn
sNøp-∂-Xv. Iogmf kaq-l-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ AS-°n-sh®
kwL¿j-ß-fpsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-embn Cu ]mńs\ ImWmw.
A[zm-\-`m-c-Øns‚ eLq-I-c-W-Øn-\-∏pdw am\-knI `mc-ß-
fpsS eLp-I-cWw IqSn CØcw ]m´p-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂p-
≠v. efn-X-amb \m´p-`m-j-bn¬ hcn-I-fpsS Bh¿Ø-\-tØm-
Sp-IqSn hm¿∂p-ho-gp∂ Cu ]mń¬ Xo≠epw sXmSoepw hI-
™p-am-‰nb Hcp P\-X-bpsS \oXn-°mbn XpSn-°p∂ lrZ-b-
ap-≠v. hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn®v {]N-cn®v Ime-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-
s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ Cu ]mń\v C∂pw {]k‡n \jvS-s∏-ń-ń-√.
PmXnbpw aXhpw Xo≠epw sXmSo-ep-sa√mw C∂pw ]e-]e
cq]-ß-fn¬ \ap-°n-S-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Hcmƒ Ccp∂
Itkc as‰m-cmƒ hcp-tºmƒ NmW-I-sh≈w sIm≠v Igp-
Ip-∂Xpw £Wn-°-s∏´ thZn-bn¬t]m-epw Itk-c-bn-en-cn-°m-
\m-hmsX Xd-bn-en-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xp-sams° AXp-sIm-≠m-
Wt√m?
2. hS-°≥]m´v
hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse hoc-I-Ym-Km-\-ß-fmWv hS-°≥
]m´p-Iƒ. \ΩpsS Poh-N-cn{X kmln-Xy-Øns‚ BZym-¶p-c-
28
ß-fmbn Chsb IW-°m-°mw. hS-°≥ ]m´p-Ifnse Xt®m-
fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ Xt®mfn Xd-hm-´p-Im-cpsS IY ]d-bp-∂-hbpw
]pØqcw ]m´p-Iƒ ]pØqcw Xd-hm-´p-Im-cpsS IY ]d-bp-∂-
h-bp-am-Wv. ]pØqcw ]m´p-I-fn¬ Btcm-a¬ tNI-h¿, Btcm-
a-ep-Æn, DÆn-bm¿® F∂n-h-sc-∏-‰nbpw Xt®mfn∏m´p-I-fn¬
tIma-°p-dp-∏v, HtX-\≥, N¥p, Nm∏≥ F∂nhscbpw ]‰n-
bp≈ ]m´p-I-fp-≠v. A\p-jvTm-\-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ Cu
]m´p-If- n¬ s]mXpsh hoc-km-lk - I
- r-Xytam bp≤-]c- m-{Itam
Hs° Bbn-cn°pw hnj-bw. B‰p-a-W-tΩ¬ DÆn-bm¿®
IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb ]m´p-I-Y-bmWv ChnsS ]mTy-`m-Kw.
B‰p-a-W-tΩ¬ DÆn-bm¿® IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb ]m´p-
IY
hS-°≥]m-´p-I-fnse Hcp {][m-\-hn-`m-K-amWv ]pØqcw
]m´p-Iƒ. ]pØqcw hońse Btcm-a¬ tNI-h¿, At±-l-
Øns‚ ktlm-Zcn DÆn-bm¿®, DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS aI-\mb
Btcm-a-epÆn F∂n-h-cpsS hoc-]-cm-{I-a-ß-fpsS A]Zm\-
ß-fmWv ]pØq-cw-]m-´p-Iƒ. hS-I-c-bn¬ \n∂v hneym-∏-≈n°v
t]mIp∂ hgn°v ]pØq¿ F∂ ÿew C∂p \ne-\n¬°p-
∂p-≠v. Ahn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p ]pØqcw hoSv F∂ Xnø Xd-
hmSv F∂p ]d-™p-hc - p-∂p. ]pØqcw ]m´p-If- nse Htc-sbmcp
hoc-\m-bn-I-bmWv DÆn-bm¿®. ]gb tImeØp \mńse IS-
Ø-\m´v 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv DÆn-bm¿® Pohn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v
Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ If-cn-ap-d-Ifpw A`ym-k-
ß-fp-sa√mw ]Tn® Ahƒ BcpsS ap∂nepw tXm¬°m≥
a\- n-√m-Ø-h-fm-bn-cp-∂p. B‰p-a-W-tΩ¬ Ip™n-cm-as\
hnhmlw Ign-®-tijw Ahƒ B‰p-a-W-tΩ¬ DÆn-bm¿®
F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. `¿Xr-ho-ń¬ Ign-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°sh A√n-
a-e¿°m-hn¬ IqØp-Im-Wm-\mbn t]mIp∂ kµ¿`-am-Wn-Xv.
""B‰pw-a-W-tΩse DÆn-bm¿®
DuWpw Ign-™-ßp-d-°-ambn
Dd-°-Øn¬ kz]v\hpw I≠p-s]Æv
A√n-a-e¿°m-hn¬ IqØ-√mWv
Aø-∏≥°m-hn¬ hnf-°-√mWv
Abn-emf¿ s]Æp-ßƒ t]mIp-∂p≠v''
29
F∂nßs\ B¿°pw ]mSm-hp∂ AbvX\ efn-X-amb
ssien-bmWv Cu ]m´p-If - psS {]tXy-IX- . am{X-a√ A∂sØ
tIc-fob kaq-lØ - n¬ D’-h° - m-gvNI
- ƒ°v B¨/s]¨ t`Z-
an-√m-Xp≈ _lp-P\ - {- ]o-Xnbpw {]Npc {]Nm-chpw IqSn ChnsS
hy‡-am-hp-∂p-≠v. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-apºv Fgp-Xs - ∏´ Cu ]m´p-
I-Y-bn¬ DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS kv{Xosb∂ \ne-bv°p≈ Ahfp-
sS kzXzsØ \∂mbn AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ]pe-cp-hm-
t\-g-c-cm-hp-≈-t∏mƒ sRń-bp-W¿∂v Xs‚ ho´p-Im-cy-ß-
sf√mw thKw sNbvXp-Xo¿Øv Ah¿ IqØp-Im-Wm-\mbn ]pd-
s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. t]mIpw-apºv Ah¿ BZy-ambn A—s\ sN∂p-
hn-fn®v I™n-Ip-Sn-°m-\mbn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. I™n-Ip-Sn-°m-
\p≈ t\c-am-bn-√t√m F∂v ]d-bp∂ A—-t\mSv IqØp-Im-
Wm≥ t]mI-W-sa∂ Bhiyw DW¿Øn-°p-∂p.
""H∂nßp tIƒ°Ww A—-t\mSv
]pØqcw hoń-∂p-t∏m-t∂-∏ns∂
B‰p-a-W-tΩepw ht∂-∏nt∂
ImgvNbpw thebpw I≠n-ń√''˛˛F∂m-Wh - ƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv.
IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mIpI F∂Xv Hcp-\mfpw Nn¥n-t°≠
F∂pw Bsc XpW-IqńbmWv t]mhpI F∂pw tNmZn-°p∂
A—-t\mSv
"F∂psS `¿Ømhv XpWn-bn-\nt°' F∂m-W-h-fpsS adp-
]- S n. F∂m¬ X\n°v ]Øpw ]eXpw a°- f n- s √∂pw
tPmt\m¿ ]pf-∏p≈ \mK-]pcw (\m-Zm-]p-cw) Aßm-Sn-bn-eqsS
B¿°pw hgn \S-∂p-Ip-sS∂pw AXp-sIm≠v Xs‚ aIs\
Ab-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂p A—≥ Xo¿Øp ]d-bp-∂p. am{X-
a√ Ip™n-cm-a\v ]pXp-t»-cn-bn¬ F∂pw ]b-‰p-ap-≠v. AΩ-
tbmSv kΩXw tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ B tamlw H´pw \S-°n-
s√∂pw thW-sa-¶n¬ ]mW-s\- Xp-W-Iqń s]mbvt°m
F∂pw Xs‚ H‰-a-Is\ sIm≠p-t]mbn sIm√n-°t√ F∂p-
amWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn
""IÆ-∏≥ X∂psS s]m ˛Ifpw
]pØqcw hoń¬ P\n-®p-Rm\pw
A√-na-e¿°m-hn¬ IpØ-√msW
t]mImsX I≠nńcn-°-bn-√˛''
30
F∂v Dd® kzc-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ahƒ {]Xn-hN - n-®p. Ct∂-
hsc ]pØqcw hońse s]Æp-ßƒ ]mWs\ XpW-Iqń
t]mbn-ń-s√∂pw IqSn ]d-bp-∂p-≠-hƒ. `¿Øm-hn-∂-SptØ-
°pw sN∂v I™n sImSpØv X©-Øn¬ Ahƒ Xs‚ Bh-
iy-ap-W¿Øn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Ahn-sSbpw Ahƒ°v \ncm-i-
bm-bn-cp-∂p êw. tPm\-I¿ ]pf-°p∂ Aßm-Sn-bn¬ \ns∂-
°- ≠ m¬ Ah¿ ]nSn- ® p- s Im- ≠ p- t ]m- I p- s a∂pw X\n°v
Ahƒ°v XpW-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bn-s√-∂p-ap≈ hm°p-Iƒ tI´v
Ahƒ AS-ßp-∂n-√. Ipfnbpw Ipdnbpw Hcp-°-ß-fp-sa-√m-w
s]s´∂v Ign®v F√m-h-tcmSpw bm{Xbpw ]d™v Ahƒ ]pd-
s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp-I-≠v,
""H∂nßp tIƒ°Ww DÆn-bm¿t®
am\pjyw sIm©t√ s]Ïn-Smth
Nqc-t°m-emte ab°pw Rmt\''
F∂v FXn¿Øp \n∂ Ip™n-cm-at\mSv
""A—\pw AΩ-bpw ASn-®n-ń√
Ipcp-°fpw Fs∂ ASn-®n-ń√''
F∂v {]Xyp-Øcw ]d™v Ahƒ ]Snbpw ]Sn-∏p-cbpw
IS∂v t]mhp-∂p. Aßs\ \mZm-]pcw Aßm-Sn-bn-eqsS t]mI-
sh Xs∂ B{I-an® tPm\-Isc Ac-bn¬ Icp-Xnb D-dp-an-
sIm≠v s]mcpXn tXm¬∏n® IYbpw ]pØqcw ]m´p-I-fn¬
]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Cßs\ kuµ-cyw-sIm-≠pw [oc-X-sIm-≠pw hS-
°≥ ]m´p-I-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-amWv
DÆn-bm¿®. DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS kuµ-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-fpsS
kml-kn-I-X-bp-sS-bp-sams° \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n® h¿Æ-\-Iƒ Cu
]m´p-I-fn¬ [mcmfw ImWmw. \mbn-Im-\m-b-I∑m-sc-sb√mw
h¿Æn-°p∂ thf-bn¬ Htc hcn-Iƒ Xs∂ ]e kµ¿`-ß-
fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wmw. CØcw \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n® h¿Æ-\-
I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ t]mepw kwKo-Xm-fl-I-X-sIm≠pw `mjm-em-fn-
Xyw-sIm≠pw Cu ]m´p-Iƒ C∂pw klr-Z-b-{i-≤-bm-I¿jn-
°p-∂p. am{X-a√ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ tIc-fob kmaq-lnI
Pohn-XsØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ D]m-Zm-\-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bnepw
Cu ]m´p-Iƒ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p-≠v. DÆn-bm¿® F∂Xv
tIc-fob kv{XoXzsØ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
31
≈-Xns‚ Hcp {]Xo-I-ambn amdp-∂p. ]e hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-Y-I-
sfbpw t]mse DÆn-bm¿®bpw kn\n-a-bm-bn-´p≠v, 1961-˛-¬.
C∂pw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Nqj-W-ßƒ°pw sI´p-]m-Sp-
Iƒ°pw ASn-aI - f
- mbn kz¥w PohnXw tlman-°p∂ kv{Xokz-
Xz-ßƒ°v DW¿Øp-]m-´mIm≥ DÆn-bm¿®-bp-tS-Xp-t]mep≈
]m´p-IY - I
- ƒ°p Ign-bpw. Bflm-`n-am-\Ø - n-s‚bpw C—m-i‡
- n-
bp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-fobkv{Xo H´pw ]n∂n-embncp∂n-
s√∂v \sΩ i‡-ambn Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v ]mW-∑m¿ ]≠v
]mSn-\-S∂ DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS Cu ]m´p-IY.
3. am∏n-f-∏m´v
ae-_m-dnse ap…owkap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Km\-
]m-c-ºcy-amWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ. F∂m-en∂v am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ
ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ F∂-Xn¬\n∂pw tIc-fob kaq-l-
Øns‚ Hcp P\-Iob Km\-cq]w F∂ \ne-bn-te°v hf¿∂n´p-
≠v. Ad-_n-˛-a-e-bmf en]n-bm-bn-cp∂p am∏n-f-∏m´v cN-\-Iƒ°v
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Is≠-Sp-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xn¬ sh®v G‰hpw
BZysØ am∏n-f-∏m-´mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv tImgn-t°m-´p-Im-
c-\mb Jmkn apl-ΩZv cNn® aplv bp±o≥ame ({In.-]n. 1609)
BWv. 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Ip™m-bn≥ apkvenbm-
cpsS IrXn-I-fmb I∏-∏m-´v, \q¬aZvlv, \q¬ame F∂o-Ir-Xn-
Ifpw Cu Km\-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ CuSp-h-bv]p-I-fm-Wv. am∏n-f-
∏m´p Ihn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {it≤-b-\mb tambn≥Ipń sshZy-
cpsS G‰hpw anI® Hcp P\-Iob Imhy-amWv _Z-dp¬ (1852-
˛1892) ap\o¿-˛-lp-kv\p¬ Pam¬ F∂ {]W-b-Im-hyw. tambn-
≥Ipń sshZy-cpsS ae-∏pdw ]S-∏m-´mWv tIc-f-N-cn{Xw {]Xn-
]m-Zn-°p∂ BZy-a-e-bm-f-Im-hyw. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂bmbn
_Z¿]-S-∏m-´v, DlvZv ]S-∏m´v F∂o ]m´p-Ifpw {it≤-b-am-Wv.
]pen-t°m-ń¬ sslZ-dns‚ adn-b° - p-ń-bpsS IØv F∂ IØp-
]m-´mWv ]mTy-`m-Kw.
adn-b-°p-ń-bp-sS-IØv ]m´v (I-Øp-]m-ńs‚ BZy-`m-Kw)
]pen-t°m-ń¬ sslZ¿
Gd-\mSv Xmeq°v ]p∂-∏me Awiw sNS-ßmw-Ipfw tZi-
Øv ]qeØv sFØp A[n-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw ssXtXm-ń¬ DΩm-
Zn-D-Ω-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1879 ]qeØv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sslZ¿
P\n-®p. Hu]-Nm-cn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw IqSp-X-em-sbm∂pw Inń-bn-
32
cp- ∂ n- s √- ¶ nepw Fgp- X m\pw hmbn- ° m\pw Adn- h p- t \- S n.
tambn¬Ipń sshZycpw Im™n-cme Ip™n-cm-bn\pw hońse
\nXy-k-µ¿i-I-cm-bn-cp-∂Xv sslZ-dn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn.
sNdp-∏-Ønte ]m´p-Iƒ sIń-]m-Sp∂ ioew D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
2000˛Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]m´p-Iƒ At±-l-Øn-s‚-Xmbn D≠v.
sslZ-dns‚ ""s]‰v Rms\m-∂v......''F∂v XpS-ßp∂ ]m´v tIc-
f-Øn¬ BIam\w {]kn-≤-am-bn. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]m´p-Iƒ
tiJ-cn®v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ IrXn-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Fw.-F≥.-
Im-c-t»cn FUn-‰-dmbn 1979-˛¬ Hcp IrXn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.
{]kn-≤amb kam-lm-cß - ƒ ]cn-jvIm-ca - me, t]a-Is - se, tIm-
em¿bm-{X, \cn-\m-bm´v F∂n-h-bm-Wv. sslZ-dns‚ Zpcm-Nm-
c-am-e, Ien-bp-Kw, ImXp-Ip-Øvam-e, kv{Xoa¿±n-am-e, amc-∑m-
cpsS XI-cmdv F∂nh \ho-Ic - t- Wm-t±-iy-Ir-Xn-If- m-Wv. 1975˛¬
Ct±lw \ncy-mX\mbn.
]pen-t°m-ń¬ sslZ-dns‚ adn-b-°p-ń-bpsS IØv]mń\v
_√m-cn-P-bn-en-te°v Hcp IØp-]m´v F∂pw t]cp-≠v. 1924-
˛emWv c≠p `mK-ß-fp≈ Cu ]m´v cNn-°-s∏-´-Xv. 1921-˛se
ae-_m¿ Iem-]-Øn\v tij-ap≈ Ime-amWv CXns‚ ]›m-
Ø-ew. Gd-\m-Sv, h≈p-h-\m-Sv, Xmeq-°p-I-fn-ep≈ ]pcp-j-∑m¿
sIm√-s∏-Sp-Itbm _√m-cn, X©m-hq¿ Pbn-ep-I-fn¬ AS-bv°-
s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvXp. Cu ka-bØv ]m≠n-°m-´p-Im-cn-bmb
adn-b-°pń _√mcn Pbn-en-ep≈ Xs‚ `¿Ømhv l ≥-Ip-
ń°v Fgp-Xnb ]m´m-Wn-Xv.
Ad-_n-˛-a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse kº-∂-amb Hcp Km\-
im-J-bmWv IØp-]m-´v. am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ \nXy-Po-hn-X-hp-am-
bp≈ _‘w ]pe¿Øp∂ ]m´p-If - m-Wn-h. P\-Iobhpw hnIm-
c-Xo-{h-hp-amb Cu ]m´p-]m-c-º-cy-Øn\v H∂c \q‰m-≠p-Im-e-
Øn-s‚-sb-¶nepw Ncn{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p-≠m-Ipw. am∏n-f-
∏m´p {]ÿm-\-Ønse alm-I-hn-bmb tambn≥Ipń sshZy-c-
S°w H´-\-h[n am∏n-f-∏m´p cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ IØp-]m-´p-Iƒ
Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. {]W-b-I-Y-Ifpw IZ-\-I-Y-Ifpw a‰pw FgpXn
Adn-bn-°p-hm-\mWv km[m-cW IØp-∏m-´p-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-
∂-Xv. BZysØ IØp-]m-s´∂ hnti-j-W-Øn\v A¿l-am-
bXpw Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xp-amb
IrXn-bmWv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sslZ-dns‚ "adn-b° - p-ń-bpsS IØv'
33
am∏n-f-∏m-ńse ]®-a-e-bmf Ihn-bm-bn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬
sslZ¿ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønse \n m-c-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ A\p-
`-h-ßƒt]mepw IØp-]m-´p-I-fn-eqsS at\m-l-c-amb Km\-Im-
hy-ßf - m°n am‰n-bn-cp∂p. sslZ-dns‚ IØp-]m-´p-If - n¬ anI®
Hcp IrXn-bmb adn-b-°p-ń-bpsS IØm-hms´ ae-bm-f-Ønse
kmlnXyØns‚ BZy-am-XrI F∂ \ne-bn¬ am{X-a-√. ae-
_m¿Iem-]Ø - n-\p-tijw tIc-fØ - nse ap…ow-ka - qlw t\cn´
Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS t\c-\p-`hw ]d-bp∂ Hcp Ncn-{X-IrXn
F∂ \ne-bnepw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. sslZ-cpsS Xs∂
_oS-cpsS IØv Fs∂mcp IrXnbpw Cu Ime-L-´sØ {]Xn-
\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xm-bp-≠v.
"adn-b°
- p-ń-bpsS IØv' F∂ IØp-]m-ńse {]Xn-]mZyw
Ihn-bpsS Hcp `mh-\m-kr-jvSn-b√ adn®v Hcp km[m-cW
kv{XobpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`h - h- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´X- m-WX - v. ae-_m¿
Iem-]-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Gd-
\m-ńse [mcmfw sNdp-∏° - msc ]e I≈-t°-kp-Ifpw NpaØn
B¥-am-\n-te°pw a‰pw \mSp-I-S-Øp-Ibpw IÆq-cn-sebpw
_√m-cn-bn-tebpw Pbn-ep-I-fn-te-bv°-b-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXn¬s∏´ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂ l ≥Ipń s_√mcn Pbn-en-e-S-
bv°s - ∏-´p. l ≥Ip-ń-bpsS `mcy adn-b° - p-ń-sb-°p-dn®v Ah-
fpsS Nne hntcm-[n-Iƒ A]-hm-Z-ßƒ D≠m°n l ≥Ip-
ń°v IsØ-gpXn. AXv hniz-kn®v `mcy-bpsS Nmcn-{Xy-ip-≤n-
bn¬ kwibw tXm∂nb l ≥Ipń Ahsf XemJv sNm√p-
I-bm-sW-∂-dn®v Ah-fpsS DΩbv°v FgpXn. B IØp-I≠v
]cn-{`m-¥-bmb adn-b-°pń B \mńse {]i-kvX-I-hn-bmb
]pen-t°m-ń¬ sslZ-dns\ I≠v k¶Sw ]d-bp-Ibpw Aßs\
adn-b-°p-ń-bv°p-th≠n Hcp IØv ]m´v FgpXn \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp. AXmWv tIc-f-Øn-e-tßm-f-an-tßmfw {]i-kvX-amb
"adn-b-°p-ń-bpsS IØv' F∂ t]cn-ep≈ IØv]m-´v. B IØv-
]m´v ssI∏-‰n-b-tXmsS l ≥Ip-ń°v a\w-am‰w kw`-hn®v
adn-b°- p-ńsb kzoI-cn®p F∂p-amWv IY. Hcp IhnX Fßs\
Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ anI® Hcp-Zm-
l-c-W-amWv adn-b-°p-ń-bpsS IØv.
{]W-bhpw hnc-lhpw {]hm-kn-b-\p-`-h-Øns‚ Xo£vW-
b-Ym¿∞y-ß-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ IØp-
34
∏m--´mWv adn-b-°p-ń-bpsS IØv. \me©p h¿jsØ hncl-
Pohn-X-Øm¬ he™ adn-b-°pń Xs‚ t]cn¬ {]N-cn®
A]-hm-Z-ßƒ IqSn-bm-b-t∏mƒ B sX‰n-≤m-cW Xncp-Øm-
\mbn Ab-bv°p∂ IØv XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv.
""Be-ßƒ Advap≠v Aen^pw Iq≥-C-S-sIm≠v
AssasØ tIm≥ Xncp-\maw Xh-°w-hn≠v ˛ kvXpXn-
bm¬
AXp-k√m kem-abpw samfn¥pw sIm≠v.....''
F∂n-ßs\ ]Xn-s\-Æm-bncw temI-sØbpw ]S-bv°p-
∂-Xn\p ap≥]v apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS Bflm-hns\ ]S® ssZ-
hsØ kvXpXn-°p-∂p. A°m-esØ am∏n-f∏ - m´v cN-\I
- f
- nse
s]mXp-kz-`m-h-amb {]hmNI kvXpXn-tbm-sS-Xs∂ Cu Im-
hyw Bcw-`n°p-∂p. adn-b-°p-ń-bpsS hnc-lm-\p-`-h-Øns‚ a-
t\m-l-c-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-WØn-eqsS A°m-esØ At\Iw
kv{XoI-fpsS hnc-l-s\m-º-c-ß-fpsS IY-Iq-Sn-bmbn Cu IrXn
amdp-∂p. ]pcp-j- m-cpsS {Iqc-Xbv°pw h©-\bv°pw Cc-bm-
Ip∂ kv{XoXzsØ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw CXv hnP-bn-®n-´p-
≠v. {]hm-kn-I-fpsS `mcy-am-cmb kv{XoIƒ C∂pw A\p-`-hn-
°p∂ am\-knI kwL¿j-ß-fn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p≠o
IrXn. Xs‚ `¿Øm-hns\ ImWm-\p≈ XnSp-°-Øm¬,
""_√m-cn-°p-Ss\ Rm≥ hcmw, H´p-h-gn-bpt≠m?
h√n-Iƒ°-hn-tS°v hcm≥ ]mSpt≠m? DassX
hcp-In¬ I≠n-Sm≥ h√ \nhr-Øn-bp-apt≠m''
F∂n-ßs\ \mń≥]pd-Øp-Im-cnbpw \njvI-f-¶-bp-amb
Hcp s]Æns‚ D≈p-e-bv°p∂ tNmZyw BcpsSbpw lrZ-b-
sØ kv]¿in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Xs∂ ]ncn-™n-cn-°p∂ `¿Ømhn-
s\ Hcp-t\m°v ImWm-\p≈ Xo{hm-`n-emjw Ah-fpsS hm°p-
I-fn¬ kv^pcn-°p-∂p-≠v.
""D≠-sX-¶n¬ h∂v Im◊m≥ D≠v tamlw s]mt∂ !
H‰-t\m°v I≠v acn-t®ms´ A∂p-Xs∂!'' ˛˛ F∂m-W-
h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv
1921-˛se Iem-]hpw XpS¿∂v 1924-˛¬ D≠mb sh≈-s∏m-
°hpw F√mw-IqSn tIc-f-P-\-Xsb {]tXy-In®pw ae-_m-dnse
P\-Po-hnXsØ h√msX _m[n-®p. Ac-£n-X-t_m-[hpw
35
kmº-ØnI XI¿®bpw aqew XI¿∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ kZm-
Nm-c-ap-d-Iƒ°v {]k‡n \jvS-s∏-SpI IqSn sNbvX-t∏mƒ
kmaq-ln-I-amb Po¿ÆX _m[n-®Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw. AØcw
kmaq-lnI Po¿Æ-X-bpsS Hcp Nn{Xw IqSn Cu IrXn ImgvN-
sh-bv°p-∂p-≠v. s]mSn∏pw sXmß-ep-sam-∂p-an-√msX efn-X-
hpw kwKo-Xm-fl-I-hp-ambn cN\ \n¿∆-ln-°pI F∂Xv ssl-
Zp-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. {]tabkzoI-c-W-Ønepw ]Z-c-N-\-
bnepw tIc-fo-bX ImØp-kq-£n-®p-sIm-≠mWv sslZ¿IrXn-
Iƒ kzoIm-cy-am-hp-∂-Xv. hy‡n\p`-hsØ kmaq-ln-I-X-bn-
te°v ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°m-\p≈ sslZ-cpsS anIhv adn-b-°p-ń-
bpsS IØp-∏m-ń¬ sXfn-™p-Im-Wmw.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. ]ns∂¥p Xo≠-emWv Xºp-cms‚ Xo≠-ev......
sXm´p-Xo-≠ymev Idp-°ptam shfp-°ptam?
Cu hcn-Iƒ Abn-Ø-Øns‚ A¿∞-iq-\y-Xsb shfn-
hm-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
2. \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p∂ [¿Ωßƒ Fs¥m-s°-
bmWv? F¥p-Xs‚ Xo≠-emWv F∂ \mS≥]m-ńs\
ap≥\n¿Øn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
3. IÆ-∏≥ X∂psS s]m≥a-Ifpw
]pØqcw P\n-®p-Rm\pw
A√n-a-e¿°m-hn¬ IqØ-√mtW
t]mImsX I≠n-ń-cn-°-bn√ ˛ kµ¿`hpw kzmc-kyhpw
hy‡-am-°p-I.
4. hS-°≥]m-´p-If - nse h¿Æ-\I - f
- nse {]tXy-IX
- I
- ƒ DÆn-
bm¿® IqØv ImWm≥ t]mb ]m´p-I-Ysb ap≥\n¿Øn
hni-Z-am-°p-I.
5. DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS ]m´p-IY A°m-esØ tIc-fob kmaq-
lnI Pohn-XsØ {]Xn-ê - n-∏n-°p-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøp-
I.
6. adn-b-°p-ń-bpsS IØp-]m-ńs‚ kmaq-lnI Ncn-{X-]-›m-
Øew F¥v? hnh-cn-°p-I.
7. am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ adn-b-°p-ń-bpsS IØp-]m-ń-\p≈
ÿm\w IrXnsb ap≥\n¿Øn hnh-cn-°p-I.
36
klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ
1. ]n.-sI.-in-h-i-¶c]n≈ (k-ºm-Z-\hpw ]T-\hpw tUm:
Fkv. taml\-N-{µ≥), t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-ßƒ, tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2014.
2. tUm: {]nb-Z¿i≥em¬, HtX-\\pw HmW-∏p-Shbpw (X-
t®m-fn-∏m-´v), ]T\w, en]n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tImgn-t°m-
Sv, 1997.
3. tUm: Da¿ Xd-ta¬, am∏n-f-∏m´v ]mThpw ]T-\-hpw.
4. tUm: Fw.-F≥.-Im-c-t»-cn, (F-Un.), ]pen-t°m-ń¬ IrXn-
Iƒ.
5. hn.-Fw.-Ip-ń, am∏n-f-∏m-´v, Ncn-{Xhpw h¿Ø-am-\-hpw.
6. tUm: ]n. inh-Zm-k≥, (FUn.), \memw tIc-f-N-cn{X
tIm¨^-d≥kv {]_-‘-ßƒ, thmfyw 1, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-
F-kv. tIm´-bw, 2017.
37
samU-yqƒ ˛ 3
IY-Iƒ
ae-bmf sNdp-IY - ˛- -
Hcp {lk-zh
- n-hc
- Ww
sNdp-IY F∂ km-ln-X-y-cq-]-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-
°p-dn®v "sN-dp-I-Ym-{]-ÿm\w' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ
hy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. ""-G-I-tZiw Hcp aWn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ hmbn-
®p-Xo¿°m-hp∂ Hcp IY-bmWv sNdp-I-Y'', ""˛C-cp∂ Ccn-
∏n¬ hmbn-°m-hp∂ IY''˛ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ FUvKm¿ A√-
≥t]m-hns‚ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ At±lw D≤-cn-°p-∂p. sNdp-I-
Ybv°p BZyw th≠-Xmb KpWw GIm-{K-X-bm-sW∂v At±-
lw ]d-bp∂p. GXm-bmepw bmsXmcp \n¿∆-N-\-Øn-\-IØpw
HXp-ßm≥ Ign-bmØ hn[w sNdp-IY C∂v hf¿∂n-´p≠v F-
∂p ImWmw. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS {]mY-an-I-L´w apX¬
AXv sshhn-[-y-ß-fpsS Hcp temI-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1891-˛¬ {]kn-
≤o-I-cn® hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn- ap-X-en-tßm´v B sshhn-[yw Im-
Wmw. sI´p-IY - , arK-IY- , b£n-°Y - , A\-ym-]t- Z-iI
- Y
- , sFXn-
l-yI
- Y
- , ZrjvSm-¥I - Y
- , A\p-`h
- I
- Y F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ coXn-
I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX Aa-fn-°-Y-I-fpw, ]m›m-X-y-F-gp-
Øp-Im-cmb sj¿e-Ivtlmw-kv, B¿X¿ tIm\≥ tUmbv¬
F∂n-hsc A\p-I-cn-®p-ff Ip‰m-t\-z-j-W-I-Y-Ifpw [mc-f-ap-
≠m-bn. BZ-y-Ime sNdp-I-Ym-Im-c∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J-cmWv thß-
bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿ (hm-k-\m-hn-Ir-Xn, Zzm-c-I) HSp-
hn¬ Ip™n-Ir-jvW-ta-t\m≥ (Hcp apX-e-\m-bm-´v), Fw.-B¿.-
sI.-kn. (I-Æn-]-d-ºnse sIme-]m-X-Iw, aWn-a-©-Ønse \n-
t£-]w), kn.-F-kv.-tKm-]m-e-]-Wn-°¿ (Hcp \ofw Ipd™ I-
Øv), sI.-kp-Ip-am-c≥(-B-cms‚ Ipń), AºmSn \mcm-b-W-
s∏m-Xp-hmƒ (D-fn- ]n-Sn-®- ssI), C.-hn.IrjvW-]n≈ (tI-fo-
ku[w) F∂nh¿. \thm-∞m\ ImYn-I- m-cn-eqsS sNdp-I-Y-
bpsS ASpØL´w XpS-ßp-∂p. XI-gn, tZhv, _jo¿, Imcq¿,
s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Fkv.-sI.-s]m-‰-°mSv F∂n-h¿ Cu L´-
Ønse {]ap-J-cm-Wv. sI.-k-c-k-z-Xn-b-Ω(tNm-e-a-c-ßƒ, s]¨-
_p-≤n) efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w (X-I¿∂-X-e-ap-d), aqSp-
38
]-S-Øn¬) F∂n-h-cp-sSbpw IY-Iƒ CSw t\Sp-∂p-≠v. dnb-
enÃv coXn-bn-ep≈ ]cp-j-amb Pohn-Xm-J-ym-\-ß-fmWv XIgn
\S-Øn-b-Xv. Nßm-Xn-Iƒ, C≥I-zn-em-_v, ]Xn-{hX XpS-ßn-
bh IYm-k-am-lm-c-ß-fm-Wv. sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬ XI-gn-bpsS
{]kn-≤-amb IY-bm-Wv. a\p-j-y-X-z-Øns‚ al-\o-bX shfn-
hm-°p∂ IY-I-fp-am-bmWv tIi-h-tZhv cwKØp h∂-Xv. Zo\m-
Ω, `mhnhc≥, A∂sØ \mS-Iw F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n kam-
lm-c-ß-fn-embn [mcmfw IY-Iƒ tZhn-s‚-Xm-bp-≠v. _jo-
dm-Is´, timIm-fl-I-amb Pohn-XsØ Hcp sNdp-Nn-cn-tbmsS
Bhn-jvIc - n® Fgp-Øp-Im-c\ - m-Wv. Fgp-Xp∂ IY-If
- nepw IYm-
]m-{X-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw temI-Øns‚ A\p-I-º-\o-b-amb \n -
lm-bX ]I¿Øm≥ {ian-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ \¿Ω-
t_m[w _jo-dns‚ Fgp-Øn¬ Aen-™p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. P∑˛Zn-\w, hnUvVn-I-fpsS kz¿§w, hni-z-hn-J-ym-X-
amb aq°v, hni∏v XpS-ßn-bh B IY-I-fn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv.
kmaq-l-y-Po¿Æ-X-Isf \n¿`bw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ IY-I-fp-
ambn cwK-Øp-h∂ ImYn-I\ - mWv s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n. cmjv{So-
b-˛-aX tae-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°Xnsc cq£-hn-a¿i-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-
b-Xn-\m¬ Xs∂ Ah-cm¬ th´-bm-S-s∏´ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mbn-
cp∂p h¿°n. tamU¬, hnIm-c-k-Z-\w, AWn-b-d, A¥n-Øncn
F∂nh cN-\-I-fn¬ Nne-Xv. dnb-en-khpw sdmam‚nIv `mh-\-
Ifpw k©mcn F∂ \ne-bn-ep-ff A\p-`-hm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-fp-
sa√mw Fkv.-sI.-s]m-‰-°m-Sns‚ cN-\-I-fn¬ ImWmw. cmPa-
√n, \nim-K-‘n, aWn-am-fnI XpSßn At\Iw kam-lm-c-ßƒ
Fkv.-sI.-bp-tS-Xm-bp-≠v.
kzm-\p-`-h-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-sa∂ ań¬ hkvXp-\njvT {]Xn-
]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bn¬ IY-]-d-bp∂ ImYn-I-\mWv Imcq¿ \oe-I-
WvT-]n-≈. a\p-j-y-k-z-`m-h-Øns‚ t\cnb Ne-\-ßƒt]mepw
H∏n-sb-SpØv A¬]w ênXw IqSn-I-e¿Øn ]d-bp∂ IY-
I-fn¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ kwL-´-\m-fl-IX shfn-hm-Ip-∂p-≠v. a-
c-∏m-h-Iƒ, ]qh-º-gw, Hcp ]nSn-a-Æv, ta¬hn-emkw F∂n-ß-
s\ H´-\h - [n IY-It- fmsS Imcq¿ IYm-temIw thdn´p \n¬°p-
∂p. Ddq_v apX-emb [mcfw IYm-Ir-Øp-°ƒ CXns‚ XpS¿®-
bmbn hcp-∂p-≠v. Ddq-_ns‚ cm®n-bΩ i‡-amb Hcp cN-\-
bm-Wv.
39
B[p-\n-IX - b- psS i‡-amb h‡m-°f - mbn cwK-Øp-h∂
ImYn-I-cmWv H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-
h≥ \mb¿, Sn.-]-fl-\m-`≥, am[-hn-°p-ń, kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a≥, ]n.-
h-’-e, k°-dn-b, F≥.-]n.-ap-l-ΩZv XpS-ßn-b-h¿. {]mtZ-inI
P\-Po-hn-XØ- ns‚ IY-Ifpw kzm-\p-`h - X- o-{h-Xb - m¿∂ IY-Ifpw
\K-c-Po-hnX Nn{X-W-ß-fmb IY-I-fp-sa√mw tN¿∂v sshhn-
[-y-am¿∂ Hcp IYm-temIw Fw.Sn {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p-≠v. Ccp-
ńs‚ Bflm-hv, Ipt´-y-S-Øn, _‘-\w, A¥n-sh-fn-®w, \oe-
°p-∂p-Iƒ, Um¿.-Fk - v.k
- e
- mw, sj¿e°v F∂n-ßs\ [mcmfw
IY-Iƒ Fw.Sn bptS-Xm-bp-≠v. sNdp-I-Ym-cw-KØp am{X-ambn
Dd-®p-\n¬°p∂ IYm-Im-c-\mWv Sn.-]-fl-\m-`≥. sNdp-I-Ym-cw-
KsØ GIm-In-bmb Imev]-\n-Is‚ kzcw tIƒ∏n® Fgp-
Øp-Im-c-\m-W-t±-lw. {]Imiw ]c-Øp∂ s]Ïp-ń, hoSv
\jvS-s∏´ Ipń, Kucn, IØp∂ cY-N{Iw F∂nh {][m\
cN-\I - ƒ. kv{Xobp-sS-Xp-am-{X-amb A\p-`h t- em-Iß - sf A{X-
bpw kX-y-k-‘-ambn am[-hn-°p-ń°p apºv kmln-X-y-Øn¬
Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-ń-ń√ F∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. ]£n-bpsS
aWw, tImem-Sv, s\bv∏m-b-kw, \pW-Iƒ, NXn, Nµ-\-a-c-ßƒ
F∂n-ßs\ sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ IYm-temIw Xpd-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p am[-hn-°p-ń.
kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a≥ (H-´p-sN-Sn, hmkvXp-lm-c), H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥
(I-S¬Xo-c-Øv, Im‰p-]-d-™-I-Y), kmdm-tPm-k^v (ta-_nƒ
AΩm-bn-bpsS hoSv), apIp-µ≥ (cm[ cm[-am-{Xw, U¬ln 1981)
]n.-h-’e (t]ºn), k°-dnb (H-cn-S-Øv, F¥p-sIm≠v hnti-
jw ]nem-tØm-tk), F≥.-]n.-ap-lΩ - Zv (I-Æp-Iƒ, D≈p-cp-°w)
F∂n-ßs\ [mcmfw IYm-Im-c∑ - m¿ B[p-\nI L´-sØ kº-
∂-am-°p-∂p-≠v. hn.-sI.-F≥, Fw. kpIp-am-c≥, ssh-im-J≥,
Im°-\m-S≥, Fw.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n≈ F∂n-ßs\ t]cp-Iƒ
\o≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. I-Yb - psS B[p-\n-Im-\¥ - c - L
- ´- Ø
- n¬ AXy-
¥w sshhn-[-y-]q¿Whpw _lp-k-z-c-hp-amb IYm-tem-I-amWv
{]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Atim-I≥ Ncp-hn¬, Aw_n-Im-kp-X≥am-
ßm-Sv, tXma-kvtPm-k-^v, kp`mjv N{µ≥, kt¥mjv F®n-
°m-\w, _n.-ap-cf - n, Cµp-ta-t\m≥, DÆn.-B¿, sI.-B¿.-ao-c, Fkv.-
40
kn-Xm-c- XpSßn Ht´sd t]¿ Cu cwK-Øp-≠v. B[p-\n-tIm-
Ø-c-a-e-bmf sNdp-IY, hn]-Wn-˛-am-[-y-a-kw-k-vIm-c-ßƒ, Zfn-
Xv-˛-kv{Xo-˛-]-cn-ÿnXnhm-Z-ßƒ, BtKm-fo-I-c-W-˛-{]-hmk
Bhn-jvIm-c-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ Xe-ß-fn-
te°v hnI-kn-®n-´p-≠v. C.-]n.-{io-Ip-am¿ (]-ck
- y ico-cw) Atim-
I≥ Ncp-hn¬ (]-e-Xcw hoSp-Iƒ), Aw_n-Im-kp-X≥ amßmSv
(a-’y-ßƒ), t{Kkn (Ku-fn-P∑w), Cµp-ta-t\m≥ (Hcp sekv-
_n-b≥ ]ip), {]tamZvcma≥ (-tO-Zmwi Pohn-Xw), knXm-c.-
Fkv (A-·n), kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w (_n-cn-bm-Wn), kp`m-
jvN-{µ≥ (X¬]w), sI.-B¿.-aoc (Hm¿Ω-bpsS Rc-ºv), KoX-
ln-c-W-y≥ (L-sc-_m-bn-tc) ]n.-hn.-jm-Pn-Ip-am¿ (In-S-∏d ka-
cw, sh≈cn-∏m-Sw) F∂n-hcpsS IY-Iƒ B sshhn-[-ysØ
FSpØpIm-´p-∂p-≠v.
tamXncw
Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-]n≈
Imcq¿ F∂ Npc-°-t∏-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Imcq¿ \oe-
I-WvT-]n≈ 1898-˛-s^-{_p-hcn 22˛\v G‰p-am-\q-cn¬ P\n-®p.
Ggmw ¢mkv ]m mb tijw k¿°m¿ k-vIqfn¬ A[-ym-]-
I-\m-bn. 1945-˛¬ kmln-X-y-{]-h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kwLw
ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ t\Xr-Xzw hln-°p-Ibpw Zo¿L-Imew
sk{I-´-dn-bmbncn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1980-˛¬ tIc-f-km-ln-Xy
A°m-Zan ]pc-k-vImcw e`n-®p. _me-km-ln-X-y-Øn¬ C¥y
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]pc-k-vIm-c-ßƒ e`n-®p. 1975 sk]vXw-_¿˛30
\v A¥-cn-®p.
IrXn-Iƒ
tamXn-cw, ]qh-º-gw, ac-∏m-h-Iƒ, ]nim-Nns‚ Ip∏m-bw,
]Øp-IY - I- ƒ, cl-ky- w, Imcq¿ IY-Iƒ, Aº-e] - d
- º
- n¬, Hcp
]nSn-a-Æv, ao≥Im-cn, kvam-c-Iw, Xq∏p-Im-c≥, sIm®-\p-P-Øn,
Bkvt{Sm-f-P¿, Krl-\m-bn-I, ta¬hn-em-kw, Ccp-ń¬, IY-b-
√, tX°p-]m-´v, Ic-bn-°p∂ Nncn, IYm-IuXpIw XpS-ßnbh
IYm-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ. lcn, Kucn, ]™nbpw XpWnbpw F∂o
t\mh-ep-Ifpw A∏q-∏≥ Fs∂mcp \mS-Ihpw cNn-®n-´p-≠v.
Imcq-cns‚ _me-I-Y-Iƒ, A©p-I-S-em-kv, Fs∂ cmPm-hm-
°-Ww, B\-°m-c≥, Ag-I\pw ]qhm-enbpw, _me-N{- µ≥, cmP-
Ip-am-cnbpw `qX-hpw, kΩm-\w, Hmebpw \mcm-b-hpw, `rX-y≥,
41
aä-bn¬ F∂nh _me-km-ln-X-y-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. A©p-I-S-
emkv kn\n-a-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
P\-km-am-\-y-Øns‚ bYm¿∞-amb Pohn-Xm-hn-jvI-c-W-
ß-fmWv Imcq¿ IY-Iƒ. AØcw Pohn-X-ß-fpsS AXn-hn-
]p-ehpw kq£v-a-hp-amb A\p-`-hm-hn-jv°m-c-ßƒ Imcq-cns‚
IY-I-Isf Poh p-‰-Xm-°p-∂p. km[m-cW a\p-j-y-cpsS {i≤-
bn¬ s]SmØ \n m-c-sa∂p tXm∂n°p∂ A\p-`-h-ßfpw
IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw Imcq-cns‚ Iøn¬ In´p-tºmƒ at\m-l-c-
amb IYm-k-µ¿`-ß-fmbpw ad-°m-\m-hmØ IYm-]m-{X-ß-
fmbpw cq]w amdp-∂p. km[m-c-W-am-b-Xn¬ \n∂v Akm-[m-c-
W-ambXns\ Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv Imcq¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. "Rm≥
IYm-Im-c-\mb IY'bn¬ At±lw Xs∂ C°m-cyw shfn-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ""\ΩpsS Np‰nepw ImWp-∂s - X¥pw IY-bv°p-
sIm-≈mw. hn`-h-ßƒ kpe-`-am-b-Xp-sIm≠p aXn-bm-hn-√.
AXp-]-tbm-Kn®p Idn-sh-bv°m≥ Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.'' AsX,
IY-bpsS \f-]mIw At±-l-Øn-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v B
IY-Iƒ Xs∂ km£-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. km[m-c-W-°m-cnepw
km[m-c-W-°mcmb IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈˛-a-c-
∏m-hI- ƒ, Abm-fpsS AΩ, DXp-∏ms‚ InW¿, Ccp-ń¬, sNIp-
Øm≥, ep_v[≥, hnev]-{Xw, tamXncw F∂n-ßs\ F{X-
sb{X IY-Iƒ, ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-X-y-Ønse hne-s∏´
CuSp-h-bv∏p-I-fmbn amdn-°-gn™p.
Imcq-cns‚ A[-ym-]-I-I-Y-Ifpw {]kn-≤-am-Wv. Hcp-]m-Sp-
Imew A[-ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øn\v A[-ym-]I Pohn-
X-Øns‚ hn]p-ehpw lrZ-b-kv]¿inbpamb H´-t\Iw IY-I-
sf-gp-Xm≥ Ign-™p. ame-∏-S-°w, s]mXn-t®m-dv, Hcpcm{Xn, Im-
™n-c-∏-≈n-˛-Ip-d-h-e-ßm-Sv, Im¬N{Iw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ A-
[ym-]-I-I-Y-Iƒ A∂sØ A¬]-i-º-f-°m-cmb A[-ym-]-I-
cp-sS \n -lmb Pohn-X-Øns‚ IY-]-d-bp-∂p. kv{Xo]p-c-j-
_-‘-ß-fnse t{]a-Øns‚ AYhm Ima-Øns‚ \ndw Nmen-
s®-gp-Xnb [mcmfw IY-Ifpw Imcq¿ IYm-tem-I-Øn¬ thdn-
s´mcp kzcw tIƒ∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]qh-ºgw, ac-∏m-h-Iƒ, apX-
42
embn a\:-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hni-I-e\ km[-y-X-Iƒ IqSn-bp≈-
h-bmWv AØcw IY-Iƒ. kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j-t{]-a-Ønse Xo¿-
Øpw h-y-X-y-kvX-amb Hcp IY-bmWv tamXncw F∂p ]dbmw.
km{º-Zm-bnI {]W-b-I-Y-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw hy-X-y-kvX-
am-bn, Hcp ]t£ tIc-fob kaqlw HcpImeØpw AwKo-I-
cn-°mØ Hcp {]W-b-Øns‚ IY-bmWv tamXncw ]d-bp-∂-
Xv. a\p-j-y¿ XΩn-ep≈ {]W-b-Øn-\-I-tØ°v PmXnbpw aX-
hpw enwKhpw {]mbhpw F√mw hen-®n-g®v th´-bm-Sp-Ibpw
X√n-sIm-√p-I-bp-sams° sNøp∂ Hcp kaqlw Xs∂-bmWv
C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v A\p-Zn\w sXfn-™p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°b- m-Wt- √m˛Cusbm-ch - ÿ- b
- n¬ \n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ Im-
cq-cns‚ tamXncw ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-X-y-Ønse [oc-amb
{iaw Xs∂-sb∂p kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. {]W-b-Øn\p PmXn-
tbm, aX-tam, {]mbtam H∂pw {]iv\-a-s√∂p Hcn-°¬ IqSn
\sΩ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp IY-bm-Wn-Xv. hm¿[-I-y-Øns‚
hnh-i-X-bn¬s∏´ c≠p-t]¿-˛-Ip-™n-°mhpw Ip©p-\m-bcpw
XΩn-ep≈ XnI®pw hy-Xy- k - vXa- mb Hcp kvt\l-_‘ - Ø
- ns‚
IYbmWv tamXn-cw. AºmSn a\-bv°se Xp∏≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-
bpsS hn[-h-bmWv Ip™n-°m-h-Ω. Xp∏≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS
c≠p-thfn-bv°p-ti-j-ap≈ Hcp kw_-‘-am-bn-cp∂p Ip™n-
°m-hΩ - b
- p-am-bn. Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_Ø- n¬ ]nd∂ Ip™n-°m-hns‚
kuµ-cyw I≠mWv {]Xm-]n-bmb Xp∏≥ \ºq-Xncn Ah-cp-
ambn kw_‘w IqSp-∂-Xv. t\ctØ Xs∂ Ah¿ hn[-h-bp-
am-Ip-∂p. Aºm-Sn-a-\-°se B\-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p Ip©p-\m-
b¿. Abm-fpsS `mc-ybpw acn-®n´v Hcp h¿jtam at‰m Ign™n-
cp-∂p. Cßs\ PohnX kmbm-”-Øn¬ H‰-s∏´ c≠p-t]cpsS
lrZ-bm-h¿÷-I-amb Hcp _‘sØ H´pw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-
bn-√msXØs∂ at\m-lcambn Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-Ib
- m-Wn-Xn¬.
"Ip©p-hΩ - m-h≥ Fgp]Øn\memw ]nd-∂mƒ Znh-ka - mWv
acn-®-Xv. A\m-bm-k-amb ac-Ww, a°fpw acp-a-°fpw At±-l-
Øns‚ ]nd-∂mƒ kZ-y-bp-Æm≥ IqSn-bn-cp-∂p.'' F∂n-ß-s\-
bmWv IY-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw IpSpw_
43
]›m-Øew hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn
hf¿∂p-h∂ ]c-kv]-c-kvt\-lsØ Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-ß-
fn-eqsS Xpd-∂p-Im-´p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \mS-Iob kwL¿jtam
AXn-`m-hp-I-X-ztam C√msX kc-fhpw ku a-y-hp-amb BJym-
\w H´pw {]I-S-\-]-c-X-bn√ F∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. IYm-]m-{X-
ß-fpsS hy-‡n-X-z-Øn\pw IY-bpsS hnIm-k-Øn\pw tbmPn-
®-Xc- Ø
- n-ep≈ [z-\n-km-{µ-amb kw`m-jW - s
- si-en-bm-Wn-Xn¬
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Imen\v A¬]w kzm-[o-\-°p-d-hp≈
Ip©p-\m-bsc Ip-™n-°m-hΩ CS-°nsS kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw
hcp-tºm-sgms° Abmƒ°mbn Fs¥-¶nepw Icp-Xp-Ibpw
Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v apdp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]n∂oSv Ah¿ Abmƒ-
°mbn sh‰ne -]m-°p-N-X-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. Imen¬ Ipg-ºp-]p-
cń XS-hp-∂p. Cßs\ Xt∂mSp kvt\lw ImWn-°p∂ Ip-
™n-°m-hns‚ ssIhn-c-en¬ Xs‚ kvt\l-Øns‚ ap{Z-bmbn
Abm-fpsS Iøn¬°nS∂ tamXncw AWn-bn-°p-∂p. Cu k-
µ¿`sØ Imcq¿ Cßs\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""-Ip-©p-\m-b¿
Xs‚ tamXn-c-aqcn B hn[-h-bpsS AWn-hn-c-en¬ AWn-bn-
®p. Abm-fpsS ]cp-°≥ ssI]n-Sn®v Ip™n-°m-hΩ Xs‚
arZp-hmb apJ-Ø-a¿Øn, tamXn-c-Øn¬ t\m°n-s°m-≠-h¿
]d-™p˛ "F-\n°v ]mI-tam!''
B tamXncw X\n°p ]mItam F∂ Ah-cpsS tNmZyw
Xo¿Øpw A¿∞-h-Øm-Wv. ImcWw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-ßƒ-
t°m Ah¿ Pohn-°p∂ kaq-l-Ønt\m ]mI-am-ImØ Hcp_-
‘-am-W-sX∂ kqN-\-IqSn Chn-sS-bp-≠v. am{X-a√ "tam-Xn-
cw' F√m ImeØpw A\-i-zc{]W-b-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn
Xnf-ßp∂ H∂m-Wv. Imfn-Zmk imIp-¥-f-Ønse ap{Z-tam-Xncw
{]kn-≤-am-W-t√m-˛! GXm-bmepw Ip©p-\m-b-cpsS Fgp-]-Øn-
\memw ]nd-∂mƒ Znhkw Abmƒ acn-°p-∂p. Ip™n-°mhpw
Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. acn® Zp:Jw A¬]-sam∂p XWp-Ø-
t∏mƒ ho´p-Im¿ tamXn-c-a-t\-z-jn-°p-∂p. AXv Fhn-sSbpw
ImWm™v Ah¿ ]eXpw Nn¥n-°p-∂p. tamXn-c-tØmSp tN¿-
Øv Ip™n-°m-hns‚ t]cp-]-d-™m¬ alm-]m-]-ap≠v F∂m-
Wv Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ap‰tØm ]d-ºntem at‰m t\m-°mw.
I≠n-s√-¶n¬ an≠≠ F∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn-emWv Ah-km\a-
44
h¿ FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xv. Imcq-cns‚ IY-]-d-®n-ens‚ Iø-S°w
hnfn-t®m-Xp∂ Hcp hy-X-y-kvX-amb Hcp IY-bmbn tamXn-cw
amdp-∂p. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ sshIm-cn-I-am-°m-hp∂ IYm-
¥-ysØ as‰mcp Xe-Øn-te°v hgn Xncn®p hnSp-∂p. ac-W-
sØ-∏-‰ntbm Ip™n-°m-hns‚ ZpxJ-sØ-°p-dnt®m ]d-bmsX
tamXn-csØ ùXn-I-h-kvXp-hmbn am{Xw ImWp-∂-h-cpsS I-
Æn-eqsS _mly-tem-I-Øns‚ s]m≈-bmb ImgvN-bn-eqsS
IY Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.
U_nƒ BIvSv
sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ
1919 G{]n¬ 4\v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Ip∂-∏p-
g-bn¬ Hcp bmYm-ÿn-XnI IpSpw-_-amb Ing-t°-ho-ń¬ Xd-
hm-ń-emWv sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ P\n-®-Xv. 1938-˛¬ amXr-`qan
BgvN∏ - X
- n-∏n¬ h∂ "koXm-`h\-'amWv BZy-Ir-Xn. 1942- apX¬
XpS-¿-®-bmbn Fgp-Xp-Ibpw Aº-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-tØmsS
s]s´-∂-h¿ FgpØv \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kv{Xobv°v
C∂pw Fgp-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]pcp-j-\p-Xp-ey-amb Ahÿ
Cs√-∂n-cns° A∂sØ kmaq-ln-Im-¥-co£w Ahsc Fgp-
Øp-\n¿Øm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-bm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ht´sd {]Xn-
k-‘n-I-sfbpw A]-hm-Z-ß-sfbpw adn-I-S-∂p-sIm-≠m-W-h¿
Fgp-Ønepw Pohn-X-Ønepw apt∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp tPm-
en t\Sp-Ibpw kz¥-ambn hoSv ]Wn-bn®v Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmbn
PohnXw XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pcp-j≥am-tcm-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂
kulm¿±-ßfpw CS-s]-Se - p-Ifpw ]e A]-hm-Zß- ƒ°pw Imc-
W-am-bn. kz¥w _‘p°fpsS ASn-°Sn D≠mb ac-Wßƒ
Xo¿Øpw H‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØv
F√m-‰n¬ \n∂pw AI∂v `‡n-am¿§-Øn¬ am{X-ambn HXp-
ßn IqSp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1958-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb DΩ-bmWv Ah-cpsS
Ah-km\ cN-\. 1975 Unkw-_¿ 26\v A¥-cn-®p.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
tNme-a-c-ßƒ, s]¨_p≤n, ca-Wn, kv{XoP-∑w, CSn-
sh´p-ssXew, _lp-am-\-s∏´ AΩ, Ipe-a-ln-a, U_nƒ BIv-
Sv, s]m∂p-Ip-Sw, IogvPo-h-\-°m-cn, Iem-a-µn-cw, hnhm-l-k-
Ωm\w apX-em-b-h.
45
U_nƒ BIvSv
ae-bm--f-sN-dp-I-Y-bn¬ BZy-ambn kv{XobpsS i‡-amb
kzcw tIƒ∏n-°p∂ IYm-Im-cn-bmWv sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω. s]-
Ï-Y-bpsS Fgp-Øn-S-ßƒ hnI-kn-®p-h-cp-∂Xv efn-Xmw-_nI
A¥¿÷-\-Øn-s‚bpw sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω-bp-sS-bp-sams°
IY-If - n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kv{XobpsS Fgp-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ht´sd
hne-°p-Ifpw {]Xn-_-‘-ß-fp-sams° XcWw sNbvXv h∂
A\p-`h - s- Ø-°p-dn®v efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w Xs‚ "Bfl-
I-Y-bvs°m-cm-ap-J-'Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. kuay-amb kzc-am-bn-
cp∂p A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚sX-¶n¬ Ipd-®p-IqSn ]cp-jhpw i-
‡-hp-amb kzc-am-Wv kc-kz-Xn-bΩ - b
- p-tS-Xv. s]◊-bpsS A\p-
`-h-tem-I-ßsf apJy-{]-ta-b-am°n Ah-X-cn-∏n® BZy IYm-
Im-cnbpw Ah-cm-Wv. ae-bmfkmln-Xy-Øn¬ sân-\n-k-Øn-
s‚bpw s]sÆgp-Øn-s‚-bp-sams° Ime-Øn-\p-ap-ºv, kv{Xobp-
sS kzXz-sØbpw kwL¿jß-sf-bp-sams° AXns‚ X\n-
a-tbmsS AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. kv{Xohn-tam-
N-\-Øn\pth≠n hmZn-°p-Ibpw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-‘-ß-fnse
]pcp-jk - a - o-]\
- ß
- ƒ°p-t\sc \nin-Xa - mb hna¿i-\ß - ƒ D∂-
bn-°p-I-bp-sams° sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ Hcp ]pcp-j-hn-tZz-jn-bm-
bmWv Ah¿ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ ]e IY-I-fnepw
Ah-cpsS \nin-X-amb hna¿i-\-ßƒ°v kv{XoIfpw hnt[-b-
cmhp-∂p-≠v. _lp-am-\-s∏´ AΩ, U_nƒ BIvSv F∂n-ß-
s\-bp≈ IY-Iƒ DZm-lc - W
- w. Nß-ºp-gb- psS ca-W\v _Zem-
bn caWn F∂ IY-sb-gp-Xn. AXn¬ N{µn-I-bpsS ]£-Øp-
\n∂v IYm-Imcn kwkm-cn-°p-∂p.
1930-I-fnse Imºkv Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
Fgp-Xnb Hcp IY-bmWv U_nƒ BIvSv. koX, kp[o-c≥
\mb¿ F∂o hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kulr-Zhpw AXn-
t\mSv Nne A[ym-]-I¿ ImWn-°p∂ Ak-ln-jvWp-Xm-]-c-
amb \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw hni-Z-am-°n-s°m-≠mWv IY apt∂m´p
t]mIp-∂-Xv. koX-bpsS kplr-Øp-°-fmb kuZm-an-\n, ssk-
\_ apX-emb hnZym¿∞n-\n-Ifpw ankv hmk¥o \mb¿ F∂
A[ym-]n-Ibpw a‰p A{]-[m\ IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw IY-bn¬ {]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ Hcp tImtfPv Imº-kn-
46
s‚ I]S kZm-Nm-c-\n-jvT-bn¬ s]mdp-Xn-ap-ńb kzmX-{¥y-Zm-
ln-bmb Hcp IYm-]m-{X-amWv koX. s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ tImtfPp-
I-fn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ hcp-∂Xv `¿Øm-°-∑msc t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\m-
sW∂ s]mXp-t_m-[-Øn-s\-Xnsc hm°p-sIm≠pw {]hr-Øn-
s°m≠pw t]mcm-Sp-I-bm-W-hƒ. A‘-amb A\p-k-c-W-amWv
kv{XoXz-Øns‚ apJ-ap{Z F∂ [mc-Wsb XIn-S-a-dn°p-Ibpw
F√m Imcy-Ønepw kz¥-amb A`n-{]mbw sh®p ]p-e¿Øp-
Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp kzX{¥ hy‡n-bmbmWv koX Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Xßƒ°p In´m-ØXp a‰p-≈-h¿°pw In´-cp-sX∂ hmin-
bn¬ Pohn-°p∂ ankv. hmk-¥o-\m-bc - t- ∏m-ep≈ kv{XoIfmWv
kv{XobpsS G‰hpw henb i{Xp-°ƒ F∂v koXbn-eqsS I-
Ym-Imcn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. koX-bpsS Iq´p-Imcn kuZm-an-\n-bpsS
hm°p-I-fn¬ AXv IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-hp-∂p. ""NoØ ]d-bp-I-
b-√msX Cu s]¨km-d∑m¿ Hcp KpWhpw sNøn-√. BWp-
ßƒs°-s¥√mw Ip‰-ap-s≠-¶nepw Hcp ta∑bp-≠v. Aev]-
Øcw Ipd-bpw. kzh¿§-°m-cn-sem-cm-tfmSv Hcp kv{Xo {]tXyI
{]Xn-]-Øn-Im-Wn-®m¬ am{Xta Ah¿°-kqb Pzen-°p-I-bp-
≈q. \pW-]-d-®nepw tIƒ°-epw, ]Tn-∏n-°pI am{X-amWv Chn-
SpsØ s]Æp-ßf - psS tPmen.'' ]pcp-jh - n-tZzjn F∂ te_¬
kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω-bvs°m´pw tbmPn-°p-I-bn-s√∂v Cu kµ¿`w
hy‡-am-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah¿ kv{Xohn-tZz-jn-bp-a-√. apJw
t\m°msX kmaqlyhna¿i\w \S-ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
Ah-cp-sS coXn F∂p hy‡w. ]d-bm-\p≈ Imcyw hfsc ]-
cp-j-am-bn-Xs∂ ]d-bp∂ coXn-bm-W-h¿°v. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂ Imev]-\n-IX sXm´p-Xo-≠n-bn-ń-√mØ cN-\-I-fm-W-[n-
I-hpw. ]pcp-js‚ s]m≈-bmb D¬°¿j-t_m-[sØ B{I-
an-°p∂ AtX Icp-tØmsS kv{XoI-fpsS Aev]-Ø-sØbpw
B{I-an-°p-∂p-sh∂p am{Xw.
kulr-Z-Øns‚ `mh-X-e-ßƒ {]Im-in-X-am-hp∂ \nch-
[n kµ¿`-ßƒ kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω-bpsS IY-I-fn-ep-≠v. kv{XoI-
ƒ XΩn-ep≈ kulr-Z-ßfpw kv{Xo˛]p-cpj kulr-Z-ßfpw
Ah-bn¬ ImWmw. koXbpw kp[o-c≥ \mbcpw XΩn-ep≈
kulr-Z-Øns‚ hnhn[ am\-ßƒ ]d-bp∂ IY-Iq-Sn-bmWv
47
U_nƒ BIvSv. Ah-cpsS kulrZw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ A[ym-
]n-I-bmb ankv. hmk-¥n-\m-b¿ Xøm-dm-hp-∂n-√. Ah¿ koX-
sb Xm°oXp sNøp-∂p. koX Xs‚ ]n∂mse \S∂p iey-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-sW∂v kp[o-c≥\m-b¿ ]cm-Xn-s∏-ń-´p-s≠∂v
Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Ah¿ Ifhp ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-∂mWv koX
Icp-Xn-b-Xv. F∂m¬, hmk-¥n-\m-b¿ Xs∂ imkn-®-Xn-s\-
∏‰n kp[o-c≥ \mb-tcmSp ]d-™-t∏mƒ, koX-sb-∏‰n ]cm-
Xn-s∏-Sp-I-b-√, Ahsf Ah-cpsS tZjy-Øn¬\n∂pw c£n-
°m≥ {ian-°p-I-bmWv Xm≥ sNbvX-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p Abm-
fpsS \ne-]m-Sv. koXbv°v Imcy-ßƒ Ipd-®p-IqSn hy‡-ambn
hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. So®-dpsS iIm-c-Øn\p ]n∂nse t{]cW
AbmƒX-s∂-bm-sW∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-tXmsS Abm-fpsS
Cc-´-Øm∏v hy‡-am-hp-∂p. F¥m-bmepw kp[o-c≥\mb-cpam-
bp≈ kulrZw t{]a-ambn hf-cm≥ koX A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-
√. ]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\-ap-≈-hsc t{]an-°-cpXv F∂mW-h-
fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. t{]an-®m¬ {ItaW aXn∏p \jvS-am-Ipw
F∂hƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hscsb√mw hnhmlw
Ign-°m\pw Ign-bn-√t√m ˛ Xm\pw kp[nbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-
sØ-°p-dn®v Ahƒ Iq´p-Im-cn-bmb kuZm-an-\n-tbmSv ]d-bp-
∂-Xn-ßs - \-bm-Wv. ""Bfp-If- psS Cu kwibw ImcWw Rm≥
\√-t]m-semcp Bfl-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-Øn-t\m-°n. kp[n-tbmSv
F\n-°p≈ kvt\l-Øn¬ ap°mepw hm’-ey-amWv. _m°n
shdpw kulr-Z-hpw. t{]an-°m≥ km[n-°mØ Hc-¤pX kr-
jvSn-bmWv Rm≥ Fs∂-\n-°p tXm∂m-dp-≠v. As√-¶nepw
kv{Xo]p-cp-j∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ ssa{Xn, ssa{Xn-bv°-∏pdw IS-
°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ kv{Xo°p ]e-t∏mgpw kz`m-hn-I-ambn km[n-
°p-sa-∂m-Ws‚ hnizm-kw. Xosc Ipd-hmWv AXn\p Ignbp∂
]pcp-j∑m¿. B]¬t_m[w ASn-bn¬ InS-°p-∂-Xmbncn°-
Ww kv{XobpsS Cu sa®-Øns‚ Imc-Ww''. Cßs\ koX-
bp-sSbpw Iqń-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw
IY ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂p.
]n∂o-Sv, tImtfPv Ime-L´w Ah-km-\n®v Hcp h¿jw
Ign-™p≈ kw`-h-K-Xn-bmWv ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp kn-
\na Xob-‰-dn¬sh®v koX kuZm-an-\nsb ImWp-I-bpw, Ah-
48
fn¬\n∂v kp[o-c≥ \mb¿ hnhm-ln-X-\mb hnhcw Adn-bp-
I-bpw sNøp-∂p. Xs∂ In´m≥ koX X] p sNøp-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Abmƒ Xs‚ `mcy-tbmSv ]d-™n-´p-≈-sX-
∂pw koXsb \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-h-∂-Xn¬ ZpxJ-ap-s≠∂pw
Abmƒ ]e-tcmSpw ]d-™n-´p-s≠-∂p-IqSn tI´-t∏mƒ koX
]d-bp∂p ˛ "AsXms° F¥v kq{X-am-sW∂v F\n-°-dn-™p-
Iq-Sm. Bfp-If - psS apºn¬ Ah-cpsS t_m[y-Øn\v Hcp thjw.
kz¥w A`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v kzIm-cy-ambn as‰mcp thjw.
]t≠ XpS-ßn-bX - mWv Cu U_nƒ BIvSv. Hcp ]t£, temI-
Øn¬ hnP-b-I-c-ambn Pohn-°p-∂-h¿s°-√m-ap≈ Hcp X{¥-
am-bn-cn-°m-an-Xv''. kv{Xobv°v Pohn-°m≥ Hcp ssewKnI ]¶mfn
IqSntb Ignbq F∂p≈ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb [mc-W-bvs°-
Xn-cm-bn-cp∂p koX. IYm-Im-cnbv°pw CtX A`n-{]mbw Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v Ah-cpsS PohnXw Xs∂
sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. ]t£, Nnet∏msgm-s° temI-Øp-f-f ImgvN-
Iƒ ImWm≥ th≠n Xs‚ BZ¿i-ßƒ hnhm-l-]o-T-Øn¬
_en Ign-®m-se-s¥∂v koX Nn¥n-°p-∂p-≠v. `¿Øm-hns‚
Bhiyw AXn¬°-hn-™d - n-bm\pw am{Xw X∂nse kv{XoXzw
hf¿∂n-ń-s√∂pw C\n hf-cp∂ e£Wans√∂pw IqSn koX
kzbw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb kv{Xo k¶-ev]-ßsf
Im‰n¬ ]d-Øn-°-f-bp-I-bmWv kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω-bpsS kv{XoI-
Ym-]m-{X-ßƒ. hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-hcpw DtZym-K-ÿ-Ifpw
kuµ-cy-sØ-°mfpw _p≤n°p ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂-hcpw hnhm-
lw ths≠∂v sh®v Pohn-°p-∂-h-cpw. Aßs\ kzX-{¥-
cmbn Pohn-°p∂ Ht´sd kv{XoI-Ym-]m{X-ßƒ Ah-cpsS c-
N-\-I-fn¬ ImWmw. Bi-b-{]-N-cWw e£y-am-°p∂ Xpd-∂p-
]-d-®n-ep-I-fmWv an° IY-Ifpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Imev]-
\n-I-X-bpsS \ndw ]nSn-∏n-°-ep-Iƒ AhnsS ImWn-√. F∂m¬
\jvS-{]-W-b-Øns‚ Krlm-Xp-cX A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-°p∂
tNme-a-c-ßƒ t]mep≈ IY-Ifpw CSbv°v ImWmw. kv{Xo˛-
]p-cp-j-_-‘-ßfpw AXn-\-IsØ kwL¿j-ß-fp-amWv Ah-
cpsS IY-If - n¬ \nd™v \n∂n-cp-∂Xv F∂v ImWmw. ""PohnX
{]Xn-`m-k-ßsf hnti-jn®pw kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj _‘sØ C{X-
am{Xw bp-‡n-_-≤-ambn Hcp ]t£, \n¿±-b-am-bn, Adp-Øp-
ap-dn®v A]-{K-Yn-°p∂ IYm-I¿Ønsb˛IYm-Im-c-s\bpw th-
49
sd ImWm\n-√. Pohn-XsØ t\m°n Ae-k-am-bn, \n w-K-
ambn Nncn-°m-\p≈ hmk\ Ah-cn¬ hf¿∂p hcp-∂p-≠v''
(Fw. ANyp-X≥˛sNdp-IY˛ C∂se C∂v) F∂ A`n-{]mbw
F{Xbpw A¿∞-hØ - m-Wv. ""]pcp-j\v GXp hn[-Ønepw Pohn-
°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap≠v AXn\v t\sc adn-®mWv kv{Xo-bpsS
Imcyw'' F∂ IYm-Im-cn-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ C∂pw {]k-‡-am-
Wv. kv{XobpsS k¿§m-flI- X- sb Dƒs°m-ff - m≥ th≠-hn[w
C∂pw \ΩpsS kaqlw hnI-kn-®n-ń√ F∂p-≈-XmWv bmYm-
¿∞yw.
cm®n-bΩ
Ddq_v
s]m∂m-\n-°-Sp-Øp-ff ]≈n-∏p-dØv 1915 PqWn¬ Bbn-
cp∂p Ddq_v F∂ t]cn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv {]kn-≤-\mb ]n.-
kn.-Ip-ń-Ir-jvWs‚ P\-\w. A—≥ Icp-Wm-Ic - t- a-t\m≥ AΩ
]mdp-°p-ń-b-Ω. A[-ym-]-I≥, Iº\n Kpa-kvX≥, Iºu-≠¿,
]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ F∂n-ßs\ ]e tPmen-Ifpw sNbvXp. tIm-
gn-t°mSv BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn¬ kv{In]v‰v ssd‰-dmbpw {]h¿-Øn-
®p. AhnsS sh®mWv 1952-˛¬ Ddq_v F∂ Xqen-Im\maw
kzo-Ic - n-°p-∂X
- v. "Xp-d∂
- n´ Pme-Iw' F∂ sNdp-IYm kamlm-
c-Øn\v 1950-˛¬ aZn-cmin Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kΩm\w e`n®p.
1958-˛¬ DΩm-®p-hn\v t\mh-en-\p≈ BZy kmln-X-y-A-°m-
Zan Ahm¿Uv t\Sn. 1960-˛¬ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c∑mcpw F∂
t\mh-en\pw e`n-®p. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZ-y-ambn C¥-y≥ {]kn-
U-≠ns‚ Ahm¿Up e`n® ae-bm-f-N-e-®n-{X-amb \oe-°p-
bn-en\v Xnc-°-Y-sb-gp-Xn-bXpw Ddq-_m-bn-cp-∂p. 1948-˛¬ C.tZ-
h-In-b-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign-®p. 1979˛ Pqsse˛10 \v A¥-cn-®p.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
IY-Iƒ
cm®n-b-Ω,- tKm-]m-e≥\mb-cpsS XmSn, \\™ kmbm-
”w, s]m∂p-Xq-°p∂ Xpem-kv, A—≥ aI≥, hnØpw aÆpw,
shfp-Ø-Ip-ń, tX∑p-≈p-Iƒ, Xpd-∂n´ PmeIw apX-em-b-h.
IqSmsX [mcm-fw anI® t\mh-ep-Ifpw a‰pw Fgp-Xn-bn-
´p-≠v. kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-∑m-cpw, DΩm®p F∂o t\mh-ep-I-
ƒ {]kn-≤-am-Wv.
50
cm®n-bΩ
ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-Xy- Ø
- nse Krl-\m-Y\ - mbmWv Ddq_v
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. a\p-j-y-kvt\-lhpw Imcp-W-y-hp-amWv Ddq-
_ns‚ IY-I-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z. a\p-jy \∑bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-a-√mØ
Hcp IYbpw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-ń√ F∂p Xs∂ ]d-bmw.
cm®n-b-Ωbpw AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp IY-bm-Wv. "a-\p-j-y-\-∑-
bpsS L\o-`qXssh`-h-amb cm®n-bΩ Ddq-_ns‚ IY-\-ssh-
`-h-Øns‚ km£y]{X-am-Ip-∂p.'˛ (tUm:Iev]‰ _me-Ir-
jvW≥ ae-bmf kmln-X-y-N-cn-{Xw). Bcpw I≠m¬ t]Sn-
t®m-Sp∂ cm®n-b-Ω-bpsS _mly-{]-Ir-X-Øns‚ h¿Æ\ \S-
Ønb IYm-IrØv Ah-fpsS B¥c{]Ir-X-Øns‚ kuµ-c-y-
Øn¬ \sΩ-°qSn hym-ap-Kv[-cm-°p-∂p-≠v. Ddq-_ns‚ IY-I-
fn¬sh®v in¬]-L-S\m ssh`hw sIm≠v G‰-hp-a-[nIw {i-
≤n-°-s∏´ IYbpw cm®n-b-Ω-bm-Wv. \oe-Kn-cn-bpsS ]›mØ-
e-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ [mcmfw IY-I-fn¬ H∂m-Wn-Xv. h¿j-
ßƒ°p tijw \oe-Kn-cn-bn-se-Ønb BJ-ym-Xm-hns‚ Hm¿Ω-
Ifn¬ sXfn-bp∂ `qX-Im-ehpw cm®n-bΩ - s
- bm-sSm-∏a
- p≈ A\p-
`-h-ßfpw Imew t]mIth Pohn-X-Øn¬ kw`-hn® am‰-ß-fp-
amWv IY-bnse D≈-S-°w. Akm-[m-cW hy-‡n-X-z-ap≈ Hcp
IYm-]m-{X-ambn cm®n-bΩ IY-bn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p-∂p.
kv{Xobpw {]Ir-Xnbpw H∂m-bn-Øo-cp∂ IY-\-ssh-`hw Cu
IY-bn¬ Ddq_v ImgvN-sh-bv°p-∂p.
Bscbpw IqkmsX Xt‚-S-tØmsS H‰bv°v Pohn-®n-cp-
∂ kv{XobmWv cm®n-b-Ω. Icp-Øns‚ {]X-y-£-cq]-am-bn-cp∂
Ahcnse kv{XoX-zhpw Hc-¤p-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. IY-bnse BJym-
Xm-hns\ ]e\nebv°pw klm-bn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p Ah¿.
ac-W-Øns‚ ap≥]n¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sp-Ønb A\p-`hw A-
bmƒ°p-≠m-bn. hkqcn tcmKw h∂-t∏mƒ Ah-cmWv kz¥w
Btcm-Kyw t]mepw t\m°msX Abmsf ]cn-N-cn-®-Xv. Xs‚
acn-®p-t]mb ktlm-Z-cs‚ ÿm\-amWv Ah¿ Abmƒ°p-
\¬In-b-Xv. BJ-ym-Xm-hn\v cm®n-b-Ω-tbmSv tXm∂nb A`n-
\n-th-isØ Ah¿ \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°epw hgn-
]n-g-bv°n-s√∂v Imhnse a™ƒ{]-kmZw sXm´v AΩ-tbmSv
51
kXyw sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p cm®n-b-Ω. tZhn-bm-bn, Imfn-
bmbn Abm-fpsS ap∂n¬ hcm-Zm-bn-\n-bmbn {]X-y-£-s∏-´p-
sIm-≠n-cp∂p cm®n-b-Ω. Abmƒ \mń-te°v Xncn®v h∂v ]-
Xn-s\m∂p h¿jw Ign™v ho≠pw \oe-Kn-cn-bn-se-Øp-tºm-
gpw cm®n-bΩ Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At∏m-tg°pw Ah¿
Xs‚ a\ v am‰n-bn-cp-∂p. a™ƒ {]kmZw ambv®p If™v
Abmƒ°p-th≠n ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Xs‚ kz-
sØ√mw Abm-fpsS aI-fpsS t]cn¬ Fgp-Xn-sh-®n-´p-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. Xs‚ am‰-Øns‚ Imc-W-ambn Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv˛ ""-\-
Ωƒ a\p-j-y-c-t√, aÆp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-X-√-t√m?'' F∂mWv.
"Hcp Icn-¶¬°p∂v {]k-hn-s®-dn™ t]mse tXm∂n-°p∂
B kv{XobpsS a\ v F{Xtbm B¿{Z-ambncp∂p F∂m-Wn-
hnsS hy-‡-am-hp-∂-Xv. cm®n-b-Ω-bpsS {]W-b-Øns‚ Hcp
XoP-zme A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Abmƒ Xncn®v t]mIp-∂-
Xv. Cßs\ AΩ-bmbpw ktlm-Z-cn-bmbpw Imap-In-bm-bp-sam-
s° cq]w amdp∂ kv{XoX-z-Øns‚ `n∂-`m-h-ßƒ cm®n-b-Ω-
bn-eqsS {]Im-in-X-am-hp-∂p. {]Ir-Xnbpw kv{Xobpw H∂m-bn-
Øo-cp∂ Hcp Nn{X-amWv cm®n-b-Ω-bn-eqsS IYm-IrØv \¬-
Ip-∂-Xv. h\-y-amb {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cyw A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-
≠m-W-bmƒ Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip∂Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS h\ykuµ-
cy-tØm-SmWv cm®n-bΩ - b
- vt°sd kmZr-iy- w. Hcp Icn-¶¬ {]Xn-
a t]mse-bp≈ cm®n-bΩ Im´psNSn-Iƒ hI-™p-am‰n hcn-
Ibpw t]mhp-Ibpw sNøm-dp≈Xbmƒ Hm¿°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS
IdpØp \o≠ hnc¬Øp-ºp-Iƒ°v Aºn-fn-Xp-≠p-I-tfm-SmWv
kmZr-iyw. s]mń-®n-cn-°p∂ sh≈-®m-´-ßƒ Abm-fn¬ cm®n-
b-Ω-bpsS Hm¿Ω-I-fp-W¿Øp-∂p. Zmcn-Is‚ tNmc IpSn-®-e-
dp∂ Imfn-bmbpw Nne-t∏mƒ cm®n-bΩ amdp∂p. kv{XobpsS
`n∂-`m-h-ßƒ-˛-B¿{Z-X-bpsS, kvt\l-Øns‚, klm-\p-`q-Xn-
bp-sS, Icp-X-en-s‚, {]W-b-Øns‚ F∂-Xp-t]mse i‡n-
bp-sSbpw kwlm-cØ - n-s‚bpw tZh-Xb - mbn Dd-™p Xp≈m\pw
Ahƒ°p Ign-bpw. cm®n-b-Ω-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ kq£n®
\∑bp-sSbpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw {]Imiw A\p-`-hn-®-Xn-\m-
emhmw Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Cu temIw apgp-h≥ {]Im-i-
am¿∂-Xmbn Abmƒ°p tXm∂p-∂p. a\- p-Iƒ amdp-tºm-gm-
52
Wv {]Ir-Xnbpw amdp-∂-Xv. Ccp-ń¬ \n∂pw shfn-®-Øn-te°p
hcp∂ a\p-j-y\pw {]Ir-Xn-bp-am-Wn-Xn¬ Hcp-t]mse {]Im-
in-X-am-hp-∂Xv.
tNmZ-y-ßƒ
1. tamXncw F∂ IY ]¶p-sh-°p∂ hyXy-kvX-amb `mh-
X-e-sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-am-°p-I.
2. km[m-c-W-a-\p-jys‚ at\m-hn-Im-c-ßsf Xpd-∂p-Im-´p-∂-
Xn¬ Im-cq-cn-\p≈ kma¿∞yw tamXncw F∂ IY-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
3. tamXncw F∂ IYbv°v Hcm-kzm-Z\w Fgp-Xp-I.
4. kv{Xo]p-cp-j∑m¿ XΩn-ep-≈ ssa{Xn ssa{Xn-bv°-∏pdw
IS-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ kv{Xobv°p ]e-t∏mgpw kzm`m-hn-I-
ambn km[n°psa-∂m-sWs‚ hnizm-kw. Xosc Ipd-hm-
Wv AXn\p Ign-bp∂ ]pcp-j∑m¿˛ koX-bpsS Cu A`n-
{]m-b-tØm-Sp≈ \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
5. U_nƒ BIvSv F∂ t]cv Cu IYbv°v F{X-am{Xw
tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v˛]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.-
6. Hcp kzX-{¥kv{Xo F∂ \ne-bn¬ koX F∂ IYm-]m-
{XsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ IYm-Imcn hnP-bn-®n-´p-
t≠m˛N¿®-sN-øp-I.
7. \Ωƒ a\p-j-y-c-t√? aÆp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nbX√-t√m? Cu
hm°p-I-fn¬ cm®n-b-Ω-sb∂ IYm]m-{X-Øns‚ hy-‡n-
Xzw {]I-S-am-°m≥ F{X-tØmfw km[n-®n-´p-≠v. N¿®-
sN-øp-I.
8. {]Ir-Xnbpw kv{Xobpw H∂m-bn-Øo-cp∂ Hcp Nn{Xw cm®n-
b-Ω-bn-eqsS hy-‡-am-hp-∂-sX-ßn-s\?
9. kv{Xo kuµ-c-y-Øn\v Hcp ]pXnb am\w \¬Im≥ cm®n-
bΩ F∂ IY-bn-eqsS km[n-®n-´p-s≠m-˛? h-y‡- a- m-°pI.
-k-lm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ
1. Fw.-A-N-yp-X≥, sNdp-IY, C∂-se, C∂v, Un.-kn.-_p-I-
vkv, tIm´-bw, 2007.
2. Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ-˛-sN-dp-I-Ym-{]-ÿm\w
53
3. tUm: Fw.-Fw.-_-jo¿, ae-bmf sNdp-IYm kmln-X-y-N-
cn-{Xw.
4. tUm: sI.-sI.-in-h-Zmkv (F-Un.), s]ÏY-bpsS h¿Ø-
am-\w, inJ {KŸ-th-Zn, sImt≠m-ń. 2013.
5. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿, IY-bpsS hm¿jnI he-b-ßƒ,
Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm´-bw, 2015.
6. sI.-F-kv.chn-Ip-am¿, IYbpw `mhp-I-X-z-]-cn-Wm-a-hpw,.
7. hn.-B¿.kp[o-jv, H‰-°-Xm-]-T-\-ßƒ, Un.-kn.-_p-I-vkv,
tIm´-bw, 2011.
8. sI.-]n.-A-∏≥, IY BJ-ym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Ø-bpw, Un.-
kn.-_p-I-vkv, tIm´-bw. 1999.
9. Imcq¿, sXc-s™-SpØ IY-Iƒ ˛ 1, 2, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-
kv, tIm´-bw, 2017.
54
samUyqƒ ˛4
D≈p-cp°w
F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv
tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bnse Ip≠p-ß-en¬ 1929 Pqsse-˛1 \v
F≥.-]n.-A-_p-hn-s‚bpw Cºn®n ]mØp-Ω-_n-bp-sSbpw aI-
\mbn P\n-®p. tImgn-t°mSv `h-\-\n¿ΩmW kl-I-c-W-kw-
Lw sk{I-´d - n, tIcf IuapZn dkn-U‚ v FUn-‰¿ F∂oÿm\-
ßƒ hln-®n-´p-≠v. tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan \n¿∆m-lI
kanXn AwKw, tIcf kwKo-X-\m-SI A°m-Zan `c-W-k-anXn
AwKw, tIcfkmln-Xy A°m-Zan {]kn-U‚ v F∂o \ne-I-
fnepw {]h¿Øn-®p. tI{µ-km-ln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿-Uv,
tIcf kmln-X-y-A-°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv, efn-Xmw-_nI A¥-
¿P\w Ahm¿Uv, kakvX tIcf kmln-X-y-]-cn-jØv Ahm¿-
Uv F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ ]pc-k-vIm-c-ßƒ e`n-®p. 2003-˛-P-\p-
hcn 3 \v A¥-cn-®p.
IrXn-Iƒ
IY-Iƒ
{]kn-U‚ns‚ BZysØ ac-Ww, \√-h-cpsS temIw,
sXm∏nbpw X´-hpw, sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Iƒ, ]pI-°p-gepw kc-k-z-Xn-
bpw, Ah¿ \mep-t]¿, \mhp-ap-dn™ Infn, Ifn-∏m-\o-kv, aµ-
lm-k-Øns‚ au\-tcm-Z\w XpS-ßn-bh
t\mh¬
FÆ-∏m-Sw, acw, lnc-W-y-I-in-]p, Ad-_n-s]m∂v, (Fw.-
Sn.-bp-sam-Øv), ]ns∂bpw FÆ-∏m-Sw, ssZh-Øns‚ IÆv, XpS-
ßn-b-h.
D≈p-cp°w
ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øn-\-IsØ Pohn-Xm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬
_jo-dns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mWv F≥.-]n.-ap-l-Ω-Zv.
_jo-dn-s\-t]m-se-Øs∂ ap…ow Km¿lnI Pohn-XsØ efn-
X-ambpw \¿Ω-a[ - p-ca
- mbpw Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-°m≥ At±-lØ
- n\p Ign-
™p. {]tX-y-In®pw ap…ow kv{XoPo-hn-X-Øns‚ D≈p-cp-°-
55
ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn® IYm-Im-c-\mWv F≥.-]n.- tcm-Kw, hm¿≤-
I-yw, A\-y-h¬°-cWw F∂o {]ta-b-ßƒ N¿®-sN-øp∂
Hcp IY-bm-Wv D≈p-cp-°w. IpjvT-tcmKw Hcp amdm-hym[nbm-
bn-cp∂ ka-bØv AXv IpSpw-_-Ønepw hy-‡n-I-fn-ep-ap-≠m-
°nb `n∂ {]Xn-IcW-ßƒ Hcp Ipń-bpsS IÆn-eqsS Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wn-Xn¬. Ipń-tam≥ F∂ IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚
IÆn-eqsS ImWp∂ PohnX ImgvN-I-fm-bmWv IY hnI-kn-
°p-∂-Xv. ""-I-c-ym-Ø\pw ]ip-°n-Smhpw sXmSn-bn¬ tabp-∂Xv
I≠-t∏m-gmWv Hc-º∏ - ø
- ns\ In´m-\p≈]qXn Ipń-tam\v s]s´-
∂p-≠m-b-Xv''˛ F∂ hmI-y-tØm-sS-bmWv IY-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂-
Xv. Hcp Ipń-bpsS \njvI-f-¶-amb ImgvN-I-fn-eqsbmWv hmb-
\-°m-cs‚ D≈p-e-bv°p∂ IYm-X-¥p-hn-tebv°v IYm-IrØv
\S-∂p-Ib - d
- p-∂X- v. πmhn-es- Im≠v Aº-∏ø
- n- s\ D≠m-°n-s°m-
Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv s]ß-fmb ]mØp-hm-Wv. ]mØp-hns\ ImWm-
™v DΩ-bpsS ASpØp sN√p∂ Ah-t\mSv "A-Sßn ]mØn-
cp-t∂m!' F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah≥ Ic-™p-sIm≠v ]pd-
tØ-°n-d-ßp-∂p. ]pdsØ ImgvN-I-fn-te-°-h≥ Cd-ßn-sN-√p-
I-bm-Wv. hoSn-\p-sh-fn-bn¬ ]pfn-am-hns‚ ASpØv \mep-]mSpw
Hme-sIm-≠p-a-d-®, H‰-hm-Xn-ep≈ Hcp IpSn¬. AXn¬ aqØm-
∏bpw AΩ-m-bnbpw Ign-bp-∂p. Atßm-´p-t]m-Im≥ ]mSn-s√∂
hne-°p-≠v. t]mbm¬ Imsem-Sn-®p-I-f-bpw. Ah≥ am{X-a√ D-
Ωtbm ]mØpthm Bcpw t]mIm-dn-√. Hcp ]Wn-bp-an-√mØ
AΩmbn Xs‚ sh≈m-c-¶-Æp-ambn aqØm-∏sb t\m°n-bn-
cn-°p-∂p. IpjvT-tcm-K-Øns‚ Ad-∏p-f-hm-°p∂ ImgvN-I-fn-te-
°v Ipń sNs∂-Øp-∂p. ""-I´- n-ens‚ tNmń¬ Id-]n-Sn® tImfm-
ºn, tImfm-ºn-bn¬ Hcp-]m-Sv XpWn-°-≠-ßƒ. XpWn-°-≠-
ß-fn¬ tNmc-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, AXn-\p-Np‰pw B¿°p∂ aWn-b-\o-
®-Iƒ.''
]mØp-hns\ ImWmØ ÿnXnbv°v AΩm-bn-sb-s°m-
≠v ]øns\ D≠m-°n-°m≥ πmhn-e-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Iøn¬
sImSp-°p-∂p. Aßs\ \n¬°p-tºm-gmWv ""-IqØ-®o....'' F-
s∂mcp hnfn tIƒ°p-∂Xpw AΩm-bnbpw aqØm-∏bpw H∏w
sR´p-∂-Xpw. D≠m-°nb Imf-I-sf-sbms° DΩ hen®p Iodn-
56
°-f-™p. H∂pw an≠msX AΩm-bnbpw aqØm-∏bpw. F¥n-
\mWv DΩ Cß-s\-sbms° sNøp-∂Xv F∂v Ipńbv°v a\-
n-em-Ip-∂n-√. Ahs\ hen-®n-g®p sIm≠p-t]m-hp-tºmƒ ]d-
¶n-am-hn≥ Nph-ń¬ \n∂pw ]m™p-h-cp∂ ]mØp-hn\pw In´p-
∂p ASn. _me-y-Øns‚ IuXp-I-ßƒ Hcp-h-iØpw Pohn-X-
Øns‚ ]cp-°≥ bmYm¿∞-y-ßƒ adp-h-iØpw sIm≠p-h∂p
\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ IYm-Im-c-\p≈ anIhv A\-ym-Zriw Xs∂bm-
Wv. Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ kX-y-PnØv dmbpsS ]tY¿ ]m©men
F∂ temI {]ikvX kn\n-a-bnse Nne Zri-y-ßfpsS Hcp
hnZq-c-Omb ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. IpSn-en¬ t]mb-Xn\v Ipń-
Isf in£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ DΩ-bpsS {Iqc-X-b√ \mw ImWp∂Xv
kml-N-c-y-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±-ßƒ a\p-j-ysc Fs¥-√m-am°n
Xo¿°p∂p F∂ \n l - m-bm-hÿ- b
- m-Wv. ""-Nh
- ß
- ƒ
- °v sh®p-
hn-f-º-Ww... Hcm¨Xp-W-bpt≠m Chn-sS... aq∏¿-°v tImgn-
t°m´v _lp-tIm-in... ChnsS Hcp-Øn-bp-s≠-∂p t\m´-an-√...
Hcp aqØmt∏w AΩm-bow... Hcp-Øn°pw CΩm-Xncn hn[n
sImSp-°t√ ]S-t®m-t\... Cu kqt°Sv sImSp-°-t√ dt∫...
s‚ a°sf Im°tW Xºp-cm-t\...'' F∂ {]m¿-∞-\-bn¬
B kv{XobpsS D≈p-cp°w \ma-dn-bp-∂p. ]mØp-hns‚ kz-]v-
\-Ønse Dcp-In-ho-gp∂ a\p-j-ys‚ IÆv aqØm-∏-bp-tS-Xm-
sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmgpw tcmKw Cfw a\- p-I-fn¬ hcpØn-
h- ® n- ´ p≈ BLmXw F{X- a m- { X- a m- s W∂v \mw a\- n-
em°p∂p.
]n∂oSv DΩ Fgp-sØ-gp-Xp-∂Xpw _m∏ Imdn¬ h∂v
t\sc apdn-bn¬ Ibdn DΩbp-ambn hg-°n-Sp-∂Xpw ]ns∂
hmXn¬ Xpd∂v aqØm-∏-bpsS IpSn-en-te°v t]mIp-∂Xpw
aqØm-∏sb Imdn¬ Ib‰n Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-
∂-Xp-sams° Ah≥ ImWp-∂p. _m∏ Xs∂ {i≤n-°m-Ø-
Xn-emWv Ah\v k¶-Sw. A∂m-Z-y-am-bn, aqØm-∏sb Ah≥
\∂mbn ImWp-Ib - m-Wv. "a-©m-Sn-°pcp t]mep≈ XSn® sNhn-
°p-‰nIƒ. Im°-sIm-Ønb Iip-am-ßt- ]m-ep≈ aq°v... Imen¬
XpWn-Np-‰n-s∏m-Xn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn\p aosX Cu®-°q-´w...''
Hcp-Im-eØv ac-W-tØ-°mƒ `bm-\-I-ambn I≠n-cp∂ Cu
tcmK-Øns‚ PpKp-]vkbp-f-hm-°p∂ Ahÿ IYm-IrØv hc-
57
®n-Sp-∂p. icn-bmb NnIn-’-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ ImeØv CØcw
tcmKn-Iƒ ISpØ H‰-s∏-S¬ Xs∂-bmWv A\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂-
Xv. ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂v AwK-ßƒ AgpIn hoWp-t]m-Ip-∂,
{hW-ßƒ \nd™ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ kmaq-ln-I-amb H‰-s∏-S¬
IqSn-bm-hp-tºmƒ Ch-cpsS PohnXw \c-I-Xp-e-y-am-hp-∂p. Ipń-
bpsS hm°p-I-fn-eqsS am{X-amWv \mw aqØm-∏sb Adn-bp-
∂-Xv. ]t£, Bip-]{- Xn-bn-te°v t]mIp∂ ka-bØv Abmƒ
]d-bp∂ Hcm-{Klw km[n-°msX t]mIp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS D≈p-
e™p t]mIp-∂p.
""Cu kqt°Sv ]ct°m A_q....
]c-°q-e, CZv B kpJ-t°-S-√.
∂mev Hcp ]qXn.
G?
Rm≥ Ipń-tams‚ Xteev H∂v ssIsh-®m-s´....
DΩ ]d™Xv ]Xps° Ic-™n-´m-bn-cp-∂p: "th≠ °m'.
]ns∂ aqØm∏ H∂pw ]d-™n-√.'' C{X-sbm-s°-bmbn´pw
aqØm∏-bvs°-¥mWv F∂p-am{Xw Ipń-bv°-dn-bp-∂n-√. Cu
tcmKsØ Bfp-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw `b-s∏-ń-cp∂p F∂p ImWn-
°p-∂-XmWv DΩ-bpsS s]cp-am-‰w. tcmK-Øn-\p≈ \√ NnIn-
’ sIm≠p am{X-a√ kmaq-ln-Ia - mb t_m[-h¬°-cWw sIm-
≠p-Iq-Sn-bmWv IpjvT-tcmKw C∂v A{X òXnZa-√m-Xmbn Xo-
¿∂-Xv. kmln-X-yhpw kn\n-abpw t]mep≈ am[y-a-ß-sfms°
CXns‚ t_m[-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v. BZyw \mS-I-cq-]-Ønepw ]n∂oSv kn\n-a-bp-ambn Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ Ai-z-ta[w t]mep≈ cN-\-Iƒ kaq-lsØ
hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.
H´p-sNSn
kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a≥
ae-bm-f-Ønse {]apJ sNdp-I-Ym-IrØpw t\mh-en-Ãp-
amWv kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a≥ 1931-˛-s^-{_p-hcn 7 \v Ip∂w-Ip-fØv
P\-\w. A`-bm¿∞n-Isf ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p∂ hIp-∏n¬ D-
tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 10 \v ac-Ww. tI{µ
58
kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv, tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan
Ahm¿Uv, tIcf kwÿm\ Ne-®n{X Ahm¿Uv (hm-kvXp-
lm-c), cmjv{S-]X - n-bpsS kph¿Æ abqcw (Nn-Zw-_c - w) F∂nh
e`n-®p. {]hmk Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßƒ IY-I-fn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.
IrXn-Iƒ
hmkvXp-lm-c, Ccn-°-]n-fiw, NnZw-_-cw, A\m-bm-tk\
ac-Ww, £pc-k-y-[m-c, kp\n-am. H´p-sN-Sn, dbn¬th ]mf-ßƒ
ae-bmf sNdp-IY - b
- psS B[p-\nIL´-Øns‚ D®m-hÿ - -
bn¬ Fgp-Xm-\m-cw-`n® Hcp IYm-Ir-ØmWv kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a≥.
]t£, B[p-\n-I-X-sIm-≠p-h∂ k¶o¿Æ-Xbpw Zp¿{K-l-
Xbpw a‰p cN-\m-]c - a
- mb ]co-£W - ß
- f
- p-sam-∂p-an-√msX Pohn-
X-Øns‚ hy-X-y-kvX-amb A\p-`-h-tem-I-ßsf kX-y-k-‘-
ambpw EPp-hp-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ae-bm-f-I-Y-bn¬
]pXn-sbmcp `mhp-I-Xzw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kn.-hn.-{io-
cm-a≥ "hmkvXplm-c' F∂ IY-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv At±lw
klr-Zb {i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂X - v. At±-lØ - ns‚ IY-Is - f√mw
Xs∂ thdn-s´mcp i_vZw tIƒ∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw A`-
bm¿∞n Pohn-Xm-hn-jvImcw \S-Øp∂ hmkvXp-hm-c, H´p-sNSn
apX-emb cN-\-I-fmWv IqSp-X¬ Xo£vW-amb a\p-j-y-_-‘-
ß-fpsS BJ-ym-\-ß-fm¬ kº-∂-amb cN-\-Iƒ F∂p-Im-
Wmw. tPmen-bp-ambn _‘s∏´v A`-bm¿∞n Pohn-X-Øns‚
t\¿°m-gvN-Iƒ ImWm-\n-S-bm-bXpw hnZq-c-ÿ-amb {]tZ-i-
ß-fnse sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ a\p-j-ym-h-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-®-dn-
bm≥ CS-bm-°n-bXpw B IYm{]]-©sØ hf-sc-b-[nIw
kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p≠v F∂v ImWmw. H´p-sNSn F∂-IY AØ-c-
Øn¬ hy-Xy- k - vXa - mb Hc-`b - m¿∞n Pohn-XØ - ns‚ Bhn-jvIm-
c-am-Wv.
C¥-ym-hn-`P- \- Ø- ns‚ ê-ambn ]m°n-ÿms‚ `mK-ambn
amdnb Ing-°≥ _wKm-fn¬ \n∂pw (C-t∏m-gsØ _w•m-tZ-
iv) ]›n-a-_w-Km-fn-se-Ønb A`-bm¿∞n-Isf ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-
∏n-°m≥ \nbp-‡-\mb ae-bm-fn-bmb D-tZ-ym-K-ÿ-\mWv IY-
bnse BJ-ym-Xm-hv. hn`-P-\-Øn-\n-c-bmbn F√mw \jvS-s∏´
a\p-jy-cpsS \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Aen-hp≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p
Abmƒ. `mc-ybpw `¿Øm-hp-a-S-ßp∂ IpSpw-_-ßƒ°v B¥-
59
am≥-˛-\n-t°m-_m¿ Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ `qan ]Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Hcp
]≤Xn \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hn`-P-\-Øn¬ `¿Øm-hns\
\jvS-s∏´v c≠v s]ä-°-fp-ambn A`-bm¿∞n Iym-ºn-se-
Ønb Hcp kv{Xo klm-b-Øn-\mbn \nc-¥cw Abmsf tXSn-
h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, Abmƒ Xo¿Øpw \n -lm-b-\m-bn-
cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ Abmƒ Hcp t]mwhgn Is≠-Øn. Ahsft∏m-
se-Øs∂, `mc-y-\-jvS-s∏´ Hcp ]pcp-j\pw Xs‚ Ipń-I-fp-
ambn AhnsS klm-b-Øn-\mbn h∂n-cp-∂p. \nbaw IW-
°n-se-Sp-°msX Xs‚ taep-t±-ym-K-ÿs‚ FXn¿∏v Ah-K-
Wn-®p-sIm≠v Cu c≠p IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw H∂m°n B≥U-
am-\n-te-°-b-°m≥ Abmƒ k∂-≤-\m-bn. Iym-ºn¬ h®p-X-
s∂ Ah¿ CW-ßn-°-gn-bp∂ ImgvN Abmƒ I≠p. Ah-
sc A≥U-am-\n-te-°-b®v Abmƒ kwXr-]vX\m-hp-∂p. Iptd
h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw Zzo-]p-Iƒ kµ¿in-°m-s\-Ønb DtZ-ym-
K-ÿ≥ Xs‚ Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eqsS Cu IY-sbms° Hm¿sØ-Sp-
°p-I-bm-Wv. AhnsS h®bmƒ Xm≥ H∂m-°nb B IpSpw-_-
sØ ImWp-∂p. Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn-eqsS Hcp-hn[w kº-∂-
amb IpSpw_w \√-co-Xn-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂Xv Abmsf kt¥m-
j-hm-\m-°p-∂p. t]mIp-tºmƒ Hcp t]t°m-e-am-bn-cp∂ B
kv{Xo XSn-®p-sIm-gpØ Hcp kpµ-cn-bmbn amdn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. \∂mbn k¬°-cn®v Abmsf bm{X-bm-°m-\mbn `¿-
Ømhv IqsS h∂ ka-bØv Hcp Imcyw IqSn Abmsf Adn-
bn-°p-∂p. kv{XobpsS BZy `¿Ømhv Fß-s\tbm tXSn-∏n-
Sn®v Ahsf ImWm≥ h∂Xpw Ahƒ Abmsf ImWm≥
hnk-Ω-Xn-®-Xp-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ. BZy `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv bm-
sXmcp hntcm-[hpw tXm∂mØ Ct∏m-gsØ `¿Øm-hv _ntiz-
iz¿ Kcm-antbm-Sv Ahƒ ]d-™-Xn-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ""-Fs‚
Pohn-X-Øns‚ G‰hpw ZpcnXw ]nSn® \mfp-I-fn¬ ssZhw
t]mse-bp≈ B a{Zm-kn-_m-_p-hmWv \sΩ Iqń-bn-W-°n-
b-Xv. Cu Pohn-X-Øn¬ F\n°o _‘w aXn.'' F{X-am{Xw
am\-knI thZ-\bpw [¿Ω-k-¶-Shpw A\p-`-hn-®m-bn-cn°pw
Ahƒ AXp ]d-™n-´p-≠m-hpI F∂mWv BJ-ym-Xm-hmb
DtZ-ym-Kÿ- ≥ Nn¥n-°p-∂X
- v. Abm-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ Adn-bmsX
60
\nd-™p-t]m-bn. Zp:Jw sIm≠p≈ IÆo-cm-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv,
Xm≥ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n® H´p-sN-Sn-bpsS hodn-s\-Ip-dn-t®m¿Øp-≈
B\-µm-{ip-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. H´p-sNSn F∂ io¿jIw Cu IY-
bpsS a¿Ω-sØ-bmWv kv]¿in-°p-∂-Xv. kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn hf-
cp∂ sNSn-I-tf-°mƒ H´p-sN-Sn-Iƒ°v ]e-t∏mgpw HmP pw
ê-ka - r-≤nbpw IqSpw. Xm\n-W°n tN¿Ø B _‘-Øns‚
Cg-b-Sp∏w I≠v hnkva-b-`-cn-X-\m-hp-I-bmWv BJ-ym-Xm-hv. ""-
a-\p-j-y-Po-hn-Isf \nßƒ°v hym-Jym-\n°mw ]t£, a\p-jy-
Po-hn-XsØ hym-J-ym-\n-°m-\m-hn-√.'' F∂ ZmkvKp-]-X-_m-
_p-hns‚ \nco-£Ww Cu IYsb kw_-‘n®v kX-y-ambn
Xocp-∂p. kn.-hn.-{io-cm-as‚ IY-I-fn¬ sXfn-bp∂ PohnX-
ho£Ww Xs∂-bmbn B hmIyw amdp-∂p-≠v.
Jsc _mbvsc
KoXm-ln-c-W-y≥
sIm´m-c-°-c-bv°-SpØv tIm´-h-´Øv 1958-˛¬ P\n-®p. Kh-
¨sa‚ v tImtfPv A[-ym-]n-Ibpw Ihnbpw IYm-Ir-Øp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. KoXm-t]m‰n F∂ t]cn-emWv BZ-y-Im-eØv Fgp-Xn-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw Ihn-bp-amb lnc-W-y-\m-bn-cp∂p
`¿Øm-hv. 2002-˛¬ Xs‚ \m¬∏-Øn-\memw hb- n¬ KoXm-
ln-c-W-y≥ A¥-cn-®p. 1979-˛¬ amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏n¬ \S-
Ønb hnjp-]-Xn∏v IYm-a-’-c-Øn¬ Zo¿Lm-]mw-K≥ F∂
IYbv°v t{]m’m-l\ kΩm\w e`n-®p. H‰kv\m∏n¬ HXp-
°m-\m-hn√ Hcp P∑k-Xyw F∂ BZy IYm-k-am-lmcw 1999-
˛¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn. AXn-\n-S-bv°p≈ \o≠ 20 h¿j-ß-
ƒ Ah¿ Fgp-Øn¬ \n∂pw hn´p-\n-∂p. Ip©p-]n≈ kvamcI
]pc-k-vIm-cw, A¶Ww ]pc-k-vIm-cw, Sn.-]n.-In-tjm¿ ]pc-kvIm-
cw, Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v P m-i-Xm_vZn ]pc-k-vImcw F∂nh e`n-
®p.
sNdp-IYm kam-lm-c-ßƒ
H‰-kv\m-∏n¬ HXp-°m-\m-hn-√ Hcp P∑k-X-yw, Akw-L-
Sn-X, KoX-ln-c-W-ys‚ IY-Iƒ
61
teJ\w
C\nbpw hoSmØ lrZ-b-Øns‚ ISw.
Jmsc _mbvsc
Imen-I-amb Pohn-X-k-µ¿`-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬
{i≤-]-Xn-∏n® IYm-Imcnbm-bn-cp∂p KoXm-ln-c-W-y≥. ]mcm-
b-W£ - a- X
- b - p≈ cN-\I - f- n-eqsS ae-bmf sNdp-IY
- m-tem-IØv
Ipd-™-Imew sIm≠p-Xs∂ kz-¥-amb HcnSw t\Sn-sb-Sp-
Øp. IYm-c-N-\-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-X-z-
Øns‚ sI´p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w t\Snb cN-\-I-fm-
bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-tS-Xv. bmsXmcp _l-f-ß-fp-ap-≠m-°mØ
im¥-amb Iem-]-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p B cN-\-Iƒ. ]pdsa {]im-
¥-kp-µ-c-amb \Zn-t]mse tXm∂n-°p-sa-¶nepw Bg-Øn¬
a\p-j-ym-h-ÿ-bpsS Ccp≠ Npgn-Isf hln-°p∂ IY-I-fmWv
KoXm-ln-cW - y- t- ‚-Xv. kvt\l-Øns‚ ]e-Xcw `mh-am-‰ß - f- mWv
B IY-I-fpsS B[m-c-{ip-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. DÆn-°p-´s‚
AΩ-bpsS Hcp-Zn-h-kw, Ccp-ńs‚ Nnd-sIm-®-Iƒ, Akw-L-Sn-
X, ssh‰v lukns‚ IY, IYm-h-y-kn-\n, N¥n-sXm-gp-I≥,
hmb-\m-Zn-t\m-k¿, GIm¥ hy-k-\n-X¿, tImam-fn-\n, Lsc
_mbvsc F∂n-ßs\ hn]p-ehpw sshhn-[-yhpw Hcp IYm-{]-
]©w Xs∂ Ah¿ Xo¿Øn-´p-≠v.
hnh-c-W-tØ-°mƒ kw`m-j-W-Øn\v {]m[m-\yw I¬]n-
®p-sIm-≠p≈ BJ-ym-\w, \m´p-`m-jm-em-fn-Xyw Ie¿Øn-s°m-
≠p≈ FgpØv coXn, Pohn-X-Øns‚ cl-k-yhpw ]c-k-y-hp-
amb temI-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-cw, hnZ-ym-`ymkap≈hfpw
kmln-Xy- h - m-k\ - b
- p-≈h- f- p-amb kv{Xobv°v hnI-kn-°m≥ Ign-
bmØ kml-N-c-y-ß-fpsS kX-y-k-‘hpw [z-\n-km-{µ-hp-amb
Ah-X-c-Ww, Imhym-fl-IX Xpfp-ºp∂ `mj F∂n-ßs\
KoXm-ln-c-W-y≥ IY-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf√mw Dƒs°m-
≈p∂ Hcp IY-bmWv Lsc _mbvsc. KoXm-ln-c-Wy≥ Xs‚
IY-Iƒ°p sImSp-°p∂ t]cp-Iƒ t]mepw Ah-cp-sSXp am{X-
amb Hcp kz-X-zsØ {]I-S-am-°n-s°m-≠mWv F∂v ImWmw.
ae-bm-fn°v A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp hm°mWv Cu IY-bpsS
62
Xe-s°-´v. Hcp ASn-°p-dn-∏ns‚ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn am{Xw
\ap°v a\- n-em-hp∂ H∂v Jsc _mbvsc (ho-ńepw ]pd-
Øpw). -Jtc _mbvtc F∂ t]cn¬ _wKmfn `mj-bn¬ cho-
{µ-\mY SmtKm¿ Fgp-Xnb Bfl-I-Ym-]-c-amb Hcp IY AtX
t]cn¬ k-X-y-PnXv tdmbv kn\n-a-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Home and
the Wolrd F∂ t]cn¬ IY-bpsS Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø-\-ap-≠v.
kv{XobpsS hntam-N\w Ah-tcmSpw Ahsc kvt\ln-°p∂
]pcp-j∑m-tcmSpw F¥p sNøp∂p F∂ At\-zj - W- a
- m-bn-cp∂p
AXv. kaq-l-Ønse an° kv{XoI-sfbpw t]mse `¿Øm-
hns\ A‘-ambn Bcm-[n-°p∂ _nae F∂ Hcp IYm-]m-
{X-Øns‚ hm°mbn ""`¿Øm-hns‚ Imense s]mSn Ahs\
DW¿ØmsX FSp-°p-∂p'"˛F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v AXn¬.
Cu IY-bnepw Htc-k-abw c≠v temI-ß-fn¬ (A-
IØpw ]pd-Øpw) c≠p coXn-bn¬ Pohn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ Hcp
ho´-Ω-bpsS IY-bmWv IYm-Imcn ]d-bp-∂Xv. t]cp ]d-bmsX
ho´Ω F∂p Xs∂-bmWv Ah-sc Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ""-G-
Xm≠v Hcp aWn-°q¿ apºv Ccpºp]mfn-Iƒ tN¿ØS®v tK‰n-
\-∏pdw Xm≥ ]pd-Øm-°n-bXv CjvS-ß-fpsS Hcp cmP-y-sØ-
bm-sW∂v ho´-Ωbv°p tXm∂n. Xncn®p ]nSn-bv°p-hmt\m
Dds° hy-k-\n-°p-hmt\m km[n-°mØ Hcp cmP-y-\-jvSw.''
F∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ IY Cc-ºp∂ Hcp IS-ens\ Hcp Xp≈nbpw
]pdØpImWn-°msX D≈n-e-S-°p∂ Hcp ho´-Ωsb ImWn®p-
Xcp-∂p. Xs‚-Xmb Hcp kz-Im-cy cmP-yØ - ns‚ \jvSw BtcmSv
]d-bm-\m-Wv? Aßns\ Hcp cmPyw D≈Xp Xs∂ Adn-bp-
∂-h-c√ Bcpw, ]n∂-bt√ AXns‚ \jvSw? F∂mWv Ah-
ƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂X - v. Xs‚ Hcp Iq´p-Im-cn-bpsS ASp-tØ-bvs°∂
hym-tP\ Imap-Is‚ ASp-Øp-t]mbn h∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ho´-Ω.
Ah-fpsS kvt\lw tXSn-bp≈ bm{X-bn¬ Ahƒ Is≠-
Ønb as‰mcp temIw. ]t£, AXpw h©-\-bpsS Hcp temI-
am-sW-∂-dn-™n´pw AXns\ \nc-kn-°mt\m Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-
°mt\m BhmsX hnj-a-hr-Ø-Øn¬s∏´p t]mhp∂ \n -
lm-b-bm-W-hƒ. Ah-cpsS [¿Ω-k-¶-S-ßƒ°v Hcp ]cn-lmcw
63
\n¿t±-in-°p-hm≥ B hoń¬ Bsc-bmWv Xm≥ kao-]n-t°-
≠-Xv-˛-Xs‚ F´p-h-b- p≈ aI-\tbm AtXm Sn.-hn.-kn-\n-a-I-
fpsS ASn-a-bmbn´p≈ Ah-cpsS ktlm-Zco]p{Xn-tbtbm˛A-
Xp-a√˛X-\n-s°mcp a\- p-s≠∂pw kvt\lhpw emf-\bpw
sImXn-°p∂ Hcp lrZ-ba - p-s≠∂pw Adn-™n-ń-√mØ F≥Pn-
\o-b-dmb `¿Øm-hn-s\tbm F∂n-ßs\ Ah-fpsS Nn¥-Iƒ
k©-cn-°p-∂p. ho´-Ω-bpsS Zpc-¥-Øn\v At±-lhpw tcJ-
s∏-Sp-ØmØ Hcp Imc-W-amWv F∂v IYm-Imcn Hm¿Ωn-∏n-
°p-∂p-≠v.
ho´Ω-sbm-gn-®p≈ B aq∂pt]¿ Ah-c-h-cpsSXmb
temI-ßf - n¬ am{Xw Pohn-bv°p-∂p. F´p-hb- - mb aI≥, AΩ
]pd-tØ-°p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Xs∂ sIm≠p-t]m-Im-Ø-Xn-ep≈
Cu¿j-y apgp-h≥ Ah-tcmSv Xo¿°p-Ib - m-Wv. Ah-cpsS \mØq-
s‚ aI-fmb s]Ïp-ńbpw Ah-cpsS `¿Ømhpw hfsc Xmev]-
c-y-]q¿∆w ImWp∂ _wKmfn kn\n-a-bn-te°v Ah-cpsS {i≤-
t]m-Ip-∂p. Jsc _mbvsc F∂v kn\n-a-bpsS t]cv tI´-t∏mƒ
Ah¿ AZv`p-Xs - ∏´p t]mbn. "h-√m-sØmcp t]cv? "¥m CXns‚
Hcp A¿∞w?' F∂ tNmZ-yØ - n\v `¿ØmhmWv DØcw \¬In-
b-Xv-˛"-ho-ńepw ]pd-Øpw'. _wKmfn kn\n-a-bpsS A¿∞-sam-
∂pw Ahƒ°v a\- n-em-hp-∂n-s√-¶nepw AXnse \mbnI
Iq¿Ø A{K-ß-fp-ff sh≈n sNcn-∏n´v h[p-hmbn `¿Ør-ho-
ń-te°p aµw aµw hcp∂ cwKw Ah¿ kmIqXw ho£n-°p-
∂p. B Iq¿Ø A{K-ß-fp-ff sNcn∏v hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ NXn-
°p-gn-I-fpsS kqN-\-bm-Im-sa-∂-h¿ Nn¥n-°p-∂p-≠v. am{X-a√
Hcp aWn-°q¿ apºv Xm≥ tK‰-S-®Xpw CjvS-ß-fpsS cmPyw
]pd-Øm-bXpw C\n AXn-te°pw Xncn-®p-t]m-hn-s√∂ kqN-
\-t]mse Xm≥ kz¿Æ-\n-d-°p-Sp-°-I-fp≈ sNcn∏v sjUn¬
Fdn™pIf-™Xpw ho´Ω kam-¥-c-ambn Hm¿°p-∂p-≠v.
Cßs\ kn\n-abpw IY-bnse Pohn-Xhpw ]e-t∏mgpw
tN¿∂p t]mhp-∂-Xns‚ Nn{X-ßƒ IYm-Imcn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂p. AXn-en-Sbv°v ho´-Ωsb kn\n-a-Im-Wm≥ A\p-h-Zn-
64
°msX aI≥ ie-y-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah\v \mc-
ßm-sh≈w FSp-°m-\mbn ASp-°-f-bn-te°p t]mIp-tºmƒ
kn\n-a-bnse \S≥ F¥mWv ]d-™n-´p-≠m-hpI Ft∂m¿°p-
I-bm-Wv. \mcß apdn-°p-tºmƒ X\n-°-dn-bp∂ `mj-bn¬
Hcp Ub-temKv krjvSn®v AXv Bcpw tIƒ°msX ]d-bp-I-
bpw sNøp-∂p.˛ ""-Fs‚ kvt\lw kzm-`m-hnI hf¿® apc-Sn-
∏n® Hcp Ip≈≥ Ac-bm¬ t]mse''˛aq∂v•m v \mc-ßm-
sh-≈h - p-ambn Ahƒ FØp-tºm-sg°pw kn\na Hcp-]mSv Zqcw
]n∂n-ń-cp-∂p. kzm-X-{¥-y-Zm-ln-Iƒ Xe-sb-dn™p s]mń®
Hcp aZmΩbm-bn-cp∂p At∏mƒ kv{Io\n¬. C¥-y-bpsS tZio-
b kzm-X{-- ¥-y-t]m-cm´w IqSn hnj-b-am-Ip∂ Hcp kn\n-a-bmWv
kXy-PnØv tdmbpsS Jsc _mbvsc
Ahsc Ahn-sS-bn-cpØn s]mdp-∏n-°m-Ø-a-ń¬ aI\v hm-
inIqSn°qSn h∂p. AΩ Hcp I≈n-bmWv F∂v ]d-™p-sIm-
≠v Ah≥ apJw-sIm≠v tZlØv IpØm\pw CSn-°m-\p-sam-
s° XpS-ßn. "F-¥p-\√ aWam AΩbv°v F∂p ]d™v
{LmW-i-‡n-Iq-Sp-X-ep≈ aI≥ aq°p hnS¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ
Ah¿ t]Sn-®p-t]m-bn. Abm-fpsS B^vS¿ tjhv temjs‚
aWw Xs‚ N¿Ω-Øn-\p-ta¬ AZr-iy-amb Hcm-h-c-W-ambn
]‰n-In-S-∏p-≠m-hptam F∂ `b-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°v.
"Rm-\n∂p \ΩsS lcn-Zm-kns‚ hońepw t]mbn'˛ F∂n-
ßs\ Xm≥ Imap-Is‚ hoń¬ t]mb Imcyw `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv
]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Xm≥ Hcp I≈n-X-s∂-bmWv F∂m¬ aI≥
]dbpw t]mse apgp-°-≈n-b-√. A¿≤-k-X-y-ßƒ Xm≥ ]d-
bp-∂p-≠t√m F∂m-Wh - ¿ Xt∂m-Sp-Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂X- v. ]t£,
Cßs\ I≈w ]d™v Xm≥ t\Snb Hcp kz-Im-cy temIw
Xs‚Xs√∂pw AXv as‰m-cmfp-sS-Xm-sW∂pw Xncn®dnbp-
tºmƒ Ahƒ Xt∂m-Sp-Xs∂ Ie-ln-°p-I-bm-Wv. C\nta¬
Xs‚ Imap-I-t\mSpw ]d-bm≥ t]mIp∂ Akw-Jyw \pW-
Iƒ sa\-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp∏p \S-Øp∂ ho´-Ωsb
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v IY Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.
65
X¥-Ømgv
{]tamZv cma≥
sNdp-IY - m-IrØpw am[-ya {]h¿Ø-I\ - p-amb {]tamZv cma-
≥ 1969-˛¬ Imk¿tKmUv Pn√-bnse cmh-tW-i-z-c-ØmWv P\n-
®-Xv. tIc-f-{]kv A°m-Z-an-bn¬ \n∂pw ]T\w Ign™v Hcp
]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-\mbn tPmen Bcw-`n-®p. Gjym-s\-‰v, C¥ym-
hn-j≥, at\m-c-a-\-yqkv F∂o Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-
≠v. 2009-˛¬ BZy IY {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. sNdp-I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-
ßƒ cXn-am-Xm-hns‚ ]p{X≥, ZrjvSn-®m-t]¿, ac-Wa - m-kv. Ipam-
c-\m-ims‚ Pohn-XsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n sI.-]n.-Ip-am-c≥ kwhn-
[m\w sNbvX "Ihn' F∂ kn\n-a-bn¬ A`n-\-bn-®n-´p-≠v. aq-
¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥ F∂ IYm-]m-{X-sØ-bmWv Ct±lw Ah-
X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. B[p-\n-tIm-Øc ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnse thdn-
´Xpw i‡-hp-amb i_vZ-amWv {]tamZv cma-s‚-Xv. ka-Im-
enI Pohn-XØ - ns‚ Xo£vWbmYm¿∞yßsf Poh- p‰ `mj-
bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw hnP-bn® Hcp IYm-Ir-
Øm-W-t±-lw.
""-k-a-Im-en-I-X-bpsS tNmc-∏p-f-b-ep-Iƒ {]tamZv cmas‚
IY-I-fn-ep-≠v. hn´p hogvNbv°p Xøm-d-√mØ [oc-\mb Hcp
IYm-Ir-Øns‚ Xo{h-bm-Ym¿∞-y-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ k©m-c-ß-
fmWv Cu IY-Iƒ Hmtcm IYbpw Hcp AS-°n-∏n-Sn® \ne-hn-
fn-bm-Wv. Cu \ne-hn-fn-Iƒ tN¿Øp-sh-bv°p-tºmƒ ka-Im-
enI ae-bm-f-I-Y-bpsS XpS¿k-©m-c-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p''.˛
F∂n-ßs\ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv {]tamZv
cma≥ IY-Iƒ°v G‰hpw tbmPn-°p-∂p.
X¥-Ømgv
`b-hpw Icp-Wbpw PpKp-]vkbpw Df-hm-°p∂ Hcp IY-
bmWv X¥-Øm-gv. a\p-j-ys‚ a\- ns\ A{X efn-X-ambn
\n¿∆-Nn-°m-\m-hn√ F∂v Cu IY i‡-ambn \sΩ Hm¿Ωn-
∏n-°p-∂p. a\p-j-y-a-\- ns‚ \nKq-VX kq£n®v kq£n®v
hcp∂ Hcp coXn-bn¬ \Ω-psS D≈nepw `b-Øns‚ t\¿Ø
Nnd-ISn tIƒ°p-∂p. AXv PpKp-]vk-bn-eqsS hf¿∂v Ah-
km\w Icp-W-Øn¬ sNs∂-Øp-∂p. then-Xs∂ hnfhv
66
Xn∂p-∂, c£n-Xmhv Xs∂ A¥-I-\m-hp∂ Ime-Øns‚
ssh]-co-XysØ \∂mbn AS-bm-fs - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠o IY. ]pcp-
j≥ Xs‚ hnI-e-amb ssewKnIIma-\-bv°p-th≠n kz¥w
c‡-Øns‚ s]mSn-∏n-s\-t]mepw hy-`n-N-cn-°p∂ {Iqc-amb
ImgvN Hcp sR´-tem-sS-b-√msX \ap°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bn-
√. ]pdwtemI-Øns‚ Icn-º-S-ßfpw \J-ßfpw {ZwjvS-Ifpw
am{X-a√ Ahsf `b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈Xv hoSp-If - n¬Øs∂ c£-
Is‚ apJw-aq-Sn-b-Wn™ ]nim-Np-°-fp-s≠∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn¬
\n -lm-b-bm-hp∂ km£n-sb∂ s]Ïp-ń-bpsS \n»-_vZ-
amb \ne-hnfn Ipd-s®m-∂p-a√ \Ωsf Akz-ÿ-am-°p-∂-Xv.
IY hmbn-®p-I-gn™pw hfsc t\c-tØ°v AXns‚ BLmX-
Øn¬ \mw s]´p-t]m-Ip-∂p. {]tamZv cmas‚ khn-ti-j-amb
IYm-J-ym-\-X{¥w BZ-y¥w IYsb Poh- p-‰-Xm-°p-∂p-≠v.
""-C-cp-fm≥ XpS-ßp∂ `qan-sb-t∏mse km£nsb t]Sn-
°p∂ as‰m-∂n-√. h©-\-bpsS apJ-ap≈ Btcm ap‰-Øp-h∂p
\n¬°p∂ t]mse tXm∂pw. ""-F∂ BJ-ym-\-tØm-sS-bmWv
IY Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. sNdp∏w apX¬ s]Ïp-™p-ßƒ°v
hoń¬ \n∂p In´p∂ ]cn-io-e\w F√m-‰n-s\bpw `b-°m-\p-
≈-Xm-W-t√m-? km£nbpw Ip™m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ apX¬ ]pd-
Øp-≈-Xn-s\-sb√mw `b-°m-\mWv ioen-°p-∂-Xv. {]tX-y-
In®pw Ah-fpsS AΩ-bn¬ \n∂v. Ah-fpsS A\p-P≥ ic¨
Ip™m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ apX¬ hoSns‚ ap≥h-isØ hmXn¬
Ft∏mgpw AS-®n-Sm≥ AΩ \njvI¿jn-°pw. Bsc-¶nepw
h∂v Hcp anTmbn sImSp-Øm¬ Ah≥ IqsS t]mIpw F∂-
Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS `bw. km£n hep-Xm-b-∏mƒ Ahƒ-
°pw AXn¬ Bi-¶-bm-bn. ap≥h-isØ hmXnepw P\-ep-
Ifpw Ft∏mgpw AS-®n-Sm≥ Ah¿ {i≤n-®p. ho-´p-ISw Xo¿°m-
≥ AΩ Kƒ^n¬ t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw ]ns∂ 15 hb- mb
Ah-ƒ°mWv IpSpw-_-Øns‚ F√m DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fpw.
AtXmsS Ah-fpsS ]Tn-Øhpw \n∂p HºXmw ¢mt msS.
Kƒ^n¬ Hcp Iº-\n-bn¬ kzo-∏¿ tPmen-°p≈ Ah-kcw
h∂-t∏mƒ A—-\m-bn-cp∂p \n¿_-‘n®v AΩsb tPmen-bv-
67
°v Ab-®-Xv. Ipń-I-fpsS Imcyw ]d™v AΩ Hgn™p am-
dm≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw ""-F¥m A{X s]mSn-∏n-t≈-cmtWm c-
≠pw? km£n-bnt∏m hep-Xm-bn-t√?'' F∂p \ymbw ]d™v
A—≥ AΩsb kΩ-Xn-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
AΩ t]mbn´v Hcp h¿jw Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. t]mIp-∂-
Xn\p apºv hoSns‚ kpc-£n-X-X-z-Øn-\mbn AΩ A—-t\mSv
]d™v IS-h-ßm´p \n∂v Hcp Xmgv hmßn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ""-]-®n-
cp-ºns‚ B Xmgv]n-Sn®v AΩ ]d-™p: "C-Xn\v Hc-—s‚ _-
e-ap≠v CXns‚ t]cmWv X¥-Øm-gv.''
k-vIqfn¬ t]mb ic¨ cm{Xn F´p-a-Wn-bm-bn´pw FØm-
Ø-Xn\ XpS¿∂mWv IY-bnse kw`-h-ßƒ Ac-tß-dp-∂-Xv.
\K-c-Ønse kcnK _mdn¬ tPmen-sN-øp∂ A—≥ hcm≥
]Xn-s\m-∂p-aWn Ign-bpw. Cub-h-k-c-Øn-emWv Ccpńs\
Atß-b‰w t]Sn-bp≈ km£n- Xs‚ A\p-P-s\-tØSn Ccp-
ń-te-°n-dß
- p-∂X- v. hnf-°p-Im-ens‚ shfn-®Ø- n¬ Ahƒ HmSp-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tdj≥ IS-bn¬ t]mIm≥ Ah-t\mSv ]d-™n-
cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahƒ BZyw AhnsS t]mbn t\m°n F∂m¬
IS ]qń-bn-cp-∂p. At∏m-tg°pw Id‚pw t]mbn. Ccp-ń¬ Ah-
ƒ Xs∂ Xs∂ I≠p ]nSn-°m≥ ssI\oń. ]e-]e Bfp-I-
fp-sSbpw kwkm-c-ßƒ Ah-fpsS sNhn-bn-se-Øn. bmN-Icpw
sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Xan-gcpw lnµn-°m-cp-sams° Iq´-Øn¬ D≠v.-
A-\p-Ps\ ImWmsX tdj≥ IS-bp-ff sIń-S-Øns‚ hcm-
¥-bn¬ F¥p sNø-W-sa-∂-dn-bmsX \n¬°p-I-bmWv km-
£n. ""-Xm≥ Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n¬°p-I-bm-sW∂v Adn-bm-
sX A—≥ tPmen sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wt√m F∂Xpw
Ahsf k¶-S-s∏-Sp-Øn'' F∂mWv Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ IY-
bn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. `b-Øm¬ Nqfn \n∂ Ahsf Xos∏-ń-°-
ºns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Hcp Hmt´m ss{Uh¿ ImWp-∂p. ]cp-
°≥ kz-`m-h-am-sW-¶nepw Abmƒ Ahsf A—≥ tPmen
sNøp∂ kcnK _mdn¬ FØn-°p-∂p. Abmƒ t\cn´p Xs∂
hnh-cw ]d-bm≥ AI-tØ°p t]mIp-∂p. A\p-Ps\ A—≥
Xs∂ taem-®n-d-bn-ep≈ _‘p-ho-ń¬ Ab-®-Xm-sW∂pw
68
Ah-tfmSv ]d-bm≥ hn´p-t]m-b-Xm-sW∂pw D≈ hnh-chp-am-
bmW-bmƒ h∂-Xv. A—≥ DSs\ ht∂m-fp-sa∂pw Ahsf
Xncn®v hoń¬ sIm≠p-hn-Sm-\p≈ ]Ww \¬In-sb∂pw
Abmƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ AsXmcp Ipcp-°m-sW∂v sX‰n-≤-cn-
°p-I-bm-W-hƒ. Hmt´m-°m-cs‚ iIm-c-Øn¬ Aa¿∂n-cp∂p-
t]mb Ahƒ hosS-Øn-bXpw ]nSn-hn´ ]q®-sb-t∏mse Cd-
ßn HmSp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
""\o H‰-bv°t- √... Ipd®v t\ctØ Cdßn' F∂pw ]d™v
Iøn¬ ]g-ßfpw AΩ-bpsS ]Wbwh® ame-bp-ambn BWv
A—≥ A∂v h∂-Xv. Ahsf Iń-en¬ ]nSn-®n-cpØn B ame
Ah-fpsS Igp-Øn-e-Wn-bn-®p. ]t£, Ip™p-\mƒ sXm´v
A—s‚ aSn-bn-en-cn-°m-\p≈ tamlw At∏mgpw Ah-fn¬
_m°n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "k-z¿Æ-'an´t∏m \ns‚ Ie-ymWw Ign-
™-Xp-t]m-e-≠v....' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠-bm-fpsS ssIIƒ
Ah-fpsS ico-c-Øn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. X¥-
bn-√mbva ImWn-°p∂ Abm-fpsS hnc-ep-Iƒ Hcp òa≥ Nne-
¥n-bm-sW-∂-hƒ°p tXm∂n. kqNn-°p-tØ‰ tNmc-ss∏-X-
ens‚ sXm≠ ]nf¿∂ IÆp-It- fmsS Ahƒ A—s\ t\m°n.
At∏mƒ Abm-fpsS Kf-\m-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcp \mhp a’yw
shfn-bn¬ h∂v Ah-fpsS sNhn-°p-g-bn-e-g-™p˛ ""-t]-Sn-t°-
≠. ap≥h-isØ hmXn¬ Xmgn-ń-´p-≠v.'' Iuam-c-°m-cn-bmb
km£n a\- n¬ sIm≠p \S∂ hni-zm-k-Øn-s‚, kpc-£-
bpsS "X-¥-Øm-gv' DS-™p-Nn-Xdn t]mIp∂ ImgvN-bm-Wn-hn-
sS. kpc-£-bv°m-bp≈ Nß-e-Iƒ Xs∂ hcn™v izmkw
apń-°p-tºmƒ DS-™n-√m-Xm-hp∂ Pohn-X-ßƒ C∂ns‚
t\¿°m-gvNI - f
- mbn \sΩ th´-bm-Sp-∂p. s]Ïp-™n\v hoSpw
kpc-£n-X-a-√m-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ ]ns∂ Fhn-sS-bmWv Ahƒ°v
c£? F∂ tNmZyw IqSp-X¬ i‡n-tbmsS Cu IY D∂-bn-
°p-∂p-≠v. `b-°m-\√ Ahsf ioen-∏n-t°≠sX∂pw Fhn-
sS-bm-bmepw kzbw {]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ Du¿÷w Bbp-[-am-
°m≥ Ahsf ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw IqSn Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-
∂p≠o IY.
69
tNmZ-y-ßƒ
1. F≥.-]n.-ap-l-Ω-Zns‚ IYm-I-Y\ssh`hw D≈p-cp°w
F∂ IYsb ap≥\n¿Øn hni-Z-am-°p-I.
2. D≈p-cp°w F∂ t]cv Cu IYbv°v F{X-am{Xw tbmPn-
°p-∂p.-˛-]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
3. tcmKw sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ A\-y-h¬°-cWw Bhn-jvI-
cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu IY hnP-bn-®n-´p-t≠m? N¿®-sN-øp-I.
4. Cu IYsb kw_-‘n®v H´p-sNSn F∂ t]cns‚ kmwK-
Xyw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
5. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-X-y-Øn¬ thdn-s´mcp i_vZw
tIƒ∏n® IYm-Ir-ØmWv kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a≥˛ hy-‡-am-°p-
I.
6. Xo£vW-amb PohnX aplq¿Ø-ß-sf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-
∂-Xn¬ kn.-hn. {iocm-a-\p≈ NmXp-cyw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
7. Jsc _mbvsc F∂ t]cv B IYbv°v \¬In-b-Xns‚
HuNnXyw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
8. kwL¿j-`-cn-X-amb Hcp kv{XoPo-hn-XsØ Bhn-jvI-
cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Jsc _mbvsc F{X-am{Xw hnP-bn-®n-´p-
≠v. ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
9. "C-Xn\v Hc-—s‚ _e-ap-≠v. CXns‚ t]cmWv X¥-Øm-
gv˛ F∂n-ßs\ IY-bpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ kpc-£n-X-X-z-
Øn-s‚bpw hni-zm-k-Øn-s‚bpw Nn”-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°-s∏-Sp∂ Xmgn\v IY-bpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬ kw`-hn-
°p∂ A¿∞-]-cn-Wmaw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
10 "X-¥-Øm-gv' F∂ IYsb ka-Im-enI bmYm¿∞-y-ß-
fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
11. ]pdw-tem-Ihpw AIw temIhpw F∂n-ßs\ c≠p-tem-
I-ßsf hy-h-t—-Zn®p \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xnepw `bw F∂
hnIm-csØ BZ-y¥w sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xnepw IYm-
IrØv ImWn-°p∂ kq£-va-]m-Shw X¥-Ømgv F∂
IYsb ap≥\n¿Øn N¿® sNøp-I.
70
klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ
1. Fw. AN-yp-X≥, sNdp-I-Y˛ C∂-se, C∂v, Un.-kn.-_p-Iv-
kv, tIm´-bw, 2007.
2. KoX lnc-Wy- ≥, KoX-ln-cW- y- s‚ IY-Iƒ, Id‚ v _pIvk,v
Xr»q¿, 2009.
3. {]nb.-hn.(-F-Un.) sNdp-I-Y: Fgp-Ø-\p-`-hhpw hmb-\m-
\p-`-h-hpw, enJnXw _pI-vkv, IÆq¿, 2015.
4. {]tamZvcma≥, cXn-am-Xm-hns‚ ]p{X≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv,
tImgn-t°m-Sv, 2011.
5. {]tamZv cma≥, ZrjvSn-®mth¿, Un.-kn. _pI-vkv, tIm´-
bw, 2014.
online Ref: - wikipeida. org, kavym sugeyamblog.spot.com.
71

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

(2019 ADMISSION ONWARDS)

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL FIRST SEMESTER

Common Course in Malayalam : MAL1A07(1)

online Ref: - wikipeida. org, kavym sugeyamblog.spot.com.

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