Basics of Organic Chemistry

Basics of Organic Chemistry

Chapter 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and

synthesis of organic compounds that contain carbon atoms. This field of chemistry was originally

limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include

human-made substances such as plastics.

1.1 Importance of Carbon

Carbon is unique in its ability to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, leading to

the formation of stable, long chains and rings. This property allows for the diversity and complexity

of organic compounds.

1.2 Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that have characteristic

properties and chemical reactivity. Some common functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH),

carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), and methyl (-CH3).

1.3 Types of Organic Reactions

 Basics of Organic Chemistry

1. Addition Reactions: Atoms or groups of atoms are added to a molecule without taking

anything away.

2. Substitution Reactions: One atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced with another.

3. Elimination Reactions: Atoms or groups of atoms are removed from a molecule, resulting in

the formation of a double bond or a ring structure.