CE#581#

Reinforced#Concrete#Structures

Lecture#1:#Introduction
 Engineering

Purpose: Estimate approximately the external effects and

design/assess/build “Structures” based on established
methods such that they are safe and economical.
• Estimate: Guess based on a data set
• External Effects: Demands (i.e natural or man made loads)
• Established methods: Experiments, scientific theories, validated models
• Safe: Established margin to a desired performance target
• Economical: Optimum cost with the defined inputs and constraints

Structure: An object with a function and form

Engineered structure: An object with a function and form
designed based on the state of the art in science and
technology to fullfill its duty within its service life.
Nowadays the term product is preferred.
 Problems of Structural/Engineers

• Design:#Determine#the#shape,#specific#dimensions#and#details#
of#a#structure#so#that#it#is:#
safe,&serviceable&and&economical&(Design#Objectives)
• Forensic:#Understand#the#sources#of#distress#and#determine#
necessary#actions
• Assessment:#Estimate#the#performance#under#loads#for#an#
existing#structure#to#mitigate#risk#or#retrofit.#
• Construction:/Ensure#construction#compliant#with#design#
drawings#and#mitigate#problems#on#site.#
 Structural(Engineers
How$do$we$divide$the$field?
• Based$on$materials
Steel$$/$Concrete$
• Based$on$our$effort
Analysis$/$Design=Experiment
• Based$on$the$sides$
Demand$/$Capacity
No$matter$what$the$the$divisions$are,$current$system$allows$the$
universtiy graduates$to$act$as$engineer$independent$of$their$training.
Specialization$in$the$field$is$based$on$needs$/$preference$/$interest.
 Tools%for%Structural%Engineers
• Body: Healthy)enough)to)concentrate
• Soul: Inspired)to)serve)humanity
• Mind:)Develop)a)problem)solution)scheme)that)is
reasonably)sound,)accurate,)practical)and)open)to)development
o sound:)satisfy)mechanics)principles,)
o accurate:)provides)results)close)to)reality)(and)safe!!))
o practical:)fast)application,)easy)to)follow
o development:)life@long)learning
• Codes:)Minimum)requirements)for)design)
(legal)documents,)guidelines)
• Computers:)Calculators)of)20th century)which)can)automate)
procedures
Types of(Structural Engineers
• Ignorance is,bliss:
– Do,not,understand materials to elements to structures connection
– Love analysis and believe results
– Doomed to anaylsis results
• Aware of,every breath:
– Conscious of,assumptions
– They see analysis results as,a,vehicle not,a,purpose
– Analysis,provide a,feeling for them
– They use judgement
– Provide robustness and resilience with fuses in,design
– Consider balance between economy and safety

Possible(with(inspiring,(sensational,(motivating(education(
 Design'Process'Requires
• Conceptual,Design
• Estimate,Loads,(uncertain)
• Material,behavior (uncertain)
• Principles,of,mechanics (full,of,assumptions)
• Limits,from,codes/guidelines/tests
• Experience,,intutition,(balances,unknownsCperformance)
The,name,of,the,game,is,NOT,ensuring,that,numbers,check!!

Loads Material Size Analyze

Compare/Judge Detail

Draw Construct Inspect

Robust,'economical,'safe'and'serviceable'
Design'must'satsify'generally'accepted'rules'of'mechanics'and'codes'
(derived'from'tests)'to'satisfy'design'objectives.
 Design'Approaches
• Prescriptive'Design
Code&given&rules&are&perfectly&followed
6 Allowable&Stress&Design
Conduct elastic analysis,/check elastic stresses with a/
factor of/safety concept
Stresses&are&the&criteria&for&design
6 Ultimate&Strength&Design
Member&strengths&are&the&criteria&for&design
• Performance'Based'Design
Deviations&from&codes&are&allowed.
 Conceptual+Design
• Symmetric
• Uniformly.
distributed.
strength/stiffness
• Without.
irregularities,.
discontinuities,.
offsets

Typical(Elements(of(Design
 Prescriptive*Design

• Codes'provide'loads,'
combinations,'analysis'rules,'
calculation'of'member'
strength,'detailing'rules,'
displacement'limits.
• Easy'to'apply'and'check
• No'definite'performance'
spelled'out!!
 Loads
• Loads'can'not'be'estimated'purely'with'a'deterministic'
approach'a'stochastic'process'is'involved.
• When'we'insist'on'using'a'deterministic'approach,'we'
must'use'relatively'high'load'factors.
TS(500(2000,Load,Combinations

Load'Factors Gravity Live Wind Earthq.

1.4G+1.6Q √ √
1.0G+1.3Q+1.3W √ √ √
0.9G+1.3W √ √
1.0G+1.0Q±1.0E √ √ √
0.9G+1.0E √ √
 Ultimate(Strength(Design
• Members(are(designed(to(take(inelastic(action(as(they(reach(to(their(
ultimate(strength
• Effects(can(be(determined(from(elastic(analysis
• Member(strengths(are(calculated(by(considering(inelastic(action.
• Material(strength(is(assumed.

1. Servieceability:/Avoid/excessive/deflections
2. Strength:/Check/ultimate/strength
3. No/collapse:/Robustness/provided/at/the/system/and/member/level,/
through/ductility,/by/using/redundancy/and/fuses
COMMENTS:
• It(is(still(not(a(top(down(approach
• It(lacks(consistency(due(to(the(use(of(linear(analysis(with(ultimate.
• Preliminary(design(should(provide(a(structural(model
• Analysis(is(conducted(without(knwoing(the(details
• Optimum(design(is(usually(achieved(by(trial/error(or(experience.
 Safety'and'Strength'
Distribution+Function
R>L=Safety+margin+(reliability+index)
Probabibility+

Load/Resistance
Lm Rm
Unavoidable+risk
Probability'of'failure''(R<L)'<'tolerance'
0.00003'/'year'for'nonseismic'and'nonprogressive
0.000003'/year'for'nonseismic'and'sudden'or'progressive ASCE'7'Probab.
0.0000007/year'for'nonseismic'and'sudden'and'progressive
Account'for'variation'in'resistance'and'loads'using'safety'factors.
R=f"(material+strength+variation,+fabrication+errors,+procedurial+errors)
L=f+(estimation+erros)++
R
!f+ L+≤
!m (Shifts+the+probability+distributions+to+be+on+the+safe+side)
 Load3Resistance*Factor*Design*(LRFD)
ACI→! RN=Rd (Depends+on+loading,+shear,+flexure)
&f f #
R$ ck , !
y
TS,+CSA→&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&(Material+resistance+factors)
$' ' ! 6MPa+BS25,+BS30
% m s"
8MPa,+Others
Characteristic*Strength f ck = f cm ! 1.28 f CG

Mean+strength S.+Dev.
This+corresponds+to+a+strength+that+is+about+10%+probablity+of+being+
unsafe+assuming+a+normal+distr.

Design Strength :*Characteristic+strength+reduced+by+safety+factors

! m = 1.5 Cast+in+place f ck
f cd =
! m = 1.4 Precast !m
! s = 1.15 For+all+steel f yk
f yd =
!s
 Design'Process

Loads Structure Effects

• Dead • Internal+Forces
• Live • Deflections
• Wind+ • Strains
• Earthquake • Cracks
• Temperaure • Failure+modes
• Creep/Shrinkage • Deformation+capacity
• Settlement • Permanent+deflections
• Earth+pressure • Accelerations
• Hydrostatic • Velocities
• Hydrodynamic

Obtain a+reasonably
accurate estimate!!

Veirification/validation based on1

Physical Layout
F Test1Results
Drawings
F Observations
Constructions
F Mechanics Principles
Maintainance
 What%do%we%need%to%compute%the%Effects?
Structural%Mechanics Structural Analysis%Tools
! equilibrium (Numerical Techniques)
! compatibility ! Matrix Analysis
! material0behavior ! Finite Element0Analysis

Current%Technologhy:%BIM

Integartion0of0Analysis,0
Design,0Detailing,0
Construction,0Operation0
Processes
 Material(Behavior
• Conduct laboratory tests to understand material response
3 Small5size5specimens
3 Simple5boundary conditions/loading
3 Global5(average)5measurements
3 Repetation for all different versions
• Establish theories
3 One dimensional stress3strain models
3 Six dimensional stress3strain models
3 Fracture models
3 Confinement models
3 Membrane models (in5plane shear+5axial)
• Incorporate into analysis/simulations
3 force3deformation models (structural analysis)
3 stress3strain models (finite element5models)
3 smaller scales
Concrete(at(Different(Scales
 Performance*Based*Design
• Performance+objectives+are+dictated+in+prescriptive+design+
methods.

An#Example#from#Turkish#Earthquake#Code

Chapter#7#is#intended#as#a#performance#based#assessment#approach.
 Performance*Based*Design
Is#alternative#design#allowed?#If#so#under#which#conditions#it#isneeded?
INTERNATIONAL*BUILDING*CODE*(2011)
Performance*Based*Design
 Performance*Based*Design
• Design(by(Testing(in(Eurocode38(Annex(D
 Performance*Based*Design
• Provides flexibility for new materials,4structural systems
• Requires ‘testing/simulation’4of4materials/structures under
scenarios
• Expertise in4judging the acceptability (peer review)
• Requires definition of4performance limits for
members/structures
• Possible to apply for:
D tall buildings
D existing structures
D seismic effects
D energy efficiency
 Prescriptive*Seismic*Design
• Define&minimum&strength requirements (economy/safety)
• Select&a&target yielding mechanism
• Provide strength/ductility for yielding elements (post&yield deformation capacity)
Rely on&deformation capacity by providing ductility
• Non?yielding elements must have sufficient strength
Rules&of&Capacity Design&Principles
(Strength is&important otherwise unnecessary)
 Performance*Based*Seismic*Design
• Select&performance&levels&for&investigation&(First&proposal&by&SEASOC&1995)

TBI$(2011)$Performance$Objectives
 Performance*Based*Seismic*Design
• Conduct(initial(design(by(using(prescriptive(design(rules(
• Conduct(nonlinear(analysis(to(assess(performance

Nonlinear*Static*Analysis Nonlinear*Dynamic*Analysis
 Nonlinear Dynamic (Time/History)/Analysis
! Actual(eathquake(response(is(hard(to(predict.(
! Closest(estimate(can(be(found(using(inelastic(time!history(analysis.
5 Requirements/for/inelastic/time/history/analysis:
! Suitable(set(of(ground(motion((Descption(of(demand)
! hysteretic(behavior(models((Description(of(capacity)
! Computation(time((Time)
! Post(processing((Time(and(understanding)

Düzce Ground Motion

0.6

0.4
Acceleration (g)
0.2

0 Sec.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
Challenges)for)Reinforced)Concrete)Design
• Deformation/damage/estimations/are/becoming/more/and/more/
important./Better/understanding/of/RC/behavior/(especially/for/
critical/regions)/is/needed.
• Design/for/non?standard/(D/Regions)/zones/such/as/deep/beams,/
walls/with/openings/etc./are/more/common./Understanding/of/design/
tools/is/needed.
• Computer/programs/are/handling/almost/all/stages/of/design./They/
are/still/not/smart/enough./Engineers/must/understand/structural/and/
member/response/at/all/limit/states.
• Design/progresses/from/structure/to/member/design./Engineer/must/
understand/force/flow/and/member/demands.
• Loads/and/structural/response/are/quite/uncertain./Engineers/must/
develop/a/feeling/for/robust/systems./Computer/outputs/re/not/likely/
to/be/highly/accurate.
• Minds/that/can/invent/new/materials,/sytems/integrated/with/other/
needs/(energy/efficiency,/monitoring,/smartness/etc.)/are/needed./