NEM Topic 1 Introduction

Engineered
Nanocomposites
ENGG 880AA
Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Preliminaries
Calendar
Jan 08, 2024 to April 12, 2024
Lectures: Consultation:
Monday & Wednesday Tuesday: 12 PM to 2 PM
1:00 PM to 2:15 PM Or
By appointment:
Venue: CK 187 Jacob.Muthu@uregina.ca

Grading Scheme
 Attendance: 10%
 Assignments (Two): 25 %
 Project -1 (Two members): 30 %
 Project-2/Presentation (Two members): 35 %
• Assignments must be submitted on the date and time

given in the handout. Late submission will not be
accepted and will be given Zero.
• If you have a medical emergency and cannot attend the

exam, please submit a student medical certificate form
(download from UR web) in five days. Failure to submit
the student medical certificate will result in the grade of
a ZERO.

Academic Misconduct
• If one of your assignments/projects appear to have been copied from a solution

manual, other students, or online sites, you will receive a zero on that
assignment and be flagged to the Associate Dean Academic for a warning
letter.
• If the behavior is repeated, you will be flagged to the Associate Dean Academic
for a formal academic misconduct investigation, which will be documented in
your official university student file.

Course Outline
• Introduction of Engineered nanocomposites

• An Overview of Nanoparticles
• Processing of Nanomaterials
• Matrices: Thermoplastics, Thermosets, Elastomers, Metals and Alloys
• Engineered Nanocomposites Characterization - Morphological
• Engineered Nanocomposites Characterization - Mechanical
• Engineered Nanocomposites Characterization – Thermal (DMA, TMA, TGA, DSC)
• Properties of Engineered Nanocomposites
• Applications of Engineered Nanocomposites
• Environmental Safety Issues
• Current Status, Trends & Future Directions

History of Nanotechnology
• 1974: Norio Taniguchi from
the University of Tokyo,
coined the term nano-
technology.
• Proposed top-down
standpoint i.e. manufacturing
of nanomaterials by breaking
bigger materials down with
precision tools until the
nanoscale is reached.

• Eric Drexler, inspired by Feyman’s vision, in 1986 introduced the
“bottom-up” approach of nano-manufacturing.
• Precision tools are used to build small particles and from there
to build bigger devices.
• He expanded the idea of molecular manufacturing and
envisioned building machines, and even computers far smaller
than a cell.
Dr. Jacob Muthu Ref: R. S. Rawat, 2015 ENGG 880 AA

• Development in the field of Advanced in electron microscopy enhanced the
nanotechnology application and research
• 1931: Ernst Ruska co-inventes the

electron microscope
• 1938 -10 nm resolution reached
• 1940 – 2.4 nm resolution
• 1945 – 1.0 nm resolution
• 1981 – Gerd Binning and Heinrich
Rohrer invented the scanning tunnelling
electron microscope
• 1986 – The Atomic Force microscope
was developed in collaboration between
IBM and Stanford University

Interdisciplinary of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is still a new science, but already been developed and is increasingly used in everyday life.
Nanotechnology in Engineering
New Basic
Concepts
Nano-scale
Nano- Nano-
Heat
Mechanics fluidics
Transfer
Applications

Interdisciplinary of Nanotechnology
Ref: Roco MC (2006) Nanotechnology’s future. Sci Am

295(2):21
Timeline for the beginning of industrial prototyping and nanotechnology commercialization:

introduction of new generations of products and productive processes in 2000–2020
Applications
• Structural Materials
• Nanodevices and sensors
• Coolants, heat spreaders and
lubrication
• Engine emission reduction
• Fuel cell and Battery Storage –
nonporous
electrode/membranes/nano-catalyst
• Hydrogen storage medium
• Sustainable energy generation –
photovoltaic cells for power
conversion
• Biological systems and biomedicines

What is Nanotechnology?
• Nanotechnology is the science that deals with the matters at nanoscale.
• Nanotechnology is the reengineering of materials by controlling the matter at the
atomic level
Nanotechnology is the
manipulation of matter at
the nanometer* scale to
create novel structures,
devices and systems.
Structures
Devices Systems
(e.g. materials)
(e.g. sensors) (e.g. MEMS)
* 1 millimeter = 1,000 micrometers;

1 micrometer = 1,000 nanometers
Dr. Jacob Muthu Source: "Nanotech: The Tiny Revolution" by CMP (November 2001) ENGG 880 AA
• Nanotechnology is not a new science and not a new technology an
extension of technologies that have been in development for many years
• Nanotechnology is an emerging field and is an interdisciplinary science
whose potential has been widely touted for well over a decade
• It is an extension of common sciences into the nanoscale. It is the
manipulation of materials at the nanoscale
• At the commercial level, the impact of nanotechnology is evident in three
major industry sectors:
• Materials and manufacturing (coatings and composites for products
like automobiles and buildings)
• Electronics (displays, batteries)
• Healthcare and life sciences (pharmaceutical applications)

• Nanoscience and Nanotechnology are within the area of Material Science and
Engineering, which investigates the relationship between important parameters
such as
Length scale
Time scale
• Processing
• Structure
• Properties
• Performance of Materials
• The important parameters are

schematically shown as Material
Optimization Loop.

Material Science?
• The length scale is the distance determined with the precision
of at most a few orders of magnitude: Ex The atomic length
is 10-10 m
• Time scale: uses a frequency to define the length of the
second, which is the standard unit of time interval.

Structural Scale
Length scale
Subatomic Level Atomic Level Microscopic Level Macroscopic Level
Ref: Hassan Harrz, 2016
• The electronic • Arrangements of • Arrangements of • Structural

structure of atoms in materials small grains of elements that
individual atoms (for the same materials that can may be viewed
that defines atoms can have be identified by with the naked
interaction among different properties, microscopy eye.
e.g. two forms of
atoms (interatomic
carob: graphite and
bonding) diamond)
Classification of Nanostructures
• Space line
• Characterization
Methods
• Technologies used
for characterization
Ref: Hassan Harrz, 2016

Nanostructures Size and Scale
Length Scales
Angstrom = 1 Å = 10-10 m
Nanometer = 1 nm = 10-9 m
Micrometer = 1 µm = 10-6 m
Millimeter = 1 mm = 10-3 m
Interatomic distance ~ a few Å

A human hair is ~ 50 µm

Nanostructures Size and Scale

Nanomaterials
What are Nanomaterials?

Materials possessing, at minimum, one
external dimension measuring 1-100nm.
What is
Materials?

Classification of Materials
What is Materials: Materials are classified according to the way the atoms bonded together
• Metals: Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that
glues the ions together. Strong, ductile, conducts electricity and heat well.
• Semiconductors: The bonding is covalent i.e. electrons are shared between atoms. Their
electrical properties depend on minute proportions of containments. Ex: Si, Ge, GaAs.
• Ceramic: Atoms behave like positive or negative ions and are bound by Coulomb forces.
They are usually the combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or
carbon (oxides, nitrides and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Ex: glass, porcelain.
• Polymers are bound by covalent forces and weak van der Waals forces, usually based on
C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 - 400o C) and are lightweight.
Ex: Plastics and Rubber.
• Other categories are not based on bonding.
• Composites: made of different materials
• Biomaterials can be any type of material that is biocompatible and used for instance to
replace human body parts.

Classification of Materials
How do select a material for a particular application?
Strength Ductility Cost

Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Semiconductors
Composites
Goh et al, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering,

2017.

Nanocomposites
• Nanomaterials: Materials that are created by
introducing nanoparticles into a microscopic material.
• Composites materials made from two or more

constituent materials with significantly different
physical or chemical properties, that when combined,
produce a material with characteristics different from
the individual components.
http://www.rsc.org/publishing/jo
• The percentage by weight of the nanomaterials

urnals/cp/article.asp
introduced is able to remain low on the order of 0.5% -

5% due to the incredibly high surface area to volume
ratio of the particles.
Engineered Nanocomposites
• Engineered nanomaterials: Materials that NPs are divided into three groups:
1. Organic (lipids, proteins or polymers)
are engineered with particle sizes between 1
2. Hybrid (nanofoams);
to 100 nanometers in at least one 3. Inorganic (metals or salts);
dimension. All the above can have a variety of structural forms
• Engineered nanomaterials derive many such as polymeric nano-constructs, nano-membranes,
functional advantages from their unique nanotubes, nanofibers and nano-sized silicon drips
physical and chemical properties.
• The chemical and physical properties of
nanoparticles are different at their atomic
level, which makes them very different from
the corresponding bulk materials due to their
small size and large surface-to-volume ratio.
• This change in the properties of
nanoparticles is beneficial in many fields.
Dr. Jacob Muthu Refer: S Silva, A Almedia and N Vale, Biomolecules 2019 ENGG 880 AA
• Nanocomposites are engineered solid materials which result when two or more
different constituent materials, each having its significant characteristic (physical
or chemical properties) are combined to create a new substance with superior
properties than original materials in a specific finished structure.
• They are commonly designed to offer a wide range of properties and
characteristics, such as:
• Stiffness and strength

• Low coefficient of expansion
• Resistance аgаinst fatigue
• Ease in manufacturing complex shapes
• Simple repair of damaged structures
Dr. Jacob Muthu Refer: Hassan et al, Journal of polymer search, 2021. ENGG 880 AA
Polymer nanocomposites
Magnetic nanocomposites
Ref: S Behren and I Appel, Current opinion in biotechnology 39, 2016
• Nanocomposites are the broad range of materials consisting of
two or more components with at least one component having
dimensions in the nm regime )between 1 to 100 nm Nanocomposites
• Nanocomposites consist of two phases (nano-crystaline phase
and matrix phase)
• Phases may be inorganic-inorganic, inorganic-organic or
Nano
organic-organic Matrix
particles
• Hence Nanocomposites means nanosized particles (i.e metals,
semiconductors, dielectric materials, etc.) embedded in
different matrix materials (ceramic, metals, polymers)
Ref: Ahmad et all, Telkomnika 2014.

Dr. Jacob Muthu Si3N4 nanoparticle-reinforced Al nanocomposites: Ref-Mattli et al, Ceramics 2019 ENGG 880 AA
Matrix?

Ceramic Matrix
Nanocomposites are grouped based on matrix and nanoparticles
Ceramic Matrix: Engineered monolithic ceramics have high hardness, stiffness and
chemical resistance at high temperatures. But they are brittle
Ceramic Matrices are based on
• Oxides
• Non oxides (SiC, C, BN)
• Nitrides
• Carbides of
• Silicon (Si)
• Aluminum (Al)
• Titanium (Ti)
• Zirconium (Zr)
• Alumina (Al2O3) – Third most abundant element on earth after oxygen
and Silicon
• Non-oxide are currently the most used materials due to their mechanical robustness at high
temperature, especially SiC based which is a trendy material choice for extreme applications such as
aero-engines
Ceramic Matrix
Oxides Ceramic are inorganic compounds of
• Metallic (AL, Zr, Ti, Mg)
• Metalloid (Si)
Oxide ceramics have high melting points, low wear resistance, and
a wide range of electrical properties
Molding Process
• Slip casting
• Pressure casting
• Injection molding
• Cold isostatic pressing
• Mechanical pressing
• Extrusion
Dr. Jacob Muthu Ref: American Ceramic Society ENGG 880 AA

Metal Matrix
Metal Matrix
• Metals or alloys of aluminum, magnesium, copper, or nickel are generally used as matrix materials.
• Aluminum alloys are the most widely used materials, both in research and industrial viewpoints.
• This is due to their outstanding properties, such as lightweight, high strength, high specific modulus, low
thermal expansion coefficient, and good wear resistance

Polymer Matrix
Nanocomposites are grouped based on matrix and nanoparticles
Polymer Matrix
Elastomers

Polymer Matrix
Ref: PCB Design & Analysis

Polymer Matrix
Ref: Dexpatenet

Polymer Matrix
• Elastomers are flexible polymers that can be
formed under force but return to their original
shape once the stress is removed
• Elastomers have covalent bonds between
polymer chains (cross-links) that enable
elastomers to return to their original shape
after being deformed.
• Elastomers generally have low Young’s

modulus and high failure strain rates
compared to other materials.
• Elastomers are amorphous polymers existing
above their glass transition temperature.

Polymeric Nanocomposites
Polymer Clay Composites
• Nano clay as reinforcement used for improving the property of polymer composites
• These minerals considerably increase the thermal properties of polymers notably
Clay-based polymer nanocomposites mechanical and standard polymers
• By Improving fire resistance and

barrier properties, the performance of
materials without significantly
increasing the density of the polymer,
changing its optical properties or its
recycling
Immiscible: not forming a homogeneous mixture

Polymeric Nanocomposites
Interfaces and Interphases

• Interphase between the nano-
reinforcement and the polymer should be
known for improving the polymer
composites.
• Interphase: a small region between the
nanoparticles and the polymer.
• An interface: a two-dimensional boundary

Ref: Zare and Y Rhee, 2017
between two phases. Either or both of

these two phases may be solid or liquid or
gaseous.
• An interphase is the transition zone
between two phases in a system i.e. could
be solid/liquid, liquid/liquid or liquid/gas
Ref: Yixing et al, 2018
Nanoporous Materials
• Nanoporous materials consist of a regular

organic or inorganic framework supporting a
regular, porous structure.
• Pores are by definition roughly in the
nanometer range, that is between 1x10-7 and
0.2x10-9 m.
Ref: Axo nano publication
Subdivisions:
Nanoporous materials can be subdivided into 3 categories, set out by IUPAC-
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• Microporous materials: Such as Zeolites, 0.2–2 nm
• Mesoporous materials: 2–50 nm
• Macroporous materials: 50–1000 nm
Nanoporous Materials

Microporous Materials- Zeolites
Zeolites are crystalline alumino-silicate minerals that have a micro-porous structure.
• More than 150 zeolite types have been
synthesized and 48 naturally occurring
zeolites are known.
• They are hydrated alumino-silicate
minerals with an "open" structure that can
accommodate a wide variety of cations,
such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and others.
• These positive ions are rather loosely held
and exchanged Ref: Kumar et al, 2019
• Some common mineral zeolites are:

• Analcime & Chabazite
• Heulandite & Natrolite
• Phillipsite and stilbite

Macroporous Materials
• Porous organic frameworks:
• Covalent organic
frameworks (COFs)
• Metal-organic frameworks
(MOFs)
• Both COFs and MOFs have
distinct organic building blocks,
which facilitate novel properties.
Porous organic materials Highly ordered macro- and meso-porous
Ref: Liu, T & Liu, G, 2020 carbon materials
Ref: Wang et al, 2012
• For example, redox-active benzoquinone-based COFs have revolutionized the

conventional notions that porous organic materials are poor electrical
conductors and inert for electrochemical energy storage.

Nanoporous Gold
Nanoporous gold nanowires

Image of nanoporous gold at 100,000 times J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 4494-4499
magnification, taken with a Scanning electron
microscope.
Jonah Erlebacher group

Jonah group, Johns Hopkins University
Case study : Polymer Nanoclay composites
• Toyota research group first introduced polymer–clay nanocomposites by the end of
1985, when they successfully prepared nylon 6 clay nanocomposites to possess
outstanding heat distortion temperature, strength, modulus, gas and water barrier
properties when compared with neat nylon 6.
• Toyota Camry: Timing-belt cover: integrating organo-modified nanoclay in polyamide 6.
• Bumbers, body parts and fuel tanks

• External vehicle body parts manufactured from common
thermoplastic olefin combined with nanoclay: were introduced by
GM and partners Basell, Southern Clay Products, and
Blackhawk Automotive Plastics
• The nanocomposite panel prototype is 20% lighter than one of talc-filled
polypropylene (PP)

• Polymer–clay nanocomposites with the lower clay

content (2–5 wt. percent), is industrially appealing.
• Improved mechanical properties, such as stiffness
and strength, better permeation-barrier behaviors as
a result of the reduced direct motion of oxygen and
water molecules
• Greater thermal properties, such as flame retardancy
and heat distortion temperature
• The incredible qualities make polymer–clay

nanocomposites attractive materials parts.
Ref: Abulyazied and Ene. An Investigative Study on the Progress of Nanoclay-Reinforced
Dr. Jacob Muthu Polymers: Preparation, Properties, and Applications: Polymer., 2021, 13, 1231–1238 ENGG 880 AA
What is Clay? Clay minerals
• Clay comprises layered silicates
(aluminum phyllosilicates) that
contain metal oxides including
• Alkali earth metals,
• Alkali metals,
• Calcium,
• Other metal oxides, in addition
to organic elements in the
smallest possible quantity.
Rights: Schlumberger, Hoston texas

What is Clay?
• Clay ingredients are split into two
types based on how the alternating
sheets of “SiO2” and “AlO6” units
are arranged:
• 2:1 clay (smectite and
vermiculite)
• 1:1 clay (kaolinite)

What is Clay?
• Bentonite or montmorillonite clay is mainly composed of 1 nm thin layers of 2:1 silicate
with a center alumina octahedral sheet fused between two outer tetrahedral sheets of
silica (by sharing oxygen atoms) and the presence of sodium and calcium ions inside the
gallery
Ref: Abulyazied and Ene. An Investigative Study on the Progress of Nanoclay-Reinforced Polymers: Preparation, Properties, and Applications: Polymer., 2021, 13, 1231–1238
Modification of Clay Particles
• The covalent bonds that occur

between the interlayers of clay
layers, along with the hydrophilic
nature of the clays, make them
unsuitable to reacting and Ion exchange reaction
dispersing with most polymer

matrices.
• Clay particles are modified before
being dispersed in polymer matrices Functionalization/
to solve the above challenge.
Modification?
• Essentially, the distance between the sheets of clay- MB: Methylene blue: cationic dye
layered silicates is increased during the modification
process by surfactant intercalation
• Two basic techniques
• Physical modification: adsorption of modifying
chemicals on the clay surface (weak van der
Waals forces)
• Chemical modification: aides the creation of
chemical reactions between layered silicates and
the modifier. Furthermore, cationic or anionic
functional groups are used in the ion exchange
process to modify the molecules.
Before modification After modification

Manufacturing techniques Solution blending Technique
Ref: Amanda D and Beatrice., 2019
Melt Blending Technique
Ref: Abulyazied and Ene. An Investigative Study on the Progress of Nanoclay-Reinforced Polymers: Preparation,
Properties, and Applications: Polymer., 2021, 13, 1231–1238
Manufacturing techniques
In Situ Technique

Structures of Polymer –
Clay composites

Case study : Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO)
• Nanoporous alumina is a unique material
in several respects.
• It can be prepared in any size and shape
by anodic oxidation of aluminium
surfaces in polyprotic aqueous media
• Optically transparent
• Stable in temperatures up to 1000o C
• Diameter of the parallel running
pores can easily be varied from 5 nm
up to 300 nm.
• Pore length simply depends on the
anodization time
Sketch of an alumina membrane on aluminium filled with
nanoparticles including the barrier layer.
Anodic oxidation is an electrochemical method for the Ref: G Schmid. Materials in nanoporous alumina, J.
production of an oxide film on a metallic substrate. It removes Mater. Chem., 2002, 12, 1231–1238
the electrons from a substance and oxidizes the anode.

Experimental Procedure
AAO membranes are prepared with high purity aluminum sheets (99.998%) through anodization in aqueous
solutions.
Typical steps involve the following:
1. Cleaning, degreasing, and mechanical polishing;
2. Annealing at 500 °C under argon atmosphere for 4 hours to enhance the grain size;
3. Electropolishing in a solution of HClO4 (60 wt%) and EtOH (1:8 in Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 775 © 2003 Materials
Research Society P4.8.1 volume) at a current density of 100 mA/cm2 and a temperature of 0 °C for 10 min;
4. A two-step anodization to prepare highly ordered nanopores

5. Removal of unreacted aluminum through chemical etching utilizing a saturated HgCl2 solution or a mixture of
0.1 MCuCl2 and HCl (37 wt%) in 4:1 by volume;
6. Opening of the barrier layer through etching (5 wt% phosphoric acid at 30 °C).
This procedure provides AAO membranes with both ends open for additional processing. The concept for the
two-step anodization is to first generate aligned nanopores, followed by removal of the initial surface alumina
layer. This process generates highly ordered dents on the fresh aluminum surface. The second anodization
leads to deep nanopores that were initiated from the surface dents.

Preparation of layered silanes in AAO membrane with a varying surface chemistry
• After the first anodization step: Part of the

oxidized layer was removed and the
remaining barrier layer was then
functionalized with 3-
aminopropyltriethoxysilane as the first
silane layer.
• From this first silanized layer: a second
anodization step was further
accomplished and the freshly generated
AAO pore surface was then covered with
pentafluorophenyldimethylchlorosilane
derivative.
• Consequently, an AAO membrane that
displays sharp a contrast in wettability
within each pore was obtained.
Ref: Pathak A, Bora A, Braunschweig B, Meltzer C, Yan H, Lemmens P, Daum
W, Schwartz J, Tornow M (2017) Nanocylindrical confinement imparts highest
structural order in molecular self-assembly of organophosphonates on
aluminum oxide. Nanoscale 9:6291–6295.
TEM image of a nanoporous alumina
membrane with ca. 60 nm pores,
sectioned perpendicular to the surface
showing parallel pores.
TEM image of a sectioned alumina membrane filled with

electrolytically deposited nickel wires. Pore width 25 nm.
(Ref: P. M. Paulus, F. Luis, M. Kro¨ll, G. Schmid and L. J. de Jongh, J. Magn. Magn.
Mater., 2001, 224, 180.)
(TEM) image of a thin alumina membrane ion milled

Dr. Jacob Muthu showing hexagonally ordered, 50 nm pores. ENGG 880 AA
Gold particle-filled nanoporous membrane
Sketch of a gold particle-filled nanoporous membrane

indicating the appearance of red and blue light
Sketch of a gold particle-filled nanoporous
membrane indicating the appearance of red
and blue light
TEM image of a sectioned alumina membrane with 4–5 nm gold

particles. The arrows indicate short, wire-like assemblies of particles

Grafting to strategy for preparing poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine)/AAO composites.
• During grafting: The polymer

chains are grown from an
initiating site on the AAO
membrane surface.
• Generally, immobilization of the
initiating site onto AAO
membranes is the first crucial
step for a successful polymer
“grafting from” methodology.
Ref: Pathak A, et al, 2017

Preparation of CNT/SiNT/CNT/AAO composites by successive CVD
• Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

uses vapor phases for deposition,
and subsequently to synthesize
organic films directly onto the
desired substrates (AAO)
• CVD is suitable for diverse
materials especially to enhance
productivity for those that possess
limited solubility and are infusible on
membrane surface
Ref: Zhao C, Li Q, Wan W, Li J, Li J, Zhou H, Xu D (2012) Coaxial carbon-

silicon-carbon nanotube arrays in porous anodic aluminum oxide templates as
anodes for lithium ion batteries. J Mater Chem 22:12193–12197.

AAO-based nanocomposites
Dr. Jacob Muthu Ref: Huang et al, Colloid and Polymer science, 2020 ENGG 880 AA
AAO-based nanocomposites: Application Heavy metal ions Water purification and desalination
removal from water
Ref: Fujiwara M, Imura T (2015) Photo induced membrane separation for water
purification and desalination using azobenzene modified anodized alumina
membranes. ACS Nano 9:5705–5712.
Song J, Oh H, Kong H, Jang J (2011)
Huang et al (2021) The toolbox of porous anodic Polyrhodanine modified anodic aluminum oxide
aluminum oxide–based nanocomposites: from membrane for heavy metal ions removal. J Hazard
preparation to application Mater 187:311–317.
Dr. Jacob Muthu Ref: Huang et al, Colloid and Polymer science, 2020 ENGG 880 AA

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Engineered

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

• Assignments must be submitted on the date and time

• If you have a medical emergency and cannot attend the

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

• If one of your assignments/projects appear to have been copied from a solution

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

• Introduction of Engineered nanocomposites

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu Ref: R. S. Rawat, 2015 ENGG 880 AA

• 1931: Ernst Ruska co-inventes the

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Ref: Roco MC (2006) Nanotechnology’s future. Sci Am

Timeline for the beginning of industrial prototyping and nanotechnology commercialization:

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

* 1 millimeter = 1,000 micrometers;

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

• The important parameters are

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Ref: Hassan Harrz, 2016

• The electronic • Arrangements of • Arrangements of • Structural

Ref: Hassan Harrz, 2016

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Interatomic distance ~ a few Å

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

What are Nanomaterials?

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Strength Ductility Cost

Goh et al, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering,

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

• Composites materials made from two or more

• The percentage by weight of the nanomaterials

introduced is able to remain low on the order of 0.5% -

• Stiffness and strength

Ref: Ahmad et all, Telkomnika 2014.

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu Ref: American Ceramic Society ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Ref: PCB Design & Analysis

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

• Elastomers generally have low Young’s

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

• By Improving fire resistance and

Immiscible: not forming a homogeneous mixture

Interfaces and Interphases

• An interface: a two-dimensional boundary

between two phases. Either or both of

• Nanoporous materials consist of a regular

Ref: Axo nano publication

Dr. Jacob Muthu ENGG 880 AA

• Some common mineral zeolites are: