COMPONENT A

Name :

Learning area : History (4004)

Topic : The internal organisation of the Khoisan.

Candidate number :

Centre number : 010087

Centre name : Greatmates College

Level : Ordinary Level

Duration : Two weeks

Date :

Background

The San and the Khoi Khoi, collectively known as the Khoisan, are believed to be the earliest
inhabitants of the Southern Africa. It is therefore important for learners to have sound knowledge on
the Khoisan. This CALA helps the learner to have a better understanding on the Indigenous Knowledge
System of the Khoisan and show how they are helping people in the contemporary society.

CALA Objectives

1. Identify any six types of insects gathered by the Khoisan. [6]

2. Outline the various methods employed by the Khoisan to conserve the natural environment.[10]

3. Describe the advantages of the Khoisan political organisation.[5]

4. List any four herbs gathered by the Khoisan. [4]

5. Name any five methods of preserving food practiced by the Khoisan. [5]

1. IDENTIFY ANY SIX TYPES OF INSECTS GATHERED BY THE KHOISAN. [6]

- Locusts

- Mushroom insects

- Termites

- Caterpillars

- Crickets

2. OUTLINE THE VARIOUS METHODS EMPLOYED BY THE KHOISAN TO CONSERVE THE

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. [10]

The Khoisan were nomads and their way of life was mainly characterised by a nomadic way of
life. In other words, they were always on the move; they do not have permanent settlement
besides their temporary misasa or cave shelters. They also migrated from one place to another
before the total depletion or exhaustion of the natural resources in an area they occupied. This
natural conservation of the enrinonment enabled the Khoisan to have full knowledge on the life
of fauna and flora. The Khoisan were solely dependent on the natural environment for their
survival. They were able to use the available resources without wasting them. For instance,
they dried meat for later use. This served the extinction of animal species. Given from this
scenario, one can safely argue that the Khoisan were and are still far ahead of their time
because of the knowledge that they have. The Khoisan are innovative people in Zimbabwe, for
example, those who reside in Tsholotsho (Matabeleland) are believed to be "specialists in
artwork"(Chikunguru, 2020:33). The Khoisan lived in total harmony with nature, posing no
threat to wildlife and vegetation by overhunting and gathering. When animals became scarce,
the Khoisan would split into smaller parties to search for food. The Khoisan had small families
and lived and moved in small groups of about 5 to 35 people. Thus they kept the population at
levels that the environment could support. According to D.N Beach, the Khoisan practised some
form of natural family planning, hence they were provident or frugal.In times of severe,
prolonged droughts, women chewed the bark of a particular tree which acted as a
contraceptive to reduce the birth of more children. To provide water in dry areas and during
times of drought, the Khoisan stored water in ostrich egg shells, which they buried deep below
the sandy desert surface. The Khoisan were able to follow the seasons and knew where the
plants for food would grow, making sure not to pick too many plants which would damage the
environment. If anyone got ill, the Khoisan would also know which plants to use as medicine.
The Khoisan only hunted what they wanted to eat and never hunted for fun or sport. When an
animal was killed, the Khoisan would use every part of the animal so that nothing was wasted.
The Khoisan developed ways and means of living with the environment in a sustainable way.
For instance, they practised nomadism and put in place population control methods such as
birth control and infanticide (killing of newly born babies). The Khoisan were nomadic implying
that they moved from place to place to maintain small groups in accordance with the carrying
capacity of the environment. The Khoisan had knowledge on how to preserve the environment
as seen in that they did not destroy the whole plant but took a small part to allow it to regrow.
They knew all about conservation, which is evident in that only one animal was killed at a time.
The Khoisan were extremely cautious not to exhaust the animals or vegetables in their area.
They were economic as evidenced by their killing of game animals only when it was necessary.
The Khoisan utilised everything that nature could provide; for instance, animal hooves were
used for making glue which was important in tool making. Tree roots, bark and leaves were
used in preparing concoctions and medicinal remedies. Fibre was used for weaving string bags
for carrying hunting weapons. Animal skins were used for making clothes and blankets as well
as leather bags. Ostrich egg shells were used for storing water.The San could easily split up
further if resources became scarce. Fragmentation also occurred when a group became too big
to be supported by the environment.They also painted pictures of themselves. The San had a
unique click language. They could preserve their food, for instance, meat was smoked and dried
for later use. Fruits and vegetables were also dried for later use.Population was very small,
usually 20-30 in a group because there was no food security and they had to rely on the
environment.The Khoisan extracted medicine to cure a wide range of diseases. They also
extracted poison from roots, leaves and bark of trees. The San women were experts at
harvesting and preparing medical plants.

3. DESCRIBE THE ADVANTAGES OF THE KHOISAN POLITICAL ORGANISATION [5]

There was no leader so it was a democratic society therefore made everyone contribute
opinions hence they made group consensus. They lived a communal way of life and they shared
the resources equally; it was called an egalitarian way of life. In other words, there was no
leader who could obtain huge amount of food or any other basic necessity so it pose to equality
because everything was shared equally. Furthermore, less or no conflicts or misunderstandings
because disputes/quarrels were resolved through length discussions, where all individuals
involved have a chance to make their thoughts heard until some agreement is reached. There
was also efficiency in allocation of resources. There was no corruption, nepotism and all other
unscrupulous means of getting wealth like bribery, theft and crime. All these social evils were
not common amongst the Khoisan politics.Hence they had a centralised system of government.
As a result, they lived in harmony and peace with each other.

4. LIST ANY FOUR HERBS GATHERED BY THE KHOISAN.[4]

- Garlic

- Aloe vera

- Rosemary
- Basil

- Tobacco

- Chifumuro

- Murumanyama

- Muvengahonye

5. NAME ANY 5 METHODS OF PRESERVING FOOD PRACTICED BY THE KHOISAN. (5)

- Drying ( for example, fish, mufushwa, madora)

- Salting ( for example, putting salt on; meat and fish)

- Fermentation ( for example, beer and maheu)

- Boiling ( for example, milk and water)

- Smoking (for example, meat and fish)

- Burying ( for example, mazhanje, matamba)

COMPONENT B

Name :

Learning area : History (4004)

Topic : The Second Chimurenga/ Umvukela (1966- 1979).

Candidate number :

Centre number : 010087

Centre name : Greatmates College

Level : Ordinary Level

Duration : Two weeks

Date : 10 February 2023

Background

It has been noted that some learners are not aware on the role played by heroes and heroines of the
Second liberation struggle or Umvukela(1966-1979). The facilitator has tasked the researchers
(learners) to carry out a research on the role played by heroes and heroines during the liberation
struggle.

CALA Objectives

1. Collect data of national heroes and heroines of the Second Chimurenga(1966-1979). [10]

2. Stating names of national heroes and heroines of the liberation struggle of 1966 - 1979. [5]

3. Pictorial identification of the national heroes and heroines of the Second Chimurenga. [5]

4. Write the bibliography of each national hero and heroine of the Second Chimurenga.[5]

5. Write the contribution of Ubuntu/Unhu/ Vumuntu of each national hero and heroine of the Second
Chimurenga. [5]

1. COLLECT DATA OF NATIONAL HEROES AND HEROINES OF THE SECOND

CHIMURENGA/UMVUKELA (1966-1979). [10]

Heroes

Cde Robert Gabriel Mugabe - A black nationalist of Marxist perspective framework, he

eventually established one party rule in his country, becoming executive president of Zimbabwe
in 198. Cde Robert Gabriel Mugabe was born on February 21, 1924 in Zimbabwe. His political
affiliation was Zimbabwe Africa National Union Patriotic Front. He then died on September 6,
2019 aged 95 in Singapore.

Cde Joshua Nkomo - Was a son of a teacher and lay preacher in Matabeleland, residing among
the Ndebele. He was a leader in Zimbabwe African Peoples Union. Cde Joshua Nkomo was born
on June 19,1917 in Zimbabwe. Cde Joshua Nkomo's political affiliation was African National
Congress. He died on June 1, 1999 aged 82 in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Cde Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangangwa - He was born on 15 September 1942. He is a

revolutionary and politician who has served as President of Zimbabwe since 24 November
2017. A member of ZANU (PF) and a long time ally of former and late President Robert
Mugabe, Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa was Cde Mugabe's vice president until November
2017. After his vice presidency he then secured his first full term president in the disputed 2018
general election.

Cde Simon Muzenda - was born at Gutu, in the Victoria District on the 28th October 1992. His
parents were peasant framers who lost their two youngest children. In 1994 he moved to
Domboshava where he trained from Standard 6 as a teacher. He was Mugabe's most trusted
lieutenant, who became deputy president in independent Zimbabwe. He died aged over 80 in
September 2003.

Heroines

Sally Mugabe- Ghananian- born Zimbabwean political leader. She was also known as "Amai"
Mother of the Nation. Born Sarah Francesca Hayfron in Accra, Gold Coast (now Ghana) in 1932,
died in Harare, Zimbabwe on January 27 1992. She had a twin sister. She married Robert
Gabriel Mugabe ( first prime minister and executive president of Zimbabwe).

Cde Joana Nkomo - She was born on the 18th of September 1927. The second child of Paul
Silwalume Guyana and Maria Sithunzesimbi. She looked after and raised their family in
Pelandaba during the war of independence as Joshua Nkomo was mostly away fighting the war.
She had five children with Nkomo although one died infancy.

Cde Ruth Chinamano - was born in Cape Town on 16 February 1925. She and her twin sister
formed part of a family of four girls and a boy. On 16 April 1964 she was arrested together with
her husband and Joshua Nkomo sent with them to Gonakudzingwa.

Cde Sunny Takawira - She served as the vice president of the Zimbabwe African National Union
after support the National Democratic Party.

2. Stating names of national heroes and heroines of the liberation struggle of 1966 - 1979. [5]

Heroes

- Cde Robert Gabriel Mugabe

- Cde Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa

- Cde Simon Muzenda

- Cde Joshua Nkomo

- Cde Kumbirai Kangai

Heroines
- Cde Sally Mugabe

- Cde Joana Nkomo

- Cde Mama Mafuyana

- Cde Ruth Chinamano

- Cde Sunny Takawira

COMPONENT C

LEARNING AREA : HISTORY

NAME :

SCHOOL : GREATMATES COLLEGE

CLASS : FORM 4

DURATION : TWO WEEKS

LEVEL : ORDINARY LEVEL

CALA TYPE : RESEARCH, PEN AND PAPER

CALA TITLE/TOPIC : AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE REASONS FOR THE LAND REFORM PROGRAMME,
CHALLENGES FACED, HOW THE LANDLESS BENEFITED AND RECOMMENDATIONS OR SOLUTIONS IN
LIGHT OF THE CHALLENGES FACED.

BACKGROUND

One of the reasons why Zimbabweans took up arms against colonial masters was to repossess
the land that was taken from them after colonisation. At independence, in 1980, it was
generally agreed that land would change hands from the wealthy minority whites to the poor
and impoverished majority blacks. With the shifting political dynamics, in early 2000, the
Government of Zimbabwe embarked on a land redistribution exercise dubbed the "Fast Track
Land Reform Programme" (FTLRP), deriving its name from the manner in which it was held.
Land reform basically refers to the deliberate change in the way agricultural land is held or
owned. It may also refer to the transfer of land ownership from a relatively small number of
wealthy owners to landless peasants. Such transfers may be with or without consent or
compensation. The land redistribution process in Zimbabwe was mainly carried-out to redress
the racial imbalances in the ownership of land and use of agricultural land. It had its own
challenges, successes and failures.

CALA OBJECTIVES
Learners are expected to;

• Explain the reasons for the Land Reform Programme.

• Describe the challenges faced in the land redistribution exercise.

• Evaluate whether the land reform programme benefited the locals or not.

• Suggest solutions for a smooth land redistribution exercise.

ACTIVITIES

Learners will;

• Research on the land reform programme.

• Explain the reasons for the land reform programme.

• Describe the challenges faced in the land redistribution exercise.

• Evaluate the perceived benefits and actual benefits of the land reform programme to the
alleged beneficiaries.

• Suggest solutions for a smooth land redistribution exercise.

• Producing a detailed write up.

MARKING GUIDE
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION MARKS

Outlining 10 reasons for the Explaining clearly reasons for the Land Reform 10
Land Reform Programme Programme

Describe the challenges faced Description of the challenges faced in the land 5
in the redistribution exercise redistribution exercise

Evaluating the perceived Evaluation of the benefits of the Land Reform 5

benefits and actual benefits of Programme to the alleged beneficiaries
the Land Reform Programme
to the alleged beneficiaries

Suggesting solutions for a Outlining the possible solutions for a smooth 5

smooth land redistibution land redistribution exercise
exercise

Presentation (Producing a General presentation of the document 5

write up) - a detailed write up

LEARNER ACHIEVEMENT STANDARDS

TOPIC:

Dimensions/ Excellent Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Inadequate

Criteria
10 8 6 4 2

Data collection Excellent data Good collection Satisfactory Collection of Gathering of

on the reasons collection using of data using collection of data using data using
for the land research skills research skills data using research skills research skills
reform and various ICT and has come up research skills and has come up and has come up
programme tools and has with 4 reasons and has come up with 2 reasons with 1 reason
come up with at for the land with 3 reasons for the land for the land
least 5 reasons reform for the land reform reform
for the land programme reform programme programme
reform programme
programme

Challenges faced Excellent Good Satisfactory Fair script but Poor script,
in the land description of description and script, depicting failing to lacking evidence
redistribution the challenges highlighting challenges faced highlight the
exercise faced in the land more than 3 in the land challenges faced
redistribution challenges faced reform in the land
exercise - in the land programme and reform
highlighting at redistribution managing to programme
least 5 exercise come up with 1
challenges or two
challenges

Evaluation of Clear evaluation Clear Fair Presentation of Inadequate

the perceived of the benefits presentation of presentation of few benefits of presentation of
and the actual of the land the benefits of the benefits of the land reform the benefits of
benefits of the reform the land reform the land reform programme to the land reform
land reform programme to programme to programme to the alleged programme to
programme to the alleged the alleged the alleged beneficiaries the alleged
the alleged beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries
beneficiaries

Solutions for a Clear Clear Fairly presented Not well Poorl managed
smooth land presentation of presentation of the solutions for managed to to come up with
redistribution the solutions for the solutions for a smooth land come up with the possible
exercise a smooth land a smooth land redistribution the possible solutions for a
redistribution redistribution exercise solutions for a smooth land
exercise exercise smooth land redistribution
redistribution exercise
exercise

Presentation of Excellent Good Satisfactory Not well Poorly

the document presentation presentation presentable presented
1. EXPLAINING CLEARLY REASONS FOR THE LAND REFORM PROGRAMME

Land Reform in Zimbabwe officially began in 1980 with the signing of the Lancaster House
Agreement, as an effort to more equitably distribute land between blacks subsistence farmers
and white Zimbabweans of European ancestry, who had traditionally enjoyed superior political
and economic status. The Land Reform was carried in order to alter the alter the ethnic balance
of land ownership. The ZANU (PF) government drafted a number of legislation to pave way for
the compulsory acquisition of land for resettlement purposes.

The specific objectives of the Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe were: -

• To alleviate population pressure in the Communal Areas;

• To relieve pressure from areas that will be overpopulated;

• To resettle deserving and landless people;

• To emphasize need to improve the peasants' social conditions and status;

• To alleviate poverty, and to redistribute income and wealth in their favour;

• To alter the ethnic balance of land ownership;

• To extend and improve base of productive agriculture in the peasant farming sector, through
individuals and cooperatives;

• To ameliorate the plight of people who have been adversely affected by the war and to
rehabilitate them;
• To improve the standard of living of the largest and poorest sector of the population of
Zimbabwe;

• To achieve national stability and progress in a country that has only emerged from the turmoil
of war;

• To extend and improve the base of productive agriculture in the small scale farming sector,
through the provision of training and extension for the promotion of good husbandry and social
development;

• To bring abandoned and under - utilized land into full production as one facet of
implementing an equitable policy of land redistribution;

• To prohide, at the lower end of the scale, opportunities for people who have no land and are
without employment and may therefore be classed as destitute;

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE CHALLENGES FACED IN THE LAND REDISTRIBUTION EXERCISE

A number of problems with the implementation of the Land Reform Programme were mainly
caused by the various Government departments involved in the programme which produced
problems of co - ordination among various stakeholders, each of which had its own priorities
and objectives. The political interference in the implementation of the programme at all levels
leads to difficulties in implementing plans. Resettlement officers had insufficient capacity to
provide the nature and scale of assistance required by settlers and extension services were
spread too thinly. In addition, the Government had been unable to acquire land in the prime
Natural Region 1 and 2 in sufficient quantities. There have been problems of implementation,
mainly due to the mismatch between the scope of the exercise and the provision of
infrastructure and support services. Furthermore, the standard of living of settlers in schemes B
and D was found not have improved, and the models were described as "unsuccessful". Critics
of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, including donors, the foreign media, and the
opposition (MDC), now CCC, contend that land redistribution will only benefit ZANU (PF)
supporters, government officials and their friends. They claim that the past land resettlement
has been corrupt, and call for transparency in future land allocation exercises.

3. EVALUATION OF THE BENEFITS OF THE LAND REFORM PROGRAMME TO THE ALLEGED

BENEFICIARIES

Model A, involving a village as a nucleus with individual arable holdings and communal grazing
within the village boundaries. Settler families were allocated residential stands, about 5
hectares of land for arable purposes and access to communal grazing. The schemes were
provided with access roads linking all villages with a rural service centre at which Government
service staff (agricultural extension, health and education workers and resettlement officers)
were based. Model B scheme, involving the formation of cooperatives to manage purchased
farms developed infrastructure ( for instance, irrigation , electricity, or infrastructure for
specialised agricultural enterprise). Model C schemes patterned on the nucleus estate concept
with a core commercial estate and or processing facility and settler outgrowers. These schemes
were introduced in order to involve small producers directly in more complex and technically
demanding farm enterprises such as tobacco and dairy production. Member families have
individual plots but share in communal grazing. The core estate is a commercial venture run by
cooperative committees; members contribute their labour to the estates the proceeds from
which are distributed to them in accordance to the labour they have put in. Furtherstill, model
D schemes, which were intended for the low rainfall Natural Regions 4 and 5 and entail the use
of ranches for grazing by communal communities. A main objective of this model was to reduce
the pressure on communal grazing areas by increasing the amount of grazing land to
communities. Up to May 1989 approximately 48, 000 families had been resettled and a further
4, 000 families had been allocated stands which they had yet to take up. As at September 1996,
a total of 71, 000 households had been resettled and a further 20, 000 families had benefited
from the acquisition of additional grazing land. The land reform was well planned, in
accordance with policies and procedures, which were clearly spelt out. The programme was
found to have benefited mostly the landless rural poor. Not only that, the standard of living of
most settlers on Model A and C schemes had increased and settlers had benefited from the
access to clean drinking water, improved sanitation facilities, housing and schools.

4. OUTLINING THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR A SMOOTH LAND REDISTRIBUTION EXERCISE

We further recommend that Government should try and recover the costs of resettlement from
the settlers and introduce an appropriate land tenure system, which would enable settlers to
use their land as collateral. This would enable Government to settle more families without
undue strain on the fisvus, while encouraging settlers to use their resources profitably and with
due regard to conservation. There is still need to satisfy the various aspects of the Land
Management framework ( such as Environment, Land Resources, Land Information, Land
Planning, Land Use and Land Palicy). Resources need to be made available to the newly
resettled farmers so that agricultural production can improve and Zimbabwe can once again
reclaim its role as the bread basket of the Southern Africa region. There is need for a constant
follow up on the land reform programme implementation. The government must provide funds
and investment. Not only that, the government must follow the Constitution and provide the
necessary support services. Extend the production potential of small scale subsistence farmers.
COMPONENT D

LEARNING AREA : HISTORY

NAME :

SCHOOL : GREATMATES COLLEGE

CLASS : FORM 4

LEVEL : ORDINARY LEVEL

CALA TYPE : RESEARCH/ PEN AND PAPER

CALA TOPIC : THE ARMED STRUGGLE IN ZIMBABWE

CALA SUB-TOPIC : NATIONAL HEROES AND HEROINES OF THE SECOND

CHIMURENGA/UMVUKELA (1966-1979)

BACKGROUND
The armed struggle was a result of factors such as the loss of land, oppressive legislation,
economic marginalisation, racial segregation, disenfranchisement, political segregation and
suppression. The war of 1966- 1979 was fought on numerous fronts. Many groups of ordinary
Zimbabweans participated in the liberation struggle. These included war collaborators, chiefs,
spirit mediums, churches, peasants and international organisations. Therefore, the teacher
tasked the learners to carry- out a research on the crucial role played by the national heroes
and heroines of the Second Chimurenga/Umvukela (1966- 1979) in ensuring the success of the
liberation struggle (war).

OBJECTIVES

Learners are expected to;

• Collect data of national heroes and heroines of the Second Chimurenga/Umvukela (1966-
1979).

• State names of the nationalist leaders who died during the Second Chimurenga/Umvukela
(1966-1979) and the cause of the death for each nationalist leader.

• Pictorial identification of nationalist leaders who died in neighbouring countries.

• Pictorial identification of national heroes and heroines of the Second Chimurenga/Umvukela

(1966-1979).
• Write bibliography of each nationalist leader who died in neighbouring countries during the
liberation struggle.

Write the contribution of Ubuntu/Unhu/Vumuntu of each nationalist leader who died in

neighbouring countries.

ACTIVITIES

Learners will;

• Collect data of the national heroes and heroines of the Second Chimurenga/Umvukela (1966-
1979)

• State names of the nationalist leaders who died during the Second Chimurenga/Umvukela
(1966-1979) and the cause of death.

• Provide pictures of nationalist leaders who died in neighbouring countries during the
liberation struggle.

• Provide pictures of national heroes and heroines of the Second Chimurenga/Umvukela (1966-
1979).

• Write bibliography of each nationalist leader who died in neighbouring countries during the
liberation struggle.

• Write the contribution of Ubuntu/Unhu/Umuntu of each nationalist leader who died in

neighbouring countries during the liberation struggle (1966-1979).

• Producing a detailed write up.

MARKING GUIDE

ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION MARKS

Identifying 5 roles played by the Listing clearly the roles played national heroes and
national heroes and heroines of heroines of the Second Chimuremga/Umvukela to
the Second the attainment of independence 5
Chimurenga/Umvukela

Stating names of the nationalist Stating names and cause of death

leaders who died during the
Second Chimurenga/Umvukela 6
and the cause of death

Providing pictures of the Name of the nationalist leaders

nationalist leaders who died in
neighbouring countries during Picture of the nationalist leader ( linked to name) 3
the liberation struggle

Providing pictures of the national Name of the national hero or heroine

heroes and heroines of the
Second Chiumurenga/Umvukela Picture of the national hero or heroine (linked to 5
(1966-1979) name)

Writing bibliography of each Name and historical background of each nationalist

nationalist leader who died in leader who died in neighbouring countries during the
neighbouring countries during liberation struggle 5
the liberation struggle

Writing the contribution of Name of each nationalist leaders and their

Ubuntu/Unhu/Umuntu of each contributions of Ubuntu/Unhu/Umuntu concept
nationalist leader who died in 6
the neighbouring countries
during the liberation struggle
COMPONENT E

LEARNING AREA : HISTORY

NAME :

SCHOOL : GREATMATES COLLEGE

CLASS : FORM 4

DURATION : TWO WEEKS

LEVEL : ORDINARY LEVEL

CALA TYPE : RESEARCH/PEN AND PAPER

CALA TITLE/TOPIC : COLD WAR

CALA SUBTITLE/TOPIC : CONSEQUENCES OF THE COLD WAR AND THE ROLE OF UNITED
NATIONS ORGANISATION IN SOLVING WORLD DISPUTES

BACKGROUND
After the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945 near the conclusion of the Second World
War, the insecure wartime alliances between the United States of America and Great Britain on
the one hand and the Soviet Union on the other began to unravel. By 1948, the Soviets had
installed left-wing governments in the countries of Eastern Europe that had been liberated by
the Red Army. The Americans and the British feared the permanent Soviet domination of
Eastern Europe and the threat of Soviet - influenced communist parties coming to power in the
democracies of Western Europe. The Soviets on the other hand, were determined to maintain
control of Eastern Europe in order to safeguard against any possible renewed threat from
Germany. Therefore, the teacher tasked the learners to carry- out a research on the effects of
the Russo - Ukraine War to the world.
OBJECTIVES

Learners are expected to ;

• Explain the concept of the Cold War.

• List the causes of the Russo - Ukraine War.

• Describe the role played by United States of America, Great Britain, Germany, Poland and
other western countries in the outbreak of the Russo - Ukraine War.

• Pictorial identification of weapons used by Russia to bombard Ukraine.

• Outline the effects of the Russo - Ukraine War to the world.

• Evaluate the role of United Nations Organisation in solving the Russo - Ukraine dispute.

ACTIVITIES

Learners will ;

• Collect data on the concept of the Cold War.

• List the causes of the Russo - Ukraine War.

• Describe the role played by United States of America, Great Britain, Poland, Germany and
other Western countries in the outbreak of the Russo - Ukraine War.

• Provide pictures of weapons used by Russia to bombard Ukraine.

• Outline the effects of the Russo - Ukraine War to the world.

• Evaluate the role of United Nations Organisation in solving the Russo - Ukraine dispute.

• Producing a detailed write up.

MARKING GUIDE

ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION MARKS

Collection of data on the Data collection on the concept of Cold War 5

concept of the Cold War

Listing the causes of the Russo Causes of the Russo - Ukraine War 5
- Ukraine War

Describing the role played by Role played by United States of America, Great
United States of America, Britain, Poland and other western countries in
Great Britain, Poland, the outbreak of the Russo - Ukraine War
Germany and other western 5
countries in the outbreak of
the Russo - Ukraine War

Providing pictures of the Picture of weapon (linked to name)

weapons used by Russia to
5
bombard Ukraine

Outlining the effects of the Role of the United Nations Organisation in

Russo - Ukraine War to the solving the Russo - Ukraine dispute
5
world

1. DATA COLLECTION ON THE CONCEPT OF COLD WAR

Soldiers of the Soviet Union and United States of America did not do battle directly during Cold
War. But the two super powers continually antagonised each other through political
maneuvering, military coalitions, espionage, propaganda, arms buildings , economic aid, and
proxy wars between other nations.

2. CAUSES OF THE RUSSO - UKRAINE WAR

The annexation and bombardment of the Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea by

disguised Russian forces caused to the war to be inevitable. Following Ukraine's Revolution of
Dignity, Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro - Russian separatists fighting
the Ukrainian military in the Donbas war. In April 2014, armed pro- Russian separatists seized
(took over) government buildings in Ukraine's Eastern Donbas region. Naval incidents,
cyberwarfare and heightened political tension also caused the Russo - Ukraine war. For
instance, the first 8 years of conflict also included naval incidents, cyberwarfare, and
heightened political tensions because of suspicious and sour relations between Russia and
Ukraine. The tensions were mainly caused by the involvement of NATO on the Eastern part of
Europe, in Ukraine. Not only that, Russia is a communist nation whilst United States of America,
Great Britain, France and the rest of European nations are believed to be capitalists.
Antagonistic relations are there because of the conflict between capitalism and communism in
Europe and the rest of the world. In February 2022, Russia launched a full - scale invasion to
Ukraine. Unmarked Russian soldiers moved into Ukraine's Crimea and took over government
buildings, strategic sites and infrastructure. Russian president Vladimir Putin criticised the
enlargement of NATO and demanded that Ukraine be barred from joining the military alliance
(NATO). Russian President Putin also expressed irredentist views and questioned Ukraine's right
to exist. Russian forces violated the Ukrainian tourists and trade hence made the war to be
imminent.

3. ROLE PLAYED BY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY, POLAND AND
OTHER WESTERN COUNTRIES IN THE OUTBREAK OF THE RUSSO - UKRAINE WAR

United States of America

The response or reaction of the United States of America to the ongoing Russian invasion of
Ukraine that started in 2022, has been in favour of Ukraine.( We used the word ongoing
because as we carried out this research, the war was still fought). President Biden condemned
the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. As a result, USA providing humanitarian and military aid to
Ukraine and sanctioning Russia and Belarus, the powers extremely involved in invading Ukraine.

NATO MEMBERS
NATO allies and partner countries have provided Ukraine with 1,550 armoured vehicles and 230
tanks to form units and help it retake territory from Russian forces According to Jens
Stoltenberg (NATO secretary general), the deliveries constituted more than 98 percent of the
combat vehicles promised to Ukraine during Russia’s invasion and war, giving Kyiv a bigger
punch as it contemplates launching a counteroffensive. He adds that, “In total, we have trained
and equipped more than nine new Ukrainian armoured brigades. This will put Ukraine in a
strong position to continue to retake occupied territory,” More than 30,000 troops are
estimated to make up the new brigades. Ukraine’s allies have also sent “vast amounts of
ammunition” and some NATO partner countries, such as Sweden and Australia, have also
provided armoured vehicles.NATO member countries have also provided anti-aircraft systems
and artillery while Poland and the Czech Republic have given Soviet-built MiG-29 aircraft.
Stoltenberg emphasised this “unprecedented military support to Ukraine” but cautioned that
“we should never underestimate Russia.” Russia was mobilising more ground forces and was
“willing to send in thousands of troops with very high casualty rates." Stoltenberg also
lamented that the face of what appears to be a prolonged conflict, NATO countries must stay
the course and continue to provide Ukraine with what it needs to prevail. Stoltenberg said that
a NATO summit in July 2023 in Lithuania would set out plans for a “multiyear programme of
support” for Ukraine.“This will put Ukraine in a strong position to continue to retake occupied
territory,” Stoltenburg's comments came a day after Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy
said he and Chinese leader Xi Jinping had a “long and meaningful” phone call in their first
known contact since Russia’s full-scale invasion more than a year ago.Though Zelenskyy said he
was encouraged by the call and Western officials welcomed Xi’s move, the development did not
appear to bring about any immediate shift in peace prospects.Russia and Ukraine are far apart
in their terms for peace, and China — while looking to position itself as a global diplomatic
power — has refused to criticise Russia’s invasion.The Chinese government has viewed Russia
as a diplomatic ally in opposing United States of America influence in global affairs, and Xi
visited Russia during the ongoing Russo - Ukraine war. Maybe this war will end at the
negotiating table(Stoltenberg). But he stressed that “it is for Ukraine to decide what are the
conditions for talks and what format any talks should have.”In any case, Stoltenberg said, “Any
possibility for meaningful negotiations requires that Ukraine has the necessary military strength
to send a very clear message to President [Vladimir] Putin that he will not win on the
battlefield.”Last week, representatives of NATO members gathered in Ramstein in Germany for
talks hosted by the United States to review the defence systems and supplies Ukraine has said it
needs.Zelenskyy has urged Western allies to send modern fighter aircraft and long-range
missiles to help repel Russian troops, but NATO countries have so far stopped short of
supplying Western-made jets.

https://www.newsreportzim.com/2023/04/28/ukraine-has-received-98-of-promised-combat-
vehicles/
Since Russia's annexation of Ukraine, the members of the Western Military Alliance have
committed at least $80 billion worth of military, humanitarian and financial to Kyiv.

Germany

Since the world wars Russia and Germany are known to be sworn enemies. Russia disturbed
Germany's trade routes. Currently Germany is taking advantage of the war in Ukraine and
Germany is supporting Ukraine by giving her missiles, 100 NLAW tanks and medical aids so as to
defeat Russia. Germany would want to humiliate Russia as it was in the trenches of the past
world wars and yet today the time may become ready for Germany to turn up the tables, but
the war is still ongoing.

Great Britain

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United Kingdom provided Ukraine
substantial support in the form of defensive military aid ( including around 2000 NLAW anti-
tank missile systems), humanitarian aid and retaliating economic sanctions against Russia.

4. OUTLINE THE EFFECTS OF THE RUSSO - UKRAINE WAR TO THE WORLD

It impacted food and energy security globally including in Middle East and Africa. It added to
inflationary pressures. The children were and are left orphans due to the death of their
parents. The poorest families are less likely to access essential services and more at risk of
violence, oppression, exploitation and abuse. During the war, 100 million tonnes of carbon
were released into the atmosphere hence it destructed the ozone layer and caused air
pollution.

5. EVALUATE THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN SOLVING THE RUSSO - UKRAINE DISPUTE

On 2 March 2023, during an emergency special session, the United Nations General Assembly
adopted a resolution demanding that the Russian Federation immediately completely and
unconditionally withdraw all its armed forces from the territory of Ukraine within its
internationally recognized frontiers. The United Nations deployed peacekeepers to reduce the
impacts of the war. The United Nations was creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and
flourish. Implementation of peace agreement to the fighting nations. Promoting the
development of democratic institutions.