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Block – II
FIRST YEAR MBBS
TOPICAL PAST PAPERS | BLOCK-II 
Module 3: Musculoskeletal & Locomotion-I

5
Contents
DR. ANAS FAROOQ, DR. MUHAMMAD SEERAT ALI & DR. ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
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Module 3: Musculoskeletal &

Locomotion-I
ANATOMY
GROSS ANATOMY (UPPER LIMB)
MS-A-001 PECTORAL REGION
Q. Give the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of the pectoralis major. [Annual 2005]
MS-A-002 DERMATOMES AND CUTANEOUS INNERVATION OF UPPER LIMB

Q. a) What is Clavipectoral fascia? Name its parts.
b) Describe its attachments.
c) Enumerate the structures passing through the clavipectoral fascia. [Supplementary 2017 held in 2018]
MS-A-003 PECTORAL REGION & BACK + MAMMARY GLANDS

Q. Give the origin, insertion, action & nerve supply of the muscles joining the upper limb to the thoracic wall in a
tabulated form. [Supplementary 2016 held in 2017]
Q. What is the role of trapezius in these movements? (of shoulder girdle) [Annual 2006]
Q. What is the Triangle of Auscultation? Give its boundaries. [Annual 2019]
Q. a) Describe the boundaries of the quadrangular space. Enumerate the contents of the space.
b) Describe the course and area supply of the nerve in the space. [Annual 2018]
Q. A 35-year-old lady presented to her physician with a complaint of a hard irregular mass in the superior lateral
quadrant of her right breast. On examination, the breast was fixed & nipple was retracted & deviated. The
physician labeled the skin as PAEU D'ORANGE. Using your clinic-anatomical knowledge, answer the following
questions:
a) What is meant by the term PEAU D’ ORANGE & its underlying cause?
b) What is the reason for the fixation, deviation, and retraction of the nipple?
c) What is the route of spread of metastasis to the vertebra, cranium, and brain? [Annual 2017]
Q. A 60-year-old lady had a mass in her left breast. The biopsy revealed intraductal carcinoma:
a) What lymph nodes are most likely to be affected?
b) What anatomical structure defines the level of the lymph node?
c) Give an account of Lymph drainage from the breast. [Annual 2015]
Q. Draw and describe the groups and termination of lymphatic drainage of the breast. [Supplementary 2015
held in 2016]
Q. a) Define Dermatome.
b) Draw & label the dermatomes of the upper limb. [Annual 2015]
Q. a) Define a dermatome, and axial lines and write clinical importance.
b) Draw a diagram showing the dermatomes of the forearm and hand. [Annual 2009]
Q. a) Name cutaneous nerves of the forearm.
b) Give their area of distribution.
c) Illustrate the answer with a diagram. [Annual 2007]
MS-A-004 BONES OF UPPER LIMB: CLAVICLE & SCAPULA

Q. a) Draw and label diagrams of the clavicle to show the attachment of muscles and ligaments.
b) What is the role of these muscles and ligaments after a fracture of the clavicle occurs? Which is the weakest
part of these muscles and ligaments after a fracture of the clavicle occurs? Which is the weakest part of the
clavicle? [Annual 2010]
MS-A-005 BONES OF THORAX, JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB: STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
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FIRST YEAR MBBS
MS-A-006 AXILLA
Q. In a roadside bomb blast the shrapnels of the bomb pierced the axillary region of a young boy, lacerating all the
branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus but sparing the radial nerve. There is also profuse bleeding
from an injured artery present in close relation with the cords of the brachial plexus in this region.
a) In a tabulated form name the nerves of the posterior cord that have been damaged and the muscles that
will be paralyzed.
b) Name the artery Injured and list its branches in a correct sequence. [Annual 2022]
Q. a) Give the Extent [Beginning & end) of the axillary artery.
b) What are the relations of the second part of this artery?
c) Name the branches given in the second part. [Annual 2013]
MS-A-007 BONES OF UPPER LIMB: HUMERUS

Q. A child fell on an outstretched hand with the elbow partially flexed. What possible fractures of the distal end of
the humerus can occur? Mention the structure affected by this injury. [Annual 2016]
MS-A-008 JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB: SHOULDER JOINT

Q. Write the type, articular surfaces, movements, and Glenohumeral joint. Name two bursae around this joint.
[Annual 2024]
Q. What is a shoulder girdle? Name the movements of the scapula and the muscles producing these movements.
[Supplementary 2021, Supplementary 2022]
Q. a) Classify shoulder joint,
b) Give the movements taking place around its AP axis with the muscles producing them.
c) Give reasons for greater freedom of movement at this joint. [Supplementary 2020]
Q. a) Draw & label the anastomosis around the scapula.
b) What is the clinical significance of this anastomosis? [Supplementary 2023]
Q. Tabulate the muscles & their innervation that cause protraction & retraction of the scapula. [Annual 2019]
Q. A patient complained of pain in his right shoulder, especially at the start of raising his arm then he can easily
abduct his arm to 90 degrees.
a) Name the abductors of the shoulder joint involved in this patient & write their nerve supply.
b) Write the attachments of the muscle that is injured in this case. [Annual 2012]
Q. a) Mention the type of ligaments and movement at the shoulder joint.
b) Explain the plain of abduction and adduction
c) Which fracture of the humerus is more common in adults?
d) Also mention the structure more likely to be damaged in such injury. [Annual 2007]
Q. What is the role of trapezius in these movements? [Annual 2006]
MS-A-009 ROTATOR CUFF

Q. In a tabulated manner, name and give the nerve supply and actions of rotator cuff muscles. [Annual 2020,
Annual 2021]
Q. An athlete during discus throwing in an International competition developed shoulder pain. His clinicians after
examination revealed tears in the musculotendinous rotator cuff.
a) What is a musculotendinous rotator cuff?
b) Write the nerve supply and actions of all components forming this rotator cuff in tabulated form.
[Annual 2023]
MS-A-010 NERVES OF UPPER LIMB

Q. a) List the nerve which comes in direct contact with various parts of the humerus. Which one of them causes
wrist drop?
b) Write the anatomical and clinical features of wrist drop. [Annual 2014]
Q. a) Name the nerve and muscle that is most commonly injured in a fracture of the surgical neck of the
humerus.
b) List the results of damage to this nerve. [Annual 2014]
Q. a) During a roadside protest a young male gets hit by a stray bullet that injures all branches of the lateral cord
of brachial plexus except the lateral root of the median nerve.
b) Name the branches of the lateral cord injured, muscles paralyzed, and areas with sensory changes.
[Supplementary 2018 held in 2019|
Q. a) From where does the musculocutaneous nerve originate?
b) What are the branches of this nerve?
c) What area of skin is supplied by this nerve? [Annual 2013]
MS-A-011 BLOOD SUPPLY OF ARM
MS-A-012 MUSCLES OF ARM
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FIRST YEAR MBBS
MS-A-013 BONES OF FOREARM
MS-A-014 MUSCLE OF ANTERIOR/FLEXOR COMPARTMENT OF FOREARM
MS-A-015 MUSCLE OF LATERAL AND POSTERIOR/EXTENSOR COMPARTMENT OF FOREARM
MS-A-016 NERVES OF FOREARM
MS-A-017 BLOOD SUPPLY OF FOREARM
MS-A-018 RETINACULA OF FOREARM
MS-A-019 CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
MS-A-020 FOREARM: BLOOD SUPPLY AND VENOUS DRAINAGE
MS-A-021 JOINTS OF UPPER LIMBS: ELBOW JOINT

Q. a) Name all flexors of the elbow joint and the nerves supply them.
b) If the nerve to the chief flexors is injured in a patient, which part of his upper limb will have sensory loss?
[Annual 2011]
Q. Draw and label a diagram showing arterial anastomosis around elbow joint. [Annual 2006]
MS-A-022 JOINTS OF UPPER LIMBS: RADIOULNAR JOINT
MS-A-023 INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE
MS-A-024 FASCIA & MUSCLES OF HAND

Q. Describe palmar aponeurosis. What is its function? [Annual 2018, Annual 2011]
Q. Give the attachment of Extensor Retinaculum and enlist FOUR structures passing deep to it. [Supplementary
2016 held in 2017]
Q. What is the cause and clinical manifestation of dupyture contraction? [Annual 2016, Annual 2011]
Q. a) Give the attachments of the flexor retinaculum of the wrist.
b) Name the structures passing deep and superficial to it. [Annual 2014]
MS-A-025 HAND & ACTIONS OF MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB AS A FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Q. While working on a construction site a laborer got injured by a rusty nail that pierced his palm and the 3rd
finger. As he did not take any treatment pus is formed that distends the fascial space located in the center of
his palm.
a) Write the boundaries, communications and contents of the palmar space involved.
b) What is its applied anatomy? [Annual 2022]
Q. Give origin insertion nerve supply and action of lumbricals. [Annual 2005]
MS-A-026 BLOOD VESSELS OF FOREARM AND HAND

Q. a) Give the formation of a superficial palmar arch and name its branches.
b) Give its level on the hand's surface mentioning the clinical significance of its location. [Annual 2020,
Annual 2021]
Q. Describe the arterial blood supply of the hand. [Supplementary 2015]
MS-A-027 NERVES OF FOREARM AND HAND

Q. Draw & label diagrams to show cutaneous nerve supply of the front and back of the forearm and hand.
[Supplementary 2020]
Q. A 21-year-old girl tried to commit suicide by slashing her wrist. She was rushed to the emergency. Fortunately,
the radial artery was preserved but the median nerve was damaged.
a) Give the course and distribution of the median nerve In hand.
b) What will be the consequences of this injury? [Supplementary 2022, Supplementary 2021]
Q. a) How does the median nerve enter the forearm and hand?
b) Give its branches and distribution in the forearm. [Annual 2016]
Q. a) A Neurophysician examined the deformed left hand of the patient and diagnosed it as a case of 'claw hand'.
i) What is a claw hand?
ii) Write important anatomical changes in this condition.
b) Write the boundaries & contents of the Anatomical snuff box. What is its clinical significance? [Annual
2023]
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FIRST YEAR MBBS
Q. A young female patient presented with a deep lacerated injury in front of the wrist, just proximal to the flexor
retinaculum. Examination revealed loss of opposition of thumb and impairment of fine control movements of
2nd and 3rd digits. Based on your Anatomical knowledge answer the following:
a) Which structure is damaged and what is the reason for this movement loss?
b) Will there be any sensory loss? If so, specify.
c) What will be the clinical presentation if the same structure is damaged at the elbow? Give reasons.
d) What is the "Simian hand"? [Annual 2019]
Q. a) Briefly describe the main nerve of the posterior fascial compartment of the forearm under the following
headings:
i) Name and root value
ii) Course and important relations
iii) Branches and structures supplied
b) What is wrist drop? Give its reason. [Supplementary 2017 held in 2018]
Q. Enumerate the branches of the Ulnar Nerve in the hand. [Supplementary 2016 held in 2017]
Q. A young boy fell on the ground and fractured the medial epicondyle of his right arm. He did not get treatment
and later developed claw hand deformity.
a) Which nerve has been injured in this fracture?
b) Write the origin and course of this nerve in the forearm.
c) Which muscles are responsible for his claw hand deformity? [Annual 2010]
Q. A person reported in OPD with a complaint of loss of hand power & flexion deformity of his fingers on the right
side. He gave a history of fractures of his forearm bones with profuse bleeding from major vessels of his right
forearm.
a) Write the anatomical basis for his deformity & disability.
b) Enlist the bony points palpable in the anatomical snuff box. [Annual 2012]
MS-A-028 JOINTS OF HANDS

Q. What type of joint is a wrist joint? Name its movements and the muscles responsible for these movements.
[Supplementary 2018 held in 2019]
Q. A patient came to the surgery outdoors with the ring and little finger of the left hand flexed at the
metacarpophalangeal joints.
a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Explain the process of its formation and how it can be relieved. [Annual 2018]
Q. Classify the first carpometacarpal Joint. Name the articulating bones. Which muscles are involved in the flexion
and extension of this joint? [Annual 2017]
MS-A-029 DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
GROSS ANATOMY (LOWER LIMB)

MS-A-030 HIP BONE
MS-A-031 FEMUR
MS-A-032 FASCIA LATA
MS-A-033 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF THIGH

Q. A 50-year-old male has occlusive disease of his coronary arteries. The cardiac surgeon decided to do cardiac
surgery by using a saphenous vein graft to bypass the occluded segments of coronary arteries.
a) List any THREE features of a great saphenous vein because of which it is used as a bypass graft.
b) Write the course and name the tributaries of this vein. [Supplementary 2018 held in 2019]
Q. a) Venous stasis in the lower limbs develops because of what reasons and leads to what complications?
Explain.
b) What lower limb vessel is commonly used for coronary arterial bypass, giving the benefits and side effects
of its use? [Annual 2018]
Q. A traffic Warden developed the dilated tortuous vein in the posterior compartment of the leg. Name this
condition. [Annual 2015]
Q. A 50-year-old traffic policeman came to the hospital with a history of chronic dull ache in the right leg and dilated
and tortuous veins on the medial side of the right leg. The skin on the medial malleolus was found to be
discolored, dry, and scaly.
a) Name the clinical condition
b) Which vein was involved?
c) Briefly explain the course of this vein mentioning its formation and termination
d) Name the tributaries of this vein that join it just before its termination. [Annual 2014]
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FIRST YEAR MBBS
Q. a) What is the saphenous opening?

b) What is the location of the saphenous opening with reference to the pubic tubercle?
c) What structures pass through the saphenous opening? [Annual 2013]
MS-A-034 FEMORAL TRIANGLE & CANAL

Q. Draw and label a diagram of the femoral triangle showing its boundaries. List its contents. [Annual 2023,
Supplementary 2021, Annual 2016]
Q. Give the origin, course, and branches of the artery present in the femoral triangle. [Annual 2023]
Q. a) How is the femoral sheath formed?
b) What are its components?
c) Write its clinical importance. [Annual 2005]
Q. Why nerve is not included in femoral sheath? [Annual 2009] [Annual 2016]
Q. Define femoral canal, femoral ring and femoral hernia. [Annual 2006]
Q. Why femoral hernia is more liable to strangulation? [Annual 2009]
MS-A-035 MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

Q. a) What does quadriceps femoris muscle mean? Name its components.
b) Write its distal attachment, nerve supply and actions. [Annual 2014]
MS-A-036 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH
MS-A-037 ADDUCTOR CANAL

Q. a) Give the extent and boundaries of the adductor canal.
b) Name the nerves traversing this canal mentioning their distribution. [Annual 2020]
Q. Name the intermuscular passage located in the middle third of thigh and give its boundaries. [Annual 2017]
MS-A-038 MUSCLES OF MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THIGH
MS-A-039 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

Q. a) Write down origin and course of profunda femoris artery along with names of its branches. Which of these
branches is the main source of blood supply to the head and neck of femur?
b) Name the arteries Involved in cruciate anastomosis. [Supplementary 2022, Annual 2011]
MS-A-040 GLUTEAL REGION

Q. Give the origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of the three main gluteal muscles along with their applied
anatomy. [Annual 2021, Supplementary 2017 held in 2018]
Q. A patient presented in the hospital with a complaint of fever and pain in right buttock radiating to right leg.
There was a history of intramuscular injection a few days back in this region. On examination there was an
abscess in the lower outer quadrant of the gluteal region. Using our knowledge of Anatomy answer the following
questions:
a) What is the reason for this condition?
b) Which is a safe area for IM injection in the Gluteal region and why? [Supplementary 2017 held in 2018]
Q. Enlist the bursae and their location associated with Gluteus Maximus. [2017 Annual]
Q. a) Name the ligaments located deep to gluteus maximus and mention their attachments.
b) List the nerves and vessels passing through the greater sciatic foramen into the gluteal region.
[Annual 2010]
MS-A-041 MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

Q. a) What muscles are included in the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?
b) Give the origin, insertion & nerve supply of flexor hallucius longus. [Annual 2013]
MS-A-042 BLOOD SUPPLY OF POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH
MS-A-043 SCIATIC NERVE
MS-A-044 HIP JOINT

Q. a) What is Hilton's law?
b) Enumerate [with reasons] the various nerves supplying the hip joint in view of this law.
c) Give an account of iliofemoral ligament. [Annual 2015]
MS-A-045 POPLITEAL FOSSA

Q. Write boundaries of popliteal fossa & arrangement of neurovascular bundle components at apex and lower end
of fossa. [Annual 2022, Supplementary 2020, Supplementary 2018]
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FIRST YEAR MBBS
Q. Draw and label diagram of popliteal fossa showing its boundaries and contents. [Supplementary 2018,
Supplementary 2020]
Q. Enumerate the contents of Popliteal Fossa. [Supplementary 2020, Annual 2006]
MS-A-046 KNEE JOINT

Q. A football player is brought to the hospital on a stretcher with a severe knee injury that has resulted in a swollen
knee causing him great pain. Physical examination of the patient shows that in a semi flexed state of the injured
leg the tibia can be made to move excessively backward on the femur.
a) Write the attachments and actions of the injured ligament of knee joint in this scenario.
b) Name extra capsular ligaments of the knee joint. [Annual 2021]
Q. a) Enumerate the articulations forming the knee joint.
b) Enlist the intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments of the knee joint.
c) Explain the mechanism of locking and unlocking of the knee joint mentioning the muscles related to the
various movements at the joint. [Annual 2018]
Q. a) Enumerate FOUR fibrous structures which strengthen the knee joint.
b) What are the attachments & functions of cruciate ligaments of knee joint?
Q. a) Write the arterial supply of the knee joint.
b) Which of these arteries will supply intra-articular structures of knee joint and how will it reach them? What is
the clinical importance of this profuse arterial supply? [Annual 2010]
MS-A-047 MUSCLES OF LEG

Q. a) Give the distal attachment of Achilles tendon.
b) Enumerate the muscles contributing to its formation mentioning their nerve supply and actions.
[Annual 2020]
Q. In a tabulated manner, name and give the actions and nerve supply of muscles of the anterior compartment of
the leg. [Supplementary 2020 held in 2021]
MS-A-048 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF LEG

Q. a) Classify and name veins of leg.
b) Where do they drain? [Annual 2005]
MS-A-049 FLEXOR EXTENSOR, AND PERONEAL RETICULA
MS-A-050 TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT
MS-A-051 ANKLE JOINT
MS-A-052 PLANTAR FASCIA

Q. a) Describe the Plantar fascia. Enumerate its functions.
b) Give the attachments of Plantar Aponeurosis. Describe the different compartments formed by it. Enumerate
the contents of each compartment. [Supplementary 2015]
MS-A-053 MUSCLES OF FOOT

Q. Enumerate the muscles in each layer of sole of foot. [Annual 2022, Annual 2016, Annual 2012]
Q. Give the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of flexor hallucis brevis? [Annual 2016]
MS-A-054 SMALL JOINTS OF FOOT
MS-A-055 ARCHES OF FOOT

Q. a) Write the attachments of deltoid ligament.
b) Name the bones forming the medial longitudinal arch. How Lateral longitudinal arch maintained?
Q. a) Name the bony arches of the foot. Describe the formation of the most prominent medial arch of foot.
b) Define Pes Planus and Pes Cavus. [Supplementary 2017 held in 2018|
MS-A-056 RETINACULUM OF FOOT

Q. a) Mention six structure passing under the superior extensor retinaculum at lower leg.
b) Explain functionally too long lower limb. Its three causes and compensation [Annual 2008]
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FIRST YEAR MBBS
MS-A-057 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF FOOT

Q. After a Road Traffic Accident, a 40 years old male was brought to the Emergency Room with a crush injury of
ankle joint. The Doctor palpated a weak arterial pulse on the dorsum of foot medial to tendon of Extensor Hallucis
Longus. Which vessels has he palpated? Give its origin, course, termination & distribution in foot.
[Annual 2017, Supplementary 2016 held in 2017]
Q. A 26-year-old boy was brought to the emergency after having met with a roadside traffic accident due to rash
driving. Examination revealed that he had lost plenty of blood and was in a state of shock. The doctor on duty
tried to feel his peripheral pulse by placing his hand between the two malleoli on the front of foot. Give the
course and distribution of the ARTERY, the doctor was trying to feel. [Supplementary 2021]
Q. Which reflex in lower extremity should be elicited to check the integrity of upper sacral segments? What is the
normal response? [Annual 2017]
Q. Write the area of cutaneous sensory loss and muscles paralyzed in case of injury to medial plantar nerve.
[Annual 2012]
MS-A-058 ARTERIAL AND VENOUS DRAINAGE OF LOWER LIMB

Q. Give an account of venous return from Lower limb. [Annual 2015]
MS-A-059 HUMAN GAIT

Q. a) What is the mechanism of support of pelvis in walking?
b) Give the cause & mechanism of waddling gait.
c) What is the Trendelenburg test? [Supplementary 2015 held in 2016]
MS-A-060 LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF LOWER LIMB

Q. Write the location and arrangement of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Also mention areas of lymph
drainage by afferent lymph vessels these lymph nodes & destination of their efferent vessels. [Annual 2012]
MS-A-061 CUTANEOUS DERMATOMES & NERVE SUPPLY OF LOWER LIMB

Q. Draw and label a diagram showing the cutaneous nerve supply of the dorsum of foot. [Supplementary 2021
held in 2022]
Q. Give the origin and distribution of the saphenous nerve. [Supplementary 2020, Annual 2006]
Q. Medical students were being demonstrated ankle [jerk] reflex.
a) Which anatomical structure is utilized to elicit this reflex?
b) Write the formation and attachment of these structures and the nerve put to test by this reflex.
c) What is the result of an ankle [jerk] reflex if these nerves are injured? [Annual 2011]
MS-A-062 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF LOWER LIMB
MS-A-063 BONE FRACTURE

Q. What is Dancers Fracture? [Annual 2022]
Q. A 60-year-old lady is presented to emergency with the fracture of neck of femur. Keeping your knowledge of
gross Anatomy, answer the following questions:
a) Why is this fracture common in females?
b) How does this fracture endanger the blood supply of the head of femur?
c) Name the complication that can occur in this case and how this complication can be managed?
[Annual 2019]
Q A young man was admitted to hospital having fallen while running downhill over rough ground. His left ankle
was swollen and tender over the lateral side of left lower leg. X-ray showed a fracture of medial malleolus and
spiral fracture of lower 1/3rd of fibula.
a) What is the probable mechanism of this type of injury?
b) Name the ligaments of the ankle & their parts that reinforce the joint.
c) Which ligament is likely to have been torn in this case? [Annual 2019]
MS-A-064 JOINT DISLOCATION
EMBRYOLOGY
MS-A-065 DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCLES
Q a) How are the myoblasts organized in the ventral division of a typical MYOTOME?
b) Enlist their derivatives. [Annual 2017]
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FIRST YEAR MBBS
MS-A-066 DEVELOPMENT OF LIMB

Q. A newborn male baby presented with a complete absence of an upper limb. His mother gave a history of taking
some medicine to control severe nausea and vomiting in the first trimester. Based on your knowledge of
embryology answer the following questions:
a) Name this congenital anomaly.
b) Which medicine is the cause of this anomaly? [Supplementary 2017 held in 2018]
Q. Briefly describe the normal development of the upper limb. [Supplementary 2017 held in 2018]
MS-A-067 DEVELOPMENT OF NERVE SUPPLY OF LIMBS
MS-A-068 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF LIMBS

Q. A middle-aged lady gave birth to a baby boy who showed fused three fingers in both hands.
a) What is the condition called?
b) What is the normal embryological way of separating the fingers during the development of the hand?
Q. A newborn infant was born with absent limbs. His mother was taking drugs for her leprosy during her pregnancy.
a) What is the condition called?
b) Briefly describe the normal development of the upper limb. [Annual 2014]
Q. A baby born with missing limbs
a) What is the name of the condition of the baby?
b) What is the critical period of limb development?
c) What is the source of limb buds? [Annual 2013]
MS-A-069 DEVELOPMENT OF CARTILAGE
MS-A-070 DEVELOPMENT OF AXIAL SKELETON

Q. Describe the pre-cartilaginous development of the vertebral column. Describe its anomalies. [Annual 2016]
Q. a) How can a body of developing vertebra [Centrum] become intersegmental?
b) Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer. [Annual 2014]
HISTOLOGY
MS-A-071 HISTOLOGY OF MUSCLES
Q. a) Compare the histological features of skeletal and smooth muscles.
b) What is the T-system in skeletal muscle? What are its two important functions?
MS-A-072 FUNCTIONAL HISTOLOGY
MS-A-073 HISTOLOGY OF OSSEOUS TISSUE
MS-A-074 HISTOLOGY OF BONE
MS-A-075 FUNCTIONAL HISTOLOGY OF BONE
MS-A-076 HISTOLOGY OF CARTILAGE

Q. a) Write the microscopic features and functions of the perichondrium.
b) Name the cartilages which have perichondrium.
c) Why does regeneration not occur in articular cartilage? [Annual 2009]
MS-A-077 MECHANISM OF BONE GROWTH
PHYSIOLOGY
MS-P-001 DIFFUSION /EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIALS
Q. a) Describe the functioning of sodium-potassium ATPase. Give other examples of primary active transport.
b) Describe the stages of the plateau potential that develops in the myocardial fibers.
[Supplementary 2022 held in 2023, Supplementary 2021 held in 2022]
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FIRST YEAR MBBS
MS-P-002 NERNST POTENTIAL

Q. a) Explain and draw the different stages of a nerve action potential.
b) Define NERNST Potential.
c) What is the role of potassium and Na-K ATPase pumps in the generation of resting membrane potential?
MS-P-003 GOLDMAN EQUATION
MS-P-004 RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL IN NEURONS

Q. Explain the physiological basis of the generation of the resting membrane potential of a nerve fiber. [Annual
2024]
Q. Give mechanism of contraction of the smooth muscles. [Annual 2016]
Q. How resting membrane potential is generated? [Annual 2007]
MS-P-005 NEURONS
MS-P-006 CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS & FIBERS
MS-P-007 ACTION POTENTIAL OF NEURONS

Q. Enumerate the mechanism of the absolute refractory period that develops just after the onset of an action
potential.
a) What is the significance of a prolonged refractory period in cardiac muscle?
b) State the role of extracellular calcium concentration on nerve excitability. [Annual 2023]
Q. a) What is a 'sarcomere'?
b) Write down the changes in sarcomere during skeletal muscle contraction. [Annual 2022]
Q. Describe the mechanism of production of action potential in unitary or visceral smooth muscles.
Q. a) Draw & label action potential at a nerve fiber.
b) Define rheobase & chronaxie. Which tissue has the short chronaxie value? [Annual 2015]
Q. a) Outline mechanism of resting membrane potential.
b) What is the effect of changes in extracellular fluid K+ concentration on this potential?
Q. What is the mechanism of production of different stage of nerve action potential? [Annual 2013]
Q. At, rest when one micro-electrode is inserted into a nerve fiber and another microelectrode is placed on its outer
surface and these two are connected to a recording apparatus, which type of potential is recorded? Give
mechanism of its production [Supplementary 2010]
MS-P-008 ROLE OF OTHER IONS IN ACTION POTENTIAL

Q. a) What is the mechanism of Resting Membrane Potential? What is the effect of changes in extracellular fluid
potassium concentration on this potential?
b) What is a 'sarcomere'? Write down the changes in sarcomere during skeletal muscle contraction.
[Annual 2022]
Q. a) Define Rheobase, Utilization time and Chronaxie. Give their significance and state the relation of chronaxie
with excitability of tissue.
b) Explain the relationship of Na-K ATPase activity and Intracellular sodium concentration with the help of an
example. [Annual 2021, Annual 2020, Annual 2014, Supplementary 2011, Annual 2005]
Q. What is saltatory conduction? Give its significance. [Annual 2014]
Q. Considering a nerve fiber give the physiological basis of
a) Resting Membrane Potential [RMP]
b) Absolute Refractory Period [ARP] [Supplementary 2018 held in 2019]
Q. Briefly mention voltage and ligand gating on the cell membrane channel? [Annual 2009]
MS-P-009 LOCAL / GRADED POTENTIALS
MS-P-010 SYNAPSE
MS-P-011 CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSE

Q. With the help of a diagram explain the mechanism of saltatory conduction in myelinated nerve fibers. Also write
two advantages of this type of conduction. [Annual 2018]
Q. a) How is Action potential propagated along myelinated nerve fiber? Give advantages
b) What is the refractory period? Give its mechanism. [Annual 2016]
PAGE 13 OF 19
FIRST YEAR MBBS
Q. A research student of neurophysiology did a nerve condition study on a subject. He found that the conduction
velocities are different in nerves.
a) Which type of nerve fiber have the fastest and slowest conduction velocities?
b) What is saltatory conduction and its significance?
c) Which nerve fibers have maximum conduction velocity? [Annual 2012, Annual 2004]
Q. a) Draw and label the action potential of nerve fiber.
b) Give advantage of saltatory conduction. [Annual 2011]
Q. Compare the conduction of action potential along the myelinated nerve fiber that along the non- myelinated
nerve fiber. [Annual 2010]
MS-P-012 NERVE DEGENERATION
MS-P-013 SKELETAL MUSCLE

Q. a) Define a motor unit. Compare and contrast the Red Muscle with White Muscle fibers.
b) Define excitation contraction coupling and enlist its steps in case of skeletal muscle. [Annual 2020]
Q. Give FIVE differences between Fast and Slow muscle fibers. [Annual 2018]
Q. a) Define and draw a sarcomere.
b) What changes occur in it during muscle contraction? [Supplementary 2015, Supplementary 2004]
Q. a) What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle? Draw it.
b) What changes occur in these functional unit during the muscle contraction? [Supplementary 2011]
MS-P-014 CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION
MS-P-015 MECHANICS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Q. Differentiate isotonic and Isometric muscle contraction. Give two examples of each type. [Annual 2023]
Q. Give the sequence of chemical events as they occur during skeletal muscle contraction on the basis of "walk
along theory". Elaborate your answer with a labeled diagram. [Annual 2023, Annual 2019]
Q. a) What is the mechanism of Resting Membrane Potential?
b) What is the effect of changes in extracellular fluid K+ concentration on this potential? [Annual 2022]
Q. a) Define a motor unit. Compare and contrast the Red Muscle with White Muscle fibers.
b) Define excitation contraction coupling and enlist its steps in case of skeletal muscle. [Annual 2020]
Q. A 30-year-old lady complains of diplopia, severe muscle weakness and fatigue. She has drooping eyelids and an
enlarged shadow of thymus on ultrasound. Name the disease the patient is suffering from, state the
pathophysiology of this disease. [Supplementary 2020 held in 2021]
Q. How does the Actin and Myosin filament overlap affect the force of contraction? [Annual 2019]
Q. a) Explain the pathophysiology of:
i) Tetany
ii) Tetanization
iii) Treppe effect
b) Enumerate the steps of excitation-contraction coupling mechanism in skeletal muscle fiber. [Annual 2019]
Q. Describe the steps of excitation contraction coupling in the skeletal muscles after the action potential reaches
the T-tubules of Myofibrils. [Supplementary 2017 held in 2018]
Q. a) A dead body brought to the hospital mortuary was noticed to have become rigid after several hours.
i) What is this condition called?
ii) Why has the body become rigid?
b) Define Fenn effect. [Annual 2017]
Q. a) Compare isometric and isotonic muscle contraction. Give examples
b) What is the mechanism involved in rigor mortis? [Annual 2013]
Q. a) What is the functional unit of the skeletal muscles?
b) Give changes which occur in it, during the muscle contraction. [Supplementary 2010]
MS-P-016 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

Q. A 60-year-old man comes to O.P.D. with complaints of muscle weakness for the past few days including difficulty
in swallowing. The examination further reveals slight drooping of eyelids and an enlarged thymus on ultrasound.
a) What do you think the patient is suffering from?
b) What is the pathophysiology of disease?
c) What invasive diagnostic test can be used to confirm your diagnosis?
d) How generation of end-plate potential occurs? [Supplementary 2023 held in 2024]
Q. A young man presents with severe muscle weakness & rapid onset of muscle fatigue during voluntary actions.
The man has failure of neuromuscular transmission due to low voltage of end plate potential [EPP].
a) From which disease the man is suffering?
b) Give mechanism & features of the disease.
c) Which type of drug will be effective in this case? [Annual 2022]
PAGE 14 OF 19
FIRST YEAR MBBS
Q: a) A 25-year-old female presented with complaints of bilateral ptosis and severe weakness in right arm during
combing hairs and brushing teeth. The symptoms got worse and wide spread at the end of day. The doctor
gave her a trial of injection neostigmine which improved her condition dramatically within minutes.
i) What is the most likely diagnosis?
ii) Give the etiology and pathophysiology of this condition.
iii) How does neostigmine work?
b) How the recharging of the nerve fiber is established after the action potentials are completed?
Q. A man of 30-year-old with complaints of severe muscle weakness and rapid onset of fatigue during voluntary
action consulted a physician. He was having dropping of eyelids. When a short acting acetylcholinesterase was
given intravenously, marked improvement occurred
a) From which disease the man was suffering?
b) What is the pathophysiology of this disease?
c) Which drug is given in this type of patient? [Annual 2011]
Q. A 30-year-old lady complains of diplopia severe muscle weakness and fatigue she has drooping of eyelids and
an enlarged shadow of thymus on ultrasound.
a) What can be the possible diagnosis of this disturbed physiology?
b) What positive finding do you expect in her serum examination? [Supplementary 2010]
Q. Draw and label neuromuscular junction, how end plate potential generate what change occur in this potential in
myasthenia gravis. [Supplementary 2005, Annual 2004]
Q. Describe the sequence of events of neuromuscular transmission leading to contraction and relaxation of skeletal
muscle fiber. [Supplementary 2023 held in 2024]
Q. Enlist the steps of impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle. Briefly compare
it with impulse transmission in the smooth muscles. [Supplementary 2021 held in 2022]
Q. A young man present with severe muscle weakness and rapid onset of muscle fatigue during voluntary action.
The man has failure of neuromuscular transmission due to low voltage of end plate potential [EPP]
a) From which disease the man is suffering?
b) Give mechanism and features of this disease.
c) What is latch phenomena? [Annual 2014]
Q. a) Draw and label a diagram of neuromuscular junction.
b) Give step of neuromuscular transmission [Annual 2012]
Q. a) What is END-PLATE POTENTIAL?
b) How is it produced?
c) In which disease end-plate potential is of low voltage? [Annual 2008, Annual 2007, Model Paper]
MS-P-017 SMOOTH MUSCLE

Q. a) Enlist the steps of impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle.
b) Briefly compare it with impulse transmission in smooth muscles. [Supplementary 2021 held in 2022]
Q. a) What is the Latch mechanism?
b) Large amounts of calcium ions are present in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles. How are these
calcium ions released to initiate contraction? [2017 Annual, Supplementary 2016 held in 2017]
Q a) Give mechanism of contraction of the smooth muscles.
b) What is end plate potential? Give its Significance.
c) Give Latch phenomenon. What's important and how is it regulated?
[Annual 2016, Annual 2015, Annual 2006]
Q. Give different features of unitary and multiunit smooth muscles. [Annual 2009, Annual 2007]
BIOCHEMISTRY
MS-B-001 CLASSIFICATION CARBOHYDRATES
Q. a) What are aldoses and ketoses?

b) How sorbitol and mannitol are produced? Give their biomedical importance.
c) Give biomedical and clinical importance of D-Ribose, D-Ribulose, D-Xylose, and L-Xylulose. [Annual 2019]
Q. a) Define and classify derived carbohydrates.
b) Enumerate reduction products of glucose, mannose, and ribose and give their significance. [Annual 2018]
Q. a) A 3-year-old child was brought to the hospital with signs of physical and mental retardation. On
examination there was corneal clouding, hearing loss, and coarse facial features. He is a suspected case of
deficient heteropolysaccharide. Name the syndrome and deficient enzyme.
b) Give a relationship between Glycosaminoglycans [GAGs] structure and function.
PAGE 15 OF 19
FIRST YEAR MBBS
c) Give a comparison between:

i) Anomer and Epimer
ii) Lactose and Lactulose [Supplementary 2016 held in 2017]
MS-B-002 CARBOHYDRATE ISOMERIZATION

Q. Discuss the structure & isomerism in carbohydrates taking glucose as reference sugar. [Annual 2015]
Q. a) Describe the formation of three types of sugar acids formed by oxidation of glucose.
b) Isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but different molecular structures. Define
stereoisomers, Epimers, and Enantiomers in monosaccharides along with examples.
c) A 57-year-old man is brought to the Cardiology department with severe chest pain. On clinical examination
& laboratory investigations, he is declared as a patient of acute Myocardial infarction. He is given a variety of
drug therapies including heparin for thrombolysis and reperfusion of myocardium.
i) Why is Heparin useful for reperfusion of myocardium in this patient?
ii) Describe the basic structural characteristics of heparin. [Supplementary 2016]
MS-B-003 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Q. What are Glycosaminoglycans? Enumerate various classes of Glycosaminoglycans. [Supplementary 2005]
Q. a) What are mucopolysaccharides [glycosaminoglycans] and Hemicellulose?
b) Write important biological functions of Hyaluronic acid and Heparin. [Supplementary 2011]
Q. Enumerate any four glycosaminoglycans found in humans. Describe glycogen & Dextrans along with their
structure and functions. [Annual 2012]
Q. a) Differentiate between Glycoprotein and Proteoglycan.
b) What is the relationship between glycosaminoglycans' structure and function?
MS-B-004 GLYCOLYSIS AND TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE [TCA)

Q. Write down three irreversible reactions of glycolysis.
Q. Write down the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase.
Q. What is the cause of hemolytic anemia in pyruvate kinase deficiency?
Q. What happens in pyruvate kinase deficiency?
Q. Give the regulatory enzymes of hepatic glycolysis, how are these regulated?
Q. Write the regulatory enzymes with their reactions in glycolysis.
Q. Differentiate between glucokinase and hexokinase
Q. Describe glycolysis. Give its hormonal regulation.
Q. Write two reactions of glycolysis containing substrate-level phosphorylation.
Q. How is 2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthesized
Q. What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Elaborate with the help of any two example
MS-B-005 PROTEIN DIGESTION & TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL

Q. a) Enumerate the proteases of the gastrointestinal tract.
b) Which enzyme hydrolyses the dietary protein by breaking the endopeptidase formed by the carboxylic side
of basic amino acids?
Q. Enumerate the proteases present in various GIT juices along with respective source organs,
Q. A five-year-old child reports to pediatric OPD with muscle wasting, edema, and a distended abdomen. He is
diagnosed as a patient of Kwashiorkor. Besides protein non-availability, this condition can occur due to decreased
protein digestive enzymes required to produce amino acids for new protein synthesis. Name pro-enzymes and
active enzymes of GIT for protein digestion along with converting factor of each pro-enzyme.
MS-B-006 REACTIONS INVOLVE IN CATABOLISM

Q. a) Outline the steps of catabolism of catecholamines.
b) What is VMA and what is its diagnostic value?
Q. How proteins are degraded in our body?
MS-B-007 TRANSPORTATION OF AMMONIA TO THE LIVER

Q. What are the sources of ammonia in the body?
Q. How is ammonia transported to the liver?
Q. Why ammonia is toxic to brain tissue?
MS-B-008 & MS-B-009 UREA CYCLE

Q. Give extramitochondrial steps of urea synthesis.
Q. Give the regulation of hepatic urea biosynthesis
Q. Explain the abnormality that arises in urea biosynthesis if the ornithine transporter of the inner mitochondrial
membrane is defective.
PAGE 16 OF 19
FIRST YEAR MBBS
Q. Enumerate the two pathways for the degradation of tissue proteins inside the cell and describe the ATP-
dependent pathway.
Q. Write down reactions of the urea cycle occurring in the mitochondrial matrix.
Q. How is the urea cycle regulated?
Q. Name the genetic defects in the urea cycle.
Q. How ammonia is buffered in the brain and liver?
Q. How ammonia detoxification is regulated in the liver?
Q. Give the pathway by which ammonia is detoxified in the liver.
Q. What is hyperammonemia? Give its type and the defect involved in each type.
MS-B-010 PROTEIN METABOLISM

Q. How creatine and creatinine are formed in the body? What is their fate?
Q. How are catecholamines synthesized from tyrosine?
Q. How creatine phosphate is synthesized?
Q. Enumerate the amines of biological importance produced from histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
Q. Write down the steps involved in the biosynthesis of catecholamines and their mechanism of action.
Q. Which neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino acids? Give at least two examples.
Q. Name the compounds formed from tyrosine.
MS-B-011 INBORN ERRORS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM

Q. Give biochemical events leading to characteristic clinical manifestations in patients with Phenylketonuria.
Q. Write the reaction catalyzed by the enzymes phenylalanine hydroxylase.
Q. Suggest management of a patient with Phenylketonuria.
Q. Why does phenylalanine appear in urine in large amounts in Phenylketonuria?
Q. What is the source of phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate
Q. What are Phenylketonuria and Alkaptonuria?
Q. How will you diagnose Alkaptonuria from a urine sample of a patient?
Q. Enumerate various inherited disorders of tyrosine metabolism.
Q. How is S-Adenosyl Methionine synthesized?
Q. Write four products derived from phenylalanine
Q. How branched-chain amino acids are catabolized in the body and how their metabolism differ from the other
amino acids?
Q. Which disease may result due to the deranged metabolism of branched-chain amino acids?
Q. Name the glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.
Q. a) What enzymes are deficient in Alkaptonuria and homocystinuria?
b) Write down the reactions catalyzed by these deficient enzymes.
PAGE 17 OF 19
FIRST YEAR MBBS
EPISODESERIES
RECAPSERIES
PAGE 18 OF 19
FIRST YEAR MBBS
PAGE 19 OF 19

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FIRST YEAR MBBS|block – II

| Topical Past Papers

First Year MBBS

Topical Past Papers

Module 3: Musculoskeletal & Locomotion-I

Episode First Year

Module 3: Musculoskeletal &

MS-A-002 DERMATOMES AND CUTANEOUS INNERVATION OF UPPER LIMB

MS-A-003 PECTORAL REGION & BACK + MAMMARY GLANDS

MS-A-004 BONES OF UPPER LIMB: CLAVICLE & SCAPULA

MS-A-005 BONES OF THORAX, JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB: STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT

MS-A-007 BONES OF UPPER LIMB: HUMERUS

MS-A-008 JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB: SHOULDER JOINT

MS-A-009 ROTATOR CUFF

MS-A-010 NERVES OF UPPER LIMB

MS-A-011 BLOOD SUPPLY OF ARM

MS-A-012 MUSCLES OF ARM

MS-A-013 BONES OF FOREARM

MS-A-014 MUSCLE OF ANTERIOR/FLEXOR COMPARTMENT OF FOREARM

MS-A-015 MUSCLE OF LATERAL AND POSTERIOR/EXTENSOR COMPARTMENT OF FOREARM

MS-A-016 NERVES OF FOREARM

MS-A-017 BLOOD SUPPLY OF FOREARM

MS-A-018 RETINACULA OF FOREARM

MS-A-019 CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

MS-A-020 FOREARM: BLOOD SUPPLY AND VENOUS DRAINAGE

MS-A-021 JOINTS OF UPPER LIMBS: ELBOW JOINT

MS-A-022 JOINTS OF UPPER LIMBS: RADIOULNAR JOINT

MS-A-023 INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE

MS-A-024 FASCIA & MUSCLES OF HAND

MS-A-025 HAND & ACTIONS OF MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB AS A FUNCTIONAL UNIT

MS-A-026 BLOOD VESSELS OF FOREARM AND HAND

MS-A-027 NERVES OF FOREARM AND HAND

MS-A-028 JOINTS OF HANDS

MS-A-029 DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES

GROSS ANATOMY (LOWER LIMB)

MS-A-032 FASCIA LATA

MS-A-033 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF THIGH

Q. a) What is the saphenous opening?

MS-A-034 FEMORAL TRIANGLE & CANAL

MS-A-035 MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

MS-A-036 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

MS-A-037 ADDUCTOR CANAL

MS-A-038 MUSCLES OF MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

MS-A-039 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

MS-A-040 GLUTEAL REGION

MS-A-041 MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

MS-A-042 BLOOD SUPPLY OF POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

MS-A-043 SCIATIC NERVE

MS-A-044 HIP JOINT

MS-A-045 POPLITEAL FOSSA

MS-A-046 KNEE JOINT

MS-A-047 MUSCLES OF LEG

MS-A-048 NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF LEG

MS-A-049 FLEXOR EXTENSOR, AND PERONEAL RETICULA

MS-A-050 TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT

MS-A-051 ANKLE JOINT

MS-A-052 PLANTAR FASCIA

MS-A-053 MUSCLES OF FOOT

MS-A-054 SMALL JOINTS OF FOOT