Reformation humanism sets. What does the Reformation mean?

What do you associate the

Reformation? What? Associate humanism. We need to distinguish between what religion is and
what the institution is in this respect. When you talk about, let's say you use the word Church
refers to a building in which you know religious rituals are carried out. So, the word church
refers to the building. Church specific church. The institution the Christian institution.
Reformation was against the institution by which we mean the Roman Catholic Church. From
the Roman Catholic Church of England alone, but on the part of many countries in Europe.
Many countries have broken their ties with the Roman Catholic Church. Your countries who
still is very much. Churches in unspent in England and Spain have Connexions through
matrimony. Catholic countries, but then at the beginning of the 16th century in 1535. Start the
Church of England breaks his ties with the Roman Catholic Church and starts what we call the
Church of England. The Anglican Church and breaks his ties with the Roman Catholic Church.
The Reformation Act is not against Christianity as a religion, but it is executed by the institution,
by the clerical services. The church was corrupt, and we are looking at a corrupt against which
the Protestants arrives. Roman Catholic doctrine. The Roman Catholic Church. The rejection
not of the religion, but of how it is executed. The Roman Catholic Church, for example, holds
power through its position, through the clerical, through the clergyman in terms of giving
pardon to individual individuals. Go to the church. They speak to the clergy. They confess their
sins. They are pardoned, they are given absolution until this gives. Great power to the church
as an institution under automation at.
What is very much against this position? This power of the institution claiming, for example,
they burned the individual, ought to have an immediate connection with God without the
clergymen, so they needed. They wanted to uproot this very substantial powerful institution.
Claiming let's translate the Bible, let everyone read the Bible in the vernacular, then they can
come into contact with their own faith themselves, without the intermediation of the clergyman.
So, of course, this is very much in touch with the economy as well. The power of the institution
was coming from the economy as well. When Henry I established the Anglican Church- that
one of the first things he does- he got hold of the economic power of the Catholic Church. He
took over the money that the church possesses.
When we look at Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, for example, one of the most emphatic
seems there is when Doctor Faustus is looking at the Roman Catholic Church and seeing the
corruption there so the Reformation was very much associated with this rise against the
corruption of the institution.
Greatest age of drama, some of the greatest works of the Theatre were presented certainly
during the 16th century by writers like Shakespeare Christopher Marlowe and Thomas kids etc.
Geographical discoveries, witches … After the 16th century, many people who were considered
to be witches were executed, that is a part of the Middle Ages. People who were considered to
be witches for various reasons. Classical Greek and Roman texts were rediscovered.
What brings the Renaissance? Constantinople was taken by the Turks. The Greek artists,
classical philosophers’ fleeing that introduces Europe to the antiquity, to the classics. There is
a change in philosophy; there is a change in literature. This caused the spreading of the Ancient
Greek works to Europe, the spreading of the philosophy to Europe. It is a major political and
philosophical change there so that needs to be taken into account the philosophy of Greece and
this means the contact with the classics and the pagan culture that preceded the Roman Catholic
Church.
What would be the significance of the geographical discovery, which discoveries can we talk
about? The finding of the new continent in 1492 when America was discovered from that point,
people were taken from Europe to America as slaves. Also, in England, people take the
Mayflower ship and fly from England to America where got to see that new trade routes are a
very important issue because, after these, England was living its Golden age (Queen Elizabeth
I), the country on which the sun never set on that is associated with the trade routes and power
are England colonise.
The Copernican solar system (by the invention of the telescope) was very important issue
because it was a very great part of the emergence of humanism. The Copernican solar system
is a heliocentric solar system that means the sun is in the centre and the planets are revolving
around the sun. After that people started to believe the universe was not geocentric but
heliocentric. Before that, they considered the earth was in the middle of the universe and
everything revolved around the earth. So the discovery of the sun being in the middle is not
simply a scientific discovery. It is also a philosophical discovery because it disapproves of the
idea that the human being is in the centre of the universe and that God is constantly watching
over the human being. So it removed very important and established ideas about the relationship
between God and human being. Individualism became a notion that is associated with the
discovery of the heliocentric universe. People started to consider the individual with humanism,
and they started to seek their own rights.
The printing press was discovered which means easy access to knowledge. Before it, there were
some difficulties with access to knowledge because books published by manuscripts. Also, the
writing of texts was taking a long time, and it was quite expensive. Besides, there was another
complication about language; for example, the language of the Bible is Latin. So there was no
access to the Bible if people don't understand Latin. Only clergymen had access to this elaborate
elevated education. When people, like John Wyclif, translated the Bible into the vernacular,
and those vernacular Bibles were printed by the printing press, numerous people had access to
the Bible in their own language. Moreover, when William Tyndale translated the Bible (which
is known as the great Bible translation) the institution tried to ban the translation of the Bible.
The Catholic Church didn't allow the Bible to be translated because there was a political power
in this way.
All of these things coming together led to the breakthrough that we refer to now as the
Reformation. With the invention of the compass, sailors could go beyond the visible when there
were no stars on, so that helped to find new lands. Also with this, people started not to trust
scholastic thought that's asserted the earth was flat and what the Roman Catholic Church
claimed. This is a major breakthrough. In this respect, when something like these discoveries
was counted as superstitions and rejected in the 16th century, then this superstition was a very
important tool of manipulation.
Gunpowder changes the way the world was run because whoever is holding gunpowder is
holding gun power.
One of the major arguments of the Protestants was that the Catholic Church didn't know exactly
what they're preaching about because it seems the Catholic Church as an institution was so
much focused on worldliness rather than religious things.
Also, the theatres were ban at that time, and artists needed to make a living. So there was a
discrepancy, and the art that's representing their artistic attitude and their philosophy was not
always in accordance with one another. So artists were living with this division and an actual
practical issue of having a patron. A patron is someone who supports the artist economically.
And then they could write their poetry, or they could write their philosophical works, they could
publish their ideas, and they could be supported by a patron or working for the Theatre for the
income to sustain themselves.
Feudalism was replaced with national states. According to Feudalism, people don't have rights
as an individual; they are tried to the land and the patron. This changed with the national state.
The Anglican church in England is a national church.
So, the Roman Catholic Church held the power over the monarchs, the Kings until Protestants
left the Church of the Roman Catholic Church. (So there is a shift in power.) Also, when in
1535 King Henry VIII established the Church of England which is called the Anglican church,
he declared himself as the Supreme Head of Church and State. This is called the supremacy act
which means there is no one superior to him. It was not the case before because the Roman
Catholic Church was superior to the King.
This is a painting by Botticelli; it's called The Birth of Venus. Venus is a mythological character
and it is a renaissance painting. The oyster shell represents the chain of being as different, but
here the oyster shell is the container of Venus before her birth. In fact, it refers to the mother's
organ for birth. This is a three-dimensional painting depicting The Birth of Venus with a
religious theme as in the Catholic church's depictions of the Virgin Mary and Jesus. Also, it
reflects emotions, feelings, strength, and the power of the wind that's related to birth. The oyster
shell represents the womb of the mother to give birth to. She is being born out of the sea which
is symbolic of birth from the mother's womb like the physical birth coming out with the
amniotic liquid. This is the impact of political incidents on literature.
Humanism foregrounds the individual and says the individual is the measure for everything in
this world. It says the individual needs to enjoy in this world. On the other hand, scholastic
thought was about the afterlife. Humanism claims generally life is not all about the scriptures
and religion. At this period in history, joy was prohibited to human being. People were
considered to be simple and amoral if they were laughing and enjoying themselves. According
to the Roman Catholic Church, the individual should avoid pleasure to the extent when they are
having sex. Sex is only to be had if you are going to give birth to children. So humanism rejects
scholastic dogmatism.
The Reformation is religious freedom while the Renaissance is artistic freedom. The
Renaissance is an artistic rebirth. When we look at the 16th century during the Renaissance, we
had a group of people who believe in a privileged class of talented people. Philistinism. The
philistines are unable to appreciate art or are not interested in appreciating art. Humanism, in
this respect, does not accept monism either but it does not reject either the world will is neither
primarily theological nor primarily rationalistic right, on the one hand. It rejects scholastic
thought. Humanism is neither primarily theological nor primarily rationalistic. Humanism
asserts that man is the measure of all things and man is the measure for himself. This is the
individualism that humanism is interested in. This statement presents to us the trust in the
individuals, in man's power, in the individual's capacity. This is what is important for the
humanists.
There is an aspect between the scholastic thought and humanism. This distinguishes humanism
is the way that differentiates the human being from the divine being. In terms of this distinction,
humanism accepts the fact that the human being is mortal, so mortality probability is one of the
aspects that humanism takes into consideration. The human being becomes the centre of focus
in this way.
This painting is Rafael's School of Athens. (Mona Lisa painting by Leonardo da Vinci.) These
paintings are three-dimensional painting. There is linearity something that appears with the
Renaissance. (emotions, facial expressions) Before the Renaissance, they focused on depictions
of religious characters or scenes from the Bible. The paintings had two dimensions without the
focus on that human expression on the face that is so much about the psychology of the
individual. Painting individuals, painting portraits became a matter of significance following
the Renaissance. Before that, the primary depictions were of biblical images, biblical storeys,
biblical scenes. There is a shift towards the individual, the feelings of the individual.
Michelangelo, da Vinci also needed patrons. So the most famous paintings of Michelangelo are
the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Protestantism appears as a reaction to not Catholicism but the Catholic Church in practise. The
merging of Protestantism and Reformation bringing out humanism is a concern for the social,
a concern for the moral, a concern for the political in relation to the human being. So social,
moral, and political truths became the concern of society on a large scale.
The Reformation = Transubstantiation is associated with the idea of Roman Catholic Church.
According to this, wine represents the blood of Jesus and bread represents the body of Jesus.
there was a substantiation the power of reading the Bible in Latin. The Reformation came with
Martin Luther. Martin Luther came with asserting that what people should do is go back to the
scriptures that are able to read the Bible on their own, the Bible should be translated, and people
should go back to the earlier form of Christianity. John Calvin was asserting the corruption of
the church and wanting to overturn the corruption of the church. (Martin Luther, John Calvin
John Wycliffe, William Tyndale)
Henry VIII contested against the Roman Catholic Church (one of the defenders of the Catholic
Institution against Martin Luther); Henry VIII is considered to be the defender of the faith by
the Roman Catholic Church. He had given this title the Defender of the Faith by the Roman
Catholic Church. He was married to Catherine of Aragon. He wanted to divorce her and marry
Ann Boleyn, but the Catholic Church does not allow divorce. So he declared himself as
Supreme Head of the Church of England (the Anglican Church).
Catherine of Aragon gave birth to Mary I (Bloody Mary) who was Catholic; on the other hand,
Ann Bolen gave birth to Queen Elizabeth I who was protestant.
Mary I wanted to convert back to Catholicism in England. So she became the Bloody Mary
who killed thousands of people who refused to convert. Elizabeth I wanted to convert to
Protestantism. (She actually tried to lead a balance) She said that everyone had to go to Church
on Sundays. So she did it gradually. Everybody was forced to attend to the Anglican church.
Marry I was married to Philip II of Spain the King of Spain, so they were allies, but then
England fighting the Spanish and defeated Spanish Armada which is the most powerful Armada
of the time.
When at the end of the century Queen Elizabeth asserted that everybody was supposed to go to
Anglican Church, she passed the uniformity act. The uniformity act came towards the end of
1559. Then puritanism appears towards the end of the century. The Puritans required that the
Anglican church should go even further in their Protestantism, should focus on the scriptures
alone the faith. They bring about some concern again like the Protestants did concerns against
the way the churches are organised, the way the clergy is organised, the way the rituals are held
at under course.
Another very important aspect in relation to all of this is a sense of order. A sense of order was
required for this what they considered was that god had an order. The order of God was the
ideal order. This human being on earth experiences the order of God in the universe. The human
being was considered as a microcosm while the macrocosm was the universe. So there was an
order, a hierarchy, and hierarchical order in the universe was referred to as the Great Chain of
Being. The place of God is heaven, and God is omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent. In this
hierarchy, below God is the Angel. Angels are considered as the Spiritual of Being that have
free will. They have nobody; they will never go against the will of God according to the idea
of the great chain of being. They are intermediators between the human being and God. It was
believed nature had a soul. The hierarchy in the chain of being is associated with the capacity
of the being. So at the top is God, below the Angels, below nature, and below last is the human
being. There are metals and stones. Gold being is the Supreme metal, and gold is associated
with alchemy. On the other aspects, in terms of inanimate matter, that is fire, air, water, earth.
These are four matters. In their hierarchical form fire is hot, and it is considered to be the purest
element. the purest matter it's the highest form of matter. After it, air comes as hot, water as
cold, and earth as the lowest in the hierarchy. A microcosm was considered also to have free
will, he was considered to be able to go up and down in the hierarchical scale. If he goes up in
the hierarchy, he becomes an Angel. If he goes lower in the hierarchy, he becomes a beast. The
microcosmic concept of the human being fire, air, water, and earth become very important
because he couldn't believe that the human being is actually weak when they are born and when
did airborne interest food through their body and it goes through their river. The river was very
to be very important. There are four humours. it was believed that the river took the food and
processed it and produced it as four humours. There was a majority of one humour that
determines the character of the individual which corresponded to the fire, air, water, earth
matters.
choler -> choleric -> angry = associated with fire.
blood -> sanguine -> optimist = associated with air.
phlegm -> phlegmatic -> silent + gloomy = associated with water.
melancholy -> melancholic = associated with earth.
The Sonnet was introduced to England from Europe, specifically from Italy. There is a poet
that’s called Petrarch. It is usually about Courtly Love. it is unrequited love because of the
person in love is unable to attain the beloved. The more unattainable the beloved, the more
passion there is because of that unattainability. (the romance tradition) The lover idealises the
beloved and so there is a greater passion. This idealisation makes the beloved up to something
spiritual, something divine rather than the worldly human being. The English sonnet
specifically gives a twist in terms of the content matter of the sonnet at the very end. A poem
has 14 lines which traditionally have 10 syllables. These 10 syllables are called iambic
pentameter that means there are 5 measures (Penta metre) in the form of "iamb" that means one
unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable.
An octave is a verse form consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter or of hendecasyllables.
Petrarchan has an octave at the beginning and is followed by a sestet.
A sestet is the name given to the second division of an Italian sonnet, which must consist of an
octave, of eight lines, succeeded by a sestet, of six lines.
Hexameter is a metrical line of verses consisting of six feet. (6 syllables.)
A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things. Similes differ from metaphors
by highlighting the similarities between two things using words such as "like" or "as", while
metaphors create an implicit comparison.
A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by
mentioning another. (E.g. My love is a red, red rose )
Quatrain:
Couplet:
As a volta is a turn or 'turning'. It means an abrupt or sudden turn in thoughts or arguments. It
makes the readers aware of the main thoughts and its likely conclusion in the sonnet or the
poem.

I Find no Peace
BY SIR THOMAS WYATT
I find no peace, and all my war is done.
I fear and hope. I burn and freeze like ice.
I fly above the wind, yet can I not arise;
And nought I have, and all the world I seize on.
That loseth nor locketh holdeth me in prison
And holdeth me not—yet can I scape no wise—
Nor letteth me live nor die at my device,
And yet of death it giveth me occasion.
Without eyen I see, and without tongue I plain.
I desire to perish, and yet I ask health.
I love another, and thus I hate myself.
I feed me in sorrow and laugh in all my pain;
Likewise displeaseth me both life and death,
And my delight is causer of this strife.

He is a diplomat, courtier. He is the first poet who introduces the Petrarchan sonnet to English
poet. He presents the audience with a specific kind of passion, with a specific kind of metaphor
when we look at the sun. In the 16th-century, its measure was considered to be more important
than the content matter. (The content matter is love unattainable, love and the pain that the lover
suffers from because of that unrequited love.) They used conceit that is an elaborate
comparison. comparisons, simile, metaphor, or concedes is an elaborate comparison. These
were the important elements. the imagery was important; how poets use imagery was important.
With the title, “I Find no Peace”, he says that I'm not peaceful, I'm restless at the beginning.
Stylistic elements were the most important. There are contradictory nations like love and hate,
sorrow, and laughter. Paradoxes or oxymoron in most of the lines. (The poet used a series of an
oxymoron: love and hate; sorrow and pain; death and life; delight and strife. The first oxymoron
in the poem is peace and war. In the second line, the poet used fear and hope; burn and freeze.)

The first line presents us very powerful image, “peace and war”. Peace and war are binary
opposite in first line. In the first line, he says that even though the war is over, there is no peace.
In the second line, there are contradictory feelings. Fear and hope might be associated with
future and availability.
“I fly above the wind, yet can I not arise,” he says that he is soaring high in the sky, but although
he is high up in the sky, he is unable to lift off from the earth at the same time.
“nought I have” means I have nothing. Naught= I have nothing.
He continues contradictory experiences. It says he experiences two powerful emotions at the
same time.
In the last line, “my delight is causer of this strife.” His beloved is causer of this strife.Strife
means struggle.
He is going through this pain, going through the struggle is his delight in terms of his love, the
beloved, and love at the same time. Delight becomes the call of stripe, so that is paradoxical.
how can delight be the cause of struggle? He has been suggesting he fears and hopes at the
same time, so fear is for losing, hope is for to be together. Also, he is talking about the tradition
where the beloved is unattainable, usually married to a courtier. "Burning" is associated with
passion. He is passionate due to his love, so he burns. His passion is not appeased; he is unable
to reach the beloved. He is also freezing like ice because he cannot reach the beloved. His love
is not reciprocated to his satisfaction. While his passion for the beloved causes him to burn, the
fact that it is unrequited causes him to freeze like ice.
The "flying above the wind" is associated with the beloved, with the superiority of the
unattainable.
Delight is cause of strife is paradoxical.
Beloved is unattainable.
Burn= passion
“I fly above the wind” He is inferior. She is a celestial being. The beloved is usually compared
to the divine or given divine qualities. Because "making her into the sky" and "making her home
in the heaven" is making her into this heavenly celestial entity which is the divine being herself.
What is he seize on -> the beloved. He is trying to reach his beloved. But he has nothing.
The beloved means “all the world”, everything for him. The woman seems his all the world.
He has nothing without the beloved. These are going beyond his capacity.
“That loseth nor locketh holdeth me in prison” That (love) which lets go him, lock him up.
This love seems to be imprisoning him. “That” means love. Suddenly we see that the lover is
imprisoned by love. It creates a sense of imprisonment / confinement. (Even if it lets me go, I
am unable to go. (unable to free himself.)) He says that he has become a prisoner of love, he
cannot act freely. He is suspended from the pain that he is unable to get rid of because he is
unable to free himself from that attachment. He is attached to his love as a prisoner. It is a
paradox, contradiction.
“Nor letteth me live nor die at my device, And yet of death it giveth me occasion.” is about
a suspended pain.
(Freedom is difficult to swallow.) Freedom is associated with responsibility. when you are
given freedom, it is your responsibility as to how to use it. That's another level. The poet is
saying, I am not imprisoned but at the same time I cannot move on, I cannot go away I cannot
break my ties.
While it doesn't kill him, it doesn't let him live or die at my device by his doing. he has no
control over his love and life. He is experiencing that extreme suffering. It is an extreme
suffering. So the confinement takes a new level.
All positives and negatives are a coexistence.
“Without eyen I see” is like an oxymoron. (Tezat) It is another experience level.
“Without eyen I see, and without tongue I plain. I desire to perish, and yet I ask health.”
He is bringing into the discussion his feelings for her. He doesn't want to exist anymore; the
perish is a very strong word. “yet I ask health” this is a dilemma because he wants to perish
but then he wants to be healthy at the same time.
“I love another, and thus I hate myself.” Loving someone made him suffer. Love for another
creates pain for him. Loving the beloved is a torture for him. Hence, he is saying he hates
himself because it tortures him.
“I feed me in sorrow and laugh in all my pain;” Unattainability of the beloved causes pain
sorrow. The pain is something he cherishes. The pain is associated with his feeling for the
beloved. So he cannot let it go.
“Likewise displeaseth me both life and death,” He is not happy with life and death. Life or
death is not a solution.
“And my delight is causer of this strife.” Shows us the problem of the poem. The problem is
that My delight is supposed to give him pleasure, but it gives him pain. On the other hand, strife
is a negative word. But when we look at the whole poem, these all negative and positive words
make up delight. All of them is indispensable for him.
Perishing does not suffice. He is still rejoicing even though this is very painful. he doesn't want
to let that go either which is why he creates the line I feed me in sorrow; this is my food this is
what I cherish; this is what nourishes me. he can't give up on love. Despite all that pain he is
still cherishing; it is rejoicing in it for what it allows him to experience these contradictory
feelings.
Theme of love is associated with the fact that the beloved is unattainable.
“I feed me in sorrow…” he doesn’t want to let it go either.
That pain is also his positive attributes.
“…and without tongue I plain.” How can it be possible?
It is trough the poetry.
“Likewise displeaseth me both life and death,” this line cannot be read as easily as the lines
in the beginning. This choice is made deliberately. Some special words choices were made to
be able to give the same feeling which is in the context.

"Alas, so all things now do hold their peace!"

BY HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF SURREY
Alas, so all things now do hold their peace!
Heaven and earth disturbèd in no thing;
The beasts, the air, the birds their song do cease,
The nightès car the stars about doth bring;
Calm is the sea; the waves work less and less:
So am not I, whom love, alas! doth wring,
Bringing before my face the great increase
 Of my desires, whereat I weep and sing,
In joy and woe, as in a doubtful case.
For my sweet thoughts sometime do pleasure bring:
But by and by, the cause of my disease
Gives me a pang that inwardly doth sting,
When that I think what grief it is again
To live and lack the thing should rid my pain.

How does Henry Howard deal without content matter, in what way does he present the issue?
The poem is about the calmness of nature around him which is contradictory to the feeling she
feels inside. There are contradictory feelings experienced at the same time, so it created such
great pain simply the existence, the coexistence of those contradictory feelings simultaneously.
the pain is associated with not the coexistence of the feelings, but with the poet’s feeling
restless, feeling a sense of unease while everything else around him is at peace. So the
discrepancy is between the poet and his surroundings while everything is calm. the poet
mentions that he is not peaceful.

He talks about the calmness of nature around him which is contradictory to the feeling he feels
inside. While everything keeps their calmness, he (the poet) mentions that he is not peaceful.
What we are looking at the sea, the air, the creatures on earth, so in fact we are covering the
whole space of the world right looking up at the stars. It is related to that how the telescope was
invented and how the invention of the telescope led to the observations of the planets, to the
observation of the heavens.
“The nightès car” (nightés chair) refers to great bear. Night refers to peace; night is presented
as a time of peace and quiet. This is revealed to be the reason he is not calm; he is not at ease.
Alas is a word of disappointment of sorrow, sadness. It represents a state of unhappiness. Also,
alas is setting tone. So, the first line with "Alas" shows that the poet is not happy with this
because he's saying all things hold their peace. the word Alas shows that he's not approving of
that state for some reason.
“Heaven” refers to sky. Earth refers to the word itself. Nothing is restless. Everything is
peaceful.
“The beasts, the air, the birds their song do cease,” and “The nightès car the stars about
doth bring;” refers that it is late at night. The poet refers to a time of a day without saying it.
Most of animals retried at night. He is covering the sky and the earth.
“Calm is the sea; the waves work less and less:” is about the tide at night. The tide is
associated with the night. There is an image about the sea. The sea is an image as a life. “Less
and less” creates an echo. He is echoing the sound of the waves hitting the shore less and less
gradually as the night.
“So am not I, whom love, alas! doth wring,” He says again that he is not peaceful; he is not
calm. But everything is peaceful. Wring means distress; it means to create pain. He says he is
distressed, tormented by love; he suffers because of love. There is the word, Alas again.
Unfortunately. Love is tormenting me. I suffer because of love.
“Bringing before my face the great increase” his love, his passion is revealed through the
colour on his face when he is blushing.
“Of my desires, whereat I weep and sing,” In joy and woe, as in a doubtful case. He is talking
about his contradictory emotions in these lines. Weeping is associated with the word “woe”;
singing is associated with the word “joy”.
Of my desires, there is Enjambment which forces you to continue to read the next line.
The disease is his restlessness, his pain. Love creates pain.
For means because.
Bring pleasure= thinking of beloved
“But by and by, the cause of my disease” and “Gives me a pang that inwardly doth sting,”
(by and by) There is a shifting here with the word but, and Joy is juxtaposed with sorrow, pang.
“When that I think what grief it is again” and “To live and lack the thing should rid my
pain.”
He feels pain; he is disturbed by love. He gets that pain when he thinks grief. He is not able to
reach his beloved. Whole world is at peace. He is unable to reach the beloved for some reason
they are not together. Loving the beloved will rid him of his pain. The experience of love will
rid him of his pain but since that is not achieved.
When you look at the historical background there is in fact great probability that the beloved is
probably married, and the lover is a courtier who has seen this beloved. She might even be in
love with the lover as well, but because of this marriage right there is no possibility for the
union. The beloved lady is married to a courtier traditionally in poetry of 16th century.
In the poem, while everything is peaceful, the poet is not peaceful because he is in love, he is
restless. We have nature depicted at first. His pain depicted secondly. Finally, what grief is the
solution.
The stress corresponds to emphasize lay out the context of the poem. It seems to be Shakespeare
even though Shakespeare comes later. There is conscious choice to do it. While hitting those
words into those lines according to the metre and measure the poets are also making sure that
those words are actually corresponding to what they contain in terms of meaning and feeling.
The stress corresponds to emphasize lay out the context of the poem.
Astrophil and Stella 1: Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show
BY SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show,
That she, dear she, might take some pleasure of my pain,—
Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know,
Knowledge might pity win, and pity grace obtain,—
I sought fit words to paint the blackest face of woe;
Studying inventions fine her wits to entertain,
Oft turning others' leaves, to see if thence would flow
Some fresh and fruitful showers upon my sunburn'd brain.
But words came halting forth, wanting invention's stay;
Invention, Nature's child, fled step-dame Study's blows;
And others' feet still seem'd but strangers in my way.
Thus great with child to speak and helpless in my throes,
Biting my truant pen, beating myself for spite,
"Fool," said my Muse to me, "look in thy heart, and write."

Sir Philip Sidney is an important figure in English literary history; also, he's an important
figure in the way; he advocates for poetry and how he is considered as a protector of arts.
Looking at Sir Philip Sidney, we are looking at the midst of the 16th century. Sir Philip Sidney
is that he is a gentleman, a courtier. He has some critics that refer to as the Perfect Renaissance
English Humanist.
he is by previous called by some critics to be the perfect courtier impact. He has written
certainly several very significant words but the one I want to talk about is Defence of poesie/
poesy.
Defence of poesie/ poesy of Sir Philip Sidney points out two important points about poetry; he
talks about the two functions of poetry; to teach and to delight. Sir Philip Sidney says “...the
poet, he nothing affirmeth, and therefore never lieth.”
a poetry is beyond that poetry creates a certain kind of delight that moves the reader or the
writer to another level. Sir Philip Sidney is an advocate that English is very much suitable for
the writing of poetry.
Poetry arises the man as the best designer.
There are three quatrains in the sonnet.
Sprezzature is a word that means doing something extremely well without showing that it took
any effort. There is casualness in doing something without any exertion.

This poem is about how a poet can write a poem. How we can express feelings trough a poetry.
The first quatrain presents us with his present situation and why he wants to write a poem. Why
does he want to write a poem? He wants to show his love to express his feelings. In the second
quatrain, he has a problem; he wants to write a poem, but it has to be such a good poem that
she might take some pleasure from it. In the second quatrain, he shows his experience of what
he does in order to write. In the third quatrain, we see that the poet is about pain regarding
writing good poetry.

Astrophil and Stella => title

Astrophil means star lover in Greek. (The name derives from the two Greek words, 'aster' (star)
and 'phil' (lover)) . Astrophil is the poet in this poetry.
Stella (beloved) is a star in Latin.
There is a connection during the Renaissance. Europe was exposed to Ancient Greek Works of
Art and Philosophical works. The star is celestial, high up in the heavens in contrast the star
lover is on earth that creates a sense of superiority and inferiority in terms of the Courtly Love
tradition. So this distance comes the distance of languages Latin and Greek.
“Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show,” The star lover wants to show his love.
The star lover wants to show his love. The star is something celestial. It's high up in the Sky;
it's in what is called the heavens while he is gazing at the star.
“That she, dear she, might take some pleasure of my pain,—" He is in pain because he
struggles about writing a poem. “taking some pleasure of my pain” means taking pleasure by
his poem.
“Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know,” he reveals to us the poet
saying what pain regarding writing good poetry. He starts a chain.
“Knowledge might pity win, and pity grace obtain,—” He's going to win the beloved’s pity.
When she reads the poem and she knows this love, she is going to feel pity, and pity is going
to bring about grace.
According to the courtly love tradition, the lover is mostly a superior figure of a lady of the
court, and she has a certain kind of education. Education is very much parallel to your social
status which depends on economy. if she's going to read poetry that means she has a certain
kind of understanding of arts.
The first quatrain shows why he wants to write a poem, and presents the whole idea.
the second quatrain is full of imagery.
“I sought fit words to paint the blackest face of woe;”
Black is associated with dark, absence of light, death, suffering. “the blackest face of woe;”
refers ultimate suffering; it is the love that is unrequited, unattainable. (; ) is an explanation. He
is trying to find the fit words, so he wants to depict his pain in the poetry with fit words, with
appropriate words. He has to find the correct medium in terms of words to express this.
“So how does he paint with poetry right by” ^
“Studying inventions fine her wits to entertain,” the good poetries have been written by
others, so he is studying on them to entertain her. Reading the poem appeals to stella's wits.
Thus, this is saying something about Stella about her intellectual capacity. The poet's persona
idealises the beloved as an intellectual, educated woman who is going to read his poem in order
to entertain her wits.
“Oft turning others' leaves, to see if thence would flow”
“others' leaves” is other poetry, other works of art. He is so occupied. He studies with works
of others.
“Some fresh and fruitful showers upon my sunburn'd brain.”
“fresh” means new, novelty; “fruitful” means fertility, productive; it means artistic creativity,
artistic productiveness in this case.
“My sunburn'd brain” is associated with his experience about the other’s poetry. It is
associated with his experience of reading others works. Unproductive, unhealthy. There is
Renaissance image here. He is studying the earlier poetry. He has been so occupied with reading
the works of other poets that his brain is sunburnt; he has been exposed to them for a very long
time. At the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, sunburn is associated with experience.
“Showers” is associated with rain. It refers rains of ideas, new, productive, creative, fertile
ideas because of this he looks at others’ works. Also, it is a very ancient image of fertility.
Shower also refers that creating rain, fertilising earth, and mother earth Gaia’s giving birth.

“But words came halting forth, wanting invention's stay;” he could not find appropriate
words. They also want invention/ personification. He is talking about his situation; he says there
was no flow; he couldn't find the right words; the words were halting. Looking at the works of
others did not create a flow.
There is a shifting here with the word “but”.
“Invention, Nature's child, fled step-dame Study's blows;” Invention personified as nature’s
child. Painting is an artistic creativity, so looking at works that have already been created is not
sufficient for it. Thus, he says that the imitation doesn’t work. (Invention is someone’s nature,
the poet’s natural capacity.)
“Step-dame” (stepmother) refers lacking capacity as a problematic figure. The stepmother is
presented as a problematic figure with lacking capacities Invention is associated with the poet’s
natural creative capacity rather than study which is personified as a stepdame. Study is not the
natural mother.

“And others' feet still seem'd but strangers in my way.” means using other poets’ technique,
using their metres does not work for him. He is not satisfied with the poetic technique of other
writers. They are like strangers. “Others’ feet” is metrical feet in poetry. Others’ techniques
are not enough for creativity.
“Thus great with child to speak and helpless in my throes,” If you are great with child, that
suggests you are pregnant. He says he is almost ready to give birth; he is ready to give birth to
a speech. (I am ready to speak; I am ready to create.) So artistic creativity is associated with
childbirth. Also, “Helpless in my throes” are birth pains. (I am experiencing these pains of
birth.)So the poet becomes the creator; the poet becomes the person who is ready to give birth;
hence, his poem becomes his child; his home becomes his creation, the work of art. The image
shows (helpless in my throes) he is in great pain just as a mother who is about to give birth. In
other words, the image shows that giving birth to a work of art, creating poetry, or writing
poetry is also so painful just as giving birth. He is unable to give birth; he is unable to speak;
he is unable to create his pome that's great with child to speak.
“Thus” means “as a result”.
“Thus great with child to speak and helpless in my throes,” means “As a result, I am with a
child, but I was in pain at birth.” , so he means that “I cannot write poetry even though I am a
poet that is ready to write.”
“great with child” means he is pregnant; he is ready to give a speech, or he is ready to create
something. Artistic creativity or the work of art is associated with giving birth. I am in great
pain just as a mother giving birth. It is also so painful. The poet is compared with a mother who
is another creator.

“Biting my truant pen, beating myself for spite,”

“Truant” is not working its purpose. It is not fulfilling its purpose. Spiting other writers, spiting
himself are not being able to create.
In the final couplet, there is a shifting. In the final line, it is not the poet’s persona who is
speaking.
"Fool," said my Muse to me, "look in thy heart, and write." means the only way to write
poetry is "look in thy heart, and write." It comes true only by his capacity. Imitating others is
wrong. He says, “You have to be original; you have to speak your own emotion.” In the final
line the muse appears, and Muse is personified speaking and saying something to the poet’s
persona. Muse is a source of inspiration, spirit, to breathe into, gives life to poet. spirit is
associated with breath, life, and inspiration. the muse is actually saying that you can only write
good poetry; you can only be able to create if you look into your own heart. The only way to
write good poetry is to look into your own emotions. You have to be original; you have to speak
out your own emotions. The muse says creativity comes from within; you have to go within.
Muse says, “you focus on too much.” (Sunburned brain) The inspiration comes from the muse,
so the muse is a source of inspiration to the poet.

Creativity is associated with being a true artist. to your own nature being true to your own
creative talent. it comes from talent from nature not from studying others works. When he tries
to imitate others’ measures, they don't work; he has to go back to himself; he has to find his
own talent. He has all he needs inside his heart.
"Fool," is not really a curse. Fool and clowns are wise people in the 16 th century. They are
figures of wisdom as in Shakespeare's play. Art creativity comes from the within.
The star is above but the star lover isn’t , so he is trying to reach her.
After what Muse said, other sonnets will come after the others.
The poet followed Shakespeare as an example in terms of rhythms.
It is hexameter.

Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Shakespeare’s last poems related to dark lady. His first seventeen sonnets are related to finding
another way to surviving in the future. Procreation. After the 18th sonnets, his sonnets are about
how to achieve morality, immortalisation. Generally, when we come to the last four quatrains,
there is a change of tone. He uses “Iambic Pentameter” dominantly. (Iambic Pentameter is a
type of metric line.) 1-154 talks about fair youth. All of them tell a story. Recall something.
(Pentameter is simply Penta, which means 5, meters. So, a line of poetry written in pentameter
has 5 feet, or 5 sets of stressed and unstressed syllables.)
Arden is the name of Shakespeare’s mother. They discuss that they are full feet a female
designer about Arden Shakespeare. ? The dark lady turns into she suffers from a male designer.
(The Arden Shakespeare is a long-running series of scholarly editions of the works of William
Shakespeare. It presents fully edited modern-spelling editions of the plays and poems, with
lengthy introductions and full commentaries. Wiki)

The poem is dedicated to a young man.

He is talking about English summer. London is not hot a lot in summers. Also, it is a short
summer. But his lover’s life is not short. It is about mortality. Dominant idea is death and
shortness life.
Line 3, “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,” means even in summer, there can
be rough winds. He is not changing.
“the darling buds of May” refers death.
Summer goes so quickly. (You are full of life. Sudden rough winds come)
Thinking about die young.
Summer’s days refers our lifetime.
We are also very much summer; we are mortal; we can die anytime. (Human being is mortal.)
There is a comparison between summer and his lover. Also, even though he is talking about
summer, there are some depressing things as well because he is talking about mortality in fact.
He says we have very similar sides to summer actually.
The words are carefully chosen not only for intonation but also for visualization.
There are ways to immortalize this life, so he immortalized his lover writing this poem.
“Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,” it is about sun. he does not say that directly.
Sun is a sign of God. Also, he may show that his lover and the summer’s day resemble each
other.
Noble fair youth, unreachable and beautiful young man (Greek God Apollo / Sun)
He doesn’t want his lover is like sun. He doesn’t want to compare his lover and summer’s day
or sun. It is unreachable.
His gold complexion is dimm’d. Clouds cover the sun maybe; Maybe we are talking about
changing mood.
Also, sun is a life source; it refers death, changing the mood. Sometimes we act in a different
way. He doesn’t want that his lover changes that much. Love or lover shouldn’t change
according to Shakespeare. He should not be sun.
Every beauty falls from beauty by chance or nature. Even sun can chance. Beauty is fair; love
is conqueror. He says, “You will change; you can die, or you get older.” Nature’s changing
course; everything changes, but he doesn’t want that.
Katherine Duncan-Jones thinks that women go like that because it is their nature mutation.
There is a shifting in tone and volta with “But thy eternal summer shall not fade,”
He is mourning this idea, this nature. ?
Eternal summer is something created by artist. It is not naturel, so it shall not fade.
(You have to find a solution about death.)
“Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;” and “Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in
his shade,” are about that “Why you want die; death cannot brag about that because you cannot
die as long as this poem survive.”
“eternal lines to time” may refer facial line. They are on the face maybe. It is also an artistic
part of creation.
There are wins over destiny. This poem should survive, so he can survive. Death cannot kill
these lines. Also, it is a technic that used in 16th century. They say, “You will survive via my
lines.” (so long as…)
In art he can escape all negative effects of growing and human being.
Until the end of the world, this sonnet will live; reaching immortality is this literature. (Up until
that moment.)
In the late 17th romanticism, they were all called Shakespeare.
He shows how confident to write a poem to a man.
He immortalized his name and his love because we are still reading this poem, so he achieved
that. He immortalized himself and his love towards his lover.

Drama and 16th century

Shakespeare was an actor, or he was not exist. But we believe that he is a real person.
Theatre is a ritual. The church hurt theatre and plays. Theatre was banished.
The Roman Catholic Church was also very theatrical. People gathered in the Catholic Church
for catharsis. Thus, they continue to live normally.
People were illiterate. The only way to learn the religion was clergymen. The Church thought
that theatre is important in terms of education, and they removed the ban on the theatres.
Liturgical drama is powered by the Church. Mystery Plays (Stories from Bible), Miracle Plays
(Stories from a Saint’s Life). Liturgical drama is a type of play acted within or near the church
and relating stories from the Bible and of the saints. It shows something to continental.
Vernacular means works created with language. National religious plays.
Morality plays are not religious plays. They are mostly Allegorical.
The audience began to come to the plays not only for religion but also for performances with
time.
Artisans and Craftsmen = Guildsmen, the guilds.
They were preparing the shows to Guildsmen.
Religious plays turned into Morality plays with time.
We see the secularism step by step. People started to expect entertainment from the theatres. In
the late 16th century, we don’t mention the church when we talk about drama.

Secularism
Secular drama/ theatre
Elizabethan Drama
Henry VIII abolished the Roman Catholic Church and established the Anglican Church.
(Church of England)
Elizabeth I was a Protestant Queen.
Allegory
Theatre turned of a work slowly. Public theatre’s coming into ; Public interested in theatres.
Noble men became Patronage.
They tried to perform perfect plays in front of the Queen and nobles. Queen Elizabeth was a
Tudor, so they cannot criticize her openly.
Theatre is like an umbrella, but drama is a text.
Playhouse
The Globe is an important playhouse. Most of Shakespeare’s plays were showed there.
Theatres were established far from the city centre under the patronage of a noble man. Crime,
entertainment, gambling etc. were also there. First theatre is Burbage. It is called theatre.
Playhouse’ shape is round or octagonal.
Audience could change the text via their reaction.
Performers were men. Young men performed as women.
(Tamburlaine Play by Christopher Marlowe. He collaborated with Shakespeare.)

Aristotle, The poetics

He was Plato’s student. He wrote tragedies and comedies. Plato has different ideas about arts.
He banished tragedy, comedy, and epic poetry. He allowed just heroes. ?
Aristotle chose an opposite way than Plato's way. According to him, plays are important for
public and reality. They create catharsis; people get rid of all of the dangerous emotions via
catharsis.
Ars-poetica ?
He has six elements for a play.
These six elements of Drama:
Plot: The story of the play.
Character: Any person appearing in the play.
Dialogue: The spoken interaction between the characters.
Idea: The central meaning of the play. The Themes.
Music: The elements that deal with sounds.
Spectacle: The overall look of the play.

Plays were usually about nobles who lost their power because ordinary people watch them.
According to Aristotle, the function of theatre was to educate people. It was based on imitation.
This education included something like respect for God. There was a rising and falling harmony
in the choirs.
3 Unities is a rule introduced by Aristotle. A good play should have 3 unities. Three unities
require a play to have a single action represented as occurring in a single place and within the
course of a day.
Unity of Time: The plot should take place within a day.
Unity of Place: There should be one place.
Unity of Plot: We should stick to the main storyline.
The reason is that to make it as realistic as possible to make us relate better. Being realistic is
very important.
Suspension of disbelief: When we watch a play, we forgot it is a fictional play. The audience
ignores the unreality of fiction in order to experience catharsis.
Tragedy and Comedy:
The word “tragedy” comes from the Greek words tragos, which means goat and oide, which
means song. A tragedy is a dramatic poem or play in formal language and in most cases has a
tragic or unhappy ending. It is a serious type of play.
Comedy is not serious.
Tragedy is about noble people who fall their power.
Laughter purifies people.
A tragic hero can only be a nobleman (King, Prince etc.) He is very powerful and clever. On
the other hand, he is suffering from hubris (excessive pride). He doesn’t realize that. In the end,
he takes responsibility. Hubris leads the tragic flaw.
Tragic flaw (hamartia) means the mistake made by the tragic hero.
He is being stuck between two choices. Both are right choices. Even if he carefully chooses one
of them, he cannot avoid suffering. He will be confronted with other problems.

Agamemnon is a King. He is suffering from hubris. He had angered the goddess Artemis.
Artemis forces him to choose one of the two choices. One of the choices is sacrificing his
daughter. He chooses his father. It is a kind of dilemma.
King Oedipus kills his father, and he marries his mother. A plague emerges in the city. He is
also suffering from hubris. He is a guilty person. At the end, he gives a promise and banishes
himself from the city.
Each choice comes from with a different kind of problem. They realize the their mistake and
take responsibility for it. They act to solve the problem. The massage is we cannot change the
fate. Even a king is a human; in the face of the God, everyone is weak.
Catharsis = emotional cleaning through a drama; it purifies people from dangerous emotions.
Purge (Film) is an example of catharsis. The government allows people to commit any crime
they want for a day. It is just like on the festival day with a mask on.
Denouement is the moment that everything turns on revealing.
Deus Ex Machina: God is being introduce himself in the play to solve the problem. It is used
when it is necessary.
Allegory: Personification, symbolism, metaphors to make a point. It means hidden meaning in
French. One of the examples is George Orwell’s Animal Farm.
Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe is a last 16th century Christian morality play. There are
allegorical things in it. It can be seen a morality play, allegorical devises.
In morality plays, there are allegorical, personify characters as vices, good deeds, knowledge
etc.
They use stock characters (The Jew of Malta, Barabas by Christopher Marlowe) in morality
plays.
Masques: They require masques, costumes etc. Masques are written for members of the noble.
Queen Elizabeth’s also known her masques.
The Faerie Queene (by Edmund Spenser) is written for Queen Elizabeth, allegorical, symbols
etc. It is for a compliment to Queen Elizabeth. It includes masques. It is a kind of entertainment.
It is luxury. Late 16th century play writer Ben Jonson’s plays.
Masques were very popular.
Tragicomedy is combined two dramatic types. Comic elements, ordinary people, mistakes.
Tragic and comic elements, sad and funny moments.
Shakespeare is also known as his tragicomedy writes. Hamlet. Comic elements, comic relief.
Hamlet is a mad actually. The character’s aside(s) reveals the secrets. Only the audience knows
his secrets. Hamlet strongly believes that his uncle killed his father.
There are problems, but its end is happy. Thus, it is not a tragedy.
Another dramatic device “play within a play”. Hamlet is a play, but it has another play to show
something to noble. ?
A Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare. He used play within a play. It is a comedy.
Unrequired love. It is also giving a massage for the audiences to emphasize the main play and
its idea.
The function of play within a play comes with meta recreate to idea to play. Metatheatrical ?
P w a p is a dramatic device. The main idea is to reveal something you cannot talk about openly.
Renaissance is that time. They borrow something, idea from Greek Mythology.
Hamlet is a student in Germany. He is going to England for his father’s funeral. Also, he is
going to another places, so they break the rules of three unities. It is not one place. Revenge
plot is a subplot. The function is a foil in Hamlet. He cannot decide to kill his uncle. Fortinbras
is a character from Hamlet. Laertes is the son of Polonius and the brother of Ophelia. Also, he
wants to kill Hamlet.
Hamlet is a tragic hero. Hamlet symbolises who has been through a humanist education.
However, he acts like characters from Greek Mythology; for example, he wants to take a
revenge. He is a philosopher prince.
What is Hamlet’s dilemma? There are two choices (kill, not kill the uncle)
Shakespeare uses a lot of names from other materials. At the end of the 16th century, there was
a shifting about the rules; for example, they break the three unities.
The best example of the revenge tragedy is Thomas Kyd’s Spanish tragedy, and Hieronimo is
mad again. He is the knight marshal of Spain and the father of Horatio.
Arden Shakespeare
Quarto is one of the publishing methods. Shakespeare’s works were published after he died.
Plays’ used for entertainment and a form of education.
Plays for noble.
Plays for ordinary people.
Marlowe has Edward II. Shakespeare has Queen Elizabeth who is daughter of Henry VIII.
Utopia prose (by Thomas More) ou-topos means no-place. This is how a place should be. He
talks about perfect order.
Dystopia dys-topos means bad place.

Utopia idea comes from an Egyptian text. (The City of the Sun)
They are not happy about their society. They try to find a better place’s idea.
Prox cities a certain idea.

Analysis’ Example
In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare is talking about,
In the first quatrain,
As we discussed in the course,
_______________________________________

17th century background

A History of Britain - > The Body of The Queen

Thomas more's utopia, Thomas More did at the beginning of the 16th century with his utopia
this text titled nowhere land was important. He was trying to create an ideal state, an idea and
understanding of an ideal state through a narrative. He has this character Raphael Hythloday,
and he makes roughly of this land that he has been too.
At the beginning of the 17th century, in 1626 it presents us with a text titled The New Atlantis.
It appears as another alternative to be established order he presents it as this ideal state.
Thomas Hobbes writes The Leviathan. This is another text which is presenting another
alternative. He is suggesting an absolute monarchy as an ideal state.
Sir Thomas Browne writes Religio Medici.

Francis Bacon - > The new Atlantis

Thomas Hobbes -> The Leviathan
Sir Thomas Browne -> Religio Medici
The 17th century is a century of political and economic turmoil (karışıklık). England is in a
very chaotic state of existence with the parliament opposing the monarchy. The monarchy was
asserting its own power over the parliament, and so it is a very difficult time on a personal and
political level. Also, it is a period of religious turmoil as well. In 16th century Henry broke off
from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England, the Anglican church.
He asserted himself as the Supreme Head of State. Queen Elizabeth replaced Henry the eighth.
The country was experiencing religious turmoil; while Mary titled bloody Mary tried to convert
England back to Catholicism and then Elizabeth trying to establish the Anglican church again.
She wants that everybody should pledge allegiance (sadakat yemini) to the Church of England.
The Queen Elizabeth is known to be as the Virgin Queen; she was never married. when she dies
with no heir to the throne, the son of the of Mary the Queen of Scots was coming to England as
the King. This is James the 1st in England who was actually the King of Scotland; he was the
King of Scotland as James the six, so he came over to England as the King and became James
the first of England. Thus, in the 17th century the century starts with a religious turmoil with
the coming of James because James is a Protestant but he comes from a Catholic lineage, so the
Catholics in England thought that James is here they can assert their own power, but it wasn't
just the issue of Catholics and Protestants or the Anglican church and the Catholics. It was also
the Puritans who were rising and who wanted to have a say in the power in England. they were
the ones who were holding seats in the parliament right you might have heard of the term round
heads right round heads and Cavaliers. In addition to the religious conflicts, there were political
conflicts where the parliament with the power of the Puritans which is claiming power while
the monarch is also asserting their own power. the Puritans, on the other hand, were against the
Church of England, but they were also the people who are holding power because they are
holding money. The reason for all of this turmoil is economy of money who holds the money
and the money Holder wants political power, wants to have a safe in in the running of the state.
In 1642, England experiences a civil war which ends in 1649 with the beheading of the King of
the time. The King was James’ son Charles the 1st. Charles the 1st was executed; he was
accused of treason, so this is a big thing where a King is being beheaded. He was ahead of
authority, the head of the state. The English sovereigns, the English royalty considered
themselves as to be godly ordain that means if God had chosen them both had given them the
responsibility and the power to be the head of the state. So when Charles the first was beheaded,
this was an act against the idea that the sovereign is ordained by God. The end of the century is
going to change some of the ideas. -> The leviathan. Thomas Hopes is trying to create an
alternative to change what he sees as dysfunctional in the established order with the civil war
on the beheading of the King in 1649.
This period is called interregnum (hükümdarsız dönem). This is a period without reigning
sovereign/ the royalty of the monarchy. The parliamentary and military rule the country from
1649 to 1660.
Oliver Cromwell is important figure because he was in the parliament/ in the House of the
Commons. After the civil war, he became the ruler, a dictator around mid-century. At the end
of the century, after the interregnum, after following the period where the parliaments and the
military work together, there was no peace. They couldn't establish peace during the
parliamentary work? So they decided that the country needed a stopper in again a monarch, and
they called back the son of Charles the 1st who is Charles the 2 nd. Charles the second had fled
the country in fear of being executed himself, but later in 1660 Charles the second was invited
to England to become the sovereign. There was a parliamentary system while Charles the
second was also there. The century ends with the accession to the throne by James the 2nd and
then later by William of Orange upon a glorious revolution. William the third and Mary came
as sovereigns as monarchs, but they came to a constitutional monarchy that means their
actions were being regulated by the constitution, so they don't have absolute power over the
country. One level the accession of James the first to the throne, this civil war period and then
the change to a constitutional monarchy. James the first authorised version of the Bible (todays)
or as King James Bible. So he wasn't implemental in that. This is also a period where had
conflicts and upheavals, and the parliament and the monarchy were in such great conflict, and
there was constant cooling of the parliament and then the dissolving of the parliament.
Charles the first close the parliaments after the King was calling the parliament to ask for money
from the parliamentarians. He dissolved the parliament in three weeks. In addition, there is one
cooling of the parliament which only lasted for 11 days. Simon Chalmers. Video…
There were a lot of conflict and people tried to find an alternative, an ideal state. They said how
an ideal state should be. There is a conflict between Queen Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots.
After the queen Elizabeth died in 1603, she was executed her treason. So King James the first
replaced the Queen Elizabeth. After that, Guy Fawkes is known with Gunpowder plot. (He
was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics who was involved in the failed
Gunpowder Plot of 1605 ac. Wikipedia) In 1605, the Catholics who were against James the first
wanted more rights and more freedom in terms of their worship. So they placed the bomb a lot
of explosives in at the bottom of the Royal house, but it was discovered before the explosion
and the plotters and the attackers were executed. This was a plot against the King and the
parliament by the Catholics. As a result, there were even more strict rules, more restrictions
against the Catholics; there were laws passed against the Catholics as a result of the gunpowder.
Thus, a lot of chaos followed these conflicts like a snowball. It moves to the civil war, to the
war with Spain, to the war with the Scottish. The whole century goes through a lot of bloodshed.
The Puritans are the group of people who are against the Church of England that means is the
Puritans are taking this church the Anglican churches step further; they are saying that the only
religious authority should be the scriptures. (Puritanism comes from the word purify, purifying.)
They were against to people rituals; they were against people practises; they wanted a purifying
of the religion. They were saying that it was enough to look at the Bible, to follow the Bible, to
follow the scriptures the holy writings in the Bible, to be good Christians, to be faithful
Christians. Also they were against this idea of the Anglican church as they still saw the Anglican
church as focusing on various rituals too much. So there were three main points of conflict that
they were against the form of worship, the clerical vestments, and the organisation of the
church. The doctrinal conflicts: One of the major issues about the doctrinal conflicts was the
idea of predestination that is about that God preordains everything like the idea of hell and
heaven. There is a yearning to go back to the Bible.
In the 17th century is the Church of England versus the Puritans. The parliament comprises
Puritans; the parliament was composed of manufacturers who have money and want power.
They have economic power, so they want to be included in the political arena; they want to
have a say in the parliament. Thus, this is very important because James the 1st is the King who
believes that the King is ordained by God and so the authority should be the monarch and not
the parliament. This conflict was starting the age in 1611. James the first transferred the
translation of the Bible, the James the first version of the Bible. (The Authorized Version of the
Bible by James I) Within this environment of political and religious conflict where upon the
gunpowder plot, Catholics were exposed to more restrictions. So they wanted to get away from
this environment; they got on a ship, the Mayflower and went to the new continent. They found
it as a new England. They were the people who were trying to flee from the political and
religious chaos that England was going through by the time.
The end of the first quarter of the century England goes into war with Spain. At the end of the
16th century, England was allies with Spain. before the conversion of England to the Anglican
church they were at one point the two countries that were still sworn allegiance (bağlılık yemini
etmek) to the Roman Catholic Church. After Henry the eighth broke that started to change and
Spain and England were at war where England defeated the Spanish Armada. This war required
a lot of money, and this was the reason the monarch was turning to the parliament because the
parliamentarians have the money; they were the manufacturers who held money. so while the
war was going on while staying in England were at war in 1625 James the first done. James the
first was replaced by Charles the first. When in 1625, Charles the first gets to the throne England
is at war with Spain, and Charles the first loses that war; England is defeated in the war. So he
had economic problems and he put taxes; he revived ancient taxes. So he asked money from
the parliaments, and then once he dissolves the parliament from 1628 until 1640 for about 11
years. Important because there was monarchy within a country that has a parliament who is
holding money, who is holding economy. England goes to war with Scots again, so money
necessary for the war which leads to the petition of right. In 1628, the English parliament passes
on the petition of right, asking addressing Charles the first to sort of not a search taxes, not levy
taxes before consulting with the parliament right trolls. He dissolved the parliament for 11 years
until 1916, 1640. When the dissolving of the parliament, the money holding Puritans were not
happy; they were frustrated because they have the economic power. So they seek political
power. Charles goes to war with Scotland in order to control the Scots, in order to control the
Scottish church and not result in the bringing in of the parliament in 1640 because he needs
money again. So the civil war from 1642 to 1649 is a war between the Puritans which are
called the Roundheads (because of the way they cut their hair very close cropped hair) (the
parliamentarians) and the Royalist who are Cavaliers. This is a division basically between
the parliamentarians and the royalists in other words the Roundheads and the Cavaliers. As a
result of the civil war, Charles the first was executed because he was accused of treason. When
Charles the first is executed, there was only the parliament which comprises of the House of
Commons and the House of Lords. Between 1649 to 1660 from the beheading of the King to
1660 there was the interregnum, the period of the parliament with the military force as rule in
the House of Commons. Oliver Cromwell who is an important figure, he becomes the Lord
protector of Commonwealth after the civil war. In 1653 he becomes the Lord protector of the
Commonwealth of England; he is also the speaker who is a ruler who becomes a dictator. Then
Charles the second was invited to England from France. When Charles the second comes back
to England, he passes on a pardon excluding only the regicides (kral katili, kral öldürme).
Regicides are the executors of the King. (Only those who have committed regicide were not
pardoned apart from that.) When he comes in 1660, he passes on a general pardon and asserts
the idea of freedom of worship. This is an attempt to create peace in the country where there is
such great turmoil, where there is such great upheaval. When he comes back this is what he
wants to establish he wants to soften up the restrictions that his predecessors had been applying.
So he again establishes a new parliament. A few years later, he passes on the declaration of
indulgence where he presents religious freedom, freedom of worship. One of the key points is
is the Test Act in 1673. So Anyone who is entering public service has to take the Anglican
sacrament. So the allegiance (bağlılık) is to Anglicanism, and this was the test start against
transubstantiation. (Transubstantiation is the eucharist ritual of eating bread and having wine
as the flesh and blood of Jesus.) This is a distinction to repudiate the Catholic doctrine.
Transubstantiation is the major doctrine.
James the 2nd, in 1688 century, after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, there was the Glorious
Revolution. The glorious revolution is the overthrowing of James the second when James the
first was replaced by James the second. His accession to the throne takes place in 1685;
however, the reason is called a glorious revolution because it's a bloodless revolution. James
the second is overthrown to be replaced by William of Orange and Queen Mary Anne. The
dynasty changes again. One of the most important issues about the glorious revolution is that
William of Orange and Queen Mary pass a Bill of Rights which excludes Roman Catholics
from succession to the English throne. (This is a very important because remember 16th century
sees bloodshed by Queen Mary James the 1st and the gunpowder plot call century sees an
appoint overpower.) At the end of the century 1688 previous revolution with William of Orange
as a constitutional monarch where there is a constitution that they have to abide by this being
the case here is the Bill of Rights excluding the Roman Catholics from accession to the throne.
In 1707, the Act of Union is carried out with the Scots. The beginning of the 18th century the
act of union with the Scots England becomes Great Britain. There is one important thing the
period as a period of political and religious feuds. Also, there is a very important architect
Christopher Wren who built St. Paul’s Cathedral and Sheldonian Theatre. So he is a very
important figure the Sheldonian Theatre is in Oxford. 1660 is the year also during which The
Royal Society was founded.

Thomas Hobbes -> The Leviathan = Thomas Hobbes was an empiricist. An empiricist means
that he rejects idealist explanations and he believes in information gained through sensors.
Being an empiricist Hobbes was an advocate of mathematical methods, an advocate of
rationalist attitude. Rationalism, mathematical method, materialism, materialists’ attitude was
where his trades. The Leviathan presents us with his ideal state. It is an ideal state based on
monarchy. Thomas Hobbes also had to leave the country; he had to run away and then later
when he returned to England, he made a submission to Oliver Cromwell. And he stayed away
from political activity. Thomas Hobbes considered the notion of empiricism, the notion of
sensations as the source of knowledge. According to Anthony Burgess, he puts well the idea
that he believed that sensations hence ideas which are derived some sensations are the result of
matter in motion is the big unifying force the cause of all existence, and man reacts to external
motions with motions of his own. In the leviathan, popes see the human being to whom he
refers as man. According to the literature of the time, all history and all of that the human being
is referred to as mark which goes back to the notion of the chain of being seeing man as superior
to women as well. According to Hobbes, man is a selfish animal because of his selfishness,
feud, conflict, war, appears and in order to control, in order to organise the relationship of man.
Because he also says that man is a social animal and as such to regulate the interaction between
the human beings. There is an authority amid for an authority on this authority. He defines as a
monarch and claims that this monarch is an absolute monarch. It doesn't have to be a single
person; it could be a body of rulers, not necessarily an individual being. But he claims that the
subjects of the state need to be swearing allegiance to the absolute monarch. But if the monarch
does not act properly- if he does not perform his task, if he does not carry out his responsibility-
as a ruler then the subject does not have to obey the monarch. So the responsibility of the
monarch- as an individual or as a body of rulers- is to organise Society, so that Society could
live in peace and harmony. He could take severe actions to provide this according to the rights;
he could take severe actions before the aim of keeping order within society. That is what the
ultimate goal is that is the end game to keep order in society, in relation to this. The way people
are governed does not necessarily. It means that they have to be governed the way they wish,
they need to be governed. According to Hobbes, it doesn't have to be pleasing for the Society,
they don't all have to consent to what is happening for the benefits of Society. Hobbes is a
materialist is this line; he writes all that real is material, and what is not material is not real,
what he is looking at is this materialist attitude in which the world can be perceived through
sensors. They cannot be proceeded through the sensors is therefore not real in this sense. He
rejects the Christian notion of the soul free will which obviously comes up thinking about the
Roman Catholic Church in the Protestant Anglican Church. Because of his rejection of free will
and the soul, he was accused of being an atheist. Thus, he had to leave the country. But the
absolute monarch can be one person or a body of rulers, so a parliament could be the absolute
monarch, but according to Hobbes, power cannot be distributed; power has to be held. It cannot
be divided. In terms of philosophy, the prime motivation of the human being is that the human
being wants to survive, the human being does not want to die his motivation, or his motive is
to stay alive and the way the human being can stay alive is by being social, by being in a group,
by socialising. According to Hobbes, the human being or man can survive by education if
survival is the ultimate goal; the way to survive is education and in connexion with education.
Education is associated with living with others in relation to this helps talks about two kinds of
passion: the constructive passions. But which will keep you alive and destructive passions, the
passions that will kill you. So the destructive passions needs to be cured. Otherwise, according
to Hobbes, they will cause chaos; they will cause anarchy whereas as you understand his
ultimate goal is social order; also, the mark or the sovereign is there to prevent anarchy and to
provide peace and harmony. The key point here is while the monarch or the sovereign is the
absolute ruler if he cannot provide peace and harmony, he can be replaced; his power can be
taken away from him. Thinking about the conflict in the 17th century- especially in the first
half of the 17th century- there were a changing royalty/a changing sovereignty and the issue
with the parliament. One thing that is striking in Hobbes's leviathan is that he does not give
power to the church because he claims that if you give power to the church it will make use of
that church, it will make use of that power for the benefit of the church. (Remember back in
the beginning of the 16th century when Henry the eighth establishes the Anglican church, the
Church of England; he also reinstates himself as not only the head of state but also the head of
the church. Remember about transubstantiation all of that the idea is to sort of create a distance
between the power of the church and the state.) So what this means is that the church is idea is
subordinated to the state. Thomas Hobbes is suggesting an alternative; he is subordinating the
church to the state instead of giving it power. One other thing is remember we said James the
first Charles the 1st the sovereigns of England believed that they were godly ordained. It was
God that gave them the power as sovereigns to the state. According to Hobbes, the state is this
is what that means is the right of being the sovereign, the right of being the monarch is not
given to him by God; it is given to him by the human being. So Thomas Hobbes and his
leviathan are just like Thomas more's utopia to present another alternative to the extant
circumstances. (not similarly Sir Thomas Browne.)
Sir Thomas Browne -> Religio Medici = with the title he is bringing 2 ideas. let at the time
seemed to be very distant and distinct from one another: Faith, religion and science; physics,
physician right, faith of a physician. He is bringing the two ideas together, and the ministries of
talking about faith of a physician. you are talking about amount of science also claiming faith
who has faith. So Sir Thomas Browne says it is possible to bring the two together. The keyword
for the Browne’s work is Religio Medici, cultivating an inclusive tolerance. Impact to a point
where everything can be record anything, can be reconciled with (uzlaşmak) anything else. So
when you look at review Medici religion faced as a traditional notion is joined with the scientific
with what they would refer to as numinous actually. Its numinous filled with the idea of the
divine of divinity. So science and faith are brought together. Browne is a member of the Church
of England. He is a man of faith; he has faith, on the other hand, he is trying to bring science
and faith together and claiming that they are not distinct from one another. The way he presents
this is about God and his wisdom and how he thinks about nature. He thinks that nature is the
work of God. God’s work are both; they can be united. Nature is the work of God; the Bible is
the word of God. Then everything in nature is beautiful. There is nothing ugly; there is nothing
bad in nature because it's the work of God. This is important because he brings together the idea
of science through an observation of nature and benefiting from nature.
The notion of microcosm and macrocosm at the 16th century notions. Sir Thomas Browne
believes that man is a microcosm that he is a little world; he has a lot of faith in that, and he
explains things through that looking at the written word of God. So looking at Bible, looking at
nature, he explains a human being, considering him at the microcosm. The key point here is the
notion that science can be integrated with faith that doesn't have to be excluded. The only
necessary notion here is tolerance for one another.

Francis Bacon - > The new Atlantis = the title is an implication the old Atlantis. (It's a direct
reference.) It was a great place where Gods were there. they disappeared. In the new Atlantis,
Sir Francis Bacon presents us with a scientific state that is based on science. It does have faith.
So there is an understanding of God and faith in God. Salomon's house, this scientific institution
is a state based on science and again the ultimate goal of this state is again the benefits of
humankind to make Society live in peace in order happy. Francis Bacon suggests in order to do
the method of induction and the notion of Atlantis whatever Atlantis is.

04.05.2021
Sir Francis Bacon = The New Atlantis was published after he was died. It is about the idea of
induction methods for learning, and how this could be applied to the state, or how a state could
be established. Sir Francis Bacon was a statesman, Lord Chancellor; he was not very much in
favour of the Queen Elizabeth, but later, with King James's accession to the throne, he was more
a favourite figure. Francis Bacon is considered to be the founder of the modern inductive
method. That means it is a certain, systematic method for acquiring knowledge. Sir Francis
Bacon’s concerned about knowledge. He was very much focused on the importance of
knowledge to the extent. He said, “Knowledge is power.” According to Francis Bacon
knowledge is power because knowledge is the only way to master and overpower nature. So he
claims that in order to master knowledge, in order to master nature, you first need to know it,
you need to understand it. Mastering nature is important because according to Bacon, the human
being can only find peace and pleasure once he has understood and overpowered nature,
overcome nature in connection with this. He has an important book, The Advancement of
Learning. It is considered to be Bacon's most important. He presents us the idea that knowledge
is power that you need to know the inductive method; observation, gathering information,
observing, collecting information data, using that data to come to conclusions. Bacon believes
in giving mankind the mastery over nature for the benefit of humankind, for the pleasure of
humankind. According to Bacon, this can only be achieved through scientific attitude and
scientific discoveries, scientific inventions. For Bacon Science is utmost importance, and there
should be a distinction between philosophy, science, and theology. He claims that philosophy
should be kept separate from theology. Philosophy should be based on reason.
He does have the notion of double truth. He talks about double truth in relation to reason and
revelation because he thinks that while the existence of God can be explained through reason,
he considers that everything else in theology can only be explained through revelations and
reason. Philosophy and theology, putting science as the primary source for knowledge he talks
about induction. Induction is basically to put it very simply, is to make observations of nature,
and to make lists of those observations. He talks about forms as the essence of phenomena; he
closes that all phenomena should be observed and these forms the essence of these phenomena
should be observed in different levels. In terms of the quality, (there are that are there all the
time the qualities are not there and the qualities that are there to a certain extent) the lists should
be made and there should be a result of these lists. Bacon also says that one should not jump to
conclusions that the results of these lists, these observations should be used for new inductive
researchers as such new researchers should be new observations on the list that should be made
in order to come to an optimistic conclusion.
Bertrand Russell claims that the inductive method is not sufficient because it does not talk
about hypothesis, and he claims that hypothesis is the most important element of scientific
discovery, scientific knowledge; he claims Bacon's inductive method is flawed. The deductive
method is the opposite. Bacon claims that the deductive method would definitely result in
mistaken conclusions that should not be adopted.
when Bacon talks about obtaining knowledge and understanding nature and overpowering,
overcoming nature, he talks about idols. That his method is about collecting data, and arranging
data right, collecting information, arranging them, and coming to a conclusion. When you look
at this method, he says that the human being needs to get rid of his idols before he can
objectively do any scientific research and come through any scientific analysis. Freeing oneself
of the idols is actually freeing oneself or one's bad habits, and these bad habits are actually
prejudices. There are four categories of these idols for different prejudices. The quote from him
is “These are bad habits of the mind that cause people to fall into error, so in order not to make
mistakes in the inductive the ideals, Bacon believes that scientist should read themselves of
their idols.
There are four different groups of idols. The first group of idols he talks about are called idols
of the tribe. These are the prejudices, the bad habits that can be seen in all humankind; These
prejudices that are inherent to every human being are bad for the scientific method because
according to bacon, because of these idols, the human being is inclined (meyilli olmak) to
measure everything according to himself. So this according to bacon will prevent the researcher
or the scientific figure from being objective, from being able to see the truth about nature, and
therefore about knowledge.
The second group of idols is the idols of the cave. Idols of the cave are the prejudices, bad
habits that are personal, that are associated with the individual. They are characteristic to the
individual. The idea is that every human being has their individual background, has their
individual social environment, social background. Therefore, each person’s prejudices will
differ from one another. these bad habits, these prejudices, the idols of The Cave refer to the
individual perception, the subjective perception of the individual which according to Francis
Bacon is also something to get rid of if we want to hold truthful scientific knowledge.
For example, Plato and The Allegory of The Cave. The reality, according to Plato, is the world
of idols. So what is being experienced in this world is only a reflection of the reality. For
example, when he talks about art, he says it is the reflection of reflection, even further remove
from the reality. What we're looking at in The Cave imagery is that the lights there changes
depending on your cave which is what Francis Bacon is drawing upon.
The third group is idols of the marketplace. Idols of the marketplace is our idols, prejudices
which are associated with words. Bacon claims that words make up our thoughts, our thoughts
are shaped by words. Therefore, the words that are used the effects of words on our thoughts is
very important. The views of the past are represented in the present through words and such in
language you see words that represents, according to bacon, things that do not exist but then he
says there are no words for the material of experimentation, for the material of research. So
words become flawed prejudices in the part of the scientist.
This is very much in connection with another element idols of the theatre. When he talks about
the idols of the theatre, he talks about the prejudices that are associated with the systems of
thought. when you look at the idols of the theatre, he is actually looking at the system of thought
and staying that the observing scientists should not act up on existing systems of thought. you
will find for example in the 16th century Aristotelian dogmatic system of thought was refused.
Plato’s ideas were more prominent. The Aristotelian scholastic system of thought was
disregarded. So idols of the theatre the idea is to let go of old habits, old prejudices that are
stemming from all systems of thought. You need to have an open mind; you should not be
limited by former systems of thought in order to reach truth that is reached through collecting
and arranging data basically the system of induction.
The New Atlantis: What Bacon advocates is systematic method. When you look at the new
Atlantis, the excerpt starts with the speakers, presenting us with a method. He says this is the
way I am going to tell you of things. He sticks to that method; he organises things and he sticks
to that method completely throughout the excerpt.
The New Atlantis is about an island. It is about a place that was already there because he is
talking about how this person told him about their methods as to how they reach knowledge.
This is the portrayal of an ideal state, an ideal island. The excerpt presents you with Salomon’s
House. This scientific institute which opposes this state; this state is based on this scientific
attitude. The most important of all is obviously this is Bensalem; this is an island and this person
who finds himself on this island is literally shipwrecked. So the where abouts of this island is
unknown, and that is very important.
(when you think about utopia for example right now we talked about different utopia's we talked
about how for example there was utopia by Thomas More we talked about how there was
leviathan by Thomas Hobbes of course you can talk about the city of the sun you can talk about
Prince you can talk about different propositions of alternative states throughout the 200 years
throughout 15th century 16th century you know when you look at Machiavelli when you look
at Campanella, Thomas More, Hobbes, Francis Bacon. )
Thomas Hobbes and Thomas Moore present us with ideal states that are based on social justice,
social equality, Commonwealth. when you look at Francis Bacon's work, he presents us with a
state based on science, and a scientific institution which works for the benefit of humankind.
We are looking at an island; England is an island. For example, Thomas More’s utopia, he
presents us with an island in a Crescent shaped (hilal biçimli) where at the circular side of the
island you have high mountains where the island cannot be invaded. The high mountains
prevent outsiders coming in. So anyone who's going to go into that island has to go through the
opening of the Crescent shape. Those ships cannot go into the bay because there are these great
rocks; they have to avoid and only the inhabited of the Utopia can help ships about going into
Utopia’s Bay. So it's a very protected island. It is very important in the fact that England is an
island. There are advantages and disadvantages to being an island. When you look at the island,
the advantages are that it can maintain its own integrity without coming into contact with the
outside world; it can protect itself. On the other hand, it is also detached from the outside world,
from the continent.
The fact that these writers create the context of an island for the row text. It is important because
they are paralleling England, but they are not paralleling the state of appearance; they are
presenting an alternative. When we look at Sir Francis Bacon’s alternative, Bensalem is an
island of which no one knows. When you look at Thomas More's Utopia, we can say that I saw
this land. But Utopia means nowhere land. Similarly, when you look at Bensalem, this is an
island; the existence of which is unknown by the rest of the world. This island is very isolated.
No one knows where it is located. That is very important because as an island since nobody
knows where it is, and that it exists. This island is protected. On the other hand, it shows that
every 12 years, this island sends out ships to find out what is happening around the world. So
talking about advantages and disadvantages of being an island, as an unknown island the people
of Bensalem are protected in their isolation, in their secluded state, unknown to the rest of the
world. They are also making sure that they remained that way when they send their ships out to
the world they pretend to be coming from different parts of the world. they do not reveal their
reality, and as such they maintain their state of secrecy. on the other hand, the fact that they go
out to the world to see what the rest of the world has achieved, to see what the rest of the world
is doing is important because they are using their state of being secluded and isolated to their
own advantage under the guise of being from other states. they are still coming into contact
with the rest of the world and finding out what everybody else is doing. and they're doing this
obviously for their own benefit to make sure that the pleasure and the happiness the welfare of
the Islanders is maintained. The science is the basis of their existence.
When you look at the advancement of learning or when you look at another tips by Francis
Bacon, Novum Organum Francis Bacon claims that while science is the basis of everything and
knowledge is the utmost important, that knowledge is power, he claims that knowledge should
be handled by a group of people, not everybody. Knowledge should be in the hands of a group
of people. So when you look at Salomon’s House in Bensalem, you are seeing that Salomon’s
House, this institution is quite powerful. We understand this the part that says this institution
decides whether to reveal their discoveries or not, and that some discoveries they revealed to
the people, and some discoveries they do not. So they obtain knowledge but they don't reveal
all knowledge. however, the key turn here is they are doing this for the benefit of the people,
they are looking out for the happiness and the welfare of the people. This is not an authority
that they want to abuse, they want to use to be powerful amongst other people. it is not power
that gives them privileges but it is power used for the benefit of humankind, for the benefit of
the inhabitants of the island. So exploration, science is utmost important but with that we also
see that he starts with “God blessing thee, my son”. So what we see is that religion or faith is
not disregard. faith and religion are different from the institution. So faith is there “God bless
thee my son.” shows you that faith is there but then it is not part of their state affairs. there is a
distinction. The health is utmost important. Look at the experiments that they do, look at the
discoveries that they make, prolongation of life, making new products by merging different
products; what we're looking at is an attempt to improve nature for the benefit of humankind
and as they do that we see that morality is very important; just as well as they try to improve
their lifestyle, their life duration in fact, they do not give up on ethics, they do not give up on
morals.
where we read about all of these scientific developments, scientific improvements. There are
actually two people talking out there.
Starting the part by part….
There is a nameless speaker who says “God bless thee, my son. I will give the greatest jewel I
have.” and then he starts talking about all of their achievements, and then at the end of the
excerpt you read him saying “God bless thee, my son and God bless this relation which I have
made. I give thee leave to publish it for the good of other nations, for we here in God's bosom,
a land unknown.” This is very important because here the speaker is not only talking about their
achievements but he is telling the shipwrecked man to go and tell everyone about these
achievements. so there is no selfishness here he is saying let the world know this is possible;
we have achieved this so can everybody else. The crucial thing here is he says you can go and
tell everyone because we here are in God's bosom, in a land unknown which means since this
is an unknown territory, we will not experience any threat we will not receive any threat from
the outside world for they won't know where we are. right. That is important because on the
one hand the knowledge that is achieved is being shared, right on the other hand, they're still
protecting themselves saying sharing this information won't harm us because they won't find us
here. It is important that this knowledge is being shared for the good of other nations.
That final paragraph starts with “And when he had said this, he stood up, and I, as I have been
taught kneeled down.” So what you are looking at here is a dialogue but notice how in this
dialogue look at the speaker “…as I have been taught, kneeled down, and he laid his right hand
upon my head, and said.” So what you are looking at here is an image of hierarchy; this man
from this knowledge having overpowered nature, has superiority over this ignorant man who
knows nothing who for the first time was coming to contact with such achievements. so here is
hierarchy, here is reverence; here is submissiveness to the authority of this figure which comes
from knowledge and nothing else. This is not a political authority; this is not a religious. The
image of him putting his hand on his head and blessing him is a very religious image but notice
that religious image has been shifted into one where this man of knowledge is now part of that
image.
The title The new Atlantis.
Atlantis in Plato’s work is a Commonwealth, and it is a utopian, an ideal land, and this ideal
land is gone. That being the case, Bacon is presenting us with the new Atlantis alluding
(anıştırmak) to the Atlantis that is lost and he is presenting his readership with this scientific
state that basis its existence on the prominence (önem) of scientific method, on the prominence
of the benefit of humankind through the power of the scientific institution that is working for
the benefit of the Islanders. When you look at this excerpt, we are seeing exactly what Bacon
claims in terms of systematic method in scientific research. Also, there are a lot of instruments
and it seems that the ultimate goal seems to be to enhance the health and life standards of the
individuals of the Society. However, at the end of the excerpt, we see an attitude by the speaker
regarding their achievements. There is a sort of criticism of the outside world in his recognition
and in fact acknowledgment of their achievement in seeing themselves as superior to the rest
of the world.
The first paragraph presents you with the systematic method of science because here in the
narrative you also have the systematic narrative declared from the very beginning. “God bless
thee, my son. I will give the greatest jewel I have. For I will impart onto thee, for the love of
God and men, a relation of the true state of Salomon’s House.” (important) When he talks about
what is he going to reveal knowledge. He is going to give him knowledge. “First, I will set forth
unto you the end of our foundation. Secondly, the preparations and instruments we have for our
works. Thirdly, the several employments and functions whereto our fellows are assigned. And
fourthly, the ordinances and rites witch we observe.” (First paragraph) He is basically going to
reveal the essence of their island, their existence. and that he prescribed as the greatest jewel I
have. so knowledge described as a jewel. a jewel is a precious stone. a jewel has monetary value
(parasal değer) certainly. a jewel is precious, valuable, and he is saying I will give the the
greatest jewel I have, so I have nothing more precious more valuable than what I am going to
reveal to you. So it describes the sequence of how he is going to reveal it. he says a relation of
the true state of Salomon’s House. (the scientific institution first I will set forth unto you the
end of our foundation) When he says the end, he means the aim, the goal of our foundation.
Secondly the instruments we used, the preparations we make in other words our methods.
Thirdly what do our people do, how do we work, what do we work. Fourthly, ordinances, rites,
rituals that we practise. It shows us there is a systematic approach. Even in the revealing of
knowledge, he considers this as the greatest jewel. (How important)
The second paragraph says “The End of our Foundation is the knowledge of Causes and secret
motions of things, and the enlarging of the bounds of Human Empire, to the effecting of all
things possible.” So this is our aim this is the aim of our foundation. What they want to achieve
is the knowledge of causes. cause and effect. When he talks about the bounds of human empire,
this is a reference to nature; the human being is limited by nature. he is limited by his own
nature. so when he says enlarging the bounds of human empire, the human empire is what the
human being is capable of achieving. so enlarging the boundaries of that is overcoming nature,
overpowering nature, understanding nature, and going beyond the boundaries of nature. the
ultimate knowledge of a human being is we are mortals. Death is the ultimate knowledge. there
is no avoiding it. when you look at the new Atlantis, you know that these people have extended
the duration of life. They have achieved what he refers to as “Water of Paradise, being, by what
we do to it, made very sovereign for health and prolongation of life.” So they don't only gain
health but they prolong life. right so if that is the ultimate boundary, they are pushing the
boundaries by prolonging life; they can see what is invisible, they can see what is very far away
they have made fire that is not extinguishing when it touches water, unquenchable fire. so they
have achieved what seems not to be achievable, not realistic; they have achieved all of them to
the extent of prolongation of life. However, that this water that they have made to prolong life
and to make people healthy is called water of paradise. so, the connection is always there. Even
the name of this institution, Salomon’s House who is Salomon is the king Solomon, David’s
son. right so there is a biblical reference. Bacon’s advocating of science as the basis of the
happy state. In fact Bensalem means the son of peace. So even there is references to faith.
(Third)The next paragraph gives you again how this narrative telling of the procedure how it
goes again according to the plan because the next paragraph starts with the preparations and
instruments are these. It continues very systematically because of what he says in the first
paragraph. There are the hermits (keşiş) staying in those caves and powers. “These caves we
call the Lower Region. And we use them for coagulations, indurations, refrigerations, and
conservations of bodies. We use them likewise for the imitation of natural mines… for the
prolongation of life in some hermits that choose to live there and indeed live very long by who
also we learn many things.” Similarly with the towers you have permits. upper region, middle
region and upon them in some places are dwellings of hermits whom we visit sometimes and
instruct what to observe. A hermit is one who devotes themselves to a divine purpose. Hermit
is one that abstains from all worldly desires and withdraws as in this case into the caves into
the towers for devotional purposes. In this case, the devotion to the divine is brought together
with the devotion to science; they are hermits who retreat into these towers and into these caves
they isolated from the Society. What they are however providing Society with is knowledge.
So the life of the hermit in their isolation from life, devoting themselves to the divine is taking
on a new image here with the hermits having retreated into these specific spaces which you are
describing detail as to their functions.
“We have great lakes both salt and fresh; we use them also for burials of some natural bodies
for we find a difference in things buried in earth or in air below the earth and things buried in
water.” we are looking here at observation and practise that follows observation. we are looking
trying attempt at experimentation and coming to a conclusion as a result of that yet empiricism.
“We have also a number of artificial wells and fountains, made in imitation of the natural
sources and baths … amongst them we have a water which call Water of Paradise … for
prolonging life.” wells and fountains are abundant resources and that is important literally and
figuratively because a well or a fountain is a resource which provides you.
He says, “we have orchards and gardens, wherein we do not so much respect beauty as variety
of ground and soil, proper for diverse trees and herbs.” so this is practical purpose. “We make
(by art) in the same orchards and gardens trees and flowers to come earlier or later than their
seasons and to come up and bear more speedily than by their natural course they do.” This is
very early description of the GMO. “We make by art” means we are able to interfere with the
course of nature, we are able to manipulate nature for our own purposes.
“We make them also by art…” notice the repetition artificially this is our doing. “… greater
much than their nature and their fruit greater and sweeter and of differing taste, smell, colour,
and figure, from their nature. And many of them we so order as they become of medicinal use.”
So what they are doing is they are manipulating the nature of the plant. so that it serves their
purposes to the extent that they use it for reasons of help.
“We have also parks inclosures of all sorts of beasts and birds which we use not only for view
or rareness…” notice again this is repeated in the previous paragraph, he mentioned that
orchards and gardens were not simply for beauty, not for aesthetics but for practical purposes.
Similarly, here “… inclosures of all sorts of beasts and birds which we use not only for view or
rareness but likewise for dissections and trials, that thereby we may take light what may be
wrought upon the body of man.” Light is a metaphor for knowledge. In this excerpt, it becomes
very blatant when the ships are sent to the world to find out what the rest of the world is doing.
Those ships are called Merchants of Light. they bring in knowledge; they there merchandise;
their material of purchase is knowledge. so here capitalism or capitalistic economy or at this
point all sorts of economic transaction takes on a new meaning when these ships are merchants
of light, merchants of knowledge. So beasts and birds. Beasts means animals as you know
equestrians very often. “…as continuing life in them, though diverse parts, … resuscitating of
some that seem dead in appearance;” (important) this is something you are familiar today,
resuscitation. (diriltme, canlandırma) but here you are looking at the beginning of the 17th
century where the human being has the capacity to bring back to life would seems to be dead.
“copulations of different kinds which have produced many new kinds.” so you are looking at
the copulating (çiftleşme) of different kinds to have new species. This suggests that science has
gone beyond natural limits. that science has come to understand the natural course of the lives
of these creatures and having come to an understanding of that it has overpowered that to the
extent that they can now copulate different kinds to bring about different species. Important
sentence is the final sentence “neither do we this by chance, but we know beforehand of what
matter and commixture what kind of those creatures will arrive.” So what he is saying is we
have full competence in this. this is not perchance, the results that we get is not coincidental. it
is not chance, but we are able to fully control the whole process and so we are able to control
the end result.
one aspect of the speaker which starts at this point very important when he says “we have also
places for breed and generation of those kinds of worms and flies which are of special use, such
as are with you your silkworms and bees.” After this detail, he says, “I will not hold you long
with recounting of our brew-houses, bakehouses, and kitchens, where we are made divers drinks
….” and then you have got huge paragraph of details as to what they are able to achieve. this
attitude is very important because this attitude is going to appear again towards the end of this.
So that becomes sarcastic. this is going to take long by which he is actually drawing attention
to the fact that there is such a great amount of achievement, but he pretends not to talk about.
so he is actually talking about those numerous achievements which the paragraph ends with
strengthening man.
4. sayfa “We procure means of seeing objects afar off, as in the heaven and remote places, and
represent things near as afar off and things afar off as near, making feigned distances.” Then he
says, “We have also glasses and means to see small and minute bodies perfectly and distinctly,
as the shapes and colours of small flies and worms, grains and flaws in gems, which cannot
otherwise be seen, observations in urine and blood, not otherwise to be seen.” So he's literally
talking about the microscope. we are looking at these instruments which he is referring without
names because there are no names for them yet. Today we have the word for that.
“We also represent ordnance and instruments of war, and engines of all kinds, and likewise new
mixtures and compositions of gunpowder, wildfires burning in water and unquenchable. Also
fireworks of all variety both for pleasure and use. We imitate also flights of birds; we have some
degrees of flying in the air; we have ships and boats for going under water and booking of seas,
also swimming-girdles and supporters. …we imitate also motions of living creatures by images
of men, beasts, birds, fishes, and servants.” So you are looking at instruments that will make
warfare advantages for England because England at war with France and Spain. So you are
looking at their imitating the flights of the birds, boats going under water that is unquenchable.
if England has unquenchable fire (the invention of the gunpowder) now when you think about
the gunpowder whoever has invented it or whoever has more gunpowder the more powerful
against their opponent. similarly, here is a writer making the character say “scientific
development, scientific approach allows us to make these as well which are beneficial in the
face of encountering other states, enemies. now until this point the whole issue was about the
welfare, the health, the life of the individual, provisions for Society etc. All of these things
which now are your normal as scientific innovation, scientific power over nature. now why is
that for the benefits according to the text for the benefit of society it gets to a point gradually
where you are given instruments of war. Also, the result of this scientific achievement now
what is this building up towards, the speaker is going to make a comparison between his state
and the other states. he is going to say ours and yours. so he is going to make a distinction,
upholding, and cheering for his own island certainly. So gradually this text is building up
towards it. It is important because Francis Bacon is proposing an alternative state which is also
an island but which is an island which is almost non-existent because nobody knows it exists,
but then at the same time, they are all powerful, having accomplished all of these achievements,
and even more powerful because it exists with no one else knowing that they do exist. Thus,
there is no threat of an enemy that is mentioned at the end. they will not be able to reach. so
here this is very important for a country, like England who is constantly at war. and these are
long wars. So gradually Bacon is building up a distinction as well because soon it is going to
be you and us.
“These are my son, the riches of Salomon’s House.” from this point, we get to the methods.
The methods are the most important part.
Third, the several employments and functions where to our fellows are assigned. that third is
what we have arrived at now. the ships that he took off that go out into the world every 12 years
the Merchants of Light that we were referring to. and once he covers the methods that they used
to acquire knowledge, he is going to move on to “for our ordinances and rights” which is the
4th part which he mentioned in the first paragraph.
we are on at step three what methods do they use and this is the part where we see Bacon’s
method of induction clearly and how knowledge is acquired.
5. sayfa başı “For the several employments and offices of our fellows, we have twelve that sail
into foreign countries, under the names of other nations (for our own we conceal), who bring
us the books and abstracts and patterns of experiments of all other parts.” This is for the purpose
of safety, for the purpose of avoiding any enmity, avoiding any invasion. The numbers has
biblical symbolic meaning.
 “These we call Merchants of Light” Light is knowledge, so these ships are carrying knowledge
as their merchandise, their merchandise becomes knowledge.
“We have three that collect the experiments which are in all books these we call Depredators.”
(yağmacı) now notice here this these three are actually working on knowledge, information that
is already there. experiments which are in old books. so we are looking at present already
existing information. these we called depredators so when you never thought word they are
almost plundering (yağmalama) the existing knowledge, the existing information. so there are
group of three which plunders the information that exists in all books.
“We have three that collect the experiments of all mechanical arts ,and also liberal sciences,
and also of practises which are not brought into arts.” when you look at this description of
experiments, you can take these as subjects such as grammar, logic, rhetoric or -when you think
about what is being counted- geometry, mathematics, arithmetic or music. All of these go into
this group which is defined as Mystery Men. So this is a group that is collecting the experiments
of mechanical arts, not the knowledge in all of the books as the Depredators do, but there are
Mistry Men that are focusing on experiments. now on one level you could say experimentation,
empiricist is 4 ground of health?; on the other hand, new knowledge, new discovery is being
grasped that at the same time.
“we have three that try new experiments, such as themselves think good.” so this means they
have some kind of autonomy(bağımsızlık) because it says such as themselves think good. They
have the autonomy, the freedom to decide upon the experiments. “These we call Pioneers or
Miners.” a pioneer paves the path for who is going to follow; a pioneer is the first to do
something. So they are innovators; they are ones that do something for the first time they are
paving the path. so they are the first figures who are doing what they do. A miner excavates,
digs into the earth to discover something new, something that is not visible yet, something that
is still underneath the ground, underneath the earth. So this is an attempt to discover what is not
visible; so this is an attempt to see what is not yet seen but this is presumed to exist. hence the
word pioneer and miners they are looking for novelty and they are the first ones to do that they
are literally mining the ground, opening the earth up to find the jewel inside. but of course in
this case it's not diamonds as the colonialists would look for, but they are looking for the gem
of knowledge.
“We have three that draw experiments of the former four into titles and tables, to give the better
light for the drawing of observations and axioms out of them.” remember the inductive method
that is based on collecting data and arranging them. right and here we are looking at that a group
of people ships who are called Compilers. (derleyiciler) compiling, gathering data; preparing
for the process of induction where the data that has gathered is going to be arranged. so once
this data is collected and arranged, they are going to draw axiom out them which means they
are going to come up with a statement out of them. So the compilers arrange these data into
titles and tables,
“We have three that bend themselves, looking into the experiments of their fellows, and cast
about how to draw out of them things of use and practise for man's life.” So here we are looking
at that moment of trying to come up with knowledge that will be of use and practise out of what
has been collected. so data has been collected and arranged. now they are looking into it to see
what they can put into practise for the benefit of the humankind. “Those we call Dowry Men or
Benefactors.” this is associated with the benefit that this work is going to draw, the benefit out
of what has been gathered, what is to be chosen.
“Then after divers meeting and consults of our whole number to consider of the former labours
and collections, we have three that take care, out of them, to direct new experiments of a higher
light, more penetrating into nature than the former. These we call Lamps.” as you can see this
is a step-by-step process where each next step depends on the preceding step. This is a
systematic method that piles on. so the latter steps are actually based on the former steps. Look
at this image from light as knowledge. A lamp sheds light. so if light is knowledge then the
lamps are sharing knowledge. and notice what they do remember earlier today I was talking
about how Francis Bacon talks about not jumping to conclusions, arriving at knowledge out of
the list that they make, and then to make knew experiments to affirm that first result. so here
the Lamps are using the acquired knowledge, the acquired information to go deeper into it; to
experiment to understand it further in a more profound manner. so to understand profoundly
what they are working on
“We have three others that do execute the experiments so directed, and report them. These we
call Inoculators.” (aşıcı) so here are the executers the of the experiments they are inoculated
you know the injectors.
“Lastly, we have three that raise the former discoveries by experiments into greater
observations, axioms, and aphorisms.” this is the ultimate part. So perhaps it is reminding us of
what Bertrand Russell's criticism of hypothesis. You need hypothesis; he says here we are
looking at Francis Bacon's argument. we have three that raised the former discoveries by
experiment, so discoveries are brought about by experiments and these discoveries are brought
into greater observations, axioms, and aphorisms. so the end result is to come up with an
aphorism, with a clear statement relating to truth, with a clear statement of truth that these group
of people come up with axioms they come up with. “These we call Interpreters of Nature.” it is
this interpretation that allows ultimately for these people to better their lives, to improve their
lives because it is the interpretation of nature that allows them to overpower it to master it as
Francis Bacon claims. To master it you need to interpret it properly, and so the interpreters are
important but as you can see this is a very systematic method the work of the interpreters is
based on the preceding steps going initially to the idea of the merchants of lights that go out
into the world to bring different kinds of information.
This is the part in which the speaker makes the distinction between the people of Bensalem or
rather Salomon’s house as a scientific institution and the rest of the world as you and us. This
is important because his attitude is very clear here. “For our ordinances and rites, we have two
very long and fair galleries in one of these we placed patterns and samples of all manner of the
more rare and excellent inventions, in the other we place the statues of all principal inventors.”
this shows you their regard for earlier, former inventors, discovers, former significant figures.
So the statues, the way they revere (saygı göstermek), these principal inventors is important
because that shows us that history of invention, history of discovery is important for the benefit
of the present individual. “There we have the statue of your Columbus that discovered the West
Indies; also the inventor of ships; your monk that was the inventor of ordnance and of
gunpowder; the inventor of music; the inventor of letters; the inventor of printing; the inventor
of observations of astronomy; the inventor of works in metal; the inventor of glass; the inventor
of silk of the worm; the inventor of wine; the inventor of corn and bread; the inventor of
sugar;…” this shows us each and every one is so important in their own rites. They are not
considered as a group of people, as a mess. Each and every one of them is so important for these
people that unlike what this whole narrative has been, here each and every inventor is mentioned
in their own rites as an inventor. the list begins with your Columbus.
On one level it is a distinction between you and us, but on another level, it is also a reference
to you; you have achievements as well; you have achieved certain things; you're Columbus
discovered.
Notice your monk that was the inventor of ordnance and gunpowder, you have it in your
footnotes (37) Roger Bacon. this your monk, he refers to Roger Bacon. So what we see here is
you and I, but at the same time respect and regard for what and who they are. Now why is this
important because in a minute he's going to talk about their achievements and their philosophers
and their inventors and how great they are, not in a presumptuous (küstah) way, but in the way
they revere everyone. They have this hierarchy. Then, he talks about how they make statues of
their inventors. “These statues are some of brass, some of marble and touchstone, some of cedar
and other special woods gilt and adorned, some of iron, some of silver, some of gold.” When
you think about that, all of these materials have different values. practically as well as
commodity wise. gold is the most precious element, the most precious metal within the chain
of being in the 16th century. So when you have a list of statues made of brass, silver and gold
that tells you something about a hierarchy among those inventors. whose statue is made of iron
or gold or cedar or brass. So that is important. we have a long list that reveres and shows us
how to first look at what they have invented glass, silk of the worm, metal printing letters. so
when you look at that list you see that science and art as important as one another. So what is
listed here is starting with your Columbus to the inventor of sugars; you are looking at the
importance of science, importance of art, importance of geographic discoveries. so
mathematics, geography, geometry, art, all of these are important. remember these are the
reverence in two very long and fair galleries.
“Then have we divers inventors of our own, of excellent works, which since you have not seen,
it were too long to make descriptions of them; and besides, in the right understanding of those
descriptions you might easily err. For upon every invention of value we erect a statue to the
inventor.” (Neden kolaylıkla hata yapabileceklerinden bahsediyo) So it was too long to make
description of them but he has already been talking about them, the glasses that make far near,
near apart; the glasses that make tiny things into larger elements. all of these things that they
did not know he has already been talking about them. So this is another statement and this is
why this is very important. yes their inventions are beyond their food but he has already been
talking about their invention find intervention made water into the water of paradise we have
replicated the flights of birds so we can fly in the air he said we have made ships that can go
under the water. These are inventions that the audience had not seen, so therefore when he says
“which since you have not seen it were too long to make descriptions of them.”, that is not yet
a superiority, that is drawing on to the superiority that comes with him saying “and besides, in
the right understanding of those descriptions you might easily err.” because you have no idea
about it, but then he has been speaking of them for so long. So I think what he's really doing
here is asserting his superiority, saying we are way beyond your present state; we are way
beyond your capacities, your achievements to the extent but if I tell you will not understand this
is actually asserting and reiterating (pekiştirmek) his superiority. He wants to make sure that it
is acknowledged because otherwise look at populating different species of animals, look at
interfering with the growth of plants, all of those are new things. you are looking at things being
shortened to say we have our own inventors I am not going to count now but what he focuses
on is that these people are so highly revered, highly respected that depending on their
inventions. Each is given a statue. “For upon every invention of value we erect a statue to the
inventor, and give him a liberal and honourable reward.” this is important because he is saying
inventions, important figures achievements do not go unacknowledged in our society; we
acknowledge all such success; we acknowledge it and we reward it. this is important. notice
this: within an atmosphere fighting over money inside and outside; within England, all of these
religious functions and the parliament and the monarchy; everybody is literally fighting with
one another, and the ultimate aim, reason is money. But here Francis Bacon is coming up with
something else. He says what we respect is not the fighter, is not the money holder. What we
respect is the inventor who is using knowledge, who is acquiring knowledge. So the knowledge
is what is important for them.
“We have certain hymns and services which we say daily…” So that tells you something about
the faith.
“And when he had said this, he stood up, and I, as I had been taught, kneel down, and he laid
his right hand upon my head, and said, ‘God bless thee, my son, and God bless this relation
which I have made. I give thee leave to publish it for the good of other nations, for we here are
in God’s bosom, a land unknown.’ And so he left me, having assigned a value of about two
thousand ducats for a bounty to me and my fellows. For they give great largesses where they
come upon all occasions.” so here there is another issue because this biblical image, this
religious image where this time what the figure of authority, what the figure of references
passing onto the young is knowledge. He is saying go and tell all these to the outside world for
their own benefit, let them know. This is crucial because “let them know” is associated with let
England know that this is possible. if you focus on science, if you take knowledge as your
ultimate goal, if you advocate knowledge as the most important element in life to overpower
nature for the benefit of humankind; blissful, happy life, a life that is prolonged; a life of bliss
and strength is possible. Which is why you have this character blessing the shipwrecked visitor
to go and tell the outside world. just like in Thomas More's Utopia, Rafael Hythloday had to
talk of this land, so that Thomas More could tell England “Look, this is what we can do.” I'm
here similarly Francis Bacon is making this character a bid, the young inferior because this is
now a matter of hierarchy as well, the acquirement of knowledge makes the handler of
knowledge, superior to the others, and so the bidding is “Go and tell the rest of the world.” so
here is Francis Bacon making a statement; “Let us forget other concerns, let us upon knowledge
for our salvation.”

18.05.2021

Holy Sonnets: Death, be not proud

BY JOHN DONNE

Death, be not proud, though some have called thee

Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well
And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally
And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.

It is a good example of metaphysical conceit and it is a good example of the sonnet form in the
way John Donne uses it. “Death, be not proud” is specifically important for the imagery that it
creates and the specific metaphysical conceit that John Donne employs in the poem because in
Death, be not proud, John Dunne draws a parallelism between sleep and death. He compares
death to sleep.
When John Dunne compares sleep to death, they take it for granted.?
In the 17th century, when John Donne compares death to sleep, he's actually got a concern. The
fact that sleep and death were compared to one another is actually a very farfetched (inanılması
zor) comparison. It is a metaphysical conceit because of the ways, because of the elements of
comparison.
Metaphysical conceit is a comparison between two very dissimilar elements. so when you look
at metaphysical conceit, you are looking actually at an extended metaphor which compares two
very dissimilar things. If you use two dissimilar elements and compare them to each other in
your poem, it is an example of the metaphysical conceit.

The Good-Morrow
BY JOHN DONNE

I wonder, by my troth, what thou and I

Did, till we loved? Were we not weaned till then?
But sucked on country pleasures, childishly?
Or snorted we in the Seven Sleepers’ den?
’Twas so; but this, all pleasures fancies be.
If ever any beauty I did see,
Which I desired, and got, ’twas but a dream of thee.

And now good-morrow to our waking souls,

Which watch not one another out of fear;
For love, all love of other sights controls,
And makes one little room an everywhere.
Let sea-discoverers to new worlds have gone,
Let maps to other, worlds on worlds have shown,
Let us possess one world, each hath one, and is one.

My face in thine eye, thine in mine appears,

And true plain hearts do in the faces rest;
Where can we find two better hemispheres,
Without sharp north, without declining west?
Whatever dies, was not mixed equally;
If our two loves be one, or, thou and I
Love so alike, that none do slacken, none can die.

This is a poem reflecting joy. This poem is an Aubade. An aubade is a specific kind of poem
of love at the dawn; it is an poem that greets the dawn where lovers parting at dawn, serenading
one another. so this is a specific kind of poem where you are looking at the conversation of the
lovers; the lover is speaking to one another the morning after they made love.
So the dawn we are looking at is actually the lovers joy following the night before. we are
looking at this poem of love where these lovers at dawn especially in the space; one is speaking
to the other and telling her about his feelings.
He draws a distinction between the past and the present seeing the past as a childish experience
while the president is something completely different. we have future in this poem. When we
look at the final lines, “Whatever dies, was not mixed equally; If our two loves be one, or,
thou and I Love so alike, that none do slacken, none can die.” This is about the future. sıSo
when we are looking at the poem in three parts, it is presenting us with the past and then the
present until a certain extent the future. Respectively.
The Good-Morrow is a poem from John Donne’s songs and sonnets sequence. he has songs and
sonnets and this is the last poem in the songs and sonnets.
When we look at this poem you can see there are three stanzas. There are seven lines in each
stanza. A seven lines stanza is a septet. Seven lines are related to the idea of creating new world.
they are creating one world, two hemispheres coming together to make a sphere; they are
making up their own world. when you look at the poem, each stanza is a world in its own. the
first seven lines are the world of the past; the 2nd 7 lines are a world in themselves of the
president, and then the third presents us with something very compact. in fact when you think
about all of it, the third stanzas create another world where everything is brought in. All the
images, all that concerned about spiritual love and sexual love coexisting, brought together. all
the implications related to that. their all placed into that third stanzas which is a very powerful
world in itself. so you can look at the three stanzas separately, but when they come together,
they make up the world of the Good Morrow themselves.

Look at stanza which is about the past. we are looking at are questions but they are very
powerful questions but that gets a sort of explanation. “what thou and I Did, till we loved?”
So what you are looking at is the before and the after of love. “I wonder, by my troth, what
thou and I Did, till we loved?” we are looking at this new state of being; what did we do
before; what did we do now. “Were we not weaned till then?” so until we love were we not
fed; were we not nourished “But sucked on country pleasures, childishly?” when he looks at
the past he sees it as a childish experience. now what does childishly here mean if this is a new
experience, this love making, childishly means is innocent, and a certain extent is ignorant that
is about love making. “what thou and I Did, till we loved?” is associated with their sexual
act. Also, country pleasures refer to rustic pleasure, and so the pleasure of love making is seen
as something superior to the rustic pleasures, to the country pleasures. So there is a distinction
here. The former is seen as childish, innocent, ignorance state of being. “Or snorted we in the
Seven Sleepers’ den?” (The seven sleepers= yedi uyurlar, ahsab-I kehf.) the Christian youth
who hide in a cave and sleep for almost 200 years are trying to avoid persecution and so they
are hiding their cave. when they wake up, almost two centuries have gone by. when they wake
up, they are completely unaware of the present of the ways of the world, and so they are
completely unaware of the worlds possibilities, so when this poet persona when the speaker
here says “Or snorted we in the Seven Sleepers’ den?” he is saying we've been sleeping all
our lives before we made love; it is like the sleeping of the of the seven sleepers because we
haven't known the world; we have not known what the world is capable of providing us with,
so this is a new waking; this is an awakening to a new world. So what you are looking at is the
power of their experience of love making that brings them into a new world where everything
seems new now, everything is seen through different eyes. Their perspective changes: they
wake up to a new world. This is them prior to their love making the night before the dawn. here
we are looking at the morning, the good morrow. so the time prior to that was like sleeping in
the seven sleepers’ den or sucking on country pleasures childishly. “’Twas so; but this, all
pleasures fancies be.” this means other than this pleasure, all pleasures are fancies. Fancy is
imaginary, not real. So all other pleasures are imaginary, unreal but this what we have
experienced is the real thing, the reality. “If ever any beauty I did see, Which I desired, and
got, ’twas but a dream of thee.” It means anyone he might like, anyone beautiful. “which I
desired, and got” Desire is associated with sexual passion. “To desire and get” is “to have had
a sexual experience.”, to put forth his sexuality. “twas but a dream of thee” So the dream is
associated with making them, the former beauties unreal. the real thing, the ideal is the lady
who he is with at the moment. when you see but, you need to be careful because but makes
things turn. Here we have a transition to the present.
Second stanza:
“And now good-morrow to our waking souls,” We have another address: waking, changing,
our souls are waking. Here at the present. “now good morning to our waking souls.” our souls
have changed through our love making the night before.
“Which watch not one another out of fear; For love, all love of other sights controls, And
makes one little room an everywhere.” There is this issue of control. They do not watch each
other because of fear. the controlling is on the part of love; their love controls all love of other
sights which means their love for one another limits them to one another; thereby leaving the
rest of the world outside. for love all love of other sights control so there is a sort of inhibition
(kısıtlama) here. Their love is excluding (dışlamak) the love of other sights. so anything else
that they love, their love excludes as such they are contained and makes one little room an
everywhere. One little room is that you can think it as their bedroom because there have been
love making. so one little room is the bedroom and the bedroom becomes an everywhere for
them. Also, when we think the bedroom is their world. The world this love creates for them is
one little room. So we are looking at seeing their world as this one little room and this is enough,
they don't dream or yearn to go beyond that. Thus, the love surpasses everything else. it is
superior to everything else. “Let sea-discoverers to new worlds have gone,” when we think
about 17th century, recently about 100 years earlier, you have a new world discovered. This
points to a change in the world, new discoveries, new life, new land. So sea-discovery is very
important because it goes to show you the mindset of the time as well. 17th century,
geographical discoveries, the expansion of the world for the capacity of the countries in terms
of their navigation. “Let maps to other, worlds on worlds have shown,” Cartography is a
very important issue. so geographical maps and you can take this out astronomical maps as
well. so the maps in the stars, geographical maps; let's sea-discovers, all of this be revealed to
the world. “Let us possess one world, each hath one, and is one.” all the world change as the
line suggests. new discoveries, new world, new life… The truth is when he says let us possess
one world that is his desire to have one world which means it is going to be their world but each
having one is each is a world and then and is one is each is a world in their own. But he wants
that unity. We are looking at the poet’s persona’s learning for their union. This union covered
through the world. Each is a world themselves. However, a single world of love between them
is desired by the poet persona. so each constitute is a world on their own, but then together
(making love, coming together,) they create another world. so they are one for one another, but
then together they are a unified world together. This being the case now that their experience
has resulted in there waking to this new world where they are now not childishly, sucking on
rustic pleasures, but are awoken to the reality that they watched not one another out of fear.
now that is an important line. He is talking about fear because fear exists in the absence of love.
So he is saying now love allows them to be free of that fear because they trust one another in
the sense that their love puts the rest of the world outside of their world. they are contained in
their single small room within the world the desire is for one world.
The most blatant (aşikar) emotion in this poem is joy. so it's not only joy. The next most
important feeling is fear because along with the joy there is this fear of losing this experience.
there is the fear of losing this joy, this feeling of joy that follows the night but there is also the
fear of losing this love that he is talking about. because look at the final two lines: there are the
conditions through which they will become immortal. right remember earlier we were talking
about how this third stands up was about future projections so when you look at the final two
lines it is a condition that he is putting forth. If our love is not weakened, if our passion our
desire for one another if our feelings for one another or not weaken, if we are as strong as now,
we surpass that, we transcend that, we become immortal through our love. but this is a
conditional. So we see the joy related to the moment, this moment following their love making,
there is also the fear of losing that joy. there is also the fear of losing that strong bond between
them. you have the word fear. the passion, the feeling, the moment is so powerful but then at
the same time it comprises its negative meaning. so here he is justifying their lack of fear
regarding one another, like we find in each other everything. we are the world to one another.
Each has one and is one: they are the world for each other, and they are the world as themselves
to unite in a single world, making one world.
The third stanza:
“My face in thine eye, thine in mine appears,” They are looking at each other, and they are
seeing their reflection in the other’s eyes. This is a very important image because they are gazing
into one another's eyes. when they gaze into each other's eyes, their eyes become the mirrors to
reflect their own image to themselves. So when they look into each other’s eyes, they are seeing
themselves. the eye is almost like a mirror reflecting their own selves. When they see
themselves in each other’s eyes, they become one world themselves through their eyes where
each sees their own reflection in the eye of the other. So it's almost like they are becoming a
unified whole, and they make up their world. “And true plain hearts do in the faces rest;”
the eyes looking at one another, reflecting one another is complemented with the image of hearts
in the faces rest. So the heart is associated with the feelings, and the face reveals the heart. so
the emotions reflected in the face are shown in their eyes. So the face reflects both the other
and themselves. their emotions are revealed through their face. It can be in terms of blushing,
in terms of sexual passion. their eyes on their face are reflecting the other to one another. True
plain hearts is associated with honesty, sincerity, truthfulness. Real emotions, reality. This is
different from the first stanza. When you look at the stanza of three when they look at each
other’s faces, at each other’s eyes, this is completely different, this is the reality where the hearts
are true plain. So the poet elaborates on (ayrıntılarına girmek) the image of the world here.
“Where can we find two better hemispheres, Without sharp north, without declining
west?” This is how the image of the world the two making one world is elaborated upon through
the image of the two hemispheres. where can we find two better hemispheres suggests that
each lover is the ideal hemisphere. when they come together, they make up a sphere. They make
up the whole world. the two hemispheres coming together to complete one another. without
sharp north, without declining west. Sharp is associated with pain; the north is associated
with cold. West is associated with the sunset. the declining west means the sun setting in the
West. this ideal sphere does not have a declining west. a sunset is the day has come to an end
ending, death. the sunset means the day comes to a close; it represents an ending. an ending
means closure and so something new is going to take place. the declining west means time
passes and we approach our death. when he says our sphere does not have the declining West,
it suggests that there is no end to it. when these two hemispheres are joined together to make
the world, this sphere is the perfect shape. a circle is considered to be the perfect shape
representing endlessness. a circle represents perfection as well as eternity, continuity. It
represents immortality. the sphere is a representative of perfection, endlessness eternity,
immortality. so when these two perfect hemispheres are brought together without the sharp
north, without the defining West, they make up the perfect sphere. they represent a unified
whole, completeness, perfection as sphere. they are perfect hemispheres.
Also, there is idealising, he idealises himself and the other, and when the two best hemispheres
are brought together to make a circle, to make the perfect complete sphere, that is an ideal
sphere that they create together. it is the sphere of perfection.
“Whatever dies, was not mixed equally;”(you will remember from 16th century classes the
four elements that made up the human, the four elements and as such the mixing of those
elements made up the character.) that means whatever dies, whatever is mortal is imperfect. so
whatever does not die without the declining west is perfect. It is mixed equally. so when we
look at this couple, the idea is that the two coming together make up that circle. separately their
only hemispheres, but when they are brought together as such they make the sphere, the
complete perfect circle which represents immortality. hence separately as humans they are
mortal beings but their union. when they come together, the equal mixture makes them
immortal; their union makes them immortal. Therefore (bu sebeple) they are eternal, permanent.
at the very beginning we were talking about the night of their love making, and this is the good
morrow, the morning after and so they were experiencing the joy, they were awakened into a
new world, they were born into a new world as a result of the night before .so we were looking
at the physical side of their love. However, now the idea of their union is taking on another
meaning. we see that this is taking on a new level. it is not simply about their physical union
bringing them joy. it is also about their union bringing them into a state of perfection and
therefore into a state being eternal, being immortal and this idea is enhanced in the final two
lines where we see that their union actually points to their transcending (aşmak) of them. their
love making is actually making them into this wonderful world which is perfect, which is
internal, which is mixed equally such that they transcend that they become immortal.
“If our two loves be one, or, thou and I Love so alike, that none do slacken, none can die.”
Slacken (azalmak, hafiflemek) if we don't lose our intensity or if we don't become weak in our
love, none can die. So love is allowing them to go beyond that. It means to go beyond they are
transcending death through their union brought about by their love, and by their love making.
when you look at that final line, you might also see that there is the representation of two things
because it is related to the image of death between lovers. So in that line, the physical experience
of love making, the sexual act is brought together with the spiritual side of the transcendent side
of love, and love making. so if no one becomes weaker, this is in the sexual sense as well as
the spiritual. so if the desire of no one weakens, the sexual passion of no one weakens, but at
the same time it also points to the spiritual side of that love. if it does not weaken, we transcend
death. But die in a sexual sense is also referring to orgasm which is also referred to as la petite
mort, small death. They are brought together where this act within this world of love, in their
own world of unity allows them to go beyond mortality. it makes them immortal. it allows them
to transcend. (aşmak)
in that respect when you look at the final stanza, this feeling of joy, this feeling of happiness,
of celebration is to a certain extent. I think overshadowed by these feelings of fear. the fear of
losing is important because this poem ends with mortality or immortality for that. So what we
are looking at is actually the notion of change. Here change is perhaps the ultimate reality. this
joy is overshadowed by this notion of change, of temporariness in a changing world. he knows
that everything is temporary, that everything is mortal, they themselves are mortal. So
everything is transient (geçici) in this world. This is the actual reason for fear because what's
this love, what the two of them brought together allows these couple is to go beyond this notion
of transient, to go beyond this notion of temporariness. this is a changing world remember this
is a world in which there is the declining west. the declining west brings the day to an end. when
the day comes to an end, there is time lapse. (Zaman aşımı) time lapse is very important because
time passing means you are approaching mortality. so it refers to temporality (geçicilik). the
declining west means time passes and we approach our death. So love what we have
experienced becoming one as a unified whole, becoming this perfect sphere together allows us
to transcend temporality, allows us to transcend time because when we talk about immortality
we are not just talking about transcending death, we are also talking about transcending time.
when you look at this final stanza where you have all of this physical love and spiritual love
brought together in such a way that there the world, seems to suggest that if they are able to
create this world, the lover’s world will be their own world. (Without the sharp north without
the declining West,) without change is the ultimate ideal. Constancy (değişmezlik) this world
is going to be the world that they create that perfect world is going to be constant, unchanging.
(Slacken) there should be no change. here at the present moment (in stanza two), this present
moment is very valuable; their emotions are at the peak, this is after their sexual experience,
there love, their desire, their passion everything is at a peak point. and the poet persona is
yearning is that this should not slacken; there should be no change to this; their love to one
another has to be constant, unchanging, and true. and if this is the case then non can die.

25.05.2021

Holy Sonnets: Death, be not proud

BY JOHN DONNE

Death, be not proud, though some have called thee

Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well
And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally
And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.

John Donne is known as the father of Metaphysical Conceit. He brings together two very
dissimilar things and compares them making an extended metaphor. He is very much concerned
about death. when you look at John Donne, we will very often come across information
regarding the passing of his life and how following the passing of his life. he is more concerned
about death and after life. On the other hand, you have his personal experience with religion.
his personal experience regarding Protestantism and Catholicism. You have got his love poems,
his religious poems. You have got his love poems in the format his elegies. (mersiye,ağıt) you
have got songs and sonnets, and then you have his divine poems in which you see his concern
with the human beings relationship with God and then you have this holy sonnets which tend
to include on level a certain kind of hope, on another level a certain kind of anxiety, anguish
we could say.
“Death, be not proud” is a short poem which has 14 lines. It is in the form of a sonnet. In this
poem, a major element is seen in this text as well. He uses Iambic pentameter.
“poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.” This attitude is very important. This poem is
constantly addressing death. It is personifying death. It is telling that death is not powerful, it
should not be proud and so on. “Poor Death” is very important because poor death is an attempt
to take away the power of death. He means you're not strong, you have no power against me.
So this is a major concern. if the poet says that, that means he's really concerned about death
and this power. Perhaps he is trying to belittle, trying to diminish the power that is associated
with death. There is a social matter. “some have called thee Mighty and dreadful” When we
read this, we understand that this notion of power is not something that poet is associating with
that but it's a general understanding. it is a general generally accepted truth that death is mighty
and dreadful. This is what poet is challenging. “Death, be not proud, though some have called
thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;” The general understanding regarding death
some people have called thee mighty and dreadful. These are the attributes (sıfat) of death. so
this is what death is associated with mighty, dreadful. But the idea is “Death, be not proud,”
“for thou art not so;”. what is death not so: mighty and dreadful. Also, the first word of the
poem is death. So here now first word of the poem is death on one level addressing death as a
personifying figure, death and on another level death as a concept is not proud. When we
considering the whole poem, death as a concept is a major concern which is why he personifies
that, the concept into this being because the way the poet handles the issue, the concept of death
is a relation to eternal life. Eternal life is the afterlife in Christian theology. It refers to the
afterlife. It refers to a period where there will be no death. Eternal means everlasting. So the
afterlife following death is an eternal life where people live infinitely; the afterlife does not
within the Christian theology. afterlife does not include that. it points to an infinite life. “Death,
be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;”
Fallowing lines are going to be explaining why people associate death with might and dread
but the attitude of the poet is thou art not so. Gradually this issue is going to be tied to this
notion of afterlife, to this infinite life. by concept if you're talking about Infinity, if you're talking
about eternity then by definition you are talking about the absence of death. this form presents
us with the poet referring to the absence of death, saying death should be no more. when you
look about final line, “death shall be no more” here death is not capitalized. it is referred to
as a concept and then it continues “Death, thou shalt die.” it means it will not exist that dying
death as a personified figure. Dying means death seizes to exist in a eternal life because death
is not there. so the final line presents death as a concept as well as a personified figure.
At the beginning:
“Death, be not proud,” what is being criticised here. The poet is telling death to be not proud.
According to Christian theology, pride is the first of the seven deadly sins (pride, covetousness,
lust, gluttony, envy, anger, and sloth.) So the committing of the seven deadly sins there is no
pardon for that. There we are looking at death as proud. The poet is saying “thou art not so;”
which means you have no reason to be proud. so here what we're looking at is actually a
criticism towards death for his boasting. “For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.” So this is the reason death should not be
proud. (the word overthrow is thought as overcomes) iambic pentameter tells us the poem
forces you to read in the correct form and thereby understand what the poet is pointing out. so
look at the lines, those thou die there is a controversy (anlaşmazlık, çekişme) between you,
death and those whom you think you overthrow. So the point is this, this is a challenge, this is
a fight against death. (yendiğini sandıkların bile ölmez diyor burada.) In first few lines, there is
nothing personal, this is general, this is social. “though some have called thee Mighty and
dreadful” at this point it is not personal regarding the poet. this is a generalisation. gradually
it's going to be personal. “For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow Die not, poor
Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.” this line explains the notion of overthrowing, how does
death overthrow people. it overthrows them by killing them. so here the poet is explaining that
they do not die. he is saying this because be not proud. The word “for” means because. so do
not be proud because those whom you think you overthrow die not. “nor yet canst thou kill
me.” Now it is becoming personal. they don't die nor could you kill me. now it is gradually
turning to the individual, turning to himself here. we see the phrase “poor Death” this is an
attempt on the part of the poet to feel superior to death in the context of being killed; you, poor
death taking away his power saying “nor yet canst thou kill me.” neither you couldn't kill
them neither could you kill me.
This is the first quatrain: In the first four lines, he is saying that even though people have called
you mighty and dreadful. you have something powerful and something to be feared, and he is
saying even though people have called you so, you have no reason to boast, you have no reason
to be proud because those whom you think you have overthrown that you have taken under
your power by killing actually die not you poor death. poor in terms of pathetic. Neither can
you kill me.
Second quatrain:
“From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, Much pleasure; then from thee much
more must flow,” So rest and sleep are only your pictures much pleasure than from the much.
The idea is the comparison is two pictures. rest and sleep are pictures of them. So a picture is a
kind of reflection, but not like the mirror reflection but just similarity. When we look at a
picture, we see something that replicates the original. it's a replica. a picture is an image of the
real thing. so rest and sleep are your images, your reflection. “from thee much more must
flow,” so if rest and sleep which are your pictures, your images, similarities; if they give much
pleasure then as the real thing, much more must flow. So there is a comparison between rest
and sleep and death. The explanation is that since death is the actual, real thing and rest and
sleep are only its images, pictures then death should be more pleasurable; it should provide
more pleasure. The Death is being not as mighty and dreadful. It shows that death is not mighty
and dreadful because even its pictures provide more pleasure. So as the real thing there should
be much more pleasure coming from you. “And soonest our best men with thee do go,” so
the best man is associated with good men. good men go with you soonest which is easily not
suffering, passing away easily. so the good men, the best men die you can take this out die early
but also die easily. “Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.” This is associated with the body
resting in soil following death while the soul is delivered to heaven, ascension (göğe yükselme).
It is related to the Christian phrase “rest in peace”. So the idea of death is not something to be
feared; it is not something to be avoided. As soon as our best men would need to go. this is
almost like saying there is nothing wrong with coming up against you; this is not something to
be feared; this is not something to be fled because of what the first eight lines have been saying.
The poet is trying to persuade himself rather than death by addressing death, he speaking to
death certainly but it is almost as if it's a self-preservation (kendini koruma) to understand that
death is not something to be feared, but death is not mighty and powerful that it could be
something rather pleasurable because rest and sleep are so pleasurable. when one dies rest of
her bones and souls delivery; the body rest in the earth and the soul is delivered to eternal life.
this is the case nothing to worry about. when you look at these lines the poet is making a
statement regarding his own opinion on death. “Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and
desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,” when you look for those
lines we are moving on to the opposite end from mighty and dreadful, now we are looking at
the word slave. It's not a coincidence. So death has no freedom to do its job. It is only a slave
dependent upon the power of others. it has no power of its own; a slave has no will; no matter
what they want to have no power; they have to do the order of the master; the slave and being
in the service of others; the word serves. Death becomes a servant. In this two lines, the poet is
making a list of the masters of death, saying they are the actual powerful figures, not you ; they
order you ;they manipulate you they tell you there will and you have to act accordingly. Fate
and chance are things the human being does not have any authority over. all of these power is
associated with death. Fate, chance, kings and desperate men. “Kings” is associated with
something very worldly, for example, wars. so we are looking at something very worldly. so
Kings starting wars; chance and fate killing human beings; desperate men, men with no hope,
men with no chance taking lives. “And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,” the next
line is actually an explanation regarding how the masters in the preceding line take away life.
it happens with poison, war and sickness. so this is how death comes to the human beings. “And
poppy or charms can make us sleep as well And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou
then?” Poppy is the plants that they make opium (afyon) outside. He wants to draw our
attention to “make us sleep as well”. this suggests that death is making us sleep because
otherwise he would not have said as well. So just as you make us sleep, poppy and charms can
do the same, and in fact their influence is more powerful than yours. the sleep that they induce
(neden olmak) is better than what you induce. This is important because it is saying those are
superior to you. Hence the final question is “why swell'st thou then?” so if rest and sleep are
your pictures that are so pleasurable than you, if you have no power and you are simply a slave
to fate, chance, Kings and desperate men, if poppy and charms can make us sleep as well and
better than thy stroke, why do you boast? So the question is associated with pride with his
boasting. In the first eight line, we had the poet opinion asking what death was, but now he is
saying you don’t have power; what we are looking at is this direct attack on that saying you
have no power, why are you so proud. all of these other things are so much better than you.
“One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt
die.” There is the actual metaphysical conceit. The one short sleep is death. The metaphysical
conceit in here is between death and sleep. John Donne creates a metaphor here saying death is
only a short sleep. The technique is iambic pentameter, the I am there, the use of one unstressed
syllable followed by a stress syllable when you look at that one short sleep past. Even then the
focus is on shortness. So death is simply a short experience in contrast to eternally. He is
emphasising the shortness of sleep associated with death to eternal quality of the waking that is
going to come. So the short sleep is a metaphor for death. (one short sleep past there is the
emphasis.) we wake eternally so the next emphasis is on wake eternally. so the I am works to
emphasise short past, wake eternal. death is only an experience a short experience to be injured
to wake up into an infinite life, an infinite waking. “And death shall be no more;” the
emphasis is on death, be, more. so once we wake eternally, there is no death having woken to
eternity. this is the concept death and then he addresses death again saying “Death, thou shalt
die.” the emphasis is on thou and die. Finally when we wake eternally, it will be your death
So he is comparing death to a short sleep saying this is only a short sleep as a result of which
we wake to eternity, to an eternal life, the afterlife and there you will die because you will cease
(durdurmak) to exist. so our death is only actually in reality your own death. so you have no
power, hence the question why are you proud. You have no occasion, no reason to be proud of
because even though you think you have killed us, you cannot kill us. when you look at all of
these lines what we're actually looking at is not simply the expression of an opinion regarding
death, but it is also a struggle against death. it also reflects this worry about death, anxiety
about death. He is trying to comfort himself. He is trying to relieve himself. he's trying to assert
the idea that death is not something to be as worried as we make it end too because an afterlife
follows. we could also say death is yearning to reinstate the idea that an afterlife will follow;
death is also representing the anxiety about the notion of afterlife. It is almost like he's trying
to reinstate the idea that there is an afterlife and that he will wait to an afterlife because when
you look at the metaphysical conceit here, sleep and death, they are very similar. why the need
to make death this inevitable experience into something pleasurable. so this is something he
can't avoid, but he is obviously anxious about what followed. So here is an anxiety about
eternity about afterlife what happens following death. Death is being seen at least to affirm to
himself. Death is only a short experience to be followed by an eternal life. Death is only
temporary to leave into the promise of the afterlife.
when you look at the technique of the poem, the I am makes you to read the poem in the way
the poet wants the syllables to be emphasised. Many of the words that are stressed are single
syllable words: die not, poor death, nor yet, canst thou, kill me. One short sleep past we wake
eternally. Final line: death, be, more, thou, die. When you read it voice book struggle in the
lines by the alliteration that John Donne employs.
There's always that image of the sleep associated with death. it seems to be an easy poem. the
idea is going to be surpassed by what the religious promises is the afterlife, eternal.
1:06:54
18th century and novel as a new genre:
when we talk about 18th century, the first half of the 18th century we refer to as the Augustan
age, focusing on the Neoclassical and in that sense, there is a return to the Augustan writers
such as Homer and Virgil; there is a turn towards these ancient Greek writers to the original
Augustine. when we refer to the Augustan age, we are referring to the first half of the 18th
century approximately to the period that ends with the death of Jonathan Swift and Alexander
Pope. when we talk about the 18th century, we are talking about the Age of Reason we're
talking about Empiricism. we are looking at the period covering the Reign of Queen Anne at
the beginning of the century, and then King George the first and George the second. so
basically, roughly the first half of the 18th century. in addition to this, we should think of the
word Enlightenment. when you think about Europe and England enlightenment covers a large
space of time from 17th century onwards to the 18th century. during the middle of the 18th
century in 1770s, we start to see the industrial revolution. So these are all influences that shape
the thought of the period and therefore the thoughts, the lifestyle, the economy of the period
and as a result the literature of the period. when we talk about the period, some keywords are
capitalism, colonialism. In terms of literature, most importantly we are looking at the rise of
the new genre, the novel genre. For the 18th century philosophers, nature is the great
importance and in relation to that Jean Jacques Rousseau is very important. when you think
about nature, men of letters, people of letters took nature as the true model of writing as well.
In relation to that we can also throw in the word, mercantilism as well. In terms of the18th
century, what we are looking at in terms of England is the imperial stage of England. right 18th
century following 1707 with Queen Anne, we see Great Britain and we see The United
Kingdom of Great Britain. When we look at this, we are looking at the colonialist attitude which
is going to reflect in literature vary greatly. in terms of age of enlightenment, we are obviously
looking at a cultural movement. The most important thing for the 18th century is the primacy
of scientific method, how philosophers considered the scientific method as superior to anything
else. so in terms of scientific experience, we look at the word empiricism. In terms of
empiricism, knowledge comes through sensory experience. So what we are looking at is sensory
experience. therefore, we are looking at experimentation which is what is most important for
the Augustine, for the 18th century idea. the results achieved through scientific methods. John
Locke is a very important key figure here. John Locke wrote essay concerning human
understanding and he is regarded as one of the most prominent figures of the time. he is a British
empiricist. In this respect, you are already familiar with Francis Bacon. In this respect, there
are a few important figures; Mary Wollstonecraft is an important figure who wrote A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and she first wrote a vindication of the rights of man
and then she wrote a vindication of the rights of woman at the end of the century 1792. (Isaac
Newton) These are important for the 18th century: Adam Smith. John Jacques Rousseau
wrote a novel titled Emile and he believed that the human being needed to be cut off from the
social impositions and to grow in nature, to be brought up in nature that what was proper for
the nature of the human being. Adam Smith wrote the text titled Wealth of Nations which is
associated with the economy, philosophy of the time. René Descartes (Dekart), David Hume.
when you look at Alexander Pope's text, you see that he turns to the ancient poets, like Homer
advocating ancient Greek attitude in poetry which is what I referred to earlier in our distraction
in terms of the neoclassical attitude. In addition to Alexander Pope, we see writers like Jonathan
Swift, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe. Daniel Defoe is the writer of Robinson Crusoe. John
Dryden is the writer of Gulliver’s Travels. When we talk about this, we are looking at prose.
we're not just talking about prose because Sir Francis Bacon’s the new Atlantis was also prose,
but we are looking at the novel genre. the novel genre appears as a result of the economic
changes in the 17th century. it is often referred to as the genre of the bourgeoisie. the claim is
that the bourgeoisie needed its own literature. when we look at the novel genre in comparison
to the genres that you have been looking at such as the drama of the 16th century or the poetry
or verse or the epic forms. when you look at novel, you are looking at prose and then you are
looking at characterization; you have numerous characters; you have an intricate, elaborate plot;
and you have the context. very often the context of the period reflecting in the plot or in the
characterization or in terms of tone. when you look at the literature of the time very generally,
you can say that the literature of the period -the Augustan period- is very much conforming to
Alexander Pope's aesthetic principles. Alexander Pope advocates harmony, precision. He
advocated going back to the original Augustan poets such as Homer and Virgil. So the most
important thing during the period is the notion of order. I am talking about this in terms of
philosophy and in terms of literature. what is most important perhaps the most important
keyword for the 18th century is order. And in relation of the order is clarity. in terms of
literature, in terms of style, Alexander Pope advocates stylistic decorum. in terms of
philosophy, in terms of lifestyle and social background, you can talk about the decorum itself.
when you look at Alexandra Pope as a prominent figure of the 18th century, he is not just a
writer, he is not just the creator of artistic work, he is also a translator. He translated the Iliad,
the odyssey. Talking about prose and novel, one of the most important keywords that appears
during the 18th century especially with Jonathan Swift is the word Satire. Satire is a text that
deals with the absurdities and the follies of the human being. the absurdities and the follies of
the human being are ridicules. they are ridicule within the text. Satire is humorous form.
humour is not simply comedy. humour and humorous attitude are found in satire and satire is
very much associated with social criticism. They criticised the problems in society. when we
talk about satire, humour, social criticism, we also talk about wit. (nükte) Satire is also a witty
kind of text. A quote from Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal: (the most famous text) (A
modest proposal for preventing the children of poor people from being a burden to their parents
or country and for making them beneficial to the public. In a modest proposal, Jonathan Swift
does exactly this.) Jonathan swift writes that “a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old
a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled;
and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.” So what we're looking
at is a modest proposal to solve economic problems of the time.
the economic structure of the period in England is very elaborately and very clearly reflected
in the literature of the period. the social concerns are reflected in the in the literature of the
period.
the economic state of England or Europe in general can be seen very clearly through the major
events of the period. the French Revolution, industrial revolution, these are very much
influential of the period. the economic problems leading to political problems. industrial
revolution is changing the economic structure certainly with a high number of people working
in the factories with that the social structure changes. the factories up in the north of England
there is a shift in society from the agricultural agrarian South towards the north of England. the
conflict with France is a major issue during the period. So when we look at all of these, all of
these reflects in the literature of the period. discoveries of new lands is a major issue. when you
look at Robinson cruiser, Robinson Crusoe is a shipwreck. that shipwreck where does it come
from, why is he on a ship at all. we are looking at commercial concerns, mercantilistic concerns.
with that we are looking at gradually colonialism. now how does this tie in with literature? we
need to take a look at the new rising genre, the novel genre, and the price of books. we have
come from the period of manuscripts. so when we look at 18th century what we see is the
availability of books for low prices. This is important because then you have a larger number
of people reading literature.
we are looking at Daniel Defoe and his Robinson Crusoe and then we are looking at Jonathan
Swift’s as the novel genre we are looking at Gulliver’s Travels. They are both social criticisms.
especially Jonathan swift's Gulliver’s Travels. it is not really a children's book because there's
a great criticism on economy on the social structure it also shows you a criticism about the
colonial attitude, colonialistic aptitude. In addition to the social criticism, in the way Gulliver’s
travels from one place to another meeting different kinds of people and different nations or
Robinson Crusoe being shipwrecked on an island and recreating a new world on that island but
that new world is a recreation of England itself. in addition that to this kind of social criticism,
you also have writers like Samuel Richardson who writes texts like Clarissa and Pamela
these are really long novels which presents you with another face of the social reality of the
time which is the social circles, the family structure. the position of women, the gender
discrimination, the social roles of men and women within society, the victimisation of women
in Society. the full title of Clarissa is the history of a young lady, Pamela is titled Pamela or
virtue rewarded. these novels are given the names of the main characters Gulliver’s travels
Robinson Crusoe, Clarissa, Pamela and then you have a writer such as Henry Fielding who
writes the novel Tom Jones. when we look at this period, these kinds of novels are called
Bildungsroman. It is a kind of novel which presents you with the progress of the main
character. sometimes the growth of the child, sometimes a certain period in their life where you
see their progress.
one very important writer of the 18th century which I highly appreciate is Lauren Sterne and
his text title is Tristram Shandy. In fact the life and opinions of Tristram Shandy. and then
you have writers like Fanny Burney who wrote Evelina. the full title of Evelina is “Evelina”
or “the history of a young lady’s entrance into the world”. we are looking at the social arena,
the social structure, the lifestyle of these characters. The epistolary novel is a specific kind of
technique. Fanny Burney’s Evalina or Clarissa by Samuel Richardson is an epistolary novel.
So the epistolary novel is a novel written in the form of letters where you see characters
corresponding with one another. you do not have a narrator, a third person narrator. what you
actually read off as you are going to see in the excerpt of Clarissa is the letters written by several
characters one to the other and so you built up the information as a reader, you get a chance to
see how the characters are interacting with one another, how one speaks to the other. when we
talk about letters what is important, when you were talking about correspondence, you talk
about an addressee, a person that receives, the receiver. so the writer here determines the content
matter of the letter and the discourse of the letter depending on the addressee. answer here the
letters become important on another level in terms of what they reveal. So what we're looking
at basically during the 18th century novel genre is the titles representing the main characters
and plots or novels or narratives that reveal the lines of those characters but with that not only
the lives of the individuals but how they stand within their Society. these novels don't just
represent those individuals and their life but actually their Society; it's a criticism of the lifestyle,
the economic structure.

01.06.2021

To His Coy Mistress

BY ANDREW MARVELL

Had we but world enough and time,

This coyness, lady, were no crime.
We would sit down, and think which way
To walk, and pass our long love’s day.
Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side
Shouldst rubies find; I by the tide
Of Humber would complain. I would
Love you ten years before the flood,
And you should, if you please, refuse
Till the conversion of the Jews.
My vegetable love should grow
Vaster than empires and more slow;
An hundred years should go to praise
Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze;
Two hundred to adore each breast,
But thirty thousand to the rest;
An age at least to every part,
And the last age should show your heart.
For, lady, you deserve this state,
Nor would I love at lower rate.
But at my back I always hear
Time’s wingèd chariot hurrying near;
And yonder all before us lie
Deserts of vast eternity.
Thy beauty shall no more be found;
Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound
My echoing song; then worms shall try
That long-preserved virginity,
And your quaint honour turn to dust,
And into ashes all my lust;
The grave’s a fine and private place,
But none, I think, do there embrace.
Now therefore, while the youthful hue
Sits on thy skin like morning dew,
And while thy willing soul transpires
At every pore with instant fires,
Now let us sport us while we may,
And now, like amorous birds of prey,
Rather at once our time devour
Than languish in his slow-chapped power.
Let us roll all our strength and all
Our sweetness up into one ball,
And tear our pleasures with rough strife
Through the iron gates of life:
Thus, though we cannot make our sun
Stand still, yet we will make him run.

There is a connection between time and mortality. the poet persona presenting us with a
seduction poem but at the same time reminding us our mortality. Memento mori.
It is like a carpe diem poem. Carpe diem literally means seize the day. You can talk about three
stanzas in this poem. There are three different arguments. In first stanza, there is a hypothetical
time; in the second stanza, there is the reality of time and then in the last stanza, there is an
argument.
He says we do not have all of the time in the second stanza. So here the time is the constant
reminder. here in one sense that notion of hurrying and pushing the speaker for pursuing him is
also associated perhaps with a sense of authority. Time is like a figure of authority constantly
pursuing him. So the idea that there is no time.
In the last stanza, in the present moment, “while the youthful hue Sits on thy skin” is
associated with lover’s youth, her freshness. “While” this is the case. “Now let us sport us
while we may,” Here there is a suggestion. So there is the nation of carpe diem. They should
make most of the time that they have.
There is a connection between time and mortality. the poet persona presenting us with a
seduction poem but at the same time reminding us our mortality. Memento mori.
Stanza by stanza
Title: This is a poem address to the coy mistress. The lines repeatedly present us with as he and
the lover and you. Coyness is a pretentious shyness. When the title to his coy mistress, there is
a suggestion. (ima) that the mistress is pretending to be shy. This is important because the poem
is about persuasion. (ikna etme)
First stanza: Hypothetical idea “Had we but world enough and time, This coyness, lady,
were no crime.” It suggests the coyness of the lady is a crime because there is no world enough
and time. So the hypothesis brings about the contrast. so we're looking at space and time, the
motifs of space and time. This coyness might have a justification, you might have justified your
attitude. But we don't have the time and the space and therefor, now your coyness is a crime.
there is no justification to it because of the lack of time and space. “We would sit down, and
think which way To walk, and pass our long love’s day.” so we would have a long day, we
would have a long time and we would be lingering (yavaş)walking this way and that sitting
down thinking which way to walk. so we would have time to be restful and so take things at a
slow pace. “Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side Shouldst rubies find; I by the tide Of Humber
would complain. I would Love you ten years before the flood, And you should, if you
please, refuse Till the conversion of the Jews.” In these lines, we have both space and time.
When we look at notion of time, the flood refers to Bible, to Noah. So we are looking at genesis.
We are looking at the epic of Gilgamesh. “ten years before the flood” means the beginning of
time. when you are looking at the conversion of the Jews, we are looking at the day of
judgement, the end of time. so the time slot covers in these lines from before the flood to before
the day of judgement. so basically, from the beginning of time to the end of time. I would love
you from the beginning of time to the end of time. So he is covering all time experience, all
temporality. Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side Shouldst rubies find when you look at the
Indian Ganges, mother Ganga, this river Ganges, you are looking at the eastern part of the and
then I by the tide Of Humber would complain. you are looking at the West. so you're looking
at the two opposite ends of the world. Also, if she is sitting by the Ganges finding rubies we are
looking at this lady -this mistress- lingering about this potential creative power, this river
mother Ganga. this river is associated with creativity. rubies are precious gems and they are
associated with the worth of the mysteries. while she is there, he would be I by the tide Of
Humber would complain. so on the other side of the world he would be so we are now looking
at the world all over from one end to the other. so this takes us to the word world in the first
line. so first we have the space of the world being covered and then we look at the space of time
being covered. When we are looking at the tide of Humber, we are looking at the tidal change.
So he is complaining about the unattainability of love. this tidal change is associated with their
love. So There is not a constant reaching out to one another. “My vegetable love should grow
Vaster than empires and more slow;” There is no activity, hype of action is related to my
vegetable love. physically movement wise(yöenetmek) this love is slow and inactive. So what
we are looking at is love that encompasses/surround all space and all time. it would grow slowly
like vegetables; it would take its time.
“An hundred years should go to praise
Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze;
Two hundred to adore each breast,
But thirty thousand to the rest;
An age at least to every part,
And the last age should show your heart.
For, lady, you deserve this state,
Nor would I love at lower rate.” What we are looking at here is referred to as blason in poetry.
Blason means we are looking at the praise (övgü)of body parts. in poetry and you see this in
several poems in multiple number of poems. in poetry, the poet presents you with the praise of
the body parts of the beloved appreciating the physical features of the beloved. so when you
look at these lines you can see that. when you consider the whole poem, this is quite a number
of lines depicting the appreciation of the beauty of the body of the beloved. look at the time
space that the lover is sparing for each part of the body. so he swears a century to praise the
eyes of the beloved and on my forehead gaze. the eyes are considered as the pathway to the
soul. so they are important; on the other hand, the forehead was considered to be the
representation of wisdom. he spares 30,000 years to appreciate, adore, love the rest of her body.
an age is a long period of time, an era. (your heart) her emotions, her feelings. So this is an
exaggerated show of love because remember this is important because here we are looking at
the hypothetical existence of time. the idea is had we but world enough and time. Also, he says
for lady, you deserve this state, you deserve this admiration. So here we are looking at an
idealization on the part of the lover. we are looking at this ideal figure in this hypothetical
extend time. now comes the reality.
Second stanza:
“But at my back I always hear
Time’s wingèd chariot hurrying near;” time is as a flying chariot pursuing the lover, forcing
him to hurry up, forcing him to rush because there is no time.
And yonder all before us lie
Deserts of vast eternity. when you look at the first 4 lines right, it suggests especially lack of
time, shortness of life. death cannot be avoided. we are looking at the vastness of time and space
in a single line. the desert is a vast space is not it is an expensive space that is uninhabited
(ıssız). It is an infertile place that is not habitable. So there's this great space of time lying before
us. so this notion of eternity; the idea of vast eternity comes from as death because eternity is
associated with afterlife. so this image of having no time, there being no time because death is
inevitable is enhanced by this image of eternity. they have no time because death lies in front
of them. so death is inevitable; death is the ultimate truth. so when you look at that second
standard starting with “but the reality is completely different”. this like will pass death will
come and following death there is going to be eternity, immortality, but eternity, immortality
comes with the mortality of these lovers hence there is no time.
Thy beauty shall no more be found;
Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound
My echoing song; then worms shall try
That long-preserved virginity,
And your quaint honour turn to dust,
And into ashes all my lust;
so the idea of beauty is an accepted truth. when we are overtaken by time and death comes, you
will no longer be beautiful. the marble vault is the grave. if you take the echoing song as his
words, as his approach, his attitude to look towards the beloved, when she is dead it will no
longer be there. marble is associated with cold; vault is a confined closed structure of a grave.
when we are dead, you are going to be locked up in your cold vote. That long-preserved
virginity is related to her chastity (iffet). now why is this important because the social decorum,
asserts, and advocates that a woman should be chaste, should be a virgin that is her virtue.
Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus but she is the chaste virgin. In the biblical story, Jesus is up
Immaculate Conception (lekesiz doğum) so she is still intact and chase. There is a very
exclusive image when he is saying all of them. that image of cold death is elaborated on by this
image of worms trying that long preserved virginity. the worms eating up her hymen (kızlık
zarı), her virginity. so we are looking at this very vivid, explicit detail of the body decaying in
the vault, in the grave. Virginity/ chastity is associated with the woman's honour, and he is
saying your honour will turn to dust, eaten by worms in the cold grave. when you look at the
word “lust”, it suggests sexual desire. so my sexual desire will turn into ashes. “dust to dust,
ashes to ashes” is a funeral statement; it is this biblical funeral service statement. so you are
looking at their death and then being consumed his lust, being consumed in ashes; her honour
being consumed by worms. The poet says your quaint honour because it's not a fashion,
outdated. so when he says it is your quaint honour turning to dust he is literally saying your
attitude is an outdated attitude; you should no longer stick so much to this idea of honour related
to chastity. so as you suggest these are all arguments of persuasion, trying to persuade the lover
into a sexual act.
the idea here is that the lady is acting according to the social norms, according to the quorum
she is maintaining her chastity; she's trying to act honourably as a woman should according to
the idea of the time. and here he is trying to persuade her not to be persistent about that notion
of honour associated with virginity because he is saying we are all going to die and if you die a
virgin worms will take your virginity.
it's not a very nice depiction. It is a poem in which the poet persona is trying to persuade the
lover to have sex with him. when he starts talking about worms eating up your virginity that's
not the greatest of images. Memento Mori means remember death. So what he is doing in
the stanza this poet persona is he is reminding the beloved of the reality of death. the truth of
life is not life itself but the inevitable death that is going to come.
The grave’s a fine and private place,
But none, I think, do there embrace. he is saying the graves are fine and private place. now
notion fine and private is questionable. this is a limited space. it is a space of confinement upon
death. Honour is associated with virginity. in this case, it is a social element. She is socially
honourable when she is chaste when she is a virgin. he is suggesting something when you die
there is no embrace there. so the hypothetical image of love and appreciation of all the body
parts for such a long time remember the first stanza talked about eyes forehead breasts the rest
of the body the first stanza was very much about the body as well for six lines. there was the
praise of the beauty of the parts of the body of this lady. but in this part where we talk about
memento Mori remember this, he is taking that body and making it into a decade structure
where he is saying that the hypothetical time in the first stanza, the hypothetical appreciation of
the beloved in the first stanza, the hypothetical idealised eternal beauty in the first stanza is
reduced to what we see in the second stanza become us there is the inevitability of death.
remember that so if had we but world enough and time the first stanza but with time hurrying
behind my back with death lying before us inevitable. what we don't have is time and space and
so he is changing that beauty that image of beauty into this horrifying image of decaying bodies
following death.
why while he is trying to persuade the beloved to have sex with him, he's not only drawing
upon these beautiful images of the body. and love but he is presenting the lover with this image
of decay.
Third stanza: is about carpe diem.
Now therefore, while the youthful hue
Sits on thy skin like morning dew,
And while thy willing soul transpires
At every pore with instant fires,
Now let us sport us while we may,
And now, like amorous birds of prey,
Rather at once our time devour
Than languish in his slow-chapped power.
Let us roll all our strength and all
Our sweetness up into one ball,
And tear our pleasures with rough strife
Through the iron gates of life:
Thus, though we cannot make our sun
Stand still, yet we will make him run.
the poet persona make this analogy(mukayese) between the lovers and the birds of prey. a
conventional (geleneksel) image of lovers, interacting with one another portraying their love to
one another might have been with the image of the dove. a couple of doves in terms of an
analogy for lovers. Devour (avını parçalayıp yutmak) and the birds of prey are important image
here. what we're looking at here is actually the sexual passion. this image of the birds of prey
devouring time is associated with the sexual passion of the lovers. here the lovers are devouring
time.
the stanza starts with “now”. when you think about it the first stanza that started with “had we
but” so it was a “if stanza”. the second stanza was “but at my back”, “but the reality is”. in the
third stanza you have in every alternating line almost the word “now” and that word “now” is
accompanied by (ile beraber) “while”. now and while are constantly brought together that is
very much associated with the passing of time. now and while brought together suggests that
now is the time, while is the certain things last. So what we're looking at is transience of time.
time is short; time is limited. now therefore the word “therefore” connects the stanza to the
preceding stanza because of second and first stances “while the youthful hue Sits on thy skin
like morning dew,” the morning dew appears in the early hours of the day. “the youthful hue
sits on thy skin” is associated with her state of being a young woman. Right. “And while thy
willing soul transpires At every pore with instant fires,” we are looking at passion. look at
this line while as the time is still there. remember time is short time is limited but it's at this
point it is there. “willing soul” is the soul that desires. So that is taking a positive. Transpire
(terlemek) perspire (ter dökmek) is giving out vapour (buhar). transpires At every pore means
her body is gone washing out with passion, with enthusiasm. with instant fires is associated
with her passion, with her enthusiasm. so the body is speaking, her body is speaking by this
transpiring of vapours out of each pore which means her body is gushing out (çağlamak) with
passion with enthusiasm. “Now let us sport us while we may,” so let us act, let us take action
to sport us. He suggests “now we can take action, at this moment” but while we may suggests
this notion of transients.(geçici) when death takes over, we won't be able to take action. “And
now, like amorous birds of prey, Rather at once our time devour” it is in this present
moment. like amorous birds of prey who are in love. So what they're going to devour, what
they're going to eat up is the time that they have. “Than languish in his slow-chapped power.”
here we are looking at two figures that are eating. it is time. that is going to eat up so let us to
consume time as amorous birds of prey. the hawk, the eagle are the birds of prey. So as hunting
birds, let us give our time, let time be our prey. let it be what we hunt rather than languish in
his slow-chapped power. His slow-chapped power refers to time’s power. so time devours
slowly; it has this power to consume but this consuming is a slow consumption. now this
argument is important because it points to the idea of this fake image of having an endless time.
In this dialogue between them, it's almost as if she is behaving as if they have all the time in the
world. so he is saying if we had all the time in the world I would spare so much time for each
of your body parts, but the reality is death awaits. and so looking at that line in the third stanza,
there is this illusion that time is endless; it is long because time devours slowly. So the argument
is that let us make the best of the time we have now instead of being devoured by time itself. so
here there is this passionate argument about time. “Let us roll all our strength and all Our
sweetness up into one ball,” the sexual image here is very obvious. so we are looking at this
image of them becoming one, becoming unified like a world through the sexual act. we are
looking at his attempt to claim their union. so we are strong against time, we are sweet, we are
in love, we are like amorous birds of prey. the power of the bird of prey as hunter. at this point
again regard this image the bird of hunting as opposed to the loving image of the dove followed
by the image. “And tear our pleasures with rough strife Through the iron gates of life:”
“the iron gates of life” suggests the obstacles of life. in this context, they are the social
obstacles. They force the lady to act honourably, to act chase. so we are looking at social
decorum. we are perhaps looking at inhibitions, social restrictions. all of these are the iron
gates of life metaphorically. It in terms of the sexual act is the chastity belt. in that times, young
women were forced to wear this belt , and the key held by the father or the mother maintained
by the figures of authority. and so this is a very serious social restriction. the pleasure is the
sexual pleasure. “Thus, though we cannot make our sun Stand still, yet we will make him
run.” is in the end of the poem. Our sun Stand still means stopping the time. the sun evolving
means the time goes by. the movement of the sun is associated with the loss of time. so if the
sun is stopped then time stopped. he is very much aware of the reality that we cannot stop time.
This is the reference to the biblical story of Joshua as well. so if we can't stop him we can make
him run. That means make it the most of time, be active, be passionate. the second stanza I
always hear time's winged chariot remember time flies, if we like the amorous birds of prey
he's our time then we will make him run. So the power shift is visible here. they will not be in
the hands of time instead time will have to chase them. when they use time well, time will be
running after them instead of them trying to stop time. so it is an attitude of trying to make the
best of time.
this is a poem of carpe diem, seize the day. This is a poem of seduction. this is the lover trying
to seduce the beloved, trying to persuade her to Make Love to him, trying to achieve his goal
which is the sexual act. So he puts forth (ortaya koymak) an argument of volume, a profound
argument where he is using all the elements of the time saying if we have time I would spare
so much of it for you; you are this ideal figure and I would be no less hypothetically. But our
reality is that death awaits, we are going to die, and death is something lonely in your grave. in
your marble vault, in your cold grave, you will lie on your own. the hot and cold in the poem.
so as opposed to the cold marble grave he is offering his heated passion, his lust. embrace is
associated with love, with their yearning passion for one another. so when we die there is no
space for our love, there is no space for our passion, for sexuality. now therefore while we have
the time, we get to the third stanza where he uses all of that idea making it into the present
moment saying while we have time while we are not dead yet while we are in our youth while
the passion is still here gushing out of our pores. while you are so willing, let's make the best
of time.
so why is death mention? going back to the question why not simply use this image of love of
the dove and all of that but move to the decaying image of the virginity being devoured by
worms, the haunting image of the birds of prey, devouring time, while still strong powerful
vivid graphic images because it's not just the sexual passion that he is looking out to. He wants
to have a sexual experience, he wanted to seduce the mistress, the lover but he does that he is
foregrounding (ön plana çıkarma) the idea of death. In fact just as much as sexuality is a concern
life and death is just as powerful a concern for the poet. He is concerned with the idea of death.
Eternity is what they are reaching through death and what we are looking at is along with the
sexual passion is a very powerful concern that which is related to death, which is related to the
recognition that death is inevitable. and the only way perhaps to extend the time before death
is by making the best of it, by seizing the day. part of death is through the sexual passion that
he is suggesting.
This is a poem of seduction this is a poem of yearning for sexual act. that is the desire but at the
same time wanting to make the best of this world is associated with recognising one's mortality.
recognition that the human being is mortal, and perhaps in escapable there is no avoiding it and
the sexual passion that he is yearning for perhaps is one way of coming to terms with this notion
of mortality, this inescapable end.
There is a very gory (kan dondurucu) graphic image so the concern here at this point is dubious
(belirsiz) he also touches upon this; this transition from love to death so vividly. so as such we
are looking at the poet persona presenting us with a seduction poem but at the same time
reminding us our mortality. Memento mori.

Robinson Crusoe By Daniel Defoe

the first chapter. so we're going to be looking at today is the beginning of the English novel in
English literary history. The novel was published in 1719, and it has a claim to reality. it was
said to be the experiences of Alexander Selkirk when he was shipwrecked on a journey. there
is a contents page and then there is a preference. in the first chapter you have this depiction of
the history of the main character.
The full title of Robinson Crusoe is The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson
Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited
Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been
cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how
he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates. But the ultimate title with title accepted is The
Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe.
The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe suggests that this is a novel
about the individual experiences of a specific person named Robinson Crusoe. on one level that
is true. when you look at the novel, this is the experience of Robinson Crusoe. all of these are
the chapter headings in the novel which represent the journal of Robinson Crusoe where he
keeps his journal. they're all personal experiences. the narrative is Robinson Crusoe because
this novel comprises the experiences of this individual Robinson Crusoe as is suggested yes
who was shipwrecked on an island who had to survive on his own island for a very long time
and then who finally went back to England.
the first chapter presents us with his experience before he sets out on his journey, the experience
he has with the ship and finally you know going back home, but unable to stay home and then
taking out this desire for what it's worth I'm stepping out again for his adventure. in addition to
that Robinson Crusoe presents us with the social structure of England. so it's not just an
individual but this is about this sort of an individual in England at the time. the novel presents
us with the social structure, the family structure, the moral values, the norms of society, how
the young man background of his economic circumstances, how he can come into fruition
(amacına ulaşma) in these circumstances; for instance, you know when you read the first
chapter there are options for a man of his status. he can become a soldier like his brother; he
can become a lawyer like his father wants him to be; there are several options he can become a
clergyman. so only a few options now unless he is a rich man, a gentleman who has property
and lives off the income of that property; there are a few options for him going out to sea
becoming a soldier becoming a clerical figure, becoming a lawyer. and so you see that at the
very beginning of the novel and he chooses the sea. when you look at this novel it's the social
structure of England. what Robinson Crusoe does on the island, when he finds himself on the
island is he starts to recreate basically a Society that is a replica of the Society he knows from
England. Friday is the black man; he sees him as a slave. the beginning of the 18th century
Friday is named by Robinson Crusoe. he is seen as his subordinate. (ast) so that is the structure
he knows from England and he re-establishes that. Friday represents the African. So
colonisation is a major theme in the novel.
why would this novel have a content page? for once you have the chapter titles and when you
look at those titles what you see is a chronology of events that he experiences. This becomes a
historicizing where he is telling his own history and as such it has an effect of realism. this
story, these events have actually taken place but this is real history of what he experiences.
when you look at the same page, the contents page, you see that following the preface (önsöz)
also works for asserting a claim for history, asserting a claim for realism. so when you look at
the chapter headings, each chapter is including the first person pronoun “I”. when you turn to
the actual chapter, you see “I was born in the year 1632 in the City of York.” So what you are
looking at is a narrative in the first person. the first-person narrative “I” is a subjective
perspective; the narrator speaks through their own perspective; therefore, it is not necessarily a
reliable perspective. so the first person narrator addictive perspective through the eye of the
narrator which means it is his vision, it is his outlook onto events. so you see that the chapter
titles very much present that to you as well.
Some of the chapter titles: “I make myself a canoe”, “I improve myself in the mechanic
exercises.”, “I find the print of a Man’s naked foot.”, “I see the shore spread with bones”, “we
make another canoe” suddenly I turns into we because there’s another person there. Also, “I
find the print of a Man’s naked foot.” is very important because he is scared, because as an
Englishman he fears another human being because he thinks that other human being is a
dangerous figure; he needs weapons to protect himself. he is alienated because of the Society
that he grew up in. the Society that force him into that human being that expects danger from
another human being. that is the problematic social structure and its impact upon the individual.
what this novel presents us with is the social structure of England of society at a large scale
through the individual. how that Society shapes the individual.
In the first chapter, you have the family. It shows a patriarchal social structure. there is a mother
who says I will not go against the wish of your father. there is a son who has problems
communicating with the father. So what we are looking at is the father as the head of the society
that family. The father is a figure of authority; he is the head of the family. So we are looking
at the small scale social structure the family of a patriarchal order. When you look at the
relationship between Robinson Crusoe and his father, we can talk about a conflict there, the
father and son conflict. there is a matter of authority. when Robinson Crusoe wants to go out
on his journey, he sees the blessing of his father, and the father does not give him his blessing.
he says you cannot do it. as a result, he follows his own desire. they have this Tempest (fırtına)
the storm. the storm is a punishment for Robinson Crusoe. he is cursed because the father
doesn't give him his blessing. it's almost like a curse he sees it like that. He is acting upon his
own will and disregarding the will of the father. he goes on to the journey and the storm takes
over. So what we're looking at is the son defying (meydan okumak) the authority of the father
and going out on the journey and finally the shipwreck is going to come as well. so when the
first storm takes place he's terrified and he says “oh I didn't listen to my father and this is
happening.” so he goes back home, he will never go out of the word of his father and then when
he is home. When everything is calm he says “Oh well I need to go out on my adventure again.”
So what we're looking at is the son define the authority of the father an actually being punished
for that defiance. it's a matter of almost crime against the father. there is also the divine
punishment because the father is a figure of authority in the family, and the power line goes
from God the father to king the father of the state and then the father the patriarch in the family.
so when the son acts against the will and the authority of the father, he is indirectly going
against the ultimate patriarch as well. so when the storm happens it's almost like it's a divine
intervention (müdehale) where the ultimate patriarch is punishing Robinson Crusoe for going
against the father's work. the son in his relation to the father and his state, the son in relation to
God because you also have been praying and all of that and this divine intervention you have
the notions of duty, the Child’s duty to the family. you have the notion of obedience
submissiveness (itaatkarlık) and defiance crime and punishment crime against the word of the
father being punished, crime against God.
Within this relationship, you have also the mother figure. But the mother figure seems to be a
secondary figure. A figure who is subordinate also to the father’s word. a mother who is an
intermediator (arabulucu) between the son and the father. she says go talk to your father, tell
him so, but then she says I won't have your father think I am going against his word; I will never
go against his word where your fate is going to be do. So what we're looking at is a mother who
has no say in the family affairs; a mother who is submissive and subordinate to her husband's
rule.
All in all Robinson Crusoe is following his own passion and he says I want this adventure but
on another level Robinson Crusoe is actually trying to establish his own identity; he doesn't
want to be simply as son whose future is shaped by his father. his father has plans for him. now
you have to also remember the position of the father. the father has three sons. One of them
died; the other one who is unknown brother. so this father has lost two sons, and he is now
holding on to the third son. there are various discussions regarding this. there is also the social
status of the father as a father to sons. patriarchal order requires the son from a man; patriarchal
order expects man to get married and have children as inheritors. at the time, inheritance was
patrilineal. Patrilineal means going from father to son. if a man doesn't have sons, his
inheritance goes to the closest male relative. The son make a man of the father within the
patriarchal order. so if he cannot maintain the Wellness of his sons, the father is a failing father.
he's a failing patriarch. so he needs that authority over his son, he wants to control his son. so
it's a matter of social status; it is a matter of his own identity within the patriarchal order. so this
is the case Robinson Crusoe trying to establish his own identity while at the same time the father
is trying to maintain his own authority, his own social position within society as well as within
the family.
so when the son leaves against all the father says, ultimately he is shipwrecked on a desert
island, and he is confined to solitude for years. he is on his own without Society for years. so
he has to recreate a society and when he does that he recreates the only society he is familiar
with the one he knows from England. so both the individual and the social arenas are
represented in Robinson Crusoe.
“I was born in the year 1632 in the City of York of a good family though not of that
country my father being a foreigner of women who settled first at hull he got a good estate
by merchandise and leaving off his trade lived after we that look.” so now when you look
at this for one thing you have the family structure; you have the background; you have details
that point to realism, that points to identity that present you with historical realistic background
of this individual through his family. a good family is related to the income of the family, the
background of the family. “I had two older brothers one of which was left his Colonel turn
English regiment of foot in Flanders was killed at the battle near Dunkirk against
Spaniards would became off my second brother I never knew anymore than my father or
mother didn't know what would become of me.” So what we are looking at is the family that
is torn apart (parçalanmış). Because you are looking at the social arena; you are looking at the
war. so this is English history; this is England at war with the Spaniards. this is the individuals
of England dying because of war. so one son is already dead because of the historical
background; the other son, they don't know what happened to him as much as they are not going
to know for a very long time what happens to Robinson Crusoe. now the next thing you read
about in this chapter is my father right. so once he starts talking about the family the first thing
that comes up is the father. “my father who was very ancient given me competent share of
learning as far as house education and what you want I would be satisfied with nothing
but going to see whereas what was designed for him was the law.” so the father has already
plans about the future of Robinson Crusoe but he says “I would be satisfied with nothing but
going to seat and my inclination to this led me so strongly against his will may the
commands of my father and against all the entreaties and persuasions of my mother.”
notice the language changes when he talks about his father and the discrepancy between his
will and the father’s will. he says, “let me strongly against the will neither commands of my
father.” so the father is such a figure of authority that it's not just his will but his command; it's
his order. whereas when he talks about the mother “against all the entreaties (yalvarış) and
persuasions (ikna etme ) of my mother” it is no longer a matter of authority; it's not a matter of
will an order and command but it is entreaty and persuasion. in other words it is asking for
pleading. There is the difference of positions of authority. “my father was a wise and brave
man…he asked me what reasons more than a mere wandering inclination I had for
leaving my father's house in my native country.” very important there. when he questioned
Robinson Crimson why you are leaving your father's house on your native country. the fathers
house is very important. the father's house represents the social order, the social structure,
security, shelter, authority. So leaving the father’s house means loss of security, loss of
protection, loss of stability within the board structure. and then he goes on to talk about the
three different states of life. and he talks about the father and he talks about how Robinson
Crusoe steak was the middle state which is preferably the best of all. “mine was the middle
state which he had found by long experience was the best state in the world the most suited
to human happiness not exposed to the miseries and hardships the labour and sufferings
of the mechanic part of the mankind and not embarrassed with the pride luxury ambition
and envy of the upper part of mankind.” So what you are looking at here is the economic
structure: the upper class, the upper middle class, the middle class and the lower class, the
labours. so he is saying yours is the best. and again the next paragraph also continues with this
economy. “he made me observe it and I should always find that the calamities of life were
shared among the upper and lower part of mankind but the middle station had the fewest
disasters and was not exposed to so many visitors as the higher and lower part of
mankind.” and again there you have a long passage as to why the middle station is preferred.
There is about the change in the economic and social structure in England because with the 17th
century England sees the rise of the bourgeoisie. therefore, the money changes hands and you
have this tradesman coming into money through trade and here is the economic structure of
England review. you have the father as the provider. “intermediaries which nature and the
station of life I was born and seemed to have provided against that I was under no
necessity of seeking my breath that he would do well for me and endeavoured to enter me
fairly into the station of life which he had been just recommending to me and if I was not
very easy and happy in the world it must be my mere fate unfold that must hinder it and
that he should have nothing to answer for having thus discharge his duty in warning
against measures between you with me to my work.” What the father is saying is as a father
he has carries his duties, he has done everything a father could do to provide for his son. So if
anything goes to miss that is Robinson Crusoe’s own fault not his father.

08.06.2021
Clarissa suffers because of the patriarchal structure. How she safes herself by against to his
father and she is punished for going against to father in trying to safe herself. There is a
connection between Clarissa and Robinson as well. But it is an epistolary novel which is written
in the form of letters.
Lovelace deceives Clarissa. He pretends to be someone that he is not. Lovelace pretends he
love Clarissa but all turned to be lies. The individual versus society. Also, Clarissa has
nightmares and thinks that all of them are a divine punishment. All women are secondary figure
in the society. She is victimized for family wealth. Clarissa doesn’t want to marry to someone
who she doesn’t love.
There is a subjective perspective.
Providence (kader, tanrı, öngörü)
Epistolary
Clarissa
Lovelace
Correspondence
Addressee (alıcı)
Addresser (gönderen)
Clarissa’s misfortunes and death can be considered to be a punishment for her losing innocence
coming into contact with the upper class and for breaking the common code of behaviour. In
fact, her death is a happy moment as she feels she can only escape confinement in death. It
becomes a reward, allowing her to go to heaven.