Group 2

Error: Reference source not found Implementation of Solar
Powered Traffic Light
AROMEH, Jeremiah FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0638

ADAMU, Dogara FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0639
DANIEL, Francis FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0640
ABAH, Joshua FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0641
GBENDA, Aondowase Jeremiah FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1136
ISAH, Ibrahim FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1137
JENOM, Josiah FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1138
MUHAMMED, Usman Ahmed FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1139
PETER, Samuel Ayenajeh FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1140
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA
P.M.B 001 NASARAWA, NASARAWA STATE
I
JULY, 2023
II
Implementation of Solar Powered Traffic Light
A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE AWARD OF
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND)
IN
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
By
AROMEH, Jeremiah FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0638

ADAMU, Dogara FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0639
DANIEL, Francis FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0640
ABAH, Joshua FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0641
GBENDA, Aondowase Jeremiah FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1136
ISAH, Ibrahim FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1137
JENOM, Josiah FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1138
MUHAMMED, Usman Ahmed FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1139
PETER, Samuel Ayenajeh FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1140
JULY, 2023
II
Declaration
I/we hereby declared this project is all my/our own work and has not been copied in
part or in whole from any other sources. All previous project work, publications,
books, journals, magazines, internet sources have been adequately reference within
the main report and to an item in the references or bibliography lists.
Name: Signature: Date:

AROMEH Jeremiah
ADAMU Dogara
DANIEL Francis
ABAH Joshua
GBENDA A. Jeremiah
ISAH Ibrahim
JENOM Josiah
MUHAMMED U. Ahmed
PETER S Ayenajeh
Project Supervisor
Sign/Date:
Head of Department
Name: Engr. AHMED SAGIR
Sign/Date:
External Examiner:
Sign/Date:
III
Letter of Transmittal
School of Engineering Technology
Department of Electrical/Electronic
Engineering Technology
Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa
P.M.B 001
Nasarawa state.
The Head of Department
Electrical/Electronic Technology
Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa
Nasarawa.
Dear Sir,
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA PROJECT SUBMISSION
In the compliance with the policy of the institution, which stipulate that every student
at the end of his//her programme in the school is expected to carry out a supervised
project on design and construction/implementation.
We/I hereby submit our/my project title Implementation of Solar Powered Traffic
Light in the partial fulfilment for the award of Higher National Diploma in
Electrical/Electronic Engineering in the Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.
Yours faithfully
GBENDA, Aondowase Jeremiah

FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/PM/1136
(For the group)
IV
Acknowledgements
Our profound gratitude goes to God Almighty for his Divine protection,
wisdom, mercy, love throughout our studies and finally for a life time
opportunity.
Our infinite appreciation goes to our lovely family for their love, kindness
support and prays throughout my program.
Our sincere acknowledgment goes to our project supervisor for his
numerous engagements he devoted his time to go through and advise me in
every area of this work and life. May God continue to shower him with
abundant blessing Amen.
Our special thanks goes to my Head of Department (HOD) Engr. AHMED,
Sagir and all the Department Lectureres, may God bless you all for your
contribution and encouragement you have made to us.
Finally, we want to appreciation all our friends and all those who supported us
in one way or the other may Almighty God bless and reward you all.
V
Table of Contents
Item Page
Chapter 1 - Introduction..............................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................1
1.2 Background and Justification..........................................................................2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project/Research.........................................................3
1.3.1 Aim...........................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Objectives.................................................................................................3
1.4 Motivation.......................................................................................................3
1.5 Contribution to Knowledge...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6 Scope and Limitation of project......................................................................4
1.7 Structure of the Report....................................................................................4
Chapter 2 - Literature.............................................................................................- 5 -
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................- 5 -
2.2 Theory of operation.....................................................................................- 7 -
2.3 Functionality...............................................................................................- 8 -
Chapter 3 - Methodology/Implementation..............................................................10
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................10
3.2 Methods of Information collection and Information Utilisation...................10
3.2.1 Information collection............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.2 Information Utilisation...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 Project Requirements.....................................................................................10

3.4 Project Analysis.............................................................................................16
3.5 Project Design................................................................................................16
3.6 Complete Circuit Diagram Analysis..............................................................18
3.7 System Implementation/Coding....................................................................18
3.7.1 Soldering Implementation and Assembling procedure..........................20
3.8 System Operational Guide.............................................................................22

3.9 Bill of Engineering Management and Evaluation.........................................23
Chapter 4 - Test Measurement and Analysis...........................................................24
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................24
VI
4.1.1 System’s subunits test/measurement......................................................24
Chapter 5 - Conclusion/Recommendation...............................................................27
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................27
5.2 Conclusion.....................................................................................................27
5.3 Recommendation...........................................................................................28
5.3.1 Discuss Project appraisal........................................................................28
5.3.2 Discussion of Problems encountered.....................................................28
5.3.3 Areas of Application..............................................................................28
5.3.4 Future improvement on the design.........................................................29
VII
List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 2.1 Batteries Series Connection.......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
VIII
Abstract
The non-availability of electric power for traffic light signals on roads and
intersection has caused serious difficulties and danger to road users, hence the
application of solar energy to power these traffic lights. This paper proposes the
application of solar in powering traffic light with no power grid. A photovoltaic
system is used to capture the solar energy. The implemented system is simple,
low- cost and free of maintenance. Captured solar energy is saved into a 12 volts
lead-acid battery. A circuit including IC regulator is used to control the flow of
charge through the battery instead of a dc-dc converter that lower the price of
system controller. Timing of the traffic light is carried out via AVR ATMEGA16
microcontroller. Some software tools that have been used in this project are:
PROTEUS for simulation of the circuit, Code vision for programming AVR
microcontroller, and Microsoft Excel for plotting the captured data. Experimental
results for different angles of radiation at different times of the day are also
shown in this paper.
IX
Implementation of Solar Powered
Traffic Light Introduction
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Traffic lights, traffic signals, or stoplights are signalling devices positioned at road
intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations in order to control the flow of
traffic.[3] Traffic lights consist normally of three signals, transmitting meaningful
information to drivers and riders through colours and symbols including arrows and
bicycles. The regular traffic light colours are red, yellow (also known as amber), and
green arranged vertically or horizontally in that order. Although this is internationally
standardised,[4] variations exist on national and local scales as to traffic light
sequences and laws.[5]
The Traffic light was introduced in December 1868 on Parliament Square in London
to reduce the need for police officers to control traffic. The first illuminated traffic
signal was installed in London, England, in 1868. It was manually turned and
consisted of two gas lamps, one red and one green, with semaphore arms atop a pole.
Shortly after its inauguration it blew up while the lamps were being lit and killed a
policeman. The first electric traffic signal was installed in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1914. It
consisted of a green and red light with a warning buzzer to indicate when the light
was about to change. The first signal to use the familiar green, yellow, and red lights
was installed in New York City in 1918. It was operated manually from an elevated
observation post in the middle of the street. In Los Angeles, traffic lights consisted of
green and red lights used in conjunction with a warning gong and a pair of semaphore
arms lettered "stop" and "go."
Since then, electricity and computerised control has advanced traffic light technology
and increased intersection capacity.[7] The system is also used for other purposes, for
July 2023 1
example, to control pedestrian movements, variable lane control (such as tidal flow
systems or smart motorways), and railway level crossings.
Solar traffic lights are powered by solar panels and are quick to install and easy to
move. It is suitable for newly built intersections with large traffic flow and urgent
need for new traffic signal command and can meet the needs of emergency power
failure, power restriction, and other emergencies.
Traffic light assigns the right of way to road users by the use of lights in
standard colour (Red-Amber-Green). In a typically cycle, illumination of
the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted,
illumination of the amber light denoting it safe to, prepare to stop
short of the intersection, and illumination of the red signal prohibits any
traffic from proceeding.[1]
1.2 Background and Justification

The rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles on the roads
have posed significant challenges to traffic management and road safety. Traffic lights
play a crucial role in regulating and controlling vehicular movement at intersections,
ensuring smooth traffic flow and reducing the risk of accidents. Traditionally, traffic
lights have been powered by the electrical grid, relying on conventional energy
sources such as fossil fuels or nuclear power. However, the need for sustainable and
environmentally friendly solutions has led to the exploration of alternative energy
sources, such as solar power.
July 2023 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project/Research
1.3.1 Aim
The main aim of this project is to implement a solar powered traffic light
to control traffic at the School library’s /New admin block T- junction.
1.3.2 Objectives
The primary objective of this research work is to investigate the implementation of
solar-powered traffic lights and address the associated challenges. The study aims to
achieve the following specific objectives:
i. Explore the existing literature and research related to solar power applications
in traffic control systems, focusing on solar-powered traffic lights.
ii. Assess the technical feasibility and performance of solar-powered traffic lights
in different environmental conditions.
iii. Investigate the optimal design parameters for solar energy systems integrated
with traffic lights, considering factors such as solar panel technologies, battery
types, and system configurations.
iv. Develop an implementation framework for solar-powered traffic lights,
including guidelines for system design, installation, and integration into the
existing traffic control infrastructure.
v. Evaluate the economic and environmental benefits of solar-powered traffic
lights compared to conventional grid-powered systems.
1.4 Motivation
I noticed that most of the accident that occurs are in the T- junctions in the school and
vehicular movement are not coordinated in those areas and the need arises as an
electrical student, to provide solution towards that. And due to the constant
July 2023 3
unavailability of power supply in the school, I decided to make use of photovoltaic
cell, which generate its own energy and serve as a power source to the system.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of project

This project focuses on the construction and the implementation of a traffic light
signal to be implemented in a T- junction.
This project is limited to routes with less traffic congestion because of the timing of
the signals and it is only applicable in T- junctions and not on a cross road
1.6 Structure of the Report

This section will discuss the layout of the report, the chapters are;
- Chapter 2 will look at literature on ……
- Chapter 3 this involve adopting engineering methodology, then implement
the methodology……………………….
- Chapter 4 this section will discuss test result, all measurement and analysis
will be carrying out……….
- Chapter 5 will state the conclusion, project appraisal, and recommendation.
July 2023 4
Traffic Light
Literature
Chapter 2 - Literature
2.1 Introduction
The traffic light system is made up of all the components and circuits used to
realize to lighting effect at the output. Basically it consists of the power supply units,
the digital logic circuit and components, the power circuit and the traffic light
bulbs themselves. Each stage is directly connected to the other such that the last stage
gives the desires output. [3]
Most of the traffic junctions are fixed detection using RFID networks. Conventional
traffic signal systems are time based system has been proposed. This system uses
solar cells and cannot be varied as per varying traffic density. This is to power the
existing conventional traffic control units. It causes unnecessary delay in traffic
signal junctions. This doesn’t involve density based signalling. In [5] sensors also
involves lot of man power and energy for its based traffic control system has been
designed. Its operation and maintenance [15]. System uses photo-sensors to calculate
the density of the traffic on each junction and to change the signals. In [14]
Proposed System: Most of the traffic junctions are fixed also proposes similar
wireless sensors based system that type which uses constant timings for each cycle.
Even uses photo-sensors for traffic sensing. The proposed system consists of
following three main units, which coordinates with each other and manages the
traffic flow in the junctions efficiently and also prioritize the emergency vehicles in
each traffic zone. The below are the three units of the proposed system. Density
Detection System Emergency Vehicle Alert System Solar Power Supply y Density
Detection System: The density detection system consists of an IR LED and a
Photodiode which acts as an IR transmitter and receiver respectively. The system

July 2023 5
Traffic Light
Literature
uses Microcontroller AT89S52. Each zone in the traffic junction is monitored by
the IR photo sensors. These sensors monitor the density in the zone and provide
input to the Microcontroller unit. Microcontroller in turn will change the signal
timings as per the input provided by the sensors. If the density in a specific zone is
high, then IR sensors indicate the same to microcontroller unit which has been
programmed to increase the green light timings on that specific zone. Emergency
Vehicle Alert System: The purpose of emergency vehicle alert system is to
prioritize the signal for any emergency vehicles like ambulance, fire brigade. This
unit has two components. One is a RF encoder and transmitter circuit which will be
placed in the emergency vehicle. The second component is the RF decoder and
receiver which will be placed in the junction. Whenever the emergency vehicle
arrives at the junction, This program will simulate input, output voltages and the
driver can initiate a signal using the RF transmitter. Current through the battery. The
circuit built on Multisim this signal will be received in the junction RF receiver and
program is shown in FIG.3.1. The graph is obtained by the microcontroller unit will
set the green light for the zone running a DC sweep simulation for V1, the voltage
sweeps in which emergency vehicle is present. Rest all other from 13 V to 20 V. The
corresponding values of the zones will be set to red signal allowing the emergency
current are graphed against the voltage values. Vehicle to reach the destination as
soon as possible. Solar Power Supply: The solar power supply unit consists of an
array of solar cells connected in parallel or series to produce DC electricity with
desired parameters. The charge controller/DC-DC converter device is a two in one
component which does two main functions. This device protects the battery from
overcharging and deep discharging, which is very important to protect the battery and
to increase its life span. It basically takes voltage supplied by solar panel and drops it
down to 12 Volts and supplies both battery and the light panel. This is mainly Fig.
July 2023 6
Traffic Light
Literature
3.2: Battery Current vs. Solar Panel Voltage because the solar panel output may vary
up to 25V which can result in damage of the circuit components Signal Flowchart:
The flow chart in FIG.4 represents the Design and Simulation of a Charge
Controller: A charge system with emergency vehicle alert. controller or charge
regulator is basically an voltage and/or current regulator to keep batteries from
overcharging. A charge controller or charge regulator is basically a voltage and/or
current regulator to keep batteries from overcharging. It regulates the voltage
(V) and current (A) coming from the solar panels going to the battery. Most "12
volt" panels put out about 20-25 volts, so if there is no regulation the batteries will be
damaged from overcharging. Most of the batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to
get fully charged. The simple charge controller will be implemented using the
Multisim program.
2.2 Theory of operation
th
In the theory, solar energy was used by human as early as 7 century B.C. So in
conclusion traffic light or signal are erected at a junction side or above the roads to
give instructions or provide information to road users and it can also be
grouped into several types’ danger warning sign, priority signs, special regulations
signs, facilities, information or service signs, direction, position, or indication
signs. “Solar traffic lights are suitable for providing traffic signalling or highway
blinkers application without having to rely on electric grid [5]. They are easy to
set up and operate. They also require very little to no maintenance as they have no
moving part. The vehicle concentration or density will be detected by the IR
LEDs and photodiodes. The controller will take the data from IR communication
July 2023 7
Traffic Light
Literature
taking place in between IR Transmitter and IR Receiver. The microcontroller
Arduino will process this received data and show the signals through red, yellow
and green LED’s along with that controller will also ensure the delivery of the
sensor data to users in form of a user friendly website where the people could
watch the live traffic status. For the manual control operation, the authorized
person will send the request to the server with the login data i.e. the username and
password. The server will match the user entered data with the pre-stored values,
after successful matching the server will open the page from which the user can set
the direction in which he/she wants to display the green signal light [6]
The user after entering on the control page will be asked which mode of operation
he/she would like to keep for the traffic. There are two options being provided one
manual and the other is automatic. First, he/she have to select the manual mode
and then as the user will click on opening a specific lane i.e. turning the green
signal for that specific lane, the microcontroller will stop taking the data
from IR
Communication and will open the requested lane by showing the green signal in
twenty seconds. When the authorized person is done its work, he/she will
again have to set the control to automatic mode for the proper functioning of
traffic. Then he/she can log out by clicking on the log out button, the server will
redirect to the monitoring page [5].
2.3 Functionality
Efficient data management and analysis are essential for an effective real-time
tracking system. This section reviews literature on data collection, storage, and
analysis techniques for traffic management systems. It examines approaches such as
cloud computing, big data analytics, and machine learning that can be utilized to
July 2023 8
Traffic Light
Literature
process and analyze the data collected from the tracking system. It explores studies
and practical experiences that have identified and addressed the unique requirements
of tracking and managing solar-powered traffic lights.
July 2023 9
Traffic Light Literature
Chapter 3 - Methodology/Implementation
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the methodology and implementation details for the research on the
implementation of solar-powered traffic lights. The chapter outlines the research approach,
data collection methods, and the steps taken to implement and evaluate the solar-powered
traffic light system. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide a clear understanding
of the research methodology and the practical aspects of implementing solar-powered traffic
lights.
3.2 Data types used

3.2.1. Primary Data
I gather my research work through the following ways.
 Interviews
 Surveys
 Focus groups work
 Observation and
 Experiments
3.2.2. Secondary Data
The methods and sources of secondary data collected; the available methods of data
collections are mentioned.
 Google and Google Scholar Search to research on the previous related work.
 Library for any documentation stored on the related work
 Surfing Internet source

July 2023 10
 Reading Journals
3.3 Project Requirements

Components used for the implementation of solar powered traffic light are as follows
 Step up converter
 GSM module
 Vero board
 MPPT Charge controller
 Resistor
 Capacitor
 Solar panel
 GSM module
 Single frequency buzzer
 N channel MOSFET
 ATMega32A
 Step down converter
 Button LED
 12v Battery
 Female DC header
 1.5 mm cable
Step up Converter
A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit or electromechanical device that convert
a source of direct current from one voltage level to another. It is a type of electric
power converter. Power levels range from very low to high.
July 2023 11
Vero board
Vero board is the generic name for a widely used type of electronics prototyping
material for circuit boards characterized by a pre-formed 0.1 inches regular grid of
holes, with wide parallel strips of copper cladding running in one direction all the way
across one side of on an insulating bonded paper board.
Figure 3.5 Vero Board
Charge Controller
A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which
electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries to protect against electrical
overload, overcharging, and may protect against overvoltage.
Fig 3.6Charge Controller
Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element

July 2023 12
Figure 3.7 resistor
Capacitor
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive
electronic component with two terminals.
Figure 3.8capacitor
Solar Panel
Solar panels are those devices which are used to absorb the sun's rays and convert
them into electricity or heat. Description: A solar panel is actually a collection of solar
(or photovoltaic) cells, which can be used to generate electricity through photovoltaic
effect.
Figure3.8.1 Solar Panel
July 2023 13
ATMEGA328P
ATmega328P is a high performance yet low power consumption 8-bit AVR
microcontroller that's able to achieve the most single clock cycle execution of 131
powerful instructions thanks to its advanced RISC architecture. It can commonly be
found as a processor in Arduino boards such as Arduino Fio and Arduino Uno.
Figure 3.9 ATMEGA 328P
System Coding (optional)
Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software was used to create the
system code. This software was used because Arduino is an open-source electronics
platform based on easy-to-used hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to
read input – light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a twitter message – and turn it into
an output – activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE) based on
processing are used to tell what board to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board.
July 2023 14
3.4 Project Analysis
3.5 Project Design

Power Supply Unit
The power supply unit of this system is made up of a solar system, which comprises of a
solar panel of 20watts, charger controller of 30A, battery of 7.5Ah 12v.
When solar energy radiates of the panel its generates electrical energy and moves to the
charger controller which regulates the current going to the battery and to the load, the battery
serves as a power storage when the sun goes down
Microcontroller Unit (Pic16f887)

A Microcontroller is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains a processor core,
memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers include an integrated
Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory (a small amount of Random Access
Memory,program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.[CITATION
Wik081 \ 2057]
It emphasizes high integration, in contrast to a microprocessor which only contains a CPU.
In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor,
the microcontroller integrates additional elements such as read-write memory for data
July 2023 15
storage, read-only memory for program storage, Flash memory for permanent data
storage,peripherals, and input/output interfaces.
Microcontrollers consume relatively very little power, and can continue operating while
waiting for an event such as a button to be pressed. This makes them ideal for low power
and long lasting battery applications.
The integration of a CPU, Memory and Data storage makes them preferable to
Microprocessors which contain only a CPU and would require a separate memory and data
storage device. They are also relatively less expensive.
There are different types of Microcontrollers and from different Manufacturers.They are
classified based on their hardware architecture and also based on the size of their Data bus (8
bit, 16 bit or 32 bit). Two of the most popular manufacturers are Microchip,which produces
the PIC series, and AVR, which produces the Atmel series. The Microcontrollers range from
the basic Low memory types to those with in-built Analog-to-Digital converters and Pulse
Width Modulation.
For the purpose of this Project, the PIC16F887 is a suitable choice for the following reasons:
i. It is readily available in Nigeria at Electronics retail stores
ii. It is based on a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) cnfiguration and has only
35 instructions.
iii. It has 24/35 I/O pins with individual direction control and high current source/sink
for direct LED drive.
iv. It has direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes.
July 2023 16
3.6 Complete Circuit Diagram Analysis
Figure 3.6 The Internal View Traffic Light
This circuit is designed for use in areas where there is no electricity or where power
cuts are frequent. Solar panels and batteries are collected in a single area and power
distribution is made with the help of cables. High efficiency solar panels and gel
batteries are used in the solar system.
3.7 System Implementation
3.7.1 Hardware Implementation:
The traffic light controller system design is employed by synthesizing the VHDL structural
code model. Then, using Xilinx ISE 14.7 tools, the bit file is generated and downloaded to
the FPGA Spartan 3E development kit xc3s500efg320. The system’s outputs are more than
July 2023 17
the LED on FPGA, then the LEDs display one state or use the supporting chip (expansion)
external pin diligent (FX2 MIB). The real-time implementation of TLC and Chip-Scope
implementation is demonstrated in Figures 6 and 7 respectively. The system design provides
the implementation of the hardware system besides the software. The hardware
consumptions are listed in Table 3.
Fig. 6. FPGA implementation of TLC system
Software simulation
Traffic Light Controller Based on Arduino:
This sub-section briefly explains the features and characteristics of the Arduino Mega
microcontroller which was used to realize the signal flow in the TLC system. Generally,
Arduino is an open-source platform which is where the creator of a hardware /software
allows the end-user access to their end product‘s design and realization. This means that the
July 2023 18
end-users have an opportunity to change or modify how the software works or looks and
redistribute it.
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board depending on the ATmega2560. A reset
button, a power jack, a USB connection, and the other features which are summarized in
Table 4 are attached on the board. It includes everything required to support the
microcontroller; it is powered through an AC-to-DC adapter or battery or can be linked to a
computer through a USB cable to get started. The Arduino mega 2560 top view is shown in
figure 8. The Atmega2560 on the Arduino Mega comes pre-burned with a boot-loader that
permits the user to upload new code to it without using an external hardware programmer.
The programming language of Arduino looks like the Programs of C++ [20].
3.7.1 Soldering Implementation and Assembling procedure

At this stage of construction, the various components to be used for the project were placed
on the Vero board after the constructional diagram was prepared; the constructional
diagram is the diagram that presents the actual look of the project on the board. And it
formed the basis of the components placement which was achieved using the diagram.
After the components have been placed on the Vero board, soldering of the
components was carefully carried out using soldering tools which were soldering
irons, the lead socket, lead, soldering brush and cutter. The components were carefully
soldered on the Vero board by applying the necessary soldering skills to ensure that the
components were well soldered.
July 2023 19
The circuit was tested after the completion of the soldering work. The hardware and
software were integrated and the entire circuit was tested to verify if there was
desirable output before casing the board.
A case was made for this project after all the tests have been done. This was used to protect
the circuit from being damaged and to make the whole project presentable and portable.
The construction part is shown in appendices A and B.
After the components have been placed on the Vero board, soldering of the
components was carefully carried out using soldering tools which were soldering
irons, the lead socket, lead, soldering brush and cutter. The components were carefully
soldered on the Vero board by applying the necessary soldering skills to ensure that the
components were well soldered.
The circuit was tested after the completion of the soldering work. The hardware and
software were integrated and the entire circuit was tested to verify if there was
desirable output before casing the board.
A case was made for this project after all the tests have been done. This was used to protect
the circuit from being damaged and to make the whole project presentable and portable.
The construction part is shown in appendices A and B.
The device was soldered on Vero board, Vero board was used in this project because of it
availability and cost effectiveness. Printed circuit board is highly cost and takes long
process in designing but works in high efficiencies
July 2023 20
3.8 System Operational Guide

The program was written based on a flow chart which analyses the flow of tasks
expected to be performed by the microcontroller as shown in figure 3-10. The arrows
in the chart show the flow of tasks execution from the start to the return end of the
operation. The chart consists of basically three stages of execution which also
represent the five major segments of the program.
Stage 1: This is the initiation stage in which the microcontroller communicates to the
GSM module and LCD.
Stage 2: This stage deals with the communication between the GSM Module ESP8266
and mobile.
July 2023 21
3.9 Bill of Engineering Management and Evaluation

S/N Description Quantity Rate Amount
N/Unit (N)
1
2
Grand Total N
July 2023 22
Chapter 4 - Test Measurement and Analysis
4.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a vivid discussion pertaining to; tests, results, limitation and/or
Problems encountered during the period of the implementation. Testing was carried
out on each component or section that makes up the circuit to ensure the proper
satisfaction of the software design. The debugging was carried out using the Arduino
IDE. A step debugging was performed to ensure that each section of the code was
correctly debugged to ensure proper functionality. This is a Proteus feature that allows
you to step into the program while simultaneously viewing the registers and flag
settings. Testing was also done to ensure that the system's capabilities, feedback, and
response were all working properly.
4.2 Test and Measurements
4.2.1 System’s subunits test/measurement

The components used for the implementation of this system were tested on a
breadboard for better performance and were later transferred to the Vero board and
soldered. The heat applied during soldering was just moderate to avoid damage to the
Vero and the components since most of the components have low heat resistance. The
test equipment includes;
• Power supply test-Digital multimeter to measure voltage, current, resistance
and check for continuity
• Arduino test- Arduino sketch compilation
July 2023 23
• Proteus simulation software test
• Signal time delay test
Power Supply Test
The power supply test was to ensure that the various voltage levels required at various
points in the circuit were readily available. The supply voltages required for the
project include the 5V which is supplied to the Arduino nano and. The other supply
voltage is the input used to power the Arduino nano of input 12VDC and output
24VDC. The power supply test was conducted by placing the multi-meter test leads at
various testing points and the range switch positioned at the correct voltmeter range.
Arduino IDE Test
The Arduino IDE is an open-source software, which is used to write and upload code
to the Arduino boards, the program or code written is often called as sketching. [12]
The Arduino code were compiled in an Arduino based software to check for any
programming errors or bugs, the test was carried out successfully.
Proteus Simulation Software Test
The proteus simulation software is a proprietary tool suite used primarily for electron-
ic design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit
boards. All the components were placed in proteus simulation software and simulated
with the Arduino sketching and simulation was successful.
Signal Time Delay Test
July 2023 24
This test is carried out in other to know the working principle of the traffic indicator in
other to give functional operating time that will be suitable and convenient for it user.
When the test was carried out on the several singnal indication of the traffic light on
which the test result is show in figure 4.1
4.3 Analysis of Result
After the test was carried out, results were obtained. Table 4.1 shows the results
obtained when the system was powered, once the circuit is powered, microcontroller
send commands to the LED to display “the sign indicator of various directions”.
Meaning of the colour on the traffic signs using LED bulbs
Amber means ready
Green means go
Red means stop
Table 4.1 Results of time delay
Colour Time delay
Amber (Yellow) 10se

c
Red 60sec
Green 60sec
NOTE: the time delay is adjustable when there is need to adjust the time delay dew to
over population or under population of road users.
July 2023 25
TrafficSpeed
Motor LightControl Reference
Appendices
Chapter 5 - Conclusion/Recommendation
5.1 Introduction
In this system we have the magnetic sensor that sends signal through the
Arduino board. Whenever the magnetic sensor sends signal through Arduino
board the light changes in favour of me lean with vehicles. Here we have
used which is Arduino board.
July 2023 26
TrafficSpeed
Appendices
5.2 Conclusion
5.2.1 Solar p o w e r e d traffic light system was presented. The

system has four major parts: PV fixed-array, charge controller,
lead-acid battery and traffic light. Crystalline silicon solar cells
were used in this project because it is the most favourable type
for traffic stop light signals, due to its availability in the market,
and its higher efficiency. The timing sequence of light signals was
managed via an AVR microcontroller. In order to regulate voltage
of PV array, IC regulator was employed instead of conventional
buck-boost dc-dc converter which reduced the price of the
control system. Lead acid battery was employed since these
batteries are relatively inexpensive and have a longer lifetime
compared to other batteries for energy storage. The LED stop light
is energy efficient and has a long life span and low maintenance
costs. The experimental results shows that angle of array, time of
day and different days of the year are effective to capture the
highest power. In order to capture maximum power, movable array
that can changes the angle is more effective which can be used for
high power applications.
5.3 Recommendation
5.3.1 Discuss Project appraisal

- Your project appraisal will review the proposed goals and objectives, then
compare the final product if the goals are achieved or not.
- State the goals or objectives not achieved
- State reason(s) your goals or objectives where not achieved.
5.3.2 Discussion of Problems encountered
July 2023 27
TrafficSpeed
Appendices
Problem: For the project to meet our target there is problem with
programming the Arduino nano to interface with the hardware used.
Solution: Institution should venture on grooming it student on programming
scheme with adequate particle work.
Problem: we encounter many problem on components failures, malfunction
and also the problem as to get access to the components ease, before we get
some of the component we have to pass so many processes so as to convert
our local currency to the exchange international countries were we can get the
components.
Solution: Nigeria should encourage investor on investing on the production of
electrical and electronics material here in Nigeria to enable ease access to the
component by the users and it will increase high standard of technical practices.
5.3.3 Areas of Application

This project work is applicable in rural and urban area were traffic
light are needed or where there is need for non-interruptible power supply
5.3.4 Future improvement on the design

To include a program that will indicates to driver’s presences of emergency vehicles,
to included programs in the system that will determine the density of the traffics. And
also a programme that can shows the diagnostic of where a fault is coming from and
the battery capacity to make maintenance easier.
July 2023 28
TrafficSpeed
Appendices
References
[1] Monica A., and Noah G., (2013) "To Fight Gridlock, Los
Angeles
Synchronizes Every Red Light". New York Times,

Available in:
<http://www.nytimes.com/>.
[2] Li S., Xu L, and Zhao S., (2014), "The Internet of Things: A
Survey," Information Systems Frontiers
[3] Cardoso R., Mastelari M., and Bassora M., (2013), "Internet of
Things Architecture in the Context of Intelligent Transportation Systems–
a Case Study Towards a Web-Based Application Deployment,"
Presented at 22nd International Congress of Mechanical Engineering.
[4] McEwen A. and Cassimally H., (2013), “Designing the Internet of

Things”.
[5] Mohammadi S., Rajabi A., and Tavassoli M., (2012), "Controlling of
Traffic Lights Using RFID Technology and Neural Network,"
Advanced Materials Research, vol. 433, pp. 740-745.
[6] Paul J . , et al., ( 2013), "RFID based Vehicular Networks for Smart
Cities," Presented at 2013 IEEE 29th International Conference on
Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW).
[7] Zhou T., Gao L., and Ni D., (2014), “Road Traffic Prediction by
Incorporating Online Information,” in Proc. the Companion
publication of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web
Companion 2014, pp. 1235-1240.
July 2023 29
TrafficSpeed
Appendices
[8] Zongtao D., Ying L., Xibin Z., (2014), “Traffic Information
Computing
Platform for Big Data, AIP Conference Proceedings”.1618(1):464-467.
[9] Dobre C., Xhafa F., (2014), “Intelligent services for Big Data science.
Future
Generation Computer Systems 37”267–281.
[10] Jin P., Ling L., (2014), “Big Data Sensing Information Processing
Platform for Intelligent Traffic”. Applied Mechanics and Materials.
667:324-327.
[11] Muehlenbrock M., Brdiczka O., and Snowdon D., (2004), “ Learning to
Detect User Activity and Availability from a Variety of Sensor
Data”. IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and
Communications (Per Com ‟04). p. 13-23.
[12] Nils J., (2013), “Artificial Intelligence – A New Synthesis”, Harcourt

Asia Pvt.
Ltd.
[13] Le G., Martin J., And Crowley L., (2001). “ Smart Office: Design
of an
Intelligent Environment”. IEEE Intelligent Systems. 16(4), p. 60-66.
[14] Witten I., a n d Frank E., ( 2010), : Data Mining: Practical Machine
Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations”, Morgan
Kaufmann, San Mateo
[15] Kalingamudali S., Harambearachchi J., (2006), “Pedestrian and
vehicular traffic friendly uninterrupted solar powered traffic signal light
July 2023 30
TrafficSpeed
Appendices
system”, First International Conference on Industrial and Information
Systems,
[16] Moghbelli H., Ellithy G., Eslami Z. (2005), “Investigation of Solar
Energy Applications - Design and Implementation of Photovoltaic
Traffic Light Signal System for Qatar”, International Conference on
Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’09).
July 2023 31
TrafficSpeed
Appendices
APENDIX A
July 2023 32
TrafficSpeed
Appendices
APPENDIX B
July 2023 33
TrafficSpeed
Appendices
APPENDIX C
July 2023 34

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Error: Reference source not found Implementation of Solar

Powered Traffic Light

AROMEH, Jeremiah FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0638

A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO

AROMEH, Jeremiah FPN/S04/2021/2022/HEET/ET/0638

the main report and to an item in the references or bibliography lists.

Name: Signature: Date:

Name: Engr. AHMED SAGIR

School of Engineering Technology

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

The Head of Department

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA PROJECT SUBMISSION

project on design and construction/implementation.

GBENDA, Aondowase Jeremiah

support and prays throughout my program.

Our sincere acknowledgment goes to our project supervisor for his

numerous engagements he devoted his time to go through and advise me in

abundant blessing Amen.

Our special thanks goes to my Head of Department (HOD) Engr. AHMED,

contribution and encouragement you have made to us.

3.2.2 Information Utilisation...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3 Project Requirements.....................................................................................10

3.8 System Operational Guide.............................................................................22

5.3.2 Discussion of Problems encountered.....................................................28

5.3.3 Areas of Application..............................................................................28

5.3.4 Future improvement on the design.........................................................29

Figure 2.1 Batteries Series Connection.......................Error! Bookmark not defined.

traffic.[3] Traffic lights consist normally of three signals, transmitting meaningful

green arranged vertically or horizontally in that order. Although this is internationally

standardised,[4] variations exist on national and local scales as to traffic light

sequences and laws.[5]

arms lettered "stop" and "go."

systems or smart motorways), and railway level crossings.

failure, power restriction, and other emergencies.

standard colour (Red-Amber-Green). In a typically cycle, illumination of

the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted,

illumination of the amber light denoting it safe to, prepare to stop

traffic from proceeding.[1]

1.2 Background and Justification

play a crucial role in regulating and controlling vehicular movement at intersections,

environmentally friendly solutions has led to the exploration of alternative energy

sources, such as solar power.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project/Research

in traffic control systems, focusing on solar-powered traffic lights.

in different environmental conditions.

types, and system configurations.

iv. Develop an implementation framework for solar-powered traffic lights,

existing traffic control infrastructure.

v. Evaluate the economic and environmental benefits of solar-powered traffic

lights compared to conventional grid-powered systems.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of project

signal to be implemented in a T- junction.

1.6 Structure of the Report

- Chapter 2 will look at literature on ……

- Chapter 3 this involve adopting engineering methodology, then implement

will be carrying out……….

- Chapter 5 will state the conclusion, project appraisal, and recommendation.

gives the desires output. [3]

existing conventional traffic control units. It causes unnecessary delay in traffic

Detection System: The density detection system consists of an IR LED and a

Photodiode which acts as an IR transmitter and receiver respectively. The system

Vehicle Alert System: The purpose of emergency vehicle alert system is to

array of solar cells connected in parallel or series to produce DC electricity with