ARTICLE IN PRESS

Mechanical Systems
and
Signal Processing
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 20 (2006) 493–504
www.elsevier.com/locate/jnlabr/ymssp

Automation of hull plates classification in ship design system

using neural network method
Soo-Young Kimb, Byung-Young Moona,, Duk-Eun Kimb, Sung Chul Shinb
a
Department of Aero Space Engineering, Busan National University, Gumjung-ku, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
b
Department of Naval Architecture Engineering, Busan National University, Gumjung-ku, Busan 609-735, Korea
Received 16 February 2004; received in revised form 9 June 2004; accepted 22 June 2004
Available online 15 September 2004

Abstract

Manufacturing the complex surface plates in stern and stem is a major factor in cost of a preliminary ship
design by computing process. If these hull plate parts are effectively classified, it helps to compute the
processing cost and find the way of cut-down the processing cost. This paper presents a new method to
classify surface plates effectively in preliminary ship design using neural network. A neural network based
ship hull plate classification programme developed and tested for the automatic classification of ship design.
The input variables are regarded as Gaussian curvature distributions on the plate. Various applicable rules
of network topology are applied in ship design. By observing the results of the proposed method, the
effectiveness of the proposed method are discussed. As a result, high prediction rate was achieved in ship
design. And the proposed method will contribute to reduce the production cost of ship.
r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Ship design; Optimum design; Neural network; Hull plate; Artificial intelligence; Automatic classification

1. Introduction

Since a matter that was determined in the initial design stage affects widely the entire life cycle
of ship, the initial stage of ship design is very important in the entire process of ship production. In

Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-51-510-1531.

E-mail address: moonby@pusan.ac.kr (B.-Y. Moon).

0022-460X/$ - see front matter r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2004.06.008
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the initial design, whole directions and qualities of design that include fundamental properties are
decided and affect directly productivity in following construction work.
Recently, the trend of design is interactive information flow rather than one-sided information
flow. Accordingly, improving efficiency of initial design is a key role for raising the engineering
technology of the shipyard in general. Concurrently, the information used in each design stage is
change gradually from soft information to hard information.
In general, there are several methods to raise a portion of hard information in the initial ship
design. One of those is to use the existed data that had been accumulated and arranged for a long
time. The main decisions of design, which are made in the initial stages, are based on the
designer’s own judgement and experience using the accumulated data. These judgement and
experience should be organised from the decision support system by using the artificial intelligence
[1]. There are various artificial intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural network and
colony optimisation, etc. [2]. The artificial intelligence techniques are adopted in many research
areas for generalisation, pattern recognition, pattern classification and modelling of linguistic
knowledge [3].
However, there have been little studies reported in ship design fields by applying artificial
intelligence. Therefore, this study proposes a method by applying artificial intelligence to the
preliminary ship design. A neural network as one of artificial intelligence technique is applied for
the design technique [4,5]. In order to apply artificial intelligence into the preliminary ship design,
several cases are tried in initial stage, which are typical ship design activities.
On the other hand, the neural network can study by means of changing a weight of each input
signal to input data [6]. The neural network, once accomplished the study, can memorise input
data whether they have errors or is similar [7]. Therefore, the input data that represent accurately
the feature and exact objective patterns are an important point to use the neural network.
Generally, the hull plates of ship can be classified into four types, such as a flat, first surface,
second surface and third surface according to the shape of curvature. The information of these
plates distribution in the ship hull is an important factor for prediction of ship production costs.
For input data in design, the geometric property of ship hull and classification results of a ship
hull in accordance with experiences in a shipbuilding yard are adopted as objective patterns.
Hwangbo et al. [8] considered an angle in a ship hull at each point. Kim [9] considered curvatures
to represent the geometric property of a ship hull.
Nevertheless, the classification results using those geometric properties of ship hull could not
show properly. It needs alternatives for more clear classification. Therefore, Gaussian curvature
distribution is considered for the geometric property in this study. The Gaussian curvature points
are considered as an input pattern. Then classification results are obtained as an objective pattern.
By the neural network procedure, this study investigated that the ship hull is possible to classify
effectively applying the pattern classification in ship design.

2. Surface modelling of ship

Generally, the curvature of stern and stem of ship hull change extremely. For the effective and
exact modelling of such curvature of stern and stem, it requires a variety of topological surface
patch as well as rectangular patch. For the proper expression of such curvature, Gregory patch is
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Fig. 1. The surface modelling of ship.

Table 1
Principal dimension; 5500 TEU

Ship dimension Type of ship Tanker carrier (m)

Length L.O.A 271.000

Length L.B.P 260.000
Breadth B(MOULDED) 45.200
Depth D(MOULDED) 20.200
Draft D(DESIGNED) 15.100
Bilge RADIUS 2.000

known as adequate surface for it [10]. For extraction of Gaussian curvature on the hull, above of
all, it needs to model the 3D surface of hull. To represent accurately a shape of a stem and stern, it
need surface pieces, which have various topology as well as rectangular surface pieces. Gregory
surface satisfies this requirement of a stem and stern. It uses a partition method, which divides
whole surface to a rectangular surface piece, which is a fundamental, triangle, pentagon, etc.
Then, by composing each divided surfaces, a hull is reconstructed. Fig. 1 shows 3D modelled
surface shape of the ship, which used in this study, by the Gregory surface modelling. In table, the
ship is general tanker carrier. The length of all (L.O.A) is 271.000 m where the length between
perpendicular (L.B.P) is 260.000 m. The moulded breadth, which does not contain the hull plate
thickness, is 45.200 m. The moulded depth, which does not contain the hull plate thickness, is
20.200 m. The designed draft of the ship is 15.100 m. The bilge radius in cenre of the ship is
2.000 m as stated in Table 1.

2.1. Methodology of ship hull modelling for classification

Currently in shipyard, the hull surfaces of ship can be classified into planar plane, first surface,
second surface and third surface according to the shape of surface and required manufacturing
curvature. And the all of the necessary surface processing works are divided into four kinds of
classes in their shapes, which are classified in Table 2 by experience of engineer.
The curvature of a parametric surface of plane is described in Fig. 2. By considering a planar
plane p with a normal vector n^ of an arbitrary curved surface Pðu; vÞ at a point Pðu0 ; v0 Þ; a planar
plane p revolves around a normal vector n^ and then an intersecting curve is generated between a
curved surface Pðu; vÞ and a planar plane p; as shown in Fig. 1. This intersecting curve’s shape on a
surface Pðu; vÞ depends on a revolving direction of a planar plane p as explained in Fig. 2.
According to a revolution of a planar plane p; a curvature of an intersecting curve at a point
Pðu0 ; v0 Þ changes by rotation. And the maximum curvature and the minimum curvature are called
principal curvature.
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Table 2
Classification of ship hull plates

Surface type Criteria of surface in ship hull

Planar plane
First curved surface
Second curved surface
Third curved surface
In this surface, there is no curvature in any direction. Generally, the side and bottom plate
of parallel mid body of ship corresponds to this surface
In this surface, there is only one directional curvature of ship hull plate. This surface is
processed mainly by press or roller bending machine
In this surface, there is only two directional curvature of ship hull plate. This surface is
processed by line heating work on the ship
In this surface, there is two directional curvature and torsion to one axis of ship hull plate.
Generally, bulb at a stem and stern among ship hull plate corresponds to this surface

π
∧
n

P (u0, v)

v P (u0, v0)
P (u, v)
u

P (u, v0)

Fig. 2. Curvature of a parametric surface at plane P.

Gaussian curvature at a point is the product of the maximum curvature multiplied by the
minimum curvature. Also, mean curvature is a mean of the sum of the maximum curvature and
the minimum curvature. Thereby, those two values can be used as a property characteristics value
of local shape [11]. An arbitrary point on the curved surface can be classified according to the
Gaussian curvature, as shown in Fig. 3. If a curvature on a surface at all points is zero, it can be
said that this surface is developable. Namely, a surface like this can be laid out on the planar
plane. Consequently, the Gaussian curvature can represent local property characteristics of a
surface [12].
Correlations between Gaussian curvature and the mean curvature are described in Table 3. In
the table, the K and H stand for the Gaussian curvature and mean curvatures, respectively.
Classification of surface type in ship hull is carried out. The Gaussian curvature distributions are
obtained, which corresponds to the shape of a typical first curved surface, second curved surface
and third curved surface.
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Fig. 3. Classification for surface points by the sign of Gaussian curvature.

Table 3
Classification of surface type on the basis of the sign of the Gaussian and mean curvatures

Mean curvature Gaussian curvature

Ko0 K ¼0 K40

Ho0 Hyperbolic point Convex parabolic point Convex elliptic point

H¼0 Planar point
H40 Concave parabolic point Concave elliptic point

2.2. Application of neural networks to automatic surface classification

The structure of neural networks is shown in Fig. 4, which is applied to automatic classification
of ship hull surface. In this neural network structure, unit neurons are connected to compose
network each other [13]. As described in Fig. 5, the connected cluster of neuron in horizontal is
called layer. The neurons in same layer perform same work functionally, which become a basic
unit of parallel and simultaneous action in neural network. Input layer receives data from outside
and output layer generate data to outside. Hidden layer locates between input layer and output
layer. In general, there have been no criteria to classify the various surfaces in shipyards.
Moreover, it is hard to classify automatically the arbitrary surfaces.
In order to solve such classification problem, the pattern classification of neural networks is
applied in this study. In neural networks, training is accomplished by presenting a sequence of
training patterns by changing the each weighted input pattern for the associated target against the
repeated input data. Accordingly, the efficient neural networks require appropriate input patterns
and target output patterns. In addition, the Gaussian curvature is used to deal with the shape of a
hull surface in this study. It is effective methodology to use the Gaussian curvatures of surface for
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Output neuron

Output layer

plane Connection line

[ ][ ][ ] Hidden layer
Connection line

Input layer

Input neuron
(a)

Normalize

K1
K2
K3 1st surface
...
...
...

2nd surface
K34
3rd surface
K35 Output
Layer
Hidden
K36
Layer
Input
Layer
(b)

Fig. 4. Structure of neural networks: (a) neural network, (b) neural network in ship hull classification.

G31 G32 G33 G

G34 G35 G36
G
G25 G26 G
G27 G28 G29
G30
G3
G19 GG20 G
G21 G22 G23 G24

G13 G
G14 G15
G G16 G17 G18
G

G7 G8 G
G9 G10 G11
G
G12
G1
G1 G2 G
G3 G4
G G5
G G6

(a)

INPUT OUTPUT 1st surface

Information Neural 2nd surface
of hull shape 3rd surface
(Gaussian curvature) network

(b)

Fig. 5. Input and output patterns of shi hull for neural network: (a) input form, (b) output form.
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input pattern and surface classification of ship design in shipyard. As input pattern, the surfaces
are subdivided by same interval along length and width direction, as shown in Fig. 5. Namely, the
value of Gaussian curvature is total 36(6
6), which is divided into five intervals. And the value of
Gaussian curvature is total 121(11
11), which is divided into 10 intervals. Those values of
Gaussian curvatures at the intersection points are used for input pattern, as shown in Fig. 5.

Gaussian Curvature
1.5E-06
-1E-06
-3.5E-06
Gaussian Curvature

0.1

readth
0.5 18

Half B
0
19
0.05
182 234
5 184 19.25
5.25 186 ne 19.5 236
ne 5.5 188 Li
Li e Line
n Lin
190 er 238 n
er at 19.75 o
5.75
at 192 Sta
t io W Stati
W
6 194 20 240
(a) (d)

Gaussian Curvature
0.283344
0.093184
-0.096976
Gaussian Curvature
Half Breadth

22.4

22.6

22.8 0 262
5
5.25 185 e
13
261 Lin
ne 5.5 13.25 tion
Li e Sta
er 190 on Lin 13.5
ne
5.75 Stati
at i
W rL
13.75
6 195 e
at 14 260
W
(b) (e)

Gaussian Curvature
-7.95625E-05
-0.000686125
-0.00129269
Gaussian Curvature

0.004

0.002

0 3
Half Breadth

-0.002 2

19.2 1
19.4 -0.004 262
234 0
ine
rL
19.6 236 235 ne13 261 e
19.8
te 238 237 LI 13.5 io n Lin
Wa
20 240
239
at
er
14 260 Stat
W

(c) (f)

Fig. 6. Gaussian curvature distribution of corresponding surface: (a) Gaussian curvature distribution of 1st surface, (b)
shape of first surface, (c) Gaussian curvature distribution of second surface, (d) shape of second surface, (e) Gaussian
curvature distribution of third surface, (f) shape of third surface.
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From the input data, neural network classifies the hull plates. Then, output data obtained as
first surface, second surface, third surface plate Output neurons are three. Each neuron output 0
or 1. If output values are [1 0 0], input surface is first surface. Similarly, if output values are [0 1 0],
input surface is second surface and [0 0 1] is third surface.
Target patterns used the result of classification of first, second and third surface based on the
shell expansion. The neural network trained each representative 11 training pattern, which are
obtained from first, second and third curved surface.
The Gaussian curvature distribution by their shape of a typical hull surface is described in Fig.
6. Fig. 6(a)–(f) shows the Gaussian curvature distribution of a typical first, second and third
surface, respectively. As can be observed easily from the figures, the Gaussian curvature is nearly
zero in case of first surface. On the contrary, Gaussian curvature have various values in case of
second, third surface. Especially, in case of third surface, Gaussian curvature distribution is very
complicated.

3. Result of analysis using the neural networks

3.1. Training result

An experiment is carried out to find which net architecture is most efficient in cases of change in
input patterns and hidden layer. The properties of experiment for the design are described in
Table 4. As described in table, three cases are considered in experiment, such as case 1, case 2 and
case 3.
First different numbers of input variables are considered in case 1 where the hull is divided into
36(6
6) and 121(11
11). In second, different numbers of neurons with one hidden layer are
considered in case 2 where the numbers of neurons of hidden layer are divided into 50 and 72. In
third, different numbers of hidden layer are considered in case 3 where the numbers of hidden
layer are divided into 1 and 2. The number of neurons was decided using Kolmogorov and
Lipmann method [14]. The lower and upper bound of neurons are obtained as follow; lower
bound of neurons in first hidden layer: 2N+1, Upper bound of neurons in first hidden layer:
ðN þ OPÞ2=3 ; N is the number of input neurons and OP is the number of output neurons. The

Table 4
The experimental design

Case No. of input variable No. of hidden layer No. of neuron in hidden layer

First hidden layer Second hidden layer

1 121 1 50 0
36 1 50 0
2 36 1 72 0
36 1 50 0
3 36 2 50 20
36 1 50 0
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training is carried out in order to investigate how the number of hidden layer affects neural
networks.
Case 1: In this case, different numbers of input variables are considered. Namely, the input
variables of the hull are divided into 36(6
6) and 121(11
11). At this time, the hidden layer is
fixed as one. The training results of neural-networks are described in Table 5. And the cycle stands
for the training cycle. And the figures bellow the first, second and third surface are the number of
correct answers in training data. When the training is carried out until the error 0.01 with input
variables are 36 and the neuron of hidden layer is 50, the result is obtained that training cycle is
31, 312. And neural network decided correct answers of the first, second and third curved surface
as 11, 9, 11 numbers. The correctness is 93.9%. It can be observed from the Table 5 that if the
numbers of input variables are increased, then Neural-Networks perform more efficiently because
more information is given to net architecture. Hence, prediction rate close to the correct one. And
the training cycle for the prediction become small.
Case 2: In this case, different numbers of neurons of hidden layer with one hidden layer are
considered. Namely, the numbers of neurons of hidden layer are divided into 50 and 72. The
training results of Neural-Networks are described in Table 6. As can be observed in Table 6, even
if the numbers of neurons in hidden layer are increased, it does not affect the correct performance
of neural networks in classification of hull. Nevertheless, the training cycle for the correct
prediction rate become fast caused by increasing numbers of neurons in hidden layer, such as
26,595 cycles.

Table 5
The training result of neural network

Input variable: 36 Input variable: 121

Hidden layer: 1 Hidden layer: 1
No. of neuron in hidden layer; 50 No. of neuron in hidden layer; 50
Cycle: 31,312 Cycle: 18,228

First Second Third Correct First Second Third Correct

surface surface surface answer surface surface surface answer

11 9 11 93.9% 10 11 11 97.0%

Table 6
Training result of neural network

Input variable: 36 Input variable: 36

Hidden layer: 1 Hidden layer: 1
No. of neuron in hidden layer; 72 No. of neuron in hidden layer; 50
Cycle: 26,595 Cycle: 31,312

First Second Third Correct First Second Third Correct

surface surface surface answer surface surface surface answer

11 9 11 93.9% 11 9 11 93.9%
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Table 7
Training result of neural network

Input variable: 36 Input variable: 36

Hidden layer: 2 Hidden layer: 1
No. of neuron in hidden layer; 20,50 No. of neuron in hidden layer; 50
Cycle: 10,445 Cycle: 31,312

First Second Third Correct First Second Third Correct

surface surface surface answer surface surface surface answer

11 9 10 92.9% 11 9 11 93.9%

Case 3: In this case, different numbers of hidden layer are considered. Namely, the numbers of
hidden layer are divided into two kinds of hidden layers net such as 1 and 2. The one hidden layer
has 50 neurons. The two hidden layer have 20 neurons in first, 50 neurons in second. The training
results of neural networks are described in Table 7. As can be observed from the table, when
hidden layer is single-layer nets, neural networks perform the correct prediction rate more
efficiently such as 93.9%. However, single-layer nets take more cycle than two hidden layer from
the standpoint of the training cycle. The result of correct prediction rate in two hidden layer shows
lower than single-layer nets. Nevertheless, it can be said that if hidden layer is increased, then the
Neural-Networks can classify more complicated patterns of ship hull surface quickly with the
almost same level of correct answer rate than single layer net.

3.2. Test result of non-trained hull surfaces

Using the formerly investigated training Neural-Networks, non-trained hull surface is tried to
classify. And the prediction rate is compared. At this time for the prediction, ten test input data
are prepared against three kinds of ship hull. The test results of neural network are described in
Tables 8 and 9. As can be observed from the tables, the test results stated in Table 8 show similar
trend with the training results. The case of two hidden layer and many input variables (121) shows
more efficient Neural-Networks in surface classification. The correct answer rate is 96.6%. As a
result, it can be concluded that the ship hull is possible to classify effectively applying the neural
network pattern classification. As a result, it can be concluded that the ship hull is possible to
classify effectively applying the neural network pattern classification. Accordingly, it can be
calculated necessary manufacturing processing cost more efficiently. And it can be said that there
is a possibility of an economic hull development.
By the way, the error is included in the results of all cases, which can be considered from the
standpoint of used input and output information. In addition to net architecture, the reason why
there is still error exist is the selection of input patterns and the accuracy of the shell expansion.
According to the results of the hull classification, the ship hull is assembled, as shown in Fig. 7.
From the figure, it can be observed that the hull is automatically classified according to
corresponding curvatures against Gaussian curvature input.
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Table 8
Test result of neural network

Input variable: 36 Input variable: 121

Hidden layer: 1 Hidden layer: 1
No. of neuron in hidden layer; 50 No. of neuron in hidden layer; 50
Cycle: 31,312 Cycle: 18,228

First Second Third Correct First Second Third Correct

surface surface surface answer surface surface surface answer

9 9 10 93.3% 9 10 10 96.6%

Table 9
Test result of neural network

Input variable: 36 Input variable: 36

Hidden layer: 1 Hidden layer: 2
No. of neuron in hidden layer; 50 No. of neuron in hidden layer; 20,50
Cycle: 26,595 Cycle:10,445

First Second Third Correct First Second Third Correct

surface surface surface answer surface surface surface answer

9 9 10 93.3% 10 8 9 92%

Surface Type No. 1st surface

2nd surface
3rd surface
1st surface 224

2nd surface 76

3rd surface 36

Total surface 336

Fig. 7. Results of the hull classification.

4. Conclusion

In this study, from the need of supporting the preliminary ship design using artificial
intelligence, the problems of improving the efficiency of the design in the initial stage is dealt with.
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The neural network as one of artificial intelligence technique is applied to design technique. In
order to apply artificial intelligence to the preliminary ship design, several cases, which belong to
the typical ship design activities, are chosen. In experiment, this study investigated that the ship
hull can be classified effectively by applying the neural network to the pattern classification in ship
design. Several cases of training are carried and the pattern recognition by neural networks is
proved very helpful in pattern classification of hull plate problems in ship design.
As a result, it can be concluded that the proposed method classified effectively and efficiently
the various shape of ship hull. Accordingly, it can be calculated necessary manufacturing
processing cost more efficiently. And it can be said that there is a possibility of an economic hull
development. The results reported herein will provide a better understanding to classify a ship hull
by using the pattern classification of the neural network. Moreover, it is believed that this study
can be utilised to provide the methodology of intellectual ship design.

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