SQL

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JOIN

• As the name shows, JOIN means to combine something. In case of SQL,

JOIN means "to combine two or more tables".
• The SQL JOIN clause takes records from two or more tables in a database
and combines it together.

ANSI standard SQL defines five types of JOIN :

1. inner join,

2. left outer join,

3. right outer join,

4. full outer join, and

5. cross join.

❖ Why SQL JOIN is used?

✓ If you want to access more than one table through a select statement.
✓ If you want to combine two or more table then SQL JOIN statement is
used .it combines rows of that tables in one table and one can retrieve
the information by a SELECT statement.
✓ The joining of two or more tables is based on common field between
them.
✓ SQL INNER JOIN also known as simple join is the most common type of
join.

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❖ How to use SQL join or SQL Inner Join?

Let an example to deploy SQL JOIN process:

1.Staff table

ID Staff_NAME Staff_AGE STAFF_ADDRESS Monthley_Package

1 ARYAN 22 MUMBAI 18000

2 SUSHIL 32 DELHI 20000

3 MONTY 25 MOHALI 22000

4 AMIT 20 ALLAHABAD 12000

2.Payment table

Payment_ID DATE Staff_ID AMOUNT

101 30/12/2009 1 3000.00

102 22/02/2010 3 2500.00

103 23/02/2010 4 3500.00

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So if you follow this JOIN statement to join these two tables ?

SELECT Staff_ID, Staff_NAME, Staff_AGE, AMO

UNT

FROM STAFF s, PAYMENT p

WHERE s.ID =p.STAFF_ID;

This will produce the result like this:

STAFF_ID NAME Staff_AGE AMOUNT

3 MONTY 25 2500

1 ARYAN 22 3000

4 AMIT 25 3500

1 ARYAN 22 3000

❖ SQL OUTER JOIN

⚫ In the SQL outer JOIN, all the content from both the tables is integrated
together.

⚫ Even though the records from both the tables are matched or not, the
matching and non-matching records from both the tables will be
considered an output of the outer join in SQL.

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There are three different types of outer join in SQL:

1. Left Outer Join

2. Right Outer Join

3. Full Outer Join

Now let us take a deeper dive into the different types of outer join in SQL with
the help of examples. All the queries in the examples will be written using the
MySQL database.

Consider we have the following tables with the given data:

Table 1: employee

EmployeeID Employee_Name Employee_Salary

1 Arun Tiwari 50000

2 Sachin Rathi 64000

3 Harshal Pathak 48000

4 Arjun Kuwar 46000

5 Sarthak Gada 62000

6 Saurabh Sheik 53000

7 Shubham Singh 29000

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8 Shivam Dixit 54000

9 Vicky Gujral 39000

10 Vijay Bose 28000

Table 2: department

DepartmentID Department_Name Employee_ID

1 Production 1

2 Sales 3

3 Marketing 4

4 Accounts 5

5 Development 7

6 HR 9

7 Sales 10

Table 3: Loan

LoanID Branch Amount

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1 B1 15000

2 B2 10000

3 B3 20000

4 B4 100000

5 B5 150000

6 B6 50000

7 B7 35000

8 B8 85000

Table 4: Borrower

CustID CustName LoanID

1 Sonakshi Dixit 1

2 Shital Garg 4

3 Swara Joshi 5

4 Isha Deshmukh 2

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5 Swati Bose 7

6 Asha Kapoor 10

7 Nandini Shah 9

1. Left Outer Join:

• If we use the left outer join to combine two different tables, then we will
get all the records from the left table. But we will get only those records
from the right table, which have the corresponding key in the left table.

Example :

Write a query to perform left outer join considering employee table as the left
table and department table as the right table.

Query:

mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Emplo

yee_Salary, d.DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM e
mployee e LEFT OUTER JOIN department d ON e.Employee
ID = d.Employee_ID;

We have used the SELECT command to retrieve EmployeeID, Employee_Name,

Employee_Salary, DepartmentID, Department_Name present in the employee
and department table.

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Then we have used the LEFT OUTER JOIN keyword to perform the left outer join
operation on the employee and department table where 'e' and 'd' are aliases.

EmployeeID, Employee_Name, Employee_Salary, Department_ID,

Department_Name are retrieved from employee and department tables.

Employe Employee_Name Employee_Sal DepartmentI Department_Nam

eID ary D e

1 Arun Tiwari 50000 1 Production

2 Sachin Rathi 64000 NULL NULL

3 Harshal Pathak 48000 2 Sales

4 Arjun Kuwar 46000 3 Marketing

5 Sarthak Gada 62000 4 Accounts

6 Saurabh Sheik 53000 NULL NULL

7 Shubham Singh 29000 5 Development

8 Shivam Dixit 54000 NULL NULL

9 Vicky Gujral 39000 6 HR

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All the records from the employee table are retrieved. Only those records
that have a corresponding EmployeeID in the employee table are
retrieved from the department table.
Rest other records in the department table for which an employeeID
doesn't match with the employeeID of the employee table; then, it is
displayed as NULL.

2. Right Outer Join:

• Right outer join is the reverse of left outer join. If we use the right outer
join to combine two different tables, then we will get all the records from
the right table. But we will get only those records from the left table,
which have the corresponding key in the right table.

Syntax of writing a query to perform right outer join:

SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2

FROM TableName1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN TableName2 ON TableN
ame1.ColumnName = TableName2.ColumnName;

Example :

Write a query to perform right outer join considering employee table as the left
table and department table as the right table.

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Query:

mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employee_S

alary, d.DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM employee e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN department d ON e.EmployeeID = d.Employe
e_ID;

✓ We have used the SELECT command to retrieve EmployeeID,

Employee_Name, Employee_Salary, DepartmentID, Department_Name
present in the employee and department table.
✓ Then we have used the RIGHT OUTER JOIN keyword to perform the right
outer join operation on the employee and department table where 'e' and
'd' are aliases.
✓ These two tables are joined on the column EmployeeID which is present
in both the tables.

You will get the following output:

Employe Employee_N Employee_S Departme Department_N

eID ame alary ntID ame

1 Arun Tiwari 50000 1 Production

3 Harshal 48000 2 Sales

Pathak

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4 Arjun Kuwar 46000 3 Marketing

5 Sarthak Gada 62000 4 Accounts

7 Shubham 29000 5 Development

Singh

9 Vicky Gujral 39000 6 HR

10 Vijay Bose 28000 7 Sales

EmployeeID, Employee_Name, Employee_Salary, DepartmentID,

Department_Name are retrieved from employee and department tables.

All the records from the department table are retrieved.

Only those records that have a corresponding EmployeeID in the department

table are retrieved from the employee table.

3. Full Outer Join:

• If we use a full outer join to combine two different tables, then we will
get all the records from both the table,e., we will get all the records from
the left table as well as the right table.

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• MySQL doesn't support FULL OUTER JOIN directly. So to implement full

outer join in MySQL, we will execute two queries in a single query.

• The first query will be of LEFT OUTER JOIN, and the second query will be
of RIGHT OUTER JOIN.
• We will combine the first and second query with the UNION operator to
see the results of FULL OUTER JOIN.

Syntax of writing a query to perform full outer join:

SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2 FR

OM TableName1 LEFT OUTER JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.
ColumnName = TableName2.ColumnName UNION SELECT TableNa
me1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2 FROM TableName
1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.ColumnName
= TableName2.ColumnName;

❖ SQL Left Join

• Join operation in SQL is used to combine multiple tables together into a

single table.

• If we use left join to combine two different tables, then we will get all
the records from the left table. But we will get only those records from
the right table, which have the corresponding key in the left table. Rest
other records in the right table for which the common column value

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doesn't match with the common column value of the left table; then, it is
displayed as NULL.

Let us take a look at the syntax of writing a query to perform the left join
operation in SQL.

SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2

FROM TableName1 LEFT JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.Colu
mnName = TableName2.ColumnName;

Now let us see take a deeper dive into the left join in SQL with the help of
examples. All the queries in the examples will be written using the MySQL
database.

Consider we have the following tables with the given data:

Table 1: employee

EmployeeID Employee_Name Employee_Salary

1 Arun Tiwari 50000

2 Sachin Rathi 64000

3 Harshal Pathak 48000

4 Arjun Kuwar 46000

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5 Sarthak Gada 62000

6 Saurabh Sheik 53000

7 Shubham Singh 29000

8 Shivam Dixit 54000

9 Vicky Gujral 39000

10 Vijay Bose 28000

Table 2: department

DepartmentID Department_Name Employee_ID

1 Production 1

2 Sales 3

3 Marketing 4

4 Accounts 5

5 Development 7

6 HR 9

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7 Sales 10

Table 3: Loan

LoanID Branch Amount

1 B1 15000

2 B2 10000

3 B3 20000

4 B4 100000

5 B5 150000

6 B6 50000

7 B7 35000

8 B8 85000

Table 4: Borrower

CustID CustName LoanID

1 Sonakshi Dixit 1

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2 Shital Garg 4

3 Swara Joshi 5

4 Isha Deshmukh 2

5 Swati Bose 7

6 Asha Kapoor 10

7 Nandini Shah 9

Table 5: customer

Customer_ID Name Age Salary

1 Aryan Jain 51 56000

2 Arohi Dixit 21 25000

3 Vineet Garg 24 31000

4 Ajeet Singh 23 32000

5 Ravi Rathod 23 42000

6 Paras Aggrawal 22 50000

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7 Sonakshi Kapadiya 24 28000

8 Sonali Kapoor 28 82000

Table 6: orders

Order_ID Order_Date Cutomer_ID Amount

1 2012-01-20 2 3000

2 2012-05-18 2 2000

3 2012-06-28 3 4000

4 2012-04-11 4 5000

5 2012-05-04 8 8000

Example :

Write a query to perform the left join operation considering the employee table
as the left table and the department table as the right table.

Query:

mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employee_

Salary, d.DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM employee
e LEFT JOIN department d ON e.EmployeeID = d.Employee_ID;

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✓ We have used the SELECT command to retrieve EmployeeID,

Employee_Name, Employee_Salary, DepartmentID, Department_Name
present in the employee and department table.
✓ Then we have used the LEFT JOIN keyword to perform the left join
operation on the employee and department table where 'e' and 'd' are
aliases.
✓ These two tables are joined on the column EmployeeID which is present
in both the tables.

You will get the following output:

Employe Employee_Na Employee_ DepartmentI Department_

eID me Salary D Name

1 Arun Tiwari 50000 1 Production

2 Sachin Rathi 64000 NULL NULL

3 Harshal Pathak 48000 2 Sales

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4 Arjun Kuwar 46000 3 Marketing

5 Sarthak Gada 62000 4 Accounts

6 Saurabh Sheik 53000 NULL NULL

7 Shubham 29000 5 Development

Singh

8 Shivam Dixit 54000 NULL NULL

9 Vicky Gujral 39000 6 HR

10 Vijay Bose 28000 7 Sales

EmployeeID, Employee_Name, Employee_Salary, DepartmentID,

Department_Name are retrieved from employee and department tables. All the
records from the employee table are retrieved.

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Only those records that have a corresponding EmployeeID in the

employee table are retrieved from the department table.
Rest other records in the department table for which an EmployeeID
doesn't match with the EmployeeID of the employee table; then, it is
displayed as NULL.

❖ SQL RIGHT JOIN

• Join operation in SQL is used to combine multiple tables together into a

single table.

• If we use the right join to combine two different tables, then we will get
all the records from the right table. But we will get only those records
from the left table, which have the corresponding key in the right table.
Rest other records in the left table for which the common column value
doesn't match with the common column value of the right table;
displayed as NULL.

Let us take a look at the syntax of writing a query to perform the right join
operation in SQL.

SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName

2 FROM TableName1
RIGHT JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.ColumnName = Tabl
eName2.ColumnName;

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Now let us see take a deeper dive into the right join in SQL with the help
of examples. All the queries in the examples will be written using the
MySQL database.

Consider we have the following tables with the given data:

Table 1: employee

EmployeeID Employee_Name Employee_Salary

1 Arun Tiwari 50000

2 Sachin Rathi 64000

3 Harshal Pathak 48000

4 Arjun Kuwar 46000

5 Sarthak Gada 62000

6 Saurabh Sheik 53000

7 Shubham Singh 29000

8 Shivam Dixit 54000

9 Vicky Gujral 39000

10 Vijay Bose 28000

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Table 2: department

DepartmentID Department_Name Employee_ID

1 Production 1

2 Sales 3

3 Marketing 4

4 Accounts 5

5 Development 7

6 HR 9

7 Sales 10

Table 3: Loan

LoanID Branch Amount

1 B1 15000

2 B2 10000

3 B3 20000

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4 B4 100000

5 B5 150000

6 B6 50000

7 B7 35000

8 B8 85000

Table 4: Borrower

CustID CustName LoanID

1 Sonakshi Dixit 1

2 Shital Garg 4

3 Swara Joshi 5

4 Isha Deshmukh 2

5 Swati Bose 7

6 Asha Kapoor 10

7 Nandini Shah 9

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Table 5: customer

Customer_ID Name Age Salary

1 Aryan Jain 51 56000

2 Arohi Dixit 21 25000

3 Vineet Garg 24 31000

4 Ajeet Singh 23 32000

5 Ravi Rathod 23 42000

6 Paras Aggrawal 22 50000

7 Sonakshi Kapadiya 24 28000

8 Sonali Kapoor 28 82000

Table 6: orders

Order_ID Order_Date Cutomer_ID Amount

1 2012-01-20 2 3000

2 2012-05-18 2 2000

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3 2012-06-28 3 4000

4 2012-04-11 4 5000

5 2012-05-04 8 8000

Example :

Write a query to perform a right join operation considering the employee table
as the left table and the department table as the right table.

Query:

mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employ

ee_Salary, d.DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM em
ployee e RIGHT JOIN department d ON e.EmployeeID = d.E
mployee_ID;

✓ We have used the SELECT command to retrieve EmployeeID,

Employee_Name, Employee_Salary, DepartmentID, Department_Name
present in the employee and department table.
✓ Then we have used the RIGHT JOIN keyword to perform the right join
operation on the employee and department table where 'e' and 'd' are
aliases.
✓ These two tables are joined on the column EmployeeID which is present
in both the tables.

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You will get the following output:

Employe Employee_N Employee_S Departme Department_N

eID ame alary ntID ame

1 Arun Tiwari 50000 1 Production

3 Harshal 48000 2 Sales

Pathak

4 Arjun Kuwar 46000 3 Marketing

5 Sarthak Gada 62000 4 Accounts

7 Shubham 29000 5 Development

Singh

9 Vicky Gujral 39000 6 HR

10 Vijay Bose 28000 7 Sales

EmployeeID, Employee_Name, Employee_Salary, DepartmentID,

Department_Name are retrieved from employee and department tables.

All the records from the department table are retrieved.

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Only those records that have a corresponding EmployeeID in the department

table are retrieved from the employee table.

❖ SQL FULL JOIN

• The SQL full join is the result of combination of both left and right outer
join and the join tables have all the records from both tables.
• It puts NULL on the place of matches not found.
• SQL full outer join and SQL join are same. generally it is known as SQL FULL
JOIN.

SQL full outer join:

• SQL full outer join is used to combine the result of both left and right outer
join and returns all rows (don't care its matched or unmatched) from the
both participating tables.

Syntax for full outer join:

SELECT *

FROM table1

FULL OUTER JOIN table2

ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Note:here table1 and table2 are the name of the tables participating in joining
and column_name is the column of the participating tables.

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Let us take two tables to demonstrate full outer join:

table_A

A M

1 m

2 n

4 o

table_B

A N

2 p

3 q

5 r

Resulting table

A M A N

2 n 2 p

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1 m - -

4 o - -

- - 3 q

- - 5 r

Because this is a full outer join so all rows (both matching and non-matching)
from both tables are included in the output.

Here only one row of output displays values in all columns because there is only
one match between table_A and table_B.

❖ SQL Cross Join

• Join operation in SQL is used to combine multiple tables together into a

single table.

• If we use the cross join to combine two different tables, then we will get
the Cartesian product of the sets of rows from the joined table. When
each row of the first table is combined with each row from the second
table, it is known as Cartesian join or cross join.

• After performing the cross join operation, the total number of rows
present in the final table will be equal to the product of the number of
rows present in table 1 and the number of rows present in table 2.

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For example: If there are two records in table 1 and three records in table
2, then after performing cross join operation, we will get six records in the
final table.

Let us take a look at the syntax of writing a query to perform the cross join
operation in SQL.

SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName

2 FROM TableName1 CROSS JOIN TableName2 ON TableName
1.ColumnName = TableName2.ColumnName;

Now let us see take a deeper dive into the cross join in SQL with the help of
examples.

All the queries in the examples will be written using the MySQL database.

Consider we have the following tables with the given data:

Table 1: MatchScore

Player Department_id Goals

Franklin 1 2

Alan 1 3

Priyanka 2 2

Rajesh 3 5

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Table 2: Departments

Department_id Department_name

1 IT

2 HR

3 Marketing

Table 3: employee

EmployeeID Employee_Name Employee_Salary

1 Arun Tiwari 50000

2 Sachin Rathi 64000

3 Harshal Pathak 48000

4 Arjun Kuwar 46000

5 Sarthak Gada 62000

Table 4: department

DepartmentID Department_Name Employee_ID

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1 Production 1

2 Sales 3

3 Marketing 4

4 Accounts 5

Table 5: loan

LoanID Branch Amount

1 B1 15000

2 B2 10000

3 B3 20000

4 B4 100000

Table 6: borrower

CustID CustName LoanID

1 Sonakshi Dixit 1

2 Shital Garg 4

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3 Swara Joshi 5

4 Isha Deshmukh 2

Table 7: customer

Customer_ID Name Age Salary

1 Aryan Jain 51 56000

2 Arohi Dixit 21 25000

3 Vineet Garg 24 31000

Table 8: orders

Order_ID Order_Date Cutomer_ID Amount

1 2012-01-20 2 3000

2 2012-05-18 2 2000

3 2012-06-28 3 4000

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Example :

Write a query to perform the cross join operation considering the MatchScore
table as the left table and the Departments table as the right table.

Query:

SELECT * FROM MatchScore CROSS JOIN Departments;

✓ We have used the SELECT command with the asterisk to retrieve all the
columns present in the MatchScore and Departments table.
✓ Then we have used the CROSS JOIN keyword to perform the cross join
operation on the MatchScore and Departments table.
✓ Since there are 4 records in the MatchScore and 3 records in the
Departments table, after performing the cross join operation, we will get
12 rows.

After executing this query, you will find the following result:

Player Department_id Goals Depatment_id Department_name

Franklin 1 2 1 IT

Alan 1 3 1 IT

Priyanka 2 2 1 IT

Rajesh 3 5 1 IT

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Franklin 1 2 2 HR

Alan 1 3 2 HR

Priyanka 2 2 2 HR

Rajesh 3 5 2 HR

Franklin 1 2 3 Marketing

Alan 1 3 3 Marketing

Priyanka 2 2 3 Marketing

Rajesh 3 5 3 Marketing

Each row from the MatchScore table is combined with each row of the
Departments table.
Since there are four records in the MatchScore and three records in the
Departments table, we have got 12 rows in the final table after
performing the cross join operation.

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