ngist.

"
Enda
-
pyramidal extra-pyram -> later on

tracks
tracts

:
Sieei
e
in ast- covery
spinal

rus antenor

latertospinal cortico

↓
spinal.

the
in
in the ant.
column.
lateral column.

is
eit
[Graymaster
- -

Structures of the spinal cord ->

S ->
S

Grasssupersial
cortex 11
Structure Anatomy Function Characteristic features

● Bundles of the following nerve

fibers: posterior
● Contains bundles of myelinated
us,
gity
○ Anterior funiculus ● Surrounds the gray
(Anterior Spinothalamic tract) axons called tracts or funiculi.
More to
matter peripherally. Gracie
cuneate
○ Lateral funiculus
a
s
(Lateral Spinothalamic tract) ● Axons ascend or descend in the spinal fasciculus

ene
prbirous
White ● White appearance due
○ Posterior funiculus

De
matter cord within the white matter to transmit to myelin.
(Dorsal column) lateral
cos
signals between the CNS and the corn
eriorpin5 ● Si
Anterior median fissure periphery.
● Does not contain
dendrites.
● Posterior median sulcus 0
dorsal
comeis (separates the posterior columns)

● Anterior gray column

(ventral horn)
● Contains cell bodies, dendrites, and ● Centrally located,
butterfly-like shape .
I
0 E
proximal axons of neurons.
Sent -
!
white anterior
-

Gray ● Posterior gray column ● Surrounds the central ane

spinal ar
setTrans- lateralposition
matter (dorsal horn) ● For the function of each horn, see canal. - ↳
a
I
e
to

anterior horn, dorsal horn, and lateral -5s ↓- anterior spinothalamic

● Lateral gray column ● Gray commissure
-

uschinese
tract.
(lateral horn) horn in this table. crosses the midline. ②spino-cerebellar
.

rentde
re I
connecomrotripejensen
pos,
median sulcus
Fibers - -5. Si
et

wasgoo
assisis
->
matter
agy
-

"quieter
R
dorsalene white
column.
posterior

-entresinthe
-
lateral
horn. ventral
norn .

Joaon
cell bodies I

- ventricles [
s'

-
thoracoonly,
signers
of
Function 11
central canals, origin sym= in

gray
8 15 matters'

· ant median
Gray commissure

S
sawdenisre
fissure
Macroscopically, ● Extends from-
T1–L2 ● Contains preganglionic cell bodies of
=, 5 Lend

swiss
cell bodies si
Ei sympathetic neurons
● Contains cell bodies of motor
↳> sils
- ① ● Contains Rexed
annow,seethe
the gray matter is subdivided into the Lateral horn ● Clarke nucleus (posterior ⑫ (intermediolateral nucleus
issess
Es
lamina VII

I
neurons: * posterior and anterior horn
smumpolar-s
neurons
- - thoracic nucleus) at T1–L3 ● Clarke nucleus: relays unconscious

xiss"
(+lateral horn at thoracolumbar). 2 nucer. proprioception (spinocerebellar tract)
"
agi
11 , s ○ Alpha motor neurons: lower
● Alpha motor neurons
·motor motor neurons (LMN) whose Histologically,
induce the contraction of

ecoin
axons extend into the periphery
skeletal muscle.

Se ↳
and innervate extrafusal fibers • Contains Rexed laminae VIII–IX the horns are subdivided (according to
--- Ventral ● Composed of ventral and dorsal
of skeletal muscle Rexed) into ten laminae (I-X).
horn ● Gamma motor neurons
lateral nerve roots and rami it
of
increase the stretch origin
- the gray matterFunctionally,
S. ● 8 cervical spinal nerves (C1–C8) ● Transport autonomic, motor, and
○ Gamma motor neurons :

cusbodesevenbe
sensitivity of muscle Spinal ● There are 31 pairs
is ● 12 thoracic spinal nerves (T1–T12) sensory signals between the spinal
e
a
fo srebif lasufartni eht etavrenni

sacral
is subdivided into nuclei nerves of spinal nerves.

-
spindles.
spincerebelling
selbei
-

seldnips elcsum ● 5 lumbar spinal nerves (L1–L5) cord and the body
● 5 sacral spinal nerves (S1–S5)

-
. . . .5

14
axons.
● Renshaw cells: inhibitory * "uncon proprie.
I
-
Certain laminae approximately ● 1 coccygeal spinal nerve
parasymp. interneurons in the anterior horn correspond to certain nuclei:
intrafusal muscle
spindles
2
or

u
• Lamina II ≈ substantia gelatinosa
->

Penny' 30

- I
Is.
O inweten W • Lamina III-IV ≈ nucleus proprius ● Exit the spinal canal via the
intervertebral foramina.
↳ symaph-only. • Lamina &s-6
Lantigenise
- S
V-VI ≈ posterior thoracic ● Cervical roots exit the canal ● Anterior roots carry motor (efferent)
● Transports sensory stimuli nucleus ● Disk herniation is
to the brain stem, cerebral e above the vertebra that fibers that control skeletal and smooth
the most common
Dorsal ● Cell bodies of second-order cortex, or cerebellum ● Contains Rexed laminae I–VI - Nerve roots
corresponds to the segment of muscle.

& • Lamina VII (thoracolumbar) ≈ cause of damage

sensory neurons
- -
the root (e.g., C8 spinal nerve ● Dorsal roots carry sensory (afferent)
horn intermediolateral nucleus to the spinal
-
● Involved in spinal reflexes exits above T1). fibers that transmit somatosensory
nerve roots.
● Thoracic, lumbar, and sacral information.
a

!
*
interal norm. • Lamina VII (sacral) ≈ nerve roots exit below the
pseudo
unipolar
->
dendritethe
without sacral parasympathetic nuclei (not corresponding vertebra.
depicted here)

one
centranesimosoronlyavenerate
8+ 9
.
lamina

versal
by-
mutor autonomic fibers a
eroots scss"
a s so S.Nsa

mixed
⑤-
dornomeIsfibersare dorsal

roofingmore
is
serye ss
.

·
&

Roots Fibers si Routlets is Rootssis""

.

body is ante. 91 33.1

~Sprament
ventral root c: autonomic fibers, Ii *
vertebr.coh. 1 91= Root

:"ra" Yamin'sinternet men;i sin

for a

sales,"
 Dorsal ● Present on every dorsal nerve ● Carry sensory (afferent) fibers. ● Develops from neural crest cells & spinal cords! *

root root ● Contains pseudo-unipolar 5 meningies?

11 Is I
ganglia
● Located in the intervertebral neurons: sensory neurons in the
periosteal
foramina outside the vertebral peripheral nervous system layer
It
column containing an axon that splits dura matter

-
into two branches

Ventral ● Anterior part of the spinal nerve ● Innervate the skin and skeletal ● Mixed nerves (relay both sensory
rami ● Branch from spinal nerves after muscle of the anterolateral trunk and motor information)

leaving the intervertebral and limbs

foramen

Dorsal ● Posterior part of the spinal nerve Innervate: ● Mixed nerves (relay both sensory
rami ● Branch from spinal nerve after ● Skin of the back and dorsal and motor information)

leaving the intervertebral neck

foramen ● Deep muscles of the back

-
● The posterior vertebrae and

facet joints

-= 3 = N.
plexus
si.
=

Widths a s a

enlargement 1. 2

·
SI12;

● Caudal end of the spinal cord -Sunse - Cervical enlargement The cervical spine has

C
at (C5–T1) level eight pairs of spinal
consisting of upper and lower ● Tapered terminal end (Forms the brachial plexus, ->

nerves and seven

● Innervates lower which innervates the upper -

Conus motor neurons of spinal cord yltcerid ‫؛‬ vertebrae.

limb) motor neurons - -

extremities, bowel, and levels, I anthorn s 2 1 1

medullaris ● Origin of (S2–S5) spinal nerves mulif ot dehcatta The C1–C7 spinal
● Ends at the L2 vertebral level
bladder
elanimret caisi"--.- - (T1–T12) No enlargement at
this level
n e e
nerves exit the spine
via the intervertebral
(in adults) (Origin of the intercostal foramina above their
nerves, which innervate: corresponding
•- Thoracic wall (T1-T6) vertebrae
● Innervates the lower • Parietal pleura of the lungs
nee

while
limb, perineum, and •-Abdominal wall (T7-T12)
• Peritoneum the spinal nerves from
● Anterior and dorsal nerve roots pelvic organs n

C8 on down exit
of spinal nerves (L2–Co1) ● Innervates the internal
● Bundle of tapered nerve - Lumbar enlargement
through the
Cauda o Lumbar and external anal at (L2–S3) level intervertebral foramina
roots resembles a below their
equina (Forms lumbar and sacral
o Sacral sphincter
horse's tail plexuses, which innervate the corresponding
o Coccygeal ● Provides lower limbs) vertebrae.

parasympathetic

innervation to the

E Si
motor); simen. I Jasi;2-isss I
*

Tracts is Cpure lower

lesions
⑤

theuppermotor
gingacal"umbronewooutter
·

↳
neuron

tenderness--ises..", *
lower motor lesions
is acts is the
·
neuron

Iventralnoristhe 2:5
-
si
·

-,

!2 - - -

Set, ' bis.s.cay. 5, i, s e s cancers, bis

- ses
·

numbness

Pereniums, is2 [ parasthesiaTowerlimbsand

is saddle s
 Blood
supply of the spinal cord

Transverse sections of the spinal

cord
->
only one
artery
vertebratethe I arteries.

Fastse
Cervical region ->

● Large anterior horn L

● No lateral horn -o upper part Ess - - Dis maybefrom anat the
● Both dorsal columns are Gracile & cuneate is tomows-
A = 19A.s, an as
from PSCA.
lower present.
werens rene
on
se
and Spe
"Trunks &
so posospinia.

bon,
limtos". Thoracic region &

↳&
● Small anterior horn
● Lateral horns are present .
- postembr /3 t he K .
of

● Dorsal columns vary.

scrania -Frauiesmen Anastomosis
-15 Lumbar region
ergradie"
-rating
BAW t h e
white
matter ● -
Large anterior
●
. horn
No lateral horn
-- d
Pais? branches circumf
5 - i -5 branches
● One dorsal column is present. -
·cranial ·
2thrombus ·is s
- js: ly Gracile bilat. unilateral
I lys
IIe
post.
Grauter ↓
canates o
11
umbar circumferential branches Ann

Evasocorin
.

been oranes · SC I

·external is
Blood supply of the spinal cord
venous
plexus 5

1) Vertebral arteries:
● venous drainage of the spinal cord:
Tumor
internalconnection a is

o Main source of blood supply to the spinal cord

origi
o Arise from the subclavian artery ○ generally follows the arterial pattern .

epidates,subaracinoid
o Branches: spaces, a n e t
 Anterior spinal artery ○ blood passes from - spinal veins Within the subarachnoid space to the epidural

Sipinas
 Supplies the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord and the lower medulla at the midline internal venous plexus before draining into intracranial, cervical, thoracic,
:  Sits in the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord
 Has penetrating and circumferential branches
intercostal, or abdominal veins.
branchess. Is
.

 Posterior spinal arteries supply the posterior part of the spinal cord bilaterally.
○ conducted by valveless veins that permit bidirectional flow, depending on the
ranes
-  Arterial vasocorona: anastomosis between spinal arteries

2) Segmental spinal arteries: -Issegmentorane -s

existing pressure gradients and body position .

suppysidigies:
blood
o Enter the vertebral canal via intervertebral foramina at every level - ○ a pathway for transmission of infectious agents and tumor cells. *
o Arise from various arteries depending on anatomic location
&)
 Neck: vertebral and deep cervical arteries (branches of subclavian Santaat
the serior posterior veins, overtebralmn
in
a

-  Thorax: posterior intercostal arteries (branches of- thoracic aorta) radicular arteries

-Irecentmoment
 Abdomen: lumbar arteries (branches of- common iliac)

Losegmental o

Se

Branch to anterior and posterior radicular arteries in the intervertebral foramen and supply nerve roots and the spinal cord
Anastomoses with the anterior spinal artery
Supplies the spinal cord from ⑧
T8 and below (where spinal arteries become inconsistent)
Give rise to the great anterior radiculomedullary artery (artery of Adamkiewicz) in the lower thoracic region (its origin
varies from T12 to L4)

Rad."I
2. post fant.raduls. spinalbra.si, sis s
S'9"s..iss
great anterior Radiculomedullarya.