Dr.

Mohamed Osama
▪ Introduction
▪ Sensors and signal conditioning
▪ Actuation
▪ Microprocessor systems
▪ System models
▪ What is mechatronics?
▪ The design process
▪ Systems
▪ Measurement systems
▪ Control systems
▪ Programmable logic controller
▪ Examples of mechatronic systems
▪ The integration across the traditional boundaries of mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, electronics and control
engineering (earliest stages)

▪ Mechatronics hasinvolved a concurrent approach a mechanical

system, then designing the electrical part and the
microprocessor part.
The basic elements of a mechatronic system.
▪ The term embedded system is used where microprocessors are
embedded into systems
▪ A microprocessor is a collection of logic gates and memory elements
which are implemented by means of software
▪ Microcontrollers are microprocessors with extra facilities all
integrated together on a single chip.
▪ Embedded system is a microprocessor-based system that is
designed to control a range of functions and is not designed to be
programmed
▪ The user cannot change what the system does by adding or replacing
software.
1. The need
2. Analysis of the problem
3. Preparation of a specification
4. Preparation of a specification
5. Generation of possible solutions
6. Selections of a suitable solution
7. Production of a detailed design
8. Production of working drawings
▪ The traditional design of the temperature control for a
domestic central heating system has been the bimetallic
thermostat (not accurately controlled)

▪ The microprocessor-controlled system can, however,

▪ Cope easily with giving precision
▪ programmed control (more flexible)
▪ The creation of a model of the system so that predictions can be
made regarding its behavior when inputs occur (drawing block
diagrams)

Examples of systems: (a) spring, (b) motor, (c) thermometer.

▪ The response of any system to an input is not instantaneous

steady-state conditions
▪ Measurement systems made up of three basic elements
1. A sensor responds to the quantity being measured by giving as its
output a signal (thermocouple)
2. A signal conditioner takes the signal from the sensor and
manipulates it into a condition which is suitable either for display
or control system (signal amplifier)
3. A display system displays the output from the signal conditioner.
1- Feedback
2- Open- and closed-loop systems

Open-loop system

Closed-loop system
▪ Basic elements of a closed-loop system
1. Comparison element : compares the required or reference
value of the variable being controlled with the measured value

Error signal = reference value signal - measured value signal

2. Control element: decides what action to take when it receives an

error signal
3. Correction element: produces a change in the process to correct
or change the controlled condition (increases the temperature)
4. Process element: The process is what is being controlled (tank of
water)
5. Measurement element: The measurement element produces a
signal related to the variable condition
Closed-loop system Vs. automatic control system

Heating a room: a closed-loop system

Automatic control of water level.
Analogue and digital control systems
▪ Analogue systems: the signals are continuous functions of time
▪ Digital signals : a sequence of on/off signals, the value of the
variable being represented by the sequence of on/off pulses
Analogue-
to-digital
converters
▪ Sequential controllers:
actions are strictly
ordered in a time- or
event-driven sequence
(electric circuit with sets
of relays to give the
required sequence)