Siddhanta Shiromani

Grahaganit adhyaya
Grahachchayaa-adhikar
(Section IV, Chapter 1 : The shadows of the planets)
Verse Translations
No
1 The inclination of the orbits of Mars is 110, of Mercury is 152, of Jupiter is 76, of Venus is
136, and of Saturn is 130 minutes of arc. The nodes of Venus and Mercury are corrected by
adding their respective commutation to their values obtained originally.
2 Add the respective nodes of the planets to their anomalies and find out their sine. Multiply
this sine with their respective maximum latitude and divide by the Shighra Hypotenuse.
This gives us the latitude of the planet at a given place. If the sum of node and the anomaly
of the planet is less than 180° then it would be north, else it would be south.
3 As described in the verse 21 of the chapter of lunar eclipse find out the Ayanavalana. Now
Yashthi is defined as :

Where v = Ayanvalana

To make it ready for rectification we will have to do the following operation,

Where β = Latitude of the planet

Or

Where  = longitude of the planet and β = Latitude of the planet

4 Multiply the Ayanvalana with the uncorrected celestial latitude of the planet and divide this
product by the Dyujyaa. Multiply this quotient with 1800 and divide by the rising time of
the Zodiacal Sign which is occupied by the planet to obtain the Ayankalaa.
5 Or again this Ayankalaa is obtained by the product of the Ayanvalanaa and the uncorrected
celestial latitude divided by the Yashthi. If the hemisphere and the latitude be of the same
direction then subtract this Ayankalaa from the planet, else add it.
6 Obtain the Chara-Khandas or ascensional differences of corrected and uncorrected
latitudes. If they are of the same direction then take the difference of the Charas else take
their sum. The result in Pranas is also called Paladvabha. If the celestial magnitude is of
appreciable magnitude this method is to be followed. When that is not the case we have to
resort to a different method.
Verse Translations
No
7-8 If the celestial latitude is not appreciably large then multiply it with the Akshavalana and
divide by the Lambajyaa; or multiply it with equinoctial shadow and divide that product by
12; or the result is to be multiplied by the radius and divided by the Dyujyaa we will have
the Paladvabha Pranas. Assuming the position of the planet corrected for Ayana Drik-
karma to be the sun, obtain the Lagna using the Paladvabha Pranas. If the planet has a
souther latitude , the Lagna be found in the positive direction, other wise negative
direction. Then we will have the rising Lagna of the planet. Again assuming the planet’s
position increased by 180° to be the sun and using the Paladvabha Pranas obtain the
Lagna, which will be in the positive direction with respect to a northern latitude of the
planet, else in the negative direction. This gives us the setting Lagna of the planet.
9 The planet rises at the time known as its Uday Lagna (calculated as above) and sets at the
time known as Asta Lagna (calculated as above).
10 During the night, at a given moment, the computed Udaylagna of the planet is less than the
particular Lagna of the moment and also if the Astalagna of the planet computed is greater
than that of the current Lagna, the planet is visible, i.e. it is above the horizon. In case of
the moon, however if it is not eclipsed by the rays of the sun, it may be visible even shortly
after the sunrise or a little before sunset in contradistinction to aplanet which could not be
seen all during the day time. When a planet is visible, his conic shadow could be
computed.
11 If we are required to find the conic shadow of the planet, then the current Lagna and the
Udaylagna of the planet at the moment are to be computed. The time between two Lagnas,
which will be in civil (Savana) measure pertaining to the planet gives the time that has
elapsed after the rise of the planet.
12 The civil (Savana) measure alone is to be employed while finding the conic shadow, i.e.
while the zenith distance of the planet is to be computed, because the arc of the diurnal
circle of the planet indicates only the civil (Savana) measure. Suppose the Udaylagna falls
short of current Lagna, then the remaining rising time of the zodiacal sign in which the
planet is situated added to the elapsed time of the zodiacal sign of the current Lagna
together with the sum of the rising times of the zodiacal sign in between gives the
difference of the Udaylagna of the planet and the current Lagna.
13 The declination of the foot of the latitude of the planet added to or subtracted from the
rectified latitude (Sfuta Shara), according as they are on the same or opposite side, gives
the corrected latitude. From this corrected latitude please determine the Kujyaa, Dujyaa
etc. from the time that has elapsed after the rise of the planet, the shadow is to be computed
as in case of sun’s shadow. Having thus computed the shadow or the zenith distance of the
moon and that of the stars (although the shadows of the stars is not visible, the instrument
Nalaka could be pointed to the spot where that celestial body is situated.
14 If the Mahashanku (sin a) of the moon or the planet is to be reduced by 1/15th of the
respective daily motion gives the corrected Shanku. Using the smalled sine table we have
to subtract 1/430 part of the respective daily motion. From the uncorrected Shanku the
Drigjyaa that is determined should be multiplied by 12 and divided by the corrected
Shanku gives the shadow.
15 If the 1/15 (or for that matter 1/430) part of the daily motion be greater than the Mahashanku,
then the moon is not visible. This applies to the other planets as well, and for their smaller
motions the previous scholars did not suggest this method.a

a
This verse is very very ambiguous. The meaning is not clear.
Verse Translations
No
16 If an operation is neglected because its effect is not appreciable, or is not much of use, or
because it is apparent, or it implies great labour, or again if it implies a lot of exposition
that would make the text unduly voluminous, ignoring the necessity of that operation by
the previous scholars and masters should not be treated as wrong.

Hence ends the chapter named Grahachchayaa adhikar

of Grahaganita part of Siddhanta Shiromani