CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRE
RADIATION – is the transmission of heat energy
FAST – fire spreads quickly;
In 2 minutes=life threatening,
5 minutes=a residence can be engulfed in flames
HOT – hot enough to melt clothes, skin, and
scorch lungs in 1 breath
DEADLY – Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxide, carbon
monoxide.
Physiological effects of reduced oxygen (hypoxia)
ELEMENTS OF FIRE
OXYGEN/OXYDIZING AGENT – Oxygen supports
the chemical process that occur during fire.
(Approximately 16% is required for fire to start.
Normal air contains 21%)
a.) Oxidation – when fuel burns it reacts with
oxygen from surrounding air, releasing heat and
generating combustion products (gasses, smoke,
embers, etc)
FUEL – The material or substance being oxidized
or burned in the combustion process
HEAT – The energy component of the fire
tetrahedron.
HOW FIRE SPREAD
CONDUCTION – It is the transmission of heat
from one body or molecule to another.
CONVECTION – It is the transfer of heat energy by
the movement of heated fluids.
through electromagnetic wave.
STAGES OF FIRE
1. INCIPIENT/IGNITION STAGE – Where the fire
stars
2. GROWTH STAGE – shortest phase; Fire starting
to spread; While the oxygen level decrease, the
temperature and smoke level increase.
a.) FLASH OVER – Rapid transition to a state of
total surface involvement.
3. FULLY DEVELOPED – Hottest phase. All
combustible materials are continuously burning.
a.) DECAYED STAGE – Longest phase. Most of
fuel consumed and intensity of fire start to
decrease due to lack of available fuel.
BACKDRAFT - an explosive surge in a fire
produced by the sudden mixing of air with other
combustible gases.
CLASSES OF FIRE
CLASS A – Combustible solid materials, wood,
cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics
(A for ashes)
CLASS B – Combustible liquids, greases, gasses
CLASS C – Energized electrical equipment (C for
current kuryente)
CLASS D – Combustible metals, like magnesium,
titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
CLASS K – Combustible cooking Fluids such as oil
and oil fats (K for kitchen)
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION – Fire protection
system that do not require any motion or action
in order to work.
COMPARTMANTATION – Fire wall. Ensures walls,
floors and ceilings have continuous fire resistance
to assist with restricting the size and spread of a
fire.
FIRE DOORS – Can stop the smoke stop the
smoke from spreading throughout a building,
allowing more time for evacuation.
ACTIVE FIRE PREVENTION – System that uses
some of actions. Its about detecting, stopping and
escaping fire.
FIRE DETECTION/ALARM SYSTEMS – To detect
fires early and allow occupants time to evacuate.
EMERGENCY ESCAPE LIGHTING – Use in the
event of power failure, triggers automatically.
FIRE SUPRESSION AND SPRINKLER SYSTEMS –
Devices containing either CO2, inert gasses, foam
or water mist.
FIRE HYDRANT – used by local fire and rescue
service to access water from the underground
mains supply.
DRY AND WETS RISERS – valves and pipework
enable the fire service to pump water on to
specific floors of multi-story buildings
FIRE HOSE REELS – Used by trained individuals or
the fire service to contain fires, they require a
specific flow rate and water pressure.
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS – Training is
required in order to use properly.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
HCFC (HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS) – Clean
Agent. Extinguishing by cooling and dilution.
Montrea Protocol RA 8749 a.k.a. The Philippine
Clean air act. Use for ABC type of fire.
DRY CHEMICAL – Extinguishing by coating the
fuel with thin layer of dust. Separates fuel from
the oxygen in the air. Use for ABC types of fire.
AQUAEUOS FILM FORMING FOAM (AFFF) –
Extinguishing by taking away the heat element of
fire triangle. Separates oxygen from other
element. Use for AB type of fire only. Shock
hazard on class C fires.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
WET CHEMICAL – For class K fires
DRY CHEMICAL – For class D fires only
T – twist
P – pull
A – aim
S – squeeze
S – sweep
FIRE BREGADE MEMBERS
1. FIRE MARSHALL / BRIGADE CHIEF
2. TRUCK DRIVER / PUMP OPERATOR
3. LINEMAN
4. BACK-UP FIRE FIGHTER
5. NOZZLEMAN
6. FIRE EXTINGUISHER TEAM
FIRE BREGADE SUPPORT MEMBERS
1. COMMUNICATION TEAM
2. EVACUATION TEAM
3. RESCUE TEAM
4. FIRST AID TEAM
5. SALVAGE TEAM
6. SECURITY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TEAM
7. FIRE SAFETY TEAM
FIRE FIGHTING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FIRE NOZZLE – Designed to control the direction
of characteristics of a fluid flow as it exists in an
enclosed chamber or pipe.

FIRE HOSE STREAM

FOG STREAM – Divides water into droplets and

used for ventilation.

STRAIGHT STREAM – Used for hitting the base of

fire.

MASTER STREAM – Large caliber devices used

during defensive fire fighting like fire attack, cover
exposure and back up lines.

TYPES OF MASTER STREAM DEVICE

1.PORTABLE
2.FIXED
3.ELEVATED

SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA)

– Are used to protect users against oxygen
deficiency, dust, gasses and vapor plants, abroad
vessels, at fire and in tunnels.

2 TYPES
OPEN CIRCUIT – modern SCBA
CLOSED CIRCUIT – co2 conversion to o2

10 PHASES OF FIRE FIGHTING

1st PHASE – PRE-FIRE PLANNING – Preparation of

plan of action prior to the existence of fire.
TYPES OF COUPLING
1. MALE COUPLING
2nd PHASE –SIZE UP– Rapid assessment of the
2. FEMALECOUPLING
situation through observation and data gathering
COUPLING ONNECTION
3rd PHASE – RESCUE OPERATION – Rescue
1. LEG TEHNIQUE
removal of injured person at risk from the danger
2. FREE HAND TECHNIQUE
zone to safe zone
3. FOOT TECHNIQUE
4th PHASE – COVER EXPOSURE – Technique used
for firefighters by dosing off water to unburned
adjacent houses to promote cooling and prevent
extension of fire.
5th PHASE – CONFINEMENT OPERATIONS – Is to
control and contain in smallest possible area.
Activity of restricting the fire at the place where it
started.
8th PHASE – SALVAGE OPERATION – Preventing
further damage due to water damage. It involves
removing excess water form endangered floors.
REMEMBER!!! – For fighters should keep in mind
that applying water to smoke does not extinguish
the fire and only causes unnecessary water
damage and the disturbance of the thermal
layering.

6TH PHASE – VENTILATION – To displace smoke, 9th PHASE – OVERHAULING OPERATION –

hot poisonous, and toxic gasses from complete extinguishing of remaining and hidden
contaminated areas and replacing them with fire, prevent from rekindle placing burned
fresh air from the outside. structure on safe condition. Determine the origin
of fire.
7TH PHASE – EXTINGUISHING OPERATION –
Putting of fire through extinguishment of its main
body or source. It is the suppression of fire.

To suppress fire
- Cooling
- Starvation
- Smothering
- Stop chain reaction

OFFENSIVE FIRE FIGHTING

- Fire fighters advance hose lines into a building
to attack fire. Leads to least amount of property
damage. And used in situations where fore is not
too large. However, the fire fighters are exposed
to heat and smoke.

INTERIOR FIRE ATTATCK

- Most effective means to fire suppression in most
situations, used by or solid and straight hose
team.
- T, Z, O attack

DEFENSIVE FIRE FIGHTING

- Direct water stream from safe distance. Used
when the fire is too large to be controlled by an
offensive attack.