4_5769244013244714681

BULE HORA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT
ASSESSMENT ON TIME PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF
BURJI ZONE, ETHIOPIA
BY
MAMO WARE OKE
NOVEMBER, 2023,
BULE HORA, ETHIOPIA.

ASSESSMENT ON TIME PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF BURJI ZONE, ETHIOPIA

BY
MAMO WARE OKE
A thesis submitted to the Department of Construction Technology and

Management, School of Graduate Studies, Bule Hora University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in
Construction Engineering and Management
November, 2023,
BULE HORA UNIVERSITY, ETHIOPIA.
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page i

DECLARATION
I declare that the research title "Assessment on time performance of water supply construction
project in southern Ethiopia: the case of Burji Zone, Ethiopia" is entirely my title. The thesis
will not be presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material will be used from other sources, it
will be properly acknowledged and referred to.
____ Mamo Ware__________

Name Signature Date
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page ii

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

BULE HORA UNIVERSITY
ADVISORS’ APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Assessment on time performance of water supply
construction project in southern Ethiopia: the case of Burji Zone, Ethiopia” submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science with specialization in
construction engineering and management the graduate program of the Department/school of
construction technology and management, and has been carried out by Mamo Ware Oke Id.No
PG0187/14, under our supervision. Therefore we recommend that the student has fulfilled the
requirements and hence hereby can submit the thesis to the department.
Name of major advisor Signature Date
Name of co-advisor Signature Date
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page iii

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

BULE HORAUNIVERSITY
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL SHEET
We, the undersigned, members of the Board of Examiners of the final open defense by Mamo
Ware Oke have read and evaluated his thesis entitled “Assessment on time performance of
water supply construction project in southern Ethiopia: the case of Burji Zone, Ethiopia”,
and examined the candidate. This is therefore to certify that the thesis has been accepted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with specialization in
construction engineering and management.
Name of the Chairperson Signature Date
Name of Major Advisor Signature Date
Alemu Negash 12/20/2023

Name of Internal Examiner Signature Date
Name of External examiner Signature Date
SGS Approval Signature Date
Final approval and acceptance of the thesis is contingent upon the submission of the final
copy of the thesis to the School of Graduate Studies (SGS) through the
Department/School Graduate Committee (DGC/SGC) of the candidate‟s department.
Stamp of SGS Date
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I want to start by giving thanks to the Almighty God, who enabled me to complete my study
thesis successfully. Next, I'd like to express my gratitude to Dr. Getachew Kebede, who served
as my main advisor and to Eng. Yohannis T. (MSc), who served as my co-advisor and our
department's leader, for their excellent instruction, guidance, wise criticism, patience, and
encouragement during the development of this research thesis. Additionally, I want to express
my thanks to Bule Hora University College of Engineering and Technology for allowing me to
perform my research thesis. Last but not least, I would like to express my thanks to the Burji
Zone Water Mine and Energy Office and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples
Regional Government Water Mine and Energy Bureau for their help in providing updated
information.
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page v

ABSTRACT
The timely completion of a project is the main goal of the construction industry. In Ethiopia,
construction delays are a common issue in water supply projects. The main cause of project
failure in the construction industry is delays. Implementing the possibility of on-time
performance is crucial to the success of a project, especially in the Burji Zone water supply
construction sector, where time truly is money. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating
the current time performance in terms of factors that cause delays, the effects of delays, and their
mitigation measures in southern Ethiopia's Burji Zone water supply construction projects. The
study used quantitative and qualitative research methods and descriptive design to gather,
measure, and analyze data on water supply project construction. The target population included
experts from clients, consultants, contractors, and stakeholders. Non-probability sampling was
used to include those of interest. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interviews,
and site visits, while secondary data was gathered through a literature review. The collected
data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and ranked using the relative importance index (RII).
The survey categorized 74 delay causes into twelve groups, including clients, contractors,
consultants, design, community, financing, materials, equipment, labor, project, contractual
relationships, and external causes, and received responses from 60 respondents in four groups.
The findings identified inflation, fluctuation of prices, escalation of material prices, the global
financial crisis, difficulties in financing projects, cash flow problems, poor communication
between the parties, insufficient data collection and surveying before design or site investigation,
late approval for payments, delay in progress payments by the owner, and shortage of
construction materials as the top ten most significant determinants of project delays. Time
overruns, cost overruns, and wastage of resources were the top three most significant effects of
the project delay in the Burji Zone water supply construction project in southern Ethiopia.
Creating good relationships with stakeholders, allocating the necessary budget, creating
awareness about the project for the community, strengthening public participation, making the
payment on time, encouraging teamwork, avoiding security problems, hiring experienced
workers, conducting periodic evaluations of activities, and drawing up a detailed work schedule
were the top ten remedial measures recommended to minimize delays in construction projects.
Keywords: Delay, Delay causes, Delay effects, Time performance, Water supply project
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page vi

Table of Contents
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ v
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Background of the Study............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the problem .............................................................................................................. 4
1.3. Research Questions ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.4. Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.1. General Objective ................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.2. Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................... 6
1.5. Significance of the Study .............................................................................................................. 6
1.6. Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Theoretical Concept of Construction time performance in terms of delay ................................... 8
2.3. Types of delays ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.3.1. Critical or non-critical Delays: .............................................................................................. 9
2.3.2. Excusable & non-excusable Delay........................................................................................ 9
2.3.3. Concurrent Delays in Construction Projects ....................................................................... 10
2.3.4. Compensable or non-compensable Delays in in Construction Projects .............................. 10
2.4. Causes of Construction Delays ................................................................................................... 10
2.4.1. Classification of causes of delay ......................................................................................... 11
2.5. Empirical review ......................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.1. Delays of construction in developing countries .................................................................. 14
2.5.2. Delay in the African construction industry ......................................................................... 15
2.5.3. Delay in the Ethiopian construction industry ...................................................................... 17
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page vii

2.6. Effects of delays .......................................................................................................................... 18

2.6.1. Time Overrun ...................................................................................................................... 19
2.6.2. Cost Overrun ....................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.3. Disputes............................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.4. Arbitration ........................................................................................................................... 21
2.6.5. Litigation ............................................................................................................................. 21
2.6.6. Total Abandonment............................................................................................................. 21
2.7. Remedial measures for delays.................................................................................................... 21
2.8. Gap identification and Summary ................................................................................................ 22
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 25
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 25
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 25
3.2. Study area and study period ........................................................................................................ 25
3.3. Research approach ...................................................................................................................... 28
3.4. Study design ................................................................................................................................ 28
3.5. Population and sampling method ................................................................................................ 29
3.6. Sample size ................................................................................................................................. 29
3.7. Types of data, Sources of Data and Data Collection Tools/Instruments .................................... 30
3.8. Study variable ............................................................................................................................. 31
3.9. Procedures of Data Collection .................................................................................................... 31
3.10. Methods of Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 32
3.11. Validity and reliability of data ................................................................................................ 32
3.12. Ethical Consideration .............................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 35
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 35
4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 35
4.2. Background of the Respondents ................................................................................................. 35
4.2.1. Response rate of respondents .............................................................................................. 35
4.2.2. Educational level and proficiency of respondents............................................................... 36
4.2.3. Experience of respondents in water work construction ...................................................... 37
4.3. Causes of project delay ............................................................................................................... 37
4.3.1. Top ten delay causes perceived by Client ........................................................................... 42
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page viii

4.3.2. Top ten delay causes perceived by Contractor .................................................................... 43

4.3.3. Top ten delay causes perceived by Consultant ................................................................... 44
4.3.4. Top ten delay causes perceived by community stakeholder ............................................... 45
4.3.5. Top ten combined causes of delay ...................................................................................... 46
4.3.6. Category of Delay Factors with mean RII .......................................................................... 47
4.4. Effects of delay ........................................................................................................................... 48
4.5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 50
4.6. Remedial measures .................................................................................................................... 53
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 55
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................. 55
5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 55
5.2. Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 56
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 58
Appendix I: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE .......................................................................................... 66
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
S.no Abbreviations Its meaning

1 ADA Austrian Development Agency
2 BoQ Bill of Quantity
3 CSA Central Statistics Agency
4 ETB Ethiopian Birr
5 GDP Gross Domestic Product
6 GoE Government of Ethiopia
7 GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
8 r Pearson correlation coefficient
9 RII Relative Importance Index
10 SDG Sustainable Development Goals
11 SNNPR Southern Nations Nationality Peoples Region
12 SPSS Statistical package for social science
13 UN United Nations
14 UNICEF United Nations Children‟s Fund
15 USD United State Dollar
16 WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
17 WHO World Health Organization
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page x

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3. 1 Current description of Burji zone water supply projects .......................................................... 26

Table 3. 2 Reliability Statistics for causes of delay .................................................................................... 34
Table 4. 1 Response rate of the structured questionnaire………………………………………………………………………..35
Table 4. 2 Education level & proficiency………………………………………………………………… 36
Table 4. 3 Relevant work experience of respondents…………………………………………………….. 37
Table 4. 4 causes of delay on water supply project construction in Burji Zone in southern Ethiopia…….38
Table 4. 5 Top ten delay causes perceived by Client…………………………………………………….. 42
Table 4. 6 Top ten delay causes perceived by Contractor………………………………………………... 43
Table 4. 7 Top ten delay causes perceived by Consultant………………………………………………... 44
Table 4. 8 Top ten delay causes perceived by community stakeholder…………………………………... 45
Table 4. 9 Top ten combined causes of delay……………………………………………………………. 46
Table 4. 10 category of delay factors with Mean RII……………………………………………………. 47
Table 4. 11 Effects of delay………………………………………………………………………………. 48
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page xi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1 Conceptual frame work of the empirical review ...................................................................... 24

Figure 3. 1 The administrative map of the Burji and study area……………………………………………………………..27
Figure 3. 2 study design frame work........................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3. 3 Conceptual frame work of study variable ................................................................................. 31
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page xii

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Access to adequate, reliable, affordable, and safe water and sanitation services is fundamental to
human development and welfare (World Bank, June 22, 2016). The United Nations (UN) has
declared safe drinking water to be a fundamental human right, and the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) state that this access is critical for disease prevention and human well-being (Bain
R., Johnston R., and Slaymaker T., 2020). At the beginning of 2000, 1.1 billion people in the
world‟s population lacked access to improved water supplies. However, in the 21st century, an
estimated 2.2 billion people in the world do not have access to safe drinking water, and 4.2
billion people do not have access to safe sanitation ( United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF)
and the World Health Organization (WHO), 2021).
In Africa, 39% of the population used safely managed drinking water, 27% used safely managed
sanitation, and 37% practiced basic hygiene in 2020. 411 million people in Africa still lacked
basic drinking water services in 2020 (United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF) and World
Health Organization (WHO), 2022). In Ethiopia, 89 million people do not have access to clean
water (Pandian, 2022). That is more than three-quarters of the population. 90% of children do not
have access to basic sanitation (Pandian, 2022). The absence of reliable water supply and
sanitation services and inadequacies in these services has been the main causes of the deaths of
millions. Therefore, to avoid all these life challenges, a lot has to be done for successful project
implementation. However, projects in every corner of the globe are suffering from severe delays
in completing the projects within budget, within the specified timeframe, and with the expected
quality. The construction industry is expanding rapidly around the world in order to support a
country's infrastructure and economic development; however, construction project delays are a
major source of concern.
In Africa, out of a total of 65 potential causes of delay, fewer than 10 major groups are
identified. The factors of client-ordered change or variation, contractors‟ ineffective project
planning and scheduling, consultants' delay in approving the major change, the design team's
MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 1

insufficient site investigation, resource shortages and price fluctuation, poor communication
among parties, and unfavorable weather conditions are recognized as critical causes of delay in
Africa (Demisew, 2020). The construction industry has a high contribution to the gross domestic
product (GDP) of nations. According to (Ford et al., 2020), it contributed approximately 7% of
Kenyan GDP, 11.9% of Nigerian GDP, 21.5% of Sub-Saharan African GDP, and 32.8% of
Ethiopian GDP, the continent's leader, over the last decade (For, D., Cement, G., & Africa, I.,
2020). Overall Africa is now investing in its infrastructure on average $108 billion per year (Bank,
2018).
Water and sanitation are identified as critical issues for ensuring sustainable growth and poverty
reduction in consecutive Growth and Transformation Plans (GTPs) issued by the GoE. Ethiopia
had 12.58% access to clean water in 2020 (macrotrends, 2021). Time, quality, and budget are the
three main project criteria, together with the project's scope and any stakeholder needs or
requirements. Regarding adherence to project management best practices, Ethiopia's construction
sector is behind. Because time overruns, cost overruns, and late completions continue to plague
the industry (Tsigereda Garomsa, Elmer De Castro Agon, Sintayehu Assefa, 2019).
Delays in a water supply construction project can be such a problem and a very serious issue for
the parties involved, such as the client, consultants, and contractors. There are many adverse
effects that can occur as a result of the delays. One of the effects is that the project slips over its
planned schedule, which is considered a common problem in construction projects. Hence, it is
essential to identify the most significant causes of delays in construction projects in order to find
ways to avoid or minimize their impact on construction projects (Faridi, 2006). As far as
projects are different in terms of their contract type, size, duration, etc., identifying the causes of
each delay varies accordingly, which requires a detailed study. Water supply projects are
vulnerable to delay more than others for the fact that they are taking place in public areas (such
as roads, streets, and nearby farm areas), which require significant provision.
Difficulties in financing, material price increases, infective project planning, scheduling, or

resource management, economic conditions, and slow decision making are the major causes of
delay in Ethiopia's construction industry (Werku Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016) (Serani, N., Tadele, D., &
Bayeh, W., 2020). Although the water, irrigation, and energy ministers have identified a number

of reasons for water supply project delays, some of them include a lack of well-prepared study,
design, and bid documentation; contractors' financial and technical incompetence; a lack of a
properly drafted contract agreement; the use of dishonest or incompetent project supervisors; the
absence of a suitable contract monitoring and assessment system; Lack of transparency,
accountability, and the "rule of law" in contract administration and improper commissioning of
completed projects without the participation of beneficiaries and other important stakeholders
(minister of water, 2016). These all being the causes for delays in water supply and sanitation
projects in almost all parts of Ethiopia, this particularly reflects in the Burji Zone water supply
project.
According to the GTP II targets, access to water supply is expected to reach 83 percent of the population
((OWNP), November 2018). The estimated resource requirement for meeting the targets set for
GTP II in the short to medium term is estimated at USD 6.558 billion (Ethiopia, May 2019).
However, access to at least basic drinking water improved only by 7.5% over 6 years, from
42.1% in 2015 to 49.6% in 2020 ( World HealthOrganization (WHO) and the United Nations
Children‟s Fund (UNICEF), 2021). Rural and urban water supply access coverage is 47% and 57%,
respectively, when separated by settlement category (COMMISSION, Jan 2021). In SNNPR
According to the GTP II (2016-2020), 6,711 water supply projects were planned to be built, with
water supply access expected to reach 85% of the rural population and 75% of the urban
population ((OWNP), November 2018). But, based on the Draft Report on the National WaSH
Inventory-II, rural and urban water supply access coverage by service levels is 37% and 48%,
respectively (COMMISSION, Jan 2021).
In the Burji Zone GTP II (2016–2020), 20 water supply projects were planned to be built, with
water supply coverage expected to reach 65% in rural areas and 75% in urban areas. The recent
time performance in terms of causes and effects of delay, however, have not been thoroughly
examined at the Burji Zone outside of the yearly report of the regional water, mine, and energy
development bureau. As a result, it is critical to assess the time performance in terms of causes
and consequences of water supply project delays in order to learn from past mistakes and
implement mitigation measures.

1.2. Statement of the problem
A Time performance is one of the main criteria used to assess the success or failure of
construction projects. A Construction delays are currently a concern in many least-developed and
developing countries in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe (Ali, 2018). On average, 72%
of global projects are delayed, with a 38% increase in the original contracted duration, and 63%
of projects have cost overruns, with a 24% increase in the original contracted cost. Customer
satisfaction on projects is low, and 90% of all major issues causing delay are due to people
(Alfredo Rivera, M.S., Nguyen Le, Kedar Kapsikar, M.S., Jacob Kashiwagi, Ph.D., and Yasir
Alhammadi, M.S. , 2017). This indicates that if construction project delays are not effectively
handled, they can have a variety of negative consequences (Sheikh, A. A., Fakunle, F. F., &
Fashina, A. A, 2020). Water supply projects have a long design life span and a high initial cost
(Esra Marvin, 2021). According to the World Bank, $114 billion in annual capital investment is
required to achieve the world's Sustainable Development Goal 6 target of universal access to
water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services (Hutton, G. and Varughese, M. , 2016). More
than 785 million people worldwide lack access to basic water services; 884 million lack safe
drinking water; and more than 25% (2.5 billion) lack access to basic sanitation (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,Global Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH), 2021).
In Ethiopia, only 8.25% of projects have been finished by the targeted completion date. The
remaining 91.75% is delayed and 352% of its contractual time (Werku Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016) .
Ethiopia is one of the countries that may be considered „off track‟ on the pathway to meeting the
2030 drinking water SDG (Jeffrey Sachs, Guillaume Lafortune, Christian Kroll, Grayson Fuller and
Finn Woelm, 2022). The SDG Index score and rating confirm the need to investigate more creative
solutions to the water access dilemma. According to the GTP II targets, access to water supply is
expected to reach 83 percent of the population ((OWNP), November 2018). In GTP I and II (2011–
2020), 313,025 water supply projects were planned to be built, and 87,805 were finished until
2016–17. The remaining projects were delayed or abandoned for a variety of reasons. Its
performance is 28%, which is extremely low (OWNP, November 2018) (Ethiopia, May 2019).
Since, in order to meet the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6 of universal access to
water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services, a country's limited resources must be invested
in the construction of water supply projects, and the causes and effects of any delays must be

assessed for any future amendment. There is a monthly, quarterly, and annual report that has
been released only from the water sectors, starting from Woreda up to the federal level. But,
according to the Austrian Development Agency (ADA), a performance assessment report needs
to be complete, clear, objective, reliable, and be examined by independent evaluators (A. D.
Agency And E. Unit, 2007).
In the Burji Zone GTP II (2016–2020), 20 water supply projects were planned to be built, with
water supply coverage expected to reach 65% in rural areas and 75% in urban areas. However,
only four of the contracted projects were completed with a long delay, and the remaining five are
under several conditions with long delays. In accordance with the aforementioned worldwide
project evaluation principles and standards, evaluators' independence is one that considers their
credibility through their independence from all staff members. Therefore, without an objective
and impartial review of the study, design, and bid documentation, the contractors' financial and
technical competence, the contract agreements, the project supervisors, a contract monitoring and
assessment system, transparency, accountability, and the "rule of law" in contract administration
and commissioning of completed projects, it is impossible to guarantee the sustainability of on-
time completion of projects with their estimated quality and budget. The recent time performance
in terms of causes and effects of delay, however, has not been thoroughly examined at the Burji
Zone outside of the yearly report of the regional water, mine, and energy development bureau.
That is why assessing the time performance in terms of the actual causes and effects of the
delays in the water supply projects on the Burji Zone was the main concern of this study, as
project delays affect the country's output with all their other adverse effects.

1.3. Research Questions

1. What are the causes of water supply projects construction delay in Burji Zone?
2. What are the effects of water supply projects construction delay in Burji Zone?
3. What are the remedial measurements to reduce water supply projects construction delay
in Burji Zone?
1.4. Objectives
1.4.1. General Objective
The general objective of this study was to investigate the time performance of water supply
construction project in Burji Zone.
1.4.2. Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of this study were:
 To identify the causes of water supply project delays in the Burji Zone.
 To identify the effects of construction delays in water supply projects in Burji Zone.
 To determine the remedial measurements to reduce the delay in water supply project
construction.
1.5. Significance of the Study
Construction project delays are frequent and have a major negative impact on them. This
research aims to evaluate and pinpoint the reasons behind the systems' water supply project
delays, as well as the consequences for Ethiopia in general and the Burji Zone Water Supply
Project in specific. This research has made significant advances because it addresses the serious
resource waste brought on by project delays. It will also be used as input for further research on
the area by different scholars. This research will also be useful to the government in developing
construction industry policies and implementing them. An informed policy provides useful
guidelines to the industry that minimize project failures, reduce risks, and generally enable order
in the construction industry. This study also intends to spawn practical and theoretical further
research questions that can become useful study bases for future researchers. Its findings are
expected to contribute to the debate about how to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the
construction industry, particularly in terms of scheduling and time and cost management. It was

identified and categorized the causes of delay factors that must be carefully considered for future
project implementations.
1.6. Scope of the Study
The study was limited to the Burji Zone in southern Ethiopia and investigated the time
performance in terms of causes and effects of delays in water supply construction projects.
Closed- and open-ended questionnaires, interviews, observations, and relevant literature were the
main tools used to conduct the study. Additionally, the study's respondents were limited to the
partners and stakeholders involved in water supply construction projects, such as contractors,
consultants, project owners, and the community.

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
This chapter discusses the literature related to the time performance in terms of cause and effect
of delays in construction projects and the ways to avoid or minimize the effect following the
event. It also tries to determine how different scholars and researchers in different countries
approach the delay problem and the methods and techniques used to identify the main cause and
their related effects on water supply projects.
2.2. Theoretical Concept of Construction time performance in terms of delay
A construction project is basically a temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end,
undertaken to meet particular goals and objectives. Every construction project has a defined goal
or objective, defined tasks to be performed, and a defined time frame (Newtown Square, July
2021). The time performance of a construction project is usually the soul of the construction
industry. Time performance is defined as meeting the duration baseline in the initial planning
process of the project. Time overrun can also be defined as the additional time required
completing the construction project after the scheduled completion date, which is affected by
internal and external factors surrounding the construction project (K Ullah et al, 2017).
Delay is a situation when the contractor and the project owner jointly or individually contribute
to the non-completion of the project within the original or stipulated contract period. On-time
completion of any project is beneficial both for the contractor and the project owner (Levy,
1994). A project delay is the time overrun either beyond the completion date specified in a
contract or beyond the date that the parties agreed upon for delivery of the project (Assaf, S.A. &
S., Al-Hejji, 2006). The construction industry is critical to the growth of the economy.
Construction project delays also result in conflicts and mistrust among the concerned
stakeholders (the designer, contractor worker, and consultant) (Khattri, 2016). Construction
delays are a major issue for developing countries worldwide, including Ethiopia (Saeedi, 2022).

2.3. Types of delays
To begin further mitigation efforts and convert a delay into an honor, it is essential to have a
clear grasp of the broad categories or kinds of delays into which a delay fits. As a result,
Theodore (Theodore J. Trauner,William A. Manginelli,J. Scott Lowe,Mark F. Nagata,Brian J.
Furniss, 2009) classified delays into four broad categories: 1) Critical or non-critical delays 2)
Excusable or non-excusable delays 3) Concurrent delays 4) Compensable or non-compensable
delays.
Determining whether a delay is critical or non-critical is a prerequisite to assessing its effects on

the project (Wikipedia, 2023). Furthermore, any delay might be excused or non-excusable. One
may characterize delays as either concurrent or non-concurrent for both excusable and non-
excusable delays. One might further categorize delays as compensable or non-compensable
(Wikipedia, 2023).
2.3.1. Critical or non-critical Delays:
A critical delay is one that is responsible for extending the project's duration. Extended field
overhead, unabsorbed home office overhead, liquidated damage, idle labor & equipment cost,
labor & material cost escalation, and a variety of other expenses.
A delay that is not the cause of extended project duration is a non-critical delay; however, it will
have an effect in terms of activities getting completed later than scheduled. These activities will
also have an impact on project cost estimates, as outlined below: a) idle labor and equipment
costs, b) labor and material cost escalation, and many others (Theodore J. Trauner,William A.
Manginelli,J. Scott Lowe,Mark F. Nagata,Brian J. Furniss, 2009).
2.3.2. Excusable & non-excusable Delay
An excusable delay is one for which the worker is eligible, in accordance with the terms and
conditions of the contract, for a time extension, payment, or both. In this instance, the delayed
action is out of the contractor's hands. Natural disasters, political unrest, social unrest, terrorist
attacks, client delays (decisions, approvals, etc.), etc. are examples of force-measure clauses.

A non-excusable delay is one in which the provider is solely to blame for the activities' delays
and the consequent lengthening of the project's timeline (responsible for crucial delays). In this
instance, the provider must assume the risk of financial repercussions, including the obligation to
cover losses for both it and, potentially, third parties as well. The reasons for the delays could be
anything from a delayed mobilization to a delayed purchase to a delayed filing of critical
paperwork to a delayed planning and scheduling process (Theodore J. Trauner,William A.
2.3.3. Concurrent Delays in Construction Projects
Concurrent delays are when numerous delay events take place at the same time, interfering with
various tasks either simultaneously or separately. Not all of these occurrences, though, give the
worker the right to request a time and expense extension. Importantly, the delays themselves
must not coincide; rather, the delays' reasons must (Theodore J. Trauner,William A.
2.3.4. Compensable or non-compensable Delays in in Construction Projects
When the contractor is responsible for time extension and cost compensation, delays that are
compensable arise. Excusable delays include all compensable delays. A delay incident is
considered a non-compensable delay if the contractor is entirely to blame. However, depending
on the circumstances and the terms of the contract, non-compensable may be classified as
critical, non-critical, excusable, or not excusable (Theodore J. Trauner,William A. Manginelli,J.
Scott Lowe,Mark F. Nagata,Brian J. Furniss, 2009).
2.4. Causes of Construction Delays
Construction delays can be brought on by the client, the contractor, a consultant, the will of God,
or a third party (Obodoh, 2016). They could appear alone or in conjunction with other delays,
early or late in the work. Identifying the causes of delays will aid in their reduction. Numerous
researchers from various countries have investigated the factors that contributed to the causes of
delays (Obodoh, 2016). When the contractor, consultant, and client collectively or separately

contribute to the project's failure to be completed within the initially specified or agreed-upon
contract term, this is referred to as a "delay" (Obodoh, 2016).
2.4.1. Classification of causes of delay
Researchers classified the causes of construction project delays in different ways. The majority
of them were classified based on delay categories and major construction actors.
2.4.1.1. Classification based on delay categories
Obodoh D. and Chikasi, 2016, (Obodoh, 2016), Abebe Demisew Gashahun, 2020, classified
causes of delay based on delay categories. Abebe, 2020, gathered relevant literature from 17
African countries scholarly journals published between 2010 and 2020 and identified 65
potential causes of delay divided into 10 major groups (Demisew, 2020).
1) Project-related factors include poor communication between the parties, an inadequate

definition of substantial completion, the conflict over joint ownership of the project, changes in
the project scope, and owner interference.
2) Change/variation orders, late payment approval, slow decision making, delay in site handover,
suspension of work, lack of incentive for contractors to finish ahead of schedule, and difficulties
in financing the project are examples of client-related factors.
3) Design team-related factors include: insufficient data collection and survey prior to
design/site investigation, design document errors and discrepancies, insufficient design team
experience, delays in producing design documents, non-use of advanced modern engineering
design software, project complexity, and misunderstanding of owner's requirements.
4) consultant-related factors include delay in approving the major change, poor site
supervision, lateness in revising and approving the design, tests, an incomplete or undetailed
BOQ, inadequate experience of the consultant, and the late issue of instructions.
5) Contractor-related factors include: ineffective project planning, scheduling, poor site

management, rework, inadequate contractor‟s experience, cash flow problems, inappropriate

construction methods, frequent change of subcontractors, delay in site mobilization, late delivery
of material, obsolete technology, supplying poor quality material, and poor health and safety.
6) Materials-related factors include: material shortages in the market, material delivery delays,
poor quality of construction materials, changes in material type and specifications during
construction, manufacturing material delays, material damage/poor material management, and
untrustworthy suppliers.
7) Unavailability of equipment, low labor productivity, shortage of skilled labor, shortage of

recent technology equipment, absenteeism and strikes, and unqualified/inadequate experienced
labor are all examples of manpower and equipment related factors.
8) External factors include unfavorable weather conditions, delays in providing services from
utilities, changes in government regulations and laws, accidents during construction, delays in
obtaining permits from the municipality, conflict, war, and public enemy, natural disasters, and
inflation.
9) Factors influencing financing include material price increases, price fluctuations, and the
global financial crisis.
10) Contract and contractual relationship including type of construction contract and bidding
and award, major legal disputes and negotiations, mistakes and discrepancies in contract
documents, unrealistic contract duration imposed, ineffective delay penalties.
2.4.1.2. Classification based on major actors involved in construction sectors
Werku Koshe and K. N. Jha, 2016, investigated causes of construction delay in Ethiopian
construction industries and classified causes of delay based on major actors involved in
construction sectors (client, consultant and contractor) and external factors to these parties
(Werku Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016).

1. Owners'/clients' related factors
These include: bureaucracy (excessively complicated administrative procedures), insufficient

client finance, delay in site delivery, change/variations order, late approval for payment, regular
interference, poor communication and coordination with other parties, improper project
feasibility study, lack of competent representative, lack of owner experience in construction
project, lack of incentive for contractors to finish ahead of schedule, and slowness in decision
making (Werku Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016) (Theodore J. Trauner,William A. Manginelli,J. Scott
Lowe,Mark F. Nagata,Brian J. Furniss, 2009).
2. Consultant/design team-related factors
Insufficient data collection and survey prior to design, lack of experience of design team in
construction projects, mistakes and delays in producing design documents, misunderstanding of
owner's requirements by design engineer, poor use of advanced engineering design software,
unclear and inadequate details in drawings, corruption, incorrect time estimate (i.e. scheduled
duration is insufficient for constructing the project), lack of technical professional in the
consulting or design team, lack of technical professional in the consulting or design team (Werku
Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016) (Theodore J. Trauner,William A. Manginelli,J. Scott Lowe,Mark F.
Nagata,Brian J. Furniss, 2009).
3. Contractor-related factors
Ineffective project management, scheduling, and resource management, mistakes during construction and
rework due to error, difficulties in financing the project by the contractor, inadequate contractor
experience, inappropriate construction method, centralization with top management, incompetent project
team, supplying poor-quality material by contractor, frequent changes of subcontractors, an unreliable
subcontractor, lack of coordination with subcontractors poor coordination and communication with other
parties poor site management and supervision, obsolete technology, poor health and safety, poor
understanding of accounting and financial principles equipment allocation problem, frequent equipment
breakdowns, improper equipment, shortage of equipment, absenteeism, low motivation and morale of
labor, low productivity of labor, personal conflicts among laborers shortage of labor, slow mobilization of
labor, strike, unqualified or inadequately experienced labor, changes in material type and specifications
during construction damage to delivered materials, delay in manufacturing materials, escalation of

material prices, late delivery of materials, poor procurement of construction materials, poor construction
quality and untrustworthy suppliers (Werku Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016) (Theodore J. Trauner,William A.
Manginelli,J. Scott Lowe,Mark F. Nagata,Brian J. Furniss, 2009)
4. External factors
Accidents during construction, changes in government regulations and laws, conflict, war, and
public enemy, delay in obtaining permits from the municipality, delay in providing services from
utilities (such as water and electricity), global financial crisis, loss of time by traffic control and
restriction at the job site, natural disasters (flood, hurricane, earthquake), price fluctuations,
problems with neighbors, slow site clearance, unexpected surface and subsurface conditions
(such as soil and water table) or unforeseen site conditions, and unfavorable weather conditions
(Theodore J. Trauner,William A. Manginelli,J. Scott Lowe,Mark F. Nagata,Brian J. Furniss,
2009) (Werku Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016).
2.5. Empirical review

2.5.1. Delays of construction in developing countries
The construction delay is a common problem in this part of the developing country (Demisew,
Gashahun Abebe, 2020). In this developing country, the critical factors for delay are managerial
and financial issues. For example, studies show that changes in initial designs, bad weather,
subcontractors, variation, and claims are major sources of delay in Oman (Alnuaimi, A. S., &
Mohsin, M. A. Al, Dec. 25-26, 2013). Managerial issues such as inadequate planning and
scheduling, ineffective site management, poor communication among the parties, imperfect
contract management, etc. are the most critical factors of construction delays in India (H. Doloi,
A. Sawhney, K. Iyer, and S. R, 2012). Financial issues, environmental calamities, and shortages
of equipment and materials are major sources of delay in Pakistan and Sri Lanka (El‐Sayegh,
2016) (M. Haseeb, Xinhai-Lu, A. Bibi, M-Dyiian, and R. W, 2011).
Managerial issues, financial difficulties, shortages of resources like labor, materials, and
equipment, along with contractors' inexperience are identified as the most influential factors for
project delay in Malaysia (Honig, 2009) (M. Haseeb, Xinhai-Lu, A. Bibi, M-Dyiian, and R. W,
2011). Managerial issues, financial difficulties, shortages of resources like labor, materials, and

equipment, along with contractors‟ inexperience, delay in design, and change orders during
construction are identified as critical influential factors for construction project delay in
Indonesia, Thailand, Afghanistan, and Vietnam (I. A. Rahman, A. Memon, and A. T. K, 2013)
(W. Alaghbari, M. R. a. Kadir, and A. S, 2017) (L. Le-Hoai, Y. D. Lee, and J. Y. L, 2013) (N.
Long, S. Ogunlana, T. Quang, and K. L, 2008) (Niazai, K. G., and G, 2012). To some extent,
poor site management and lowest bidder selections are the most common causes of delay in
Bangladesh (M. S. Islam, B. Trigunarsyah, M. Hassanain, and S. A, 2015).
On the other hand, construction projects in Kuwait, Iran, and Lebanon have been suffering from
schedule delays because of poor project management, design changes, financial problems,
environmental factors, and the lack of construction experience of the owner (A. Tarhini, M.
Fakih, M. Arzoky, and T. T, 2016) (Ismail, T. P., and A, 2012) (P. a. Koushki, 2009). Shortage
of materials and skilled labor, financial difficulties, change orders, slow decision-making by the
owner, and design difficulties are some critical issues for construction delays in Qatar, Palestine
(Gaza Strip), Saudi Arabia, and the UAE (A. Enshassi, J. Al-najjar, and M. K, 2009) (Atibu
Seboru, 2015) (El‐Sayegh, 2016) (Mahamid, 2013) (Younes, A. M. J. and J. H, 2015).
2.5.2. Delay in the African construction industry
The majority of projects completed in Africa in recent years have fallen short of the traditional
project success standards of being completed on schedule, within budget, and with the necessary
standard and quality (Demisew, 2020). These results in a huge impact on the continent's already
constrained resources, as it means the loss of extra resources to initially implement the projects,
the necessity to maintain infrastructure before their due dates, etc. Overall, Africa is now
investing in its infrastructure on average of $108 billion per year (Bank, 2018). When we saw
Africa‟s construction activities in both the numbers and total value of construction projects in
regional ways, East Africa leads the continent and Southern Africa, North Africa, West Africa,
and Central Africa hold from the 2nd to the 5th ranks, respectively (Edinger, 2019).
Due to very prevalent factors like the contractor's cash flow issues, the owner's slow progress
payments, poor site management, and the owner's change orders, the building industry in Africa
has been facing delays in project completion. Other postponement variables do not show a

similar pattern across all of Africa. For instance, in South Africa, design-related issues like
delayed decisions, resource constraints, labor protests, revisions, and a lack of marketable
materials are having a negative impact on building projects (Baloyi, 2011) (Oshungade, O. O., &
Kruger, D, 2017). Construction delays in Sudan have been attributed to similar issues (Khair, K.,
Farouk, H., Mohamed, Z., & Mohammad, R, 2016) (Khair, K., Mohamed, Z., Mohammad, R.,
Farouk, H., & Ahmed, M. E, 2018).
Delays in revising and approving the design, delays in subcontractors' work, poor
communication, and change orders are all major causes of construction delays in Nigeria (Agu
N. & Ibe, B.O., N, 2015). In addition to these, the Nigerian building industry's major delay
causes include a lack of resources, an incorrect time estimate, payment issues, bad site
management, an inexperienced project team, improper project planning and timing, and financial
difficulties for the contractors (Obodoh, 2016).
When we visited Egypt, we discovered that the critical causes of construction delays were a lack
of consultant experience, a delay in approval, an inaccurate site investigation, insufficient project
management assistance, a contractor shortage, delays in payments, and design changes (Aziz,
2013) (Mobarak, 45. M. E. Abd El-Razek; H. A. Bassioni; and A. M). Construction projects in
Ghana are getting delayed due to delays in financial shortages, scheduling, and controlling
problems (Fugar, F. D., & Agyakwah-Baah, A. B, 2011). Delays in progress payments,
difficulties in financing the project, and change orders are the causes of construction delays in
Zimbabwe (Nyoni, T., & G.Bonga, W, 2017). Besides, they have been experiencing delays
because of poor financial control on-site, an ineffective schedule, and ineffective site
management (Nyoni, 2018).
Burkina Faso and Benin frequently experience delays due to several significant reasons,
including subcontractor performance, sluggish payments, equipment shortages, and the
contractor and owner's financial capacity (A. RKTM, X. Feng, J. Z, 2013) (Bagaya, October.
2016). Uganda's construction industry is having issues because of scope changes, payment
delays, inadequate oversight, political unrest, and insufficient supervision (H. Alinaitwe, R. A.,
and D. T, 2013). In the case of Tanzania and Morocco, planning and scheduling, design change,
communication, consultant, and material-related problems are the basic causes of construction

delays (Bajjou, M. S., & Chafi, A, 2018) (Jongo, J. S., Tesha, D. N. G. A. K., Kasonga, R.,
Teyanga, J. J., & Lyimo, K. S, 2019) (Sambasivan, M., Deepak, T. J., Salim, A. N., & Ponniah,
V, 2017).
Slow decision-making, bureaucracy in the client, inadequate planning and scheduling, rain,
shortage of resources, insufficient contractor cash-flow, slow payment procedures, poor
monitoring and control, managerial factors, low skills of manpower, changes in the scope of the
project, slowness in giving instructions, and delay in delivering the site are the major sources of
construction delay in Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Algeria, and Libya (Amandin, M. M., & Kule, J.
W, 2016) (Kamanga, M. J., & Steyn, W. J. V. D. M, 2013) (Roumeissa, S., Karima, M., &
Souad, S. B, 2018) (Seboru, 2015) (Shebob, A., Dawood, N., & Xu, Q, September, 2011).
2.5.3. Delay in the Ethiopian construction industry
Ethiopia, one of the fastest growing developing countries, relies heavily on the construction
industry for growth, employment, and infrastructure expansion, accounting for 32.8% of
Ethiopian GDP over the last decade (For, D., Cement, G., & Africa, I., 2020). Every year, a
considerable amount of loan and grant money from development partners is channeled to the
water sector for the improvement of water supply facilities, along with the health and education
sectors. However, every construction process in Ethiopia is subject to delays resulting from the
performance of stakeholder groups like contractors, consultants, and clients or project owners, in
addition to various internal and external reasons. It is rarely the case that a project is completed
within the specified time (Assaf, S.A. & S., Al-Hejji, 2006).
The minimum, maximum, and average delays recorded in building construction projects are 9%,
802%, and 143%, respectively, where as in road infrastructure projects, the minimum delay is
found to be 3%, the maximum delay is 312%, and an average schedule delay of 110% is
recorded (Solomon Melaku Belay, Seifu Tilahun, Mitiku Yehualaw, Jose Matos,Helder Sousa
,and Endalew Temesgen Workneh, 17 November 2021). Difficulties in financing, material price
increases, infective project planning, scheduling, or resource management, economic conditions,
and slow decision making are the major causes of delay in Ethiopia's construction industry
(Werku Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016) (Serani, N., Tadele, D., & Bayeh, W., 2020).

Furthermore, according to Tsegay Gebrehiwet and Hanbin Luo (2017), the most common causes
of delay in Ethiopian construction projects are corruption, a lack of utilities on the project site,
inflation, less quality material, late design and design documents, slower material supply, late
contract agreements and receiving completed project work, poor site management and
performance, late release of budgets and funds, and unsuccessful project preparation and
scheduling (Tsegay Gebrehiwet and Hanbin Luo, June 2017).
Most researchers‟ throughout the world have identified several causes of delay in the
construction industry and classified it based on its categories and major actors in construction
sectors. However, based on its classification, community factors cannot be considered or well
defined. In addition to the identified causes of delay, the community plays an important role in
the successful completion of water supply projects. When the community participates from the
design phase up until the construction phase, it minimizes the occurrence of delays. Community-
related factors are: lack of community participation at the design and construction phases, lack of
awareness of the implementing project, lack of ownership of the project, and lack of a long-term
vision for the construction project. As a result, proper project planning and scheduling, as well as
proper project management and supervision, contribute significantly to project completion within
the agreed-upon time frame between the parties (Owner & Contractor).
2.6. Effects of delays
Delay in a construction project has a negative effect on clients, contractors, community and
consultants in terms of growth in adversarial relationships, mistrust, litigation, arbitration, and
cash-flow problems. A construction project may not be regarded as a successful endeavor until it
meets the cost, time, and quality limitations applied to it. However, it is not uncommon for a
construction project to fall short of its objectives in terms of cost, time, and quality (Theodore J.
Trauner,William A. Manginelli,J. Scott Lowe,Mark F. Nagata,Brian J. Furniss, 2009). Most of
the time in any kind of project, the effects caused by the delays are almost identical; the major
ones are time overrun, cost overrun, and low quality, followed by dispute, arbitration, litigation,
and total abandonment (Tsegay Gebrehiwet and Hanbin Luo, June 2017) (Rahman, Ir. Hj.
Redzuan Ab, 2018) (Abedi, M., Fathi, M. S. & Mohammad, M. F, 2011).

According to Roumeissa SALHI, and Karima Messaoudi (2021), the effects of delay in
Ethiopian construction projects are time overruns, cost overruns, bad quality, arbitration,
litigation, termination of contracts, waste or underutilization of resources, and total abandonment
(Roumeissa SALHI, Karima MESSAOUDI, 2021). A major factor causing time and cost
overruns in projects is the consultant‟s design errors or misrepresentation of the client‟s
requirements. Usually, these errors will only be revealed during the construction phase.
Consequently, this will lead to extra time and cost spent on correcting the mistakes. Apart from
that, design errors could cause time and cost overruns as the initial cost estimations were done
based on the incorrect designs. As a result, there may be omissions or additional work, resulting
in extra work or variation orders (Rahman, Ir. Hj. Redzuan Ab, 2018).
The comprehensive literature review identified the following six major effects of construction
project delays:
2.6.1. Time Overrun
Time and cost overruns in construction projects can also be called "slippage of project
schedules." (Ramanathan C, Potty N S and Idrus A B, 2012). Time overrun can also be defined
as the additional time required completing the construction project after the scheduled
completion date, which is affected by internal and external factors surrounding the construction
project (K Ullah et al, 2017). In Ethiopia, the updated time overrun at the industry level is 134.20
percent, and the time overrun values for the building, road, and water subsectors are 160.70
percent, 99.50 percent, and 144.60 percent, respectively (Asmerom Taddese, November 2016).
According to Asmerom Taddese, 2016, reasons for time overruns have been summarized for the
three subsectors and aggregated into seven categories: Incomplete design, Design changes,
Scope change, Changes in quantity, Force majeure and adverse weather conditions, Poor
completion time estimation and other reasons such as the contractor's low capacity, the
employer‟s inaction, a shortage of materials, and construction difficulty (Asmerom Taddese,
November 2016).

2.6.2. Cost Overrun
Budget overrun, cost increase, or cost escalation are other terms for cost overrun (Rahman, Ir.
Hj. Redzuan Ab, 2018). The minimum cost overrun for building construction projects in Ethiopia
is 2%, with maximum and average cost overruns of 248% and 35%, respectively. For road
infrastructure projects, the minimum, maximum, and average cost overruns are found to be 1%,
61%, and 18%, respectively (Solomon Melaku Belay, Seifu Tilahun, Mitiku Yehualaw, Jose
Matos,Helder Sousa ,and Endalew Temesgen Workneh, 17 November 2021). The minimum,
maximum, and average cost overruns for water infrastructure projects are 4%, 175.79%, and
65.1%, respectively (Asmerom Taddese, November 2016). According to Asmerom Taddese,
2016, the reasons for cost overruns have been summarized for the three subsectors and
aggregated into seven categories. Such as incomplete design, design change (through variation),
project scope change, changes in quantity (up on re-measurement), force majeure (events not
caused by contracting parties), price hikes or inflation, and other reasons such as construction
difficulty, the employer‟s inactions, shortage of materials, etc. that increased the cost of the
project (Asmerom Taddese, November 2016).
2.6.3. Disputes
Disputes are the results of the main reasons why construction projects get delayed, including
client-related, contractor-related, consultant-related, and external-related issues that might come
up between the project partners. Misunderstandings, disputes, and clashes may also result from a
lack of communication. Project managers must therefore possess effective communication skills,
one of the key soft skills (people skills), with the project partners involved in constructing
projects (Abedi, M., Fathi, M. S. & Mohammad, M. F, 2011). According to Murali et al (Murali
Sambasivan and Yau Wen Soon, 2007) factors such as a lack of communication between the
various parties, a problem with the neighbors, unforeseen site conditions, a delay in payments for
completed work, an improper construction method, a delay caused by the subcontractor, and
discrepancies in contract documents will lead to disputes between the various parties.
Furthermore, if the disputes cannot be solved amicably or easily, they can lead to arbitration or
litigation.

2.6.4. Arbitration
According to Murali et al (Murali Sambasivan and Yau Wen Soon, 2007), delays caused by
client-related and contractor-related factors such as changes in order, mistakes or discrepancies
in contract documents, and a lack of communication between various parties that may lead to
disputes will be resolved through arbitration. In these circumstances, it is necessary to have a
competent third party that can settle the disputes amicably or easily without going to court.
2.6.5. Litigation
According to Murali et al (Murali Sambasivan and Yau Wen Soon, 2007), when delays are
caused by client-related, contract-related, labor-related, external-related, and contract-
relationship-related factors such as delays in payment for completed works, problems with site
conditions, and a lack of labor supply, disputes must be resolved through the litigation process.
The parties involved in the construction projects use litigation as a last resort to settle their
disputes.
2.6.6. Total Abandonment
Abandonment, whether interim or permanent in a worse state, is the most serious negative
impact of construction project delays. Client-related, consultant-related, contractor-related, and
publicly connected issues may result in project abandonment, causing construction projects to be
delayed (Abedi, M., Fathi, M. S. & Mohammad, M. F, 2011).
2.7. Remedial measures for delays
Qualification takes into account a number of factors when a client chooses consultants, design
teams, contractors, and suppliers for the given projects, including previous experience working
on similar projects, recorded performance, government agency evaluation, financial capability,
availability of technical staff, matching technical staff with project requirements, changing the
project-awarding system from the lowest price strategy to another strategy, adding a penalty
clause for late or unsatisfactory performance, and more (Khair, K., Mohamed, Z., Mohammad,
R., Farouk, H., & Ahmed, M. E, 2018) (Fugar, F. D., & Agyakwah-Baah, A. B, 2011) (Jongo, J.
S., Tesha, D. N. G. A. K., Kasonga, R., Teyanga, J. J., & Lyimo, K. S, 2019). Aside from that,

all relevant stakeholders must be involved in the project's planning stage, taking into account
weather conditions, accurate cost estimation to ensure project financing for the owner and
contractor, efficient communication, skilled employees for all parties, capacity building, and
appropriate legislation (Bajjou, M. S., & Chafi, A, 2018) (Jongo, J. S., Tesha, D. N. G. A. K.,
Kasonga, R., Teyanga, J. J., & Lyimo, K. S, 2019).
2.8. Gap identification and Summary
Water supply services impact urban and rural livelihoods, with 2.2 billion people worldwide
lacking safe drinking water and 4.2 billion lacking safe sanitation ( United Nations Children‟s
Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO), 2021). Delays in water supply
projects result in 39% of the population using safely managed water, 27% using sanitation, and
37% practicing basic hygiene. 411 million people in Africa still lack basic drinking water
services (United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO),
2022).
Ethiopia faces a significant challenge in providing clean water to 89 million people, with 90%
lacking basic sanitation for children (Pandian, 2022). Construction industry researchers have
identified various causes of delay, classified by project-related, consultant-related, owner-related,
contractor-related, design-related, material-related, equipment-related, labor-related, financial-
related, contract and contractual relationship factors, and external-related factors (Werku Koshe,
K. N. Jha, 2016), (Obodoh, 2016), and (Demisew, Gashahun Abebe, 2020). This research
explores community-related factors causing delays. These factors contribute to various delays in
the construction sector.
Delays can lead to time and cost overruns, poor quality, disputes, arbitration, litigation, and
abandonment (Rahman, Ir. Hj. Redzuan Ab, 2018). Mitigation measures include community
involvement, weather consideration, accurate cost estimation, effective communication, qualified
employees, capacity building, and appropriate legislation to minimize delays.
This research aims to investigate time performance in Ethiopia's Burji Zone water supply
construction project, focusing on the causes and effects of delays. A comprehensive assessment

of delay categories and major actors is necessary for mitigation measures. Therefore, clients,
contractors, consultants, design, community, financing, materials, equipment, labor, project,
contractual relationships, and external related factors used to investigate time performance in
terms of causes and effects of delay and categorize causes of delay among them, to assess their
effects and their mitigation measures in the Burji Zone water supply construction project.

causes of delay
project-related,
consultant-related, owner-
related, contractor- Indepen
related, design-related,
community-related, dent
financing-related, labor- variables
related, contract-related,
contractual-relationship-
related, and external-
related factors
Project delay
Depend
Effects of delay ent
variable
Time and cost overruns,
poor quality, disputes, s
arbitration, litigation,
and abandonment
Mitigation
measures
Community
involvement, weather
consideration, accurate
cost estimation, effective
communication,
qualified employees,
capacity building, and
appropriate legislation
Figure 2. 1 Conceptual frame work of the empirical review

CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
This chapter describes the methodology used to study the time performance in terms of the
causes and effects of the construction delays of the Burji Zone water supply project. The study
area, research design, population size, sampling, and techniques for data collection and analysis
were discussed. It makes it possible for the research to fulfill its main objective, which was to
find a solution to the issue raised in the study.
3.2. Study area and study period

Burji is a zone in Ethiopia's Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State
(SNNPRS). Soyama, its capital, is located 525 kilometers south of Addis Ababa and 255
kilometers southeast of Hawassa. According to the Central Statistics Agency's (CSA) 2007
census, Burji currently has a total population of 107,074 people, with 52,319 men and 54,755
women living in an area of 1,128.40 square kilometers. Burji has a population density of 81.63
people per square mile. While 25,316 people, or 23.64%, live in cities, 0.1% are pastoralists, and
the remaining 76.26% live in rural areas and work in agriculture and trade. It contains 26
kebeles. In rural areas, 11,349 people use safe drinking water, and its safe drinking water
coverage was 13.88%. In urban areas, 2,804 people use safe drinking water, and its safe drinking
water coverage was 11%, and its overall zonal water supply coverage was 13.21%. Burji Zone
was chosen for this research because no study has been conducted on the time performance in
terms of the causes and effects of the water supply project construction delay. The study area has
a variety of weather conditions, terrain ranging from flat to mountainous, and elevations ranging
from 1500 meters above sea level at Segen to 3000 meters above sea level at Mount Halamee,
with both subsistence and cash crops such as teff and Bura Burji being more productive. This
study was done from March 2023 to November 2023.

ASSESSMENT ON TIME PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA:
THE CASE OF BURJI ZONE, ETHIOPIA
Table 3. 1 Current description of Burji zone water supply projects (source; Burji zone water mine and energy department, 2023)
s.no Project Contract Contract Initial Project Project Period of Cost of % Time % Cost
name date duration project Commence provisional completion completion overrun overrun % Current
(Month) contract ment/start acceptance/ delay project
cost(ETB) date end date condition
1 Halame 01/6/2017 1 Month 236,305.14 01/6/2017 01/07/2017 11/07/2017 271,305.14 33.33% 14.81% 33.33% finished
WSP
2 Ladeshe 23/5/2018 1 Month 110,626.09 23/5/2018 23/06/2018 29/06/2018 127,126.09 20% 14.91% 20% finished
WSP
3 Waliya 30/5/2018 1 Month 393,500.23 30/5/2018 30/6/2018 06/07/2018 393,500.23 20% 0 20% finished
4 Gemeyo 01/02/201 4 Month 3,746,527.4 01/02/2019 02/06/2019 Still not 8,013,275. 1075% unknow 1075% Still not
- Kilicho 9 5 finished 51 n finished
5 Lemo - 08/02/201 4 Month 3,434,733.7 08/02/2019 09/06/2019 Still not Still not 1075% unknow 1075% Still not
sego 9 5 finished estimated n finished
6 Beneya 04/03/201 1 Month 4,194,234 04/03/2019 12/04/2019 04/09/2019 4,194,234 500% 0 500%% BH
BH 9 drilled,
civil work
Still not
started
7 Bereqe – 26/02/202 1 Month 5,617,060 10/03/2020 10/04/2020 10/07/2020 5,617,060 300% 0 300% BH
Gobeze 0 drilled,
BH civil work
Still not
started
8 Billa 24/04/202 4 Month 2,737,094.3 08/05/2020 08/09/2020 08/11/2020 2,853,944. 50% 4.26% 50% finished
WSP 0 5 35
9 Dinbech 15/04/202 9 Month 20,911,490. 24/04/2021 24/01/2022 Still not Still not 133% unknow 133% Still not
o - Gude 1 08 finished estimated n finished
Total 41,381,571. 45,816,669 10.72%
09 .15 and and
above above

ASSESSMENT ON TIME PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA:
THE CASE OF BURJI ZONE, ETHIOPIA
Figure 3. 1 The administrative map of the Burji and study area

3.3. Research approach

Both qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used in this investigation. While the
quantitative design yielded consistent results because the gathered data would be measured using
statistical tools, the qualitative element of the study enabled in-depth insights into factors causing
delays and their impacts on water supply construction projects.
3.4. Study design

A study design is an arrangement of parameters for data gathering and analysis that tries to
balance process economy with significance to the research goal. In actuality, it was serving as
the guide for gathering, measuring, and analyzing data. This study employed descriptive
research, a technique that outlines the traits of the population or event under investigation. This
methodology would place more emphasis on the "what" of the study topic than the "why." Data
that explains events would be gathered, organized, tabulated, depicted, and described. The causes
and effects of the delay in the construction of a water supply project in Burji Zone from February
2015–16 to December 2022 were evaluated using a descriptive study design.
Setting the main goal of study

(Investigating time performance of water supply project in Burji zone)
Selecting reserch approch/method
(Quantitative and qualitative research aproach)
Setting research design
(Descriptive research design)
Identifying target population

(Experts (professionals) and project stakeholders who participated in Burji zonewater supply project.)
Identifying sampling method and sample size

(Non probability sampling » purposive sampling techinque)
Identifying data source , collection tools and collection of data
Data analysis
(SPSS and RII)
Interpreting result and discussion
Conclussion and recomendation
Figure 3. 2 study design frame work

3.5. Population and sampling method
The study focused on nine water supply construction projects that began with GTP II in the Burji
Zone. The targeted population was composed of 74 experts from four sources: clients,
stakeholder communities, consultants, and contractors who participated in the water supply
construction project in Burji Zone. Therefore, the targeted populations were a particular subset of
people (hydraulic engineers, water supply engineers, civil engineers, planning specialists,
environmentalists, community managers, etc.) who participated in water supply construction.
This helped in obtaining quality and more relevant data that was reliable and competency-based.
from the client side, with a total population of 26 having a member of 3 experts (hydraulic
engineers, water supply engineers and civil engineers/planning specialists/ environmentalists) for
eight project with the exception of one project having two, from the contractor side with a total
population of 26 having a member of 3 experts (hydraulic engineers, water supply engineers,
civil engineers, and planning specialists) for eight projects with the exception of one project
having two, from consultant side with a total population of 9 having one expert (hydraulic
engineers/ water supply engineers/ civil engineers/ planning specialists) for each project, and
from community side with a total population of 13 having one community manager from 13
kebeles included in nine water supply projects had participated in the water supply project
construction. For this research, non-probability sampling was selected, and a total population
purposive or judgmental sampling technique was used.
3.6. Sample size
Purposive sampling depends on the researcher's judgment in choosing the study units, which
might include individuals, cases or organizations, events, and data points. Purposive sampling's
primary objective is to focus on certain characteristics of interest within a population to
effectively address your research problems (Lund Research, 2012). This type of non-probability
sampling involves the researcher making choices about which people to include in the sample
based on a range of factors, such as the subject's knowledge or their desire and ability to engage
in the study (Oliver, 2015). Based on the characteristics (specific experience, knowledge, skills,
exposure to an event, etc.) of respondents, the targeted population was small, and according to
Lund Research (2012), when the entire population size was relatively small with a particular set

of characteristics, total population sampling was used. Total population sampling or census is a
type of purposive sampling technique where you choose to examine entire populations (i.e., the
total population) that have a particular set of characteristics (Lund Research, 2012). Therefore, a
total sample size of 74 engineers and other experts with knowledge of the relevant construction
projects throughout the designated time were given the questionnaire.
These respondents were more professionally relevant to the specified project, characterized by
their experience in the construction of water supply projects, and the ones who know better about
the causes and effects of water supply project delays in Burji Zone. Besides, most of them were
those who played a significant role in the construction of the Burji Zone Water Supply Project.
3.7. Types of data, Sources of Data and Data Collection Tools/Instruments

The study utilized both primary and secondary data sources to assess the Burji Zone Water
Supply Project. Primary data was collected from experts and stakeholders through
questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Secondary data was gathered from related research,
annual reports, monitoring findings, written documents, books, and journals. This comprehensive
approach ensured the study's relevance and accuracy to the project's objectives.
The study utilized closed-ended questions for quantitative data collection, while open-ended
questionnaires, interviews, and observations were used for qualitative data collection, with
questionnaire items based on research goals and queries.

3.8. Study variable
Independent
variables
Project-related,
consultant-related, Dependent Time and
owner-related, variables cost overruns,
contractor-related, waste of
design-related, resource,
community-related, Project delay disputes,
financing-related, (time arbitration,
material-related, performance) litigation, and
equipment-related, abandonment
labor -related,
contractual-
relationship-related,
and external-related
factors
Figure 3. 3 Conceptual frame work of study variable
3.9. Procedures of Data Collection

The study utilized both primary and secondary data sources to gather relevant information for its
objectives, ensuring efficiency and reducing bias. The data analysis involved identical questions
for all respondents, and interviews were considered the best tool for correcting respondents'
misinterpretations of surveys. The survey involved gathering paperwork, creating questionnaires,
and conducting interviews. It discussed delays in a water supply project, their impact, and
respondents' actions. The third step involved assigning the topic to respondents, who provided
their answers. In-depth qualitative data was collected through interviews with the project's main
informant.
Respondents received questionnaires asking them the time performance in terms of causes and
effects of delay on water supply construction project to rate the degree of significance from one
(Dis Agree) to five (strongly agree) for causes of delay on the sub-criteria of clients related,

contractors related, consultants related, design related, community related, financing related,
materials related, equipment related, labor related, project related, contractual relationships
related, and external related factors and beyond these factors effects of delay such as time
overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, litigation, total abandonment and wastage of resource
were rated from one (little) to four (Great). Interviews with leading experts were conducted in
order to better understand the current causes of the delay and its effects on the water supply
construction project. Questionnaires were prepared that took into account the causes of the delay
and its effects on the Burji Zone water supply construction project.
3.10. Methods of Data Analysis
The study used both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques to analyze the causes
and effects of delays on the Burji Zone water supply project. Data from survey respondents was
analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, which arranged, coded, and specified factors. Results were
presented in tables and numbers, and the relative importance index (RII) for each delay
component was computed using frequency data from each answer group.
∑ Equation 3.1
Where RIIx stands for the significance index of the delay cause and effect component, i is the
response category's answer's weight, ni is its frequency, A is the highest weight = 5, and N is the
total number of respondents. "Strongly agree" responses received a weight of "5", "moderately
agree" responses received a weight of "4", "slightly agree" responses received a weight of "3,"
and "neither agree nor disagree" responses received a weight of "2." And the word "disagree"
received a grade of "1" for importance.
3.11. Validity and reliability of data

3.11.1. Validity of data
Validity is used to assess the quality of the study, quantify the accuracy of the data, and show
how successfully a method and approach were used. By sending the research instruments and the
data for the adviser to evaluate, the researcher was able to validate the instruments in terms of
content analysis. The ambiguous and obscure questions were merged and amended in light of his

evaluation and feedback. Furthermore, an assessment of internal validity has been conducted,
pertaining to the extent to which the investigator sees and quantifies the intended construct.
Internal validity was strengthened by the triangulation of the data and conclusions from many
sources, including surveys, interviews, and site visits. Accordingly, data was gathered using a
range of methods and sources, and the results were validated. The validity value of the data
ranges between 0 and 1, and for a single test, the value mostly ranges from 0.21 to 0.35, which is
acceptable. By using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) to test the validity of the
questionnaire, the validity test of this research resulted in a minimum of r = 0.217 and a
maximum of r = 0.967, which indicates the results were accurately measured and valid.
3.11.2. reliability of data
Reliability is used to assess the quality of the study, quantify the consistency of the data, and
show how successfully a method and approach were used. Study reliability was determined by
assessing the consistency of measures across time, main advisor, and co-advisor observation, and
using Cronbach's alpha test. The study's reliability and validity were ensured through a strong
descriptive research design, appropriate methods (quantitative and qualitative), non-probability
sampling, and careful and consistent research conduct, despite the potential for unreliable
measurements.
The internal consistency of the designed questionnaire utilized in this study is evaluated using
Cronbach's alpha. Measured as a value between 0 and 1, Cronbach's α (alpha) is a reliability
coefficient that assesses a test's or scales internal consistency. When the outcome becomes closer
to 1, it indicates that all of the elements measure the same variable, which is known as internal
consistency. The study used a scale with a coefficient alpha of 0.961, indicating its suitability for
further analysis. All twelve factors related to delay (clients, contractors, consultants, design,
community, financing, materials, equipment, labor, project, contractual relationships, and
external related factors measure the same variable, which is the cause of delay. Each reason for
the delay is checked for consistency, and the results are more than 0.7, exceeding the standard
recommendation of Alpha = 0.70 for reliability measurements.

Table 3. 2 Reliability Statistics for causes of delay
Reliability Statistics for causes of delay
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.961 74
3.12. Ethical Consideration
The study respected the participants' perceptions, obtained their consent, and ensured their
personal answers were kept confidential. They were not asked to include their names or
identification on the questionnaires. Communication was honest and transparent, starting with a
preliminary visit to explain the study's purpose and predict challenges in data collection.

CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1.Introduction
This chapter details the analysis of questionnaire data. Using the methods mentioned above,
these data were utilized to meet the study‟s objectives. A survey questionnaire was used to gather
the data; it was filled out by 74 respondents, but 60 of them provided feedback. The statistical
analysis of the survey responses provided by various shareholders, as outlined in the study
methodology, is presented in this chapter using the data analysis approach.
4.2.Background of the Respondents

Clients, contractors, consultants, and community stakeholders, which include financing and
implementation agencies, were the four primary categories into which the respondents were
divided. Their positions in the organization/office/community were project manager, project
engineers, Forman‟s, kebeles managers, and regional coordinators. The numbers and
percentages of the participants are shown in Table 1 below.
4.2.1. Response rate of respondents

Table 4. 1 Response rate of the structured questionnaire
Respondent in Participant in number No. of responses per Response in

category responding category Percentage
Client 26 22 84.61
Contractor 26 20 76.92
Consultant 9 7 77.77
Community 13 11 84.61
Total 74 60 81
cumulative percentage 100
The questionnaire survey yielded response rates of 84.61% for clients, 76.92% for contractors,
77.77% for consultants, and 84.61% for the community, indicating a close ratio for reliable and
valid value conclusions.

4.2.2. Educational level and proficiency of respondents

Table 4. 2 Education level & proficiency:
S.No Proficiency/Learned Education level

profession/ Diploma First degree MSc Degree PhD Response in
Percentage
1 hydraulic engineers - 12 2 - 23.33
2 water supply engineers - 17 - - 28.33
3 civil engineers - 16 - - 26.66
4 hydrologist - 1 - - 1.66
5 planning specialists - - - -
6 environmentalists - - - -
7 Irrigation and water - 6 - - 10
resource engineers
8 construction technology - 4 - - 6.66
& management
9 Economist 2 - - 3.33
Total - 58 2 - 100
The above-mentioned respondents, who make up 96.67% and 3.33% of the sample, hold
bachelors and master's degrees in engineering and other relevant fields. As a result, the
respondents' educational backgrounds imply that enough educational background has been taken
into consideration early to yield more reliable and pertinent data. Furthermore, 38 of the 60
respondents, or 63.33%, were engineers with a background in water (hydraulics, water supply,
hydrology, irrigation, and water resource engineers). This result increases the validity of the data
collected and the conclusions drawn from it.

4.2.3. Experience of respondents in water work construction

Table 4. 3 Relevant work experience of respondents
experience of respondents in water work construction in years

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid under 5 year 12 20.0 20.0 20.0
6-10 year 25 41.7 41.7 61.7
11-15 year 23 38.3 38.3 100.0
Total 60 100.0 100.0
A total of 74 questionnaires were distributed to clients, contractors, consultants, and community

stakeholders, with surveys of 22, 20, 7, and 11 respondents submitted, respectively. Respondents
with experience in selected projects provided the data. Out of 60 respondents, 12, 25, and 23 had
worked for various firms in the water supply construction sector for 0–5, 6–10, and 11–15 years,
respectively. Based on validity and reliability principles, respondents' profiles and experiences
suggest adequate exposure to the necessary facts.
4.3.Causes of project delay

The survey data consisting of 74 causes of delay were categorized into twelve main groups:
clients, contractors, consultants, design, community, financing, materials, equipment, labor,
project, contractual relationships, and external related causes. Based on the aim of study
contributing elements were identified and prioritized based on their impact on the water supply
project. The study used a Likert scale and SPSS statistical technique to analyze the causes of the
water supply construction project's delays in the Burji zone.
All respondents' perceptions of the criticality of each attribute were ranked using the Relative
Importance Index (RII), which was calculated using equations. The analysis's findings are
displayed in Table 4.4. Each factor's contribution to the overall delays was investigated, and the
combined perceptions of the client, contractor, consultant, and community identified the top ten
Burji zone water supply project construction causes of delay and their categories.

The following (refer table 4.4) are the top ten causes the study identified for the Burji zone's
water supply project delays:
1. Inflation
2. Fluctuation of price
3. Escalation of materials price
4. Global financial crisis
5. Difficulties in financing projects
6. Cash flow problems
7. Poor communication between the parties
8. Insufficient data collection and survey before design/site investigation
9. Late approval for payments and Delay in progress payments by owner
10. Shortage of construction materials
Table 4. 4 causes of delay on water supply project construction in Burji Zone in southern
Ethiopia
Descriptive Statistics
Delay category Delay factors Mean Std. RII Rank

Deviation
Too many change orders 3.0833 1.07816 0.617 39
Late approval for payments and 3.85 0.91735 0.770
Delay in progress payments by 9
owner
Clients related
Slow decision making 3.4 0.96023 0.680 24
Suspension of work by owner 2.25 1.17351 0.450 73
Delay in handing over the site to the 3.2667 1.10264 0.653
32
contractor
Lack of incentive for contractors to 2.4833 1.34658 0.497
69
finish ahead of schedule
Difficulties in financing projects 4.25 0.8949 0.850 5
Ineffective project planning 3.6667 0.8165 0.733
14
and scheduling

Poor site management & supervision 3.0667 1.26044 0.613

44
Rework 2.9 1.00338 0.580 52

Inadequate contractor experience 3.2667 0.98921 0.653 32
Contractors
related Cash flow problems 4.05 0.90993 0.810 6
Improper construction methods 3.0833 1.21141 0.617 39
Frequent change of subcontractors 2.2667 1.27381 0.453 52
Delay in site mobilization 2.45 1.17061 0.490 32
Late delivery of material 3.1167 1.1945 0.623 6
Obsolete technology 2.8333 1.3675 0.567 59
Supplying poor quality material 2.9833 1.26881 0.597 45
Poor health and safety 2.5333 1.0328 0.507 68
Delay in approving the major change 3.6167 0.99305 0.723
15
Poor site supervision 3.2 1.45905 0.640 35

Late in revising and approving the 3.5667 0.85105 0.713
design, tests, 16
Consultants -
related Preparing Incomplete/ undetailed 3.55 1.25448 0.710
18
BoQ
consultant Lack of experience in 3.3167 0.99986 0.663
water supply projects 26
Late issue of instruction 3.4167 0.69603 0.683 22

Insufficient data collection and 3.9167 0.76561 0.783
survey before design/site 8
investigation
Mistakes & discrepancies in the 3.5667 0.9454 0.713
16
design document
Inadequate design team experience 3.2333 0.9454 0.647
Design - related of owner‟s requirements 34
Delays in producing design 2.6167 1.00998 0.523

documents 67
Non-use of advanced modern 3.0833 1.15409 0.617

39
engineering design software
Complexity of project design 3.45 1.06445 0.690 21

Misunderstanding of owner‟s 2.8 0.87914 0.560 0

61
requirements
lack of community participation at 3.2833 1.02662 0.657
30
design and construction phase
lack of awareness of the 3.4167 0.96184 0.683
community - implementing project 22
related
lack of ownership of project 3.7333 0.98921 0.747 11
lack of long time vision of the 3.6833 1.04948 0.737
construction project 13
Escalation of materials price 4.4333 0.62073 0.887 3

Financing - Fluctuation of price 4.45 0.6746 0.890 2
related
Global financial crisis 4.3333 0.75165 0.867 4
Shortage of construction materials 3.8333 0.95964 0.767 10
Material import delays (Pipes, 3.35 1.13234 0.670
fittings etc.) 25
Poor quality of water supply 2.9 1.13047 0.580

52
materials
Materials -
Delay in manufacturing materials 2.8 1.20451 0.560 61
related
Damage of delivered materials/Poor 2.9 1.05284 0.580
material management 52
Unreliable suppliers 2.7333 1.11791 0.547 65

Change in materials type and 3.0833 1.16868 0.617
39
specifications during construction
Shortage of equipment and hiring 2.8833 1.15115 0.577
55
delays
Equipment – Low productivity of equipment 2.9167 1.09377 0.583 50
related
Slow mobilization of equipment 2.4833 1.24181 0.497 69
Improper equipment /Shortage of 2.9667 1.16396 0.593
recent technology equipment 47
Low efficiency of equipment 2.8 1.27293 0.560 61

Low productivity of labor 3.1833 1.17158 0.637 36
Shortage of skilled labor 3.3 0.96199 0.660 28
Absenteeism and strikes 2.7333 1.28705 0.547 65

Labor – related Unqualified/inadequate experienced 3.3 1.1688 0.660

28
labor
Low motivation and morale of labor 2.8333 1.09183 0.567 59
Poor communication between the 3.9667 0.84305 0.79334
parties 7
Inadequate definition of substantial 3.0833 0.92593 0.617

Project - related completion 39
complexity of the project 3.3167 1.20016 0.663 26

Changes in the project scope 2.9833 0.91117 0.597 45
Owner interference 2.8 1.03825 0.560 61
Type of construction contract and 2.85 1.0708 0.570
58
bidding and award
Major legal disputes and 2.9333 1.19131 0.587
49
negotiations
contractual Mistakes and discrepancies in 3.7333 1.03934 0.747
relationships - contract documents 11
related
Unrealistic contract duration 3.1833 1.12734 0.63666
36
imposes
Ineffective delay penalties 2.95 1.14129 0.590 48
bad weather conditions 3.2833 1.26346 0.657 30
Delay in providing services from 2.9167 1.16868 0.583
50
utilities
Changes in government regulations 2.8667 1.19981 0.573
and laws 57
Accidents during construction 2.8833 1.1945 0.577 55

External -
Delay in obtaining permits from the 2.2167 1.23634 0.443
related causes 74
municipality
Conflict, war, and public enemy, 3.5 1.28221 0.700
19
Natural disaster
Inflation 4.5167 0.72467 0.903 1
Unexpected surface and subsurface 3.4833 1.33393 0.697
conditions (such as soil, GW table 20

4.3.1. Top ten delay causes perceived by Client

Table 4. 5 Top ten delay causes perceived by Client
Category Delay factors Mean Std. Deviation RII Rank
External Inflation 4.5000 0.80178 0.900 1

Financing Fluctuation of price 4.3636 0.72673 0.873 2
Financing Escalation of materials price 4.3182 0.64633 0.864 3
Clients Difficulties in financing projects 4.3182 0.71623 0.864 3
Financing Global financial crisis 4.3182 0.71623 0.864 5
Contractors Cash flow problems 4.0455 0.95005 0.809 6
Project Poor communication between the 4.0000 0.92582 0.800 7
parties
Material Shortage of construction 3.9091 0.97145 0.782 8
materials
design Insufficient data collection and 3.8636 0.63960 0.773 9
survey before design/site
investigation
Clients Late approval for payments and 3.7727 1.06600 0.755 10
Delay in progress payments by
owner
Table 4.5 Clients perceived inflation, fluctuating prices, material price escalation, financing
difficulties, the global financial crisis, cash flow problems, poor communication, shortage of
construction materials, insufficient data collection, late approval for payments, and delayed in-
progress payments as the main causes of delay in the Burji zone water supply project. The
respondents cited factors such as lack of foreign currency, lack of sufficient construction
materials in the market, war, lack of knowledge of the design team, lack of budget, uneven
project evaluation, and the influence of foreign governments as the main reasons for such causes
of delays.

4.3.2. Top ten delay causes perceived by Contractor

Table 4. 6 Top ten delay causes perceived by Contractor

Financing Fluctuation of price 4.5000 0.60698 0.900 2
Financing Global financial crisis 4.4500 0.68633 0.890 3
Financing Escalation of materials 4.3500 0.58714 0.870 4

price
Clients Difficulties in financing 4.3500 0.58714 0.870 4
projects
Project Poor communication 4.1000 0.71818 0.820 7

between the parties
Consultants Preparing Incomplete/ 4.0500 0.75915 0.810 8
undetailed BoQ
design Insufficient data 4.0000 0.64889 0.800 9

collection and survey
before design/site
investigation
community lack of long time vision 3.8500 0.81273 0.770 10
of the construction
project
The top ten causes of delay as Contractors response were: Inflation, Fluctuation of price, Global
financial crisis, Escalation of materials price, Difficulties in financing projects, Cash flow
problems, Poor communication between the parties, Preparing Incomplete/ undetailed BoQ,
Insufficient data collection and survey before design/site investigation, and lack of long time
vision of the construction project (table 4.6).

4.3.3. Top ten delay causes perceived by Consultant

Table 4. 7 Top ten delay causes perceived by Consultant
Financial Fluctuation of price 4.4286 0.78680 0.886 1

Financial Escalation of materials 4.4286 0.78680
price 0.886 1
Financial Global financial crisis 4.2857 0.95119
0.857 3
material Shortage of construction 4.1429 0.89974
materials 0.829 4
Contractors Ineffective project 4.1429 1.06904
planning and scheduling 0.829 5
Consultants Delay in approving the 4.0000 0.81650
major change 0.800 7
design Insufficient data collection 3.8571 0.89974
and survey before
design/site investigation 0.771 9
Consultants Poor site supervision 3.8571 1.06904 0.771 9
Regarding the consultant, the top ten major causes for the project's delay were identified by
prioritizing Escalation of material prices, Inflation, fluctuation of price, Global financial crisis,
Difficulties in financing projects, Late approval for payments and delay in progress payments by
the owner, lack of ownership of the project, late delivery of material, Mistakes and discrepancies
in contract documents Insufficient data collection and surveying before design or site
investigation(table 4.7); the reasons behind them were similar to those of the client.

4.3.4. Top ten delay causes perceived by community stakeholder

Table 4. 8 Top ten delay causes perceived by community stakeholder
Financial Escalation of materials price 4.8182 0.40452 0.964 1

Financial Global financial crisis 4.1818 0.87386 0.836 4
Clients Difficulties in financing 4.1818 1.25045
projects 0.836 4
Clients Late approval for payments 4.1818 0.87386
and Delay in progress
payments by owner 0.836 4
community lack of ownership of project 4.0000 0.89443 0.800 7
Contractors Late delivery of material 3.9091 0.83121 0.782 8
design Mistakes and discrepancies 3.9091 1.44600
in contract documents 0.782 9
design Insufficient data collection 3.9091 1.13618
and survey before design/site
investigation 0.782 9
The community's perception of the top ten main causes of the project's delay was identified by
prioritizing Escalation of material prices, Inflation, fluctuation of price, Global financial crisis,
Difficulties in financing projects, Late approval for payments, delay in progress payments by the
owner, lack of ownership of the project, late delivery of material, Mistakes and discrepancies in
contract documents Insufficient data collection and surveying before design or site investigation;
the reasons behind them were lack of foreign currency, lack of sufficient construction materials
in the market, war, lack of knowledge of the design team, lack of budget, uneven project
evaluation, backwardness of the community, and the influence of foreign governments.

4.3.5. Top ten combined causes of delay

Table 4. 9 Top ten combined causes of delay
Financial Escalation of materials price 4.4333 0.62073 0.887 3
Financial Global financial crisis 4.3333 0.75165 0.867 4
Clients Difficulties in financing projects 4.2500 0.89490 0.850 5
Project Poor communication between the 3.9667 0.84305
parties 0.793 7
design Insufficient data collection and 3.9167 0.76561
survey before design/site
investigation 0.783 8
Client Late approval for payments and 3.8500 0.91735
Delay in progress payments by
owner 0.770 9
Material Shortage of construction materials 3.8333 0.95964 0.767 10
All respondents' perceptions of the criticality of each variable causing delay were ranked based
on their relative importance index (RII) to identify the most significant elements. The analysis's
findings are displayed in Table 4.4. Each factor's contribution to the overall delays was
investigated, and the combined perceptions of the client, contractor, consultant, and community
identified the top ten Burji zone water supply project construction causes of delay and their
categories. It was perceived that the first cause is from the external related category, the second,
third, and fourth causes refer to financial related, the fifth and ninth causes refer to client related,
the sixth from contractor related, the seventh from project related, while the eighth and tenth
causes are related to design and material category, respectively (table 4.9).

Significant attention should be given to inflation, fluctuation of prices, escalation of material

prices, the global financial crisis, difficulties in financing projects, cash flow problems, poor
communication between the parties, insufficient data collection and surveying before design or
site investigation, late approval for payments, delay in progress payments by the owner, and
shortage of construction materials. In order to minimize the delays in the implementation of
Burji Zone water supply construction projects, further consideration should also be given to the
top ten causes of delays.
4.3.6. Category of Delay Factors with mean RII

Finance-related factors, with a mean value of 0.881 RII, community-related factors, with a mean
value of 0.706 RII, consultants-related factors, with a mean value of 0.689 RII, design-related
factors, with a mean value of 0.648 RII, and project-related factors, with a mean value of 0.646
RII, were found to be the most significant causes of water supply construction project delays,
based on the group rankings (Table 4.10). The factors that each category contributes to delays
the most are covered in the following order:
Table 4. 10 category of delay factors with Mean RII
Delay category Mean RII Rank

Financing - related 0.881 1
community - related 0.706 2
Consultants - related 0.689 3
Design - related 0.648 4
Project - related 0.646 5
Clients related 0.645 6
External - related causes 0.642 7
contractual relationships - 0.626 8
related
Materials - related 0.617 9
Labor – related 0.614 10
Contractors related 0.604 11
Equipment – related 0.562 12

4.4.Effects of delay
The questioners contained the effects of the delay variables that were found in several pieces of
literature. As a result, the respondents offered their brief thoughts on key informant interviews
together with their observations on the seven primary effects. Thus, the following table provides
a summary of the responses:
Table 4. 11 Effects of delay
Effects caused by project delay Mean Std.Deviation RII Rank

Time overrun 3.5333 0.72408
0.883 1
Cost overrun 3.4500 0.85222 0.863 2
wastage of resource 3.4000 0.80675 0.850 3
Dispute 2.4667 0.79119 0.617 4
Litigation 2.3500 0.68458 0.588 5
Arbitration 2.3167 0.91117 0.579 6
Total termination/ abandonment 2.2333 1.21246 0.558 7
As it was shown in table 4.11, the combined perceptions of respondents identified time overruns,
cost overruns, and wastage of resources as the first, second, and third most significant effects of
the project delay, respectively. The Burji Zone water supply project faced significant delays due
to factors such as inflation, price fluctuations, material price escalation, the global financial
crisis, financing difficulties, cash flow problems, poor communication, insufficient data
collection, late approval for payments, and construction material shortages. These factors led to
time overruns, cost overruns, resource waste, disputes, litigation, arbitration, and termination.
A time overrun directly impacts the project cost, which is the excess of the project cost over the
original planned cost due to delays in project performance beyond the scheduled time. Based on
Table 3.1, the time overrun of the Burji Zone Water Supply Project was extended beyond the
scheduled time of 43 months or above three years, with a minimum of 20%, a maximum of
1075%, and an average of 356.26% time overrun. Accordingly, the original project cost of

41,381,571.09 ETB has been escalated and completed with 45,816,669.15 plus an ETB.
4,435,098.06 Plus, ETB additional costs were imposed on the Burji zone and have negatively
affected the country‟s economic growth as a result of substantial project delays.
The respondents felt that incomplete constructions tend to cause damage and waste resources if
the time overrun and cost overrun issues were not addressed promptly. Therefore, litigation and
arbitration are the last options for resolving disputes between stakeholder groups and may be
regarded as remedies for clients and contractors. Clients are become more particular, more
difficult to please, and less eager to take on risk without adequate reward. They are capable of
filing a lawsuit when something goes wrong because they dislike surprises. If there's any
ambiguity in the project design and misunderstanding of the contract terms, the parties may be
able to work things out amicably; arbitration may be a better option than going to court.
In the worst-case scenario, the contract will be fully terminated if the parties are not satisfied.
This will have a detrimental impact on community economic growth, good governance, and
Ethiopian national security as the nation loses a substantial amount of money annually as a result
of large-scale project delays, which include water supply projects.
The Burji Zone water supply project is the victim of this bad opportunity. The documents of the
project history witnessed that the Gemeyo-Kilicho, Lemo-Sego, Dinbecho-Gude, Bereqe-
Gobeze, and Beneya water supply projects were issues of good governance at community and
zonal levels, and disputes between clients and contractors were still not resolved. For those
reasons, the Gemeyo-Kilicho, Lemo-Sego, and Dinbecho-Gude water supply projects cannot be
terminated and transferred to others due to litigation issues. As a result, the Ethiopian economy
at large and the water sector, especially the Burji zone, were losers. Because the project has been
delayed for more than three years beyond the schedule, its cost has not escalated. This will lead
to the highest cost overrun of the project.

4.5. Discussion
Table 4.1 of this study indicates that 81% of respondents, a significant number when compared
to other similar studies. For instance, according to, (W.D.A. Perera and R.U. Halwatura , 2012),
A study entitled "The Causes and Effects of Delays in the Construction of Medium-Scale
Drinking Water Supply Projects in Sri Lanka" received 58.5% of its responses in order to be
considered valid. In consideration of this, the study's response rate has been reported to be higher
than what is needed for other experiences that are comparable. 3.33% of participants had master's
degrees, whereas 96.67% of participants had first degrees, according to Table 4.2, which shows
their educational background. This guarantees that their comprehension level and pertinent
experiences will result in improved validity and reliable responses in this study. Comparing this
research to other similar studies, several of the former used a lower percentage of participants.
Furthermore, Table 4.3 shows that 80% of the participants had more than six years of work
experience. Out of the participants, 20% had less than five years of work experience.
Each group's perspectives were combined and expressed as well. Ten major causes for delays
were identified, including inflation, price fluctuations, rising material costs, the global financial
crisis, challenges in financing projects, cash flow issues, inadequate data collection and
surveying prior to design or site investigation, late payment approval, owner delays in progress
payments, and a lack of building materials. While the first cause is related to an external factor,
the second, third, and fourth are related to finances; the fifth and ninth are related to clients; the
sixth is related to contractors; the seventh is related to projects; and the eighth and tenth are
related to the design and material categories, respectively (table 4.9).
Within a similar study, In the case of the Ethiopian one-wash national water supply project, the
research result from the combined (clients, consultants, and contractors) view perceived that the
first and second causes are fluctuation of prices and rising cost of materials and late material
supply, which are from the financial and material related categories, and the third, fourth, and
fifth causes of delay, namely scarcity of material in the market, delay in payment to the
contractor, and ineffective planning and scheduling, are from the material, financial, and
consultant related categories, respectively (Mengistu, June 2021).

Another research conducted on the causes and effects of delay of building construction in
Ethiopia, southern nation nationalities of people region in Gurage Zone, it was identified as
Economic condition (inflation, currency,) and Fluctuation in price of material, ranked from first
to second which are external related factors (Nesru Serani Dusso and Tadele Wodaje Bayeh ,
2020). Although the ranks differ with in the range of first to fifth, their importance was similar or
they are within the same basket of argument with this study. It shows that the study is reliable
and paves the ground and give highlights for the next scholars for their detail researches.
According to (Werku Koshe, K. N. Jha, 2016) identified five significant delay factors in
Ethiopian public building construction namely; contractors‟ financial difficulties, escalation of
material price, ineffective planning & scheduling by contractors, delay in progress payment for
completed work, lack of skilled professionals in construction projects. This also shows that all
are among top ten delay causes identified in this study. Delay in obtaining permits from the
municipality has been indicated to be the least important factor in this study.
The top ten causes of delay that were explained in similar studies were perceived by clients,
contractors, and consultants, but community stockholders were included only in this study, and a
lack of sense of project ownership by the community was among the top ten delay factors related
to community perceptions.
As it was shown on table 4.10, Time overrun, Cost overrun, wastage of resource and Dispute was
the most significant effect of project delay. Inflation, fluctuation of prices, escalation of material
prices, the global financial crisis, and difficulties in financing projects directly affect the
completion of the project and causes time overrun.
Similarly, time overrun, cost overrun and dispute are the most frequent effects of delay factors
in Sri Lanka construction of medium scale drinking water supply project (W.D.A. Perera and
R.U. Halwatura , 2012). The same effects have been identified as the most frequent effects due to
delays in Nigerian construction industry through a study carried out concentrating the building
construction industry (Obodoh, 2016).
According to key informant interviews of respondents, inflation, fluctuation of prices, escalation

of material prices, and the global financial crisis, failure to pay on time, not allowing the project

budget to be managed by the zone, logistic problems, and a lack of good relationships between
stakeholders were causes of the delay of the Burji Zone water supply project due to a shortage of
foreign currency, a lack of sufficient construction materials in the market, war, and the influence
of foreign governments at a country and global level. A lack of good governance, society's lack
of trust in the government, the community continuing to be a victim of waterborne diseases, and
the toil of mothers and children in search of water were also effects of the delay.
Overall, this result implies that the water supply project in Burji Zone is in a dangerous stage
regarding current zonal, regional, federal, and global situations because of the continuity of
inflation and global financial crises due to a lack of sufficient construction materials in the
market, foreign currency shortages, and foreign wars throughout time at the country and global
level. Acquiring a letter of credit for the purchase of construction materials, including pipes,
fittings, electromechanical equipment, etc., from abroad is quite challenging. This alarms all
stakeholders to walk up for further execution of project work in contracts by using the main
remedial measures like, to overcome the main causes of delay and its effects of Burji zone water
supply construction projects, onset estimate of project cost (engineering cost estimation) based
on timely situations, assessing the design by experienced experts, evaluating bidding based on
engineering estimations with in arrange of ±15%, on time supply of construction materials and
fittings by contractors, timely material quality verification, creating good relationship and active
communication of stakeholders, considering global financial situation during engineering
estimation, avoiding security problems and creating good environment for contractors, having
active decision making and solving any problems on time.
Similarly, accurate cost estimation to ensure project financing for the owner and contractor,
financial capability, changing the project-awarding system from the lowest price strategy to
another strategy, involvement of all relevant stakeholders in the project's planning stage, choice
of qualified consultants, design teams, contractors, and suppliers for the given projects, including
previous experience working on similar projects, government agency evaluation, efficient
communication, and skilled employees for all parties were the main remedial measures in
Africa's construction industries (Khair, K., Mohamed, Z., Mohammad, R., Farouk, H., & Ahmed,
M. E, 2018) (Fugar, F. D., & Agyakwah-Baah, A. B, 2011) (Jongo, J. S., Tesha, D. N. G. A. K.,
Kasonga, R., Teyanga, J. J., & Lyimo, K. S, 2019) (Bajjou, M. S., & Chafi, A, 2018).

4.6.Remedial measures
The identified causes and effects of delay were the basis for identifying the best remedial
measures to enhance the timely completion of any construction projects. All the water supply
projects in the Burji zone faced delays, resulting in time and cost overruns. To overcome these
problems, creating good relationships with stakeholders, allocating the necessary budget,
creating awareness about the project for the community, strengthening public participation,
making the payment on time, encouraging teamwork, avoiding security problems, hiring
experienced workers, Periodic evaluation of activities, drawing up a detailed work schedule,
providing sufficient construction material, having a deep knowledge of the overall aspects of the
project, focusing on quality and time, having strong site control, solving problems through
discussion, deploying sufficient workers, having strong construction management, giving
instructions on time, providing timely verification of material quality, and providing necessary
support and cooperation were the most commonly used top twenty remedial measures that would
be perceived by all stakeholders.
In general, to overcome the main causes of delay and its effects on Burji Zone water supply
construction projects, the major remedial measures identified by the study researcher were:
 onset estimate of project cost (engineering cost estimation) based on timely situations,
 assessing the design by experienced experts,
 evaluating bidding based on engineering estimations with a range of ±15%,
 on-time supply of construction materials and fittings by contractors,
 timely material quality verification, creating good relationships and active

communication among stakeholders,
 considering the global financial situation during engineering estimation,
 avoiding security problems and creating a good environment for contractors,
 encouraging teamwork and evaluating the timely progress of the work,
 having active decision-making and solving any problems on time,

 giving awareness to the community and strengthening community participation,
 effective use of construction material, maintaining a long-term view of the project,
 promoting transparency, on-time approval of work schedules, and on-time payment for
completed works,
 implementing improved construction methods, having a strong construction management

system,
 Effective consideration of time, cost, and quality of construction projects and

involvement of community stakeholders and experienced experts during the design of the
project, etc.

CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1.Conclusion
Out of nine water supply construction projects in the Burji Zone, four were completed, one was
terminated, one is under dispute, and the remaining three were on civil work construction, pipe
installations, and the fitting of distribution lines. All projects experienced delays of at least 20%,
a maximum of 1075%, and an average of 356.26%.
The top ten Factors contributing to project delays include inflation, fluctuating prices, material
price escalation, the global financial crisis, financing difficulties, cash flow problems, poor
communication, insufficient data collection, late approval for payments, and a shortage of
construction materials. Time overruns, cost overruns, and waste of resources were the top three
effects. Major remedial measures include creating good relationships with stakeholders,
allocating the necessary budget, raising awareness about the project, onset estimating project
costs (engineering cost estimation) based on timely situations, assessing the design by
experienced experts, evaluating bidding based on engineering estimations with a range of ±15%,
on-time supply of construction materials and fittings by contractors, timely material quality
verification, avoiding security problems, hiring experienced workers, and periodic evaluation of
activities.
Project experts in the Burji Zone need to understand the causes and effects of delays to
effectively manage them. Using project management tools and procedures can help prevent or
minimize delays. Identified remedial measures can help project managers, engineers, Forman,
and community managers handle delays during implementation, improving project management
and contract administration efficiency. This also allows academics and specialists in the water
supply construction field to explore further reasons for delays in Ethiopia's construction sector.
Implementing on-time performance is crucial for project success, especially in the Burji Zone
water supply construction sector, where time truly is money.

5.2.Recommendations
This study sought to determine the underlying factors contributing to water supply project delays
in southern Ethiopia, with a focus on the Burji Zone. Project management tools and techniques
are generally recommended for water supply construction projects because they are critical to the
successful and efficient completion of a project and can help prevent mismanagement, which
could result in missed completion deadlines. The following recommendations have been made
below for clients, contractors, consultants, and community stakeholders who participated in the
Burji Zone water supply construction project, taking into consideration the causes and effects
that have been identified.
For clients,
The client must come up with a method for having an efficient construction planning
system from initiation to closure of construction to handle issues of inflation, global
financial crises, difficulties in financing projects, late approval for payments and delay in
progressive payments, inadequate data collection, inadequate communication between the
parties, and slow decision-making.
For contractors,
To overcome the escalation of material prices and the late delivery of construction
materials, the contractor should follow an efficient procurement planning system that
describes the process of identifying and selecting suppliers.
The contractor must have a scheduled time frame to contact clients, consultants, and the
community to handle cash flow problems, inadequate communication, any decision-
facing problems, planning problems, and security issues.
For consultants,
To overcome the problems of poor site supervision, incomplete BoQ, and delays in
approving major changes, the consultants must follow project management tools and
techniques.

For community stakeholders,
The community should actively participate, encourage teamwork, have a good idea about
the project, and create a good environment for construction projects from initiation up to
closure to address issues of lack of awareness of the project, lack of ownership of the
project, low rate of participation at the project, security problems, and lack of long-term
vision of construction projects.
In general, all stakeholders should have to use all considerable remedial measures to minimize
and eliminate the identified causes and effects of Burji zone water supply construction projects.

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Appendix I: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear respondents,
This questionnaire was prepared to obtain information from key informants with semi-structured
questions. The information was required for the academic research entitled "Assessment of time
performance of water supply project construction in southern Ethiopia: the case of Burji Zone,
Ethiopia," which is being conducted as a requirement for the degree of Master of Science in
Construction Technology and Management at the College of Engineering and Technology, Bule
Hora University, under the direction of Dr.Getachew Kebede. The main objective of this
research was to investigate time performance in terms of the main causes (factors) that lead to
delay and the effects (consequences) this delay has on the achievements of the water supply
projects. Your response in this regard is a highly valuable input to the outcome of the research.
All information obtained will be kept strictly confidential and utilized only for this academic
research purpose. This study examines the cause and effect of delays in water supply projects
and places more emphasis on the perceptions of contractors, consultants, the community, and the
project owner towards the causes and effects of delays.
I thank you for taking your valuable time
With best Regards,
MAMO WARE OKE
Bule Hora University May, 2023
Contact address: Mobile: 0909-74-79-97
Email: mamoware@gmail.com

Part I: General Information
Please specify the choice that belong to you below, please tick (X) in the box provided.
1. Please specify your gender: Male Female
2. Age category: 18-30 30-40 41-50 above 50
3. The level of education: Below Diploma Diploma First Degree Master Degree
PhD
4. Project site that you participate: Gemeyo – Kilicho Lemo – Sego Dinbecho – Gude
Beneya Bereqe -Gobeze ladeshe waliya halame billa
5. Which stakeholder are you client community consultant contractor
6. Your area of proficiency Hydraulic engineer water supply engineer Project

management Hydrologist economics Environmentalist Procurement Specialist
Civil Engineer
Any other ----------------
7. Service year (experience) in water supply project construction work
Under 5 year 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years Above 20
Part II: causes of construction delay
During the construction period, which of the following factors you think contribute to delays in
the project? Please tick in the appropriate columns to indicate how much you agree that the
following being the causes for delays in water supply projects.
Using scale: SA= strongly agree (5), MA= moderately agree (4), SLA= slightly agree (3),
NAND= Neither Agree nor Disagree (2), DA= Disagree (1)

Categories of Main causes of delay Degree of significance

the causes of DA NAND SLA MA SA
delay (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Client related Change/ Variations order

factors Late approval for payments
Slowness in decision making
Delay in site handover
Suspension of work
Lack of incentive for contractors to finish
ahead of schedule
Difficulties in financing project
Contractors Infective project planning, scheduling
related Poor site management
factors Rework
Inadequate contractor‟s experience
Cash flow problems
Inappropriate construction method
Frequent change of subcontractors
Delay in site mobilization
Late delivery of material
Obsolete technology
Supplying poor quality material
Poor health and safety
Consultant Delay in approving the major change
related Poor site supervision
factors Late in revising and approving the design,
tests,
Preparing Incomplete/ undetailed BoQ
Inadequate experience of the consultant

Late issue of instruction

delay (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Design – Insufficient data collection and survey
team related before design/site investigation
factors
Mistakes & discrepancies in the design
document
Inadequate design team experience of
owner‟s requirements
Delays in producing design documents
Non-use of advanced modern engineering

design software
The complexity of project design
Misunderstanding of owner‟s requirements
community lack of community participation at design

related and construction phase
factors lack of awareness of the implementing
project
lack of ownership of project
lack of long time vision of the construction

project
Financing Escalation of materials price
Fluctuation of price
Global financial crisis
material Shortage of materials in the market

Delay in material delivery
Poor quality of construction materials

delay (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
material Delay in manufacturing materials
Damage of delivered materials/Poor
material management
Unreliable suppliers
Change in materials type and specifications
during construction
equipment Shortage of equipment and hiring delays
Low productivity of equipment
Slow mobilization of equipment
Improper equipment /Shortage of recent

technology equipment
Low efficiency of equipment
labor Low productivity of labor
Shortage of skilled labor
Absenteeism and strikes
Unqualified/inadequate experienced labor
Low motivation and morale of labor
project Poor communication between the parties
Inadequate definition of substantial

completion
Complexity of the project

Changes in the project scope

Owner interference

delay (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Contract and Type of construction contract and bidding
Contractual and award
relationship Major legal disputes and negotiations
Mistakes and discrepancies in contract
documents
Unrealistic contract duration imposes
Ineffective delay penalties
External Unfavorable weather conditions
Delay in providing services from utilities
Changes in government regulations and
laws
Accidents during construction
Delay in obtaining permits from the
municipality
Conflict, war, and public enemy, Natural
disaster
Inflation
Unexpected surface and subsurface
conditions (such as soil, GW table)
Part III: Effects due to Delays
During construction which of the following effects would you expect due to delays in
construction? Please indicate the degree of occurrence of each effect by ticking the appropriate
boxes. Using scale: E=extremely (4), G=greatly (3), M=moderately (2), L=little (1)

S. No Effects due to Degree of occurrence

L (1) M (2) G (3) E (4)
delay
1 Time overrun
2 Cost overrun
3 Dispute
4 Arbitration
5 Litigation
6 Total termination/ abandonment
Part IV: mitigation measures taken to minimize cause and effects of delay
Please list the mitigation measures that your organization is undertaking to minimize cause and
effects of delay of project.
Using scale: VL = Very Low (1), L = Low (2), AV = Averagely (3), H = Highly (4), VH = Very
highly (5)
S/No mitigation measures that your Degree of usage

organization is undertaking to VL (1) L(2) AV(3) H(4) VH(5)
minimize cause and effects of delay
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Part V: Key informant interview
Project users/community
1. What are the main challenges during the construction of water supply project?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the critical causes of construction delay in water supply project in particular in terms
of stake holders (contractors, Consultants, community & project owners)?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What are the effects encountered in the community due to the delays of the water supply
project.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Water supply projects contractors
4. Do you have experience in constructions of water supply & sanitation projects?
Yes No
5. How many projects?
2 projects 3 – 5projects 6 – 8projects more than 8 projects

6. Have you accomplished your project as per the schedule? If no what are the causes?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________
7. How do you explain the causes of delay in Burji Zone water supply project?
._______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8.What do you think of the effects caused by the delay of the project?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Water supply projects Consultant
9. Do you have experience in consulting of water supply & sanitation projects? Yes No
10. How many projects? 2 projects 3 – 5projects 6 – 8projects more than 8 projects
11. Have you accomplished your project as per the schedule? If no what are the causes?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
12. What are the main causes of delay in Burji Zone water supply project?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
13. What would be the effects caused as a result of the delay?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Burji Zone water supply project owner (client) (Ministry of Water, Irrigation & Energy
(MoWIE), Water Mine and Energy Bureau and Burji Zone water mine and energy office)
14. What are the main challenges during the construction of Burji Zone water supply project?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
15. What are the critical causes of construction delay in Ethiopia in general & in Burji Zone
water supply project in particular?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
16. What are the effects encountered due to the delays of the project in terms of stake holders
(contractors, Consultants, community & project owners)?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
17. What would be the possible solution to be done in order to avoid delays in water supply
project construction?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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BULE HORA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND

ASSESSMENT ON TIME PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY

BULE HORA, ETHIOPIA.

ASSESSMENT ON TIME PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY CONSTRUCTION

A thesis submitted to the Department of Construction Technology and

BULE HORA UNIVERSITY, ETHIOPIA.

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page i

____ Mamo Ware__________

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page ii

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Name of major advisor Signature Date

Name of co-advisor Signature Date

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page iii

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Name of the Chairperson Signature Date

Name of Major Advisor Signature Date

Alemu Negash 12/20/2023

Name of External examiner Signature Date

SGS Approval Signature Date

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page iv

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page v

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page vi

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page vii

2.6. Effects of delays .......................................................................................................................... 18

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page viii

4.3.2. Top ten delay causes perceived by Contractor .................................................................... 43

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page ix

S.no Abbreviations Its meaning

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page x

Table 3. 1 Current description of Burji zone water supply projects .......................................................... 26

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page xi

Figure 2. 1 Conceptual frame work of the empirical review ...................................................................... 24

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page xii

1.1. Background of the Study

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 1

Difficulties in financing, material price increases, infective project planning, scheduling, or

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 2

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 3

1.2. Statement of the problem

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 4

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 5

1.3. Research Questions

1.4.2. Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study were:

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 6

1.6. Scope of the Study

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 7

2.2. Theoretical Concept of Construction time performance in terms of delay

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 8

2.3. Types of delays

Determining whether a delay is critical or non-critical is a prerequisite to assessing its effects on

2.3.1. Critical or non-critical Delays:

2.3.2. Excusable & non-excusable Delay

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 9

2.3.3. Concurrent Delays in Construction Projects

2.3.4. Compensable or non-compensable Delays in in Construction Projects

2.4. Causes of Construction Delays

MSc THESIS BY: MAMO WARE OKE Page 10

2.4.1. Classification of causes of delay

2.4.1.1. Classification based on delay categories

1) Project-related factors include poor communication between the parties, an inadequate

5) Contractor-related factors include: ineffective project planning, scheduling, poor site

Mamo Ware______