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Receiver Sizing Calculation

CONTENTS:

docuMentor : Introduc7on to key

features Holduptimebasis

Process Calcula7ons

Mechanical Calcula7ons

Electrical Calcula7ons

Instrumenta7on Calcula7ons Maxpermissibleswitchingfregueneybasis

Civil/Structural Calcula7ons

E-BOOKS: -

Thermodynamics for Rota7ng Equipment

(from the ground up) M

Design Formulas

Notations

The following nota7ons are used in this calcula7on:

Pstd : The reference pressure for standard condi7ons at which the standard flow rate is declared.
This is usually 1.01325 bar. This is considered as a user input to allow custom reference condi7ons.

Tstd : The reference temerature for standard condi7ons at which the standard flow rate is declared.
This is usually 15°C. This is considered as a user input to allow custom reference condi7ons.

t : Hold up 7me period. This is the 7me dura7on for which the receiver vessel should be able to
cater to the consumer when no input supply is available.

t : Hold up 7me period. This is the 7me dura7on for which the receiver vessel should be able to
cater to the consumer when no input supply is available.

fs : Maximum permissible frequency (cycles/hour) of load/unload or start/stop for the associated

compressor charging the receiver. More than acceptable cycles may poten7ally damage the
equipment/driver.

Qin : Incoming flow rate to the vessel, which is usually from a compressor. Hence, the compressor
capacity can be used as the input here. T

Qout : Outgoing flow rate from the vessel to the consumers. When sizing the vessels for maximum
permissible switching frequency, the worst case scenario is realised when this flow rate is half the
incoming flow rate.

Pu : This is the upper pressure set point, which represents the maximum pressure to which the
receiver is charged ini7ally. The chrging compressor must be capable of delivering the specified
flow corresponding to this pressure.

Pl : This is the lower pressure set point, which represents the minimum pressure to which the
receiver is depleted. The pressure requirement of all consumers must be below this minimum
pressure.

ζ : A safety factor to be applied on the final receiver size calculated to absorb any uncertain7es or
future demand growth.

Tmax : The maximum temperature at which the gaseous fluid is deemed stored in the vessel. Where
this receiver is fed through a cooler, this can be assumed to be coolant plus the approach
temperature. As most air/nitrogen compressors may adopt an air cooled discharge cooler, this
temperature can be considered as maximum ambient plus approach (~ 10°C).

V : Receiver volume as calculated to sa7sfy the design criteria.

Vrec : Recommended receiver volume considering worst case load factor. This is applicable for
sizing based on permiWed cycles when the air compressor capacity is known with certainity but the
demand flow rate is considered uncertain.

Receiver Size for Hold Up time

Considering that general receiver applica7on is at low to medium pressures, ideal gas equa7on is
considered sufficiently accurate for our purpose and will lead to conserva7ve es7mates for storage
volume. The ideal gas equa7on is :

(1)¶

PV = nRT
PV
n=
RT
For a demand flow rate of Qout for a dura7on of 7me t . The total volume of gas consumed from the
receiver at standard condi7on is Vc can be given as:

(2)¶

Vc = Qout t

Equa7ng the no of moles consumed from the receiver (nc ) as the difference of no of moles of gas
present ini7ally (ni ) and finally (nf ) in the receiver we have the following mole balance equa7on:

ni − nf = nc

Making use of the ideal gas equa7on, we can write the above mole balance equa7on as:

Pu Vr PV P V
− l r = std c
RTmax RTmax RTstd
Or a^er rearrangement,

Vr = Vc (
Pu − Pl ) ( Tstd )
Pstd Tmax

Upon subs7tu7ng the value of Vc from equa7on (2), we get:

the final useful formula for the size of the receiver as

Vr = Qout t (
Pu − Pl ) ( Tstd )
Pstd Tmax

Introducing the design margin (ζ ) as known we get the final form as the formula:

! Important

Receiver Sizing Formula for a given hold up 7me

)Qout t (
Pu − Pl ) ( Tstd )
ζ Pstd Tmax
Vr = (1 +
100

Receiver Size for Switching Frequency

From the equa7on as derived above for the reservoir volume based on hold up 7me, we can also
derive an expression for the 7me taken to charge or discharge a vessel between Pu and Pl , by a
simple rearrangement of the same equa7on. The 7me t can be expressed as:

Q ( Pstd ) ( Tmax )
Vr Pu − Pl Tstd Vr
t= =K
Q
where,

K=(
Pstd ) ( Tmax )
Pu − Pl Tstd

If the maximum permissible frequency of load/unload (fs ) is known. The total 7me period of the
charge discharge cycle (tcycle ) can be expressed as:

1
tcycle =
fs

the overall cycle can be broken down in two parts i.e. charge and discharge. During charging phase
the net flow is Qin − Qout and during the discharge phase the net flow is Qout .

tcharge + tdischarge = tcycle

Upon subs7tu7on we have:

K K 1
Vr + Vr =
Qin − Qout Qout fs

Using the defini7on of the load factor we have:

Qout
x=
Qin
Qout = xQin

Upon subs7tuion in the above and rearrangement we get:

Qin [ x(1 − x) ] fs
Vr K 1 1
=

rearranging

( fs ) ( K )
Qin 1
Vr = x(1 − x)

subs7tu7ng back the value of K we get the following:

( fs ) ( Pu − Pl ) ( Tstd )
Qin Pstd Tmax
Vr = x(1 − x)

If the design margin specified is ζ , introducing it in the above equa7ons gives us the formula for the
receiver volume based on permissible switching frequency:

! Important

Recevier Volume based on permissible switching frequency

100 ( fs ) ( Pu − Pl ) ( Tstd )
ζ Qin Pstd Tmax
Vr = x(1 − x)(1 + )

The func7on x(1 − x) has a maxima at x = 0.5 , and its value is 0.5(1 − 0.5) = 0.25 . So, if the
oualow is uncertain (which is always a right assump7on in this context), the recommended receiver
volume is obtained as:

! Important

Recevier Volume based on permissible switching frequency for worst case load factor of 0.5

100 ( fs ) ( Pu − Pl ) ( Tstd )
ζ Qin Pstd Tmax
Vrec = 0.25(1 + )

© Copyright 2019, Sandeep Raheja.

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