21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 1 – OUR LITERARY - Style- distinct way the

HERITAGE – HISTORY OF THE author to express their thoughts.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE (Ex. Taylor Swift)

● Literature (Panitikan) History of Philippine Literature

- Any written works
Pre-Colonial (B.C – 1564)
- Characteristics: - Bsed on oral traditions
- Universality- appeals to - Cruse on ideology and phraseology
everyone regardless of time it’s - Represent the ethos of people
written. Great literature is
timeless and timely. (Ex. Romeo - Literary Forms:
and Juliet) ✔ Proverbs
✔ Tanaga
- Artistic- has an aesthetic ✔ Riddles
appeal to everyone and reveal ✔ Myths
or conveys hidden truth and ✔ Epics
beauty. ✔ Fables
✔ Legends
- Intellectual Value- ✔ Folk song
stimulates critical thinking. ✔ Lullabies
Making the readers think and ✔ Love song
reasoning. ✔ Song of death
✔ Religious song
- Suggestiveness- relies
on emotional power to convey Spanish Period (1565-1898)
message, imagery, etc. Allows - Has two classifications: Religious and
the work to inspire and provoke Secular
thoughts and understanding. - Spanish Medium as comm.
- Planted seed nationalism
- Spiritual Value- elevates
the spirit and soul and thus have - Literary Forms:
the power to motivate. ✔ Pasyon
✔ Senakulo
- Permanence- work’s that ✔ Komedya
has the ability to stand the test ✔ Awit
of time. Novels that continue to ✔ Korido
read over and over across ✔ Prose Narrative
decade. ✔ Noli me Tangere
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 American Period (1899-1942)
- Establish English for instruction
- Growth of Philippine literature
- Great leap in education and culture

- Literary Forms:
✔ Poetry
✔ Drama

Japanese Period (1942-1960)

- Filipino language mandated
- Filipino literature given a break. Many
wrote plays, poem, and short stories.

- Literary Forms:
✔ Poetry
✔ Fiction
✔ Drama
✔ Newspaper
✔ Essay

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 2 – IN RESPONSE TO OUR - Anastrophe- deliberate changing of

LEGENDARY ORIGIN normal word order for emphasis.
- Ex. Bright he was not.
Pliant Like a Bamboo
- Ismael V. Mallari - Anaphora- repetition of word or phrase.
- Characters: - Ex. Be hold, Be brief, Be gone.
- Bamboo Tree, Mango Tree, and
Filipinos

- Filipino Qualities:
- Resilient
- Versatile
- Romantic
- Persevering
- Patient

Figure of Speech

● Six (6) types:

- Simile- compared with one another

through the use of “like” or “as”
- Ex. Life is like a riding bicycle, to keep
your balance, you must keep moving.

- Metaphor- comparison without

expressing “like” or “as”
- Ex. Laughter is the best medicine.

- Personification- thing given human

attribute. Spoken of as if it were human.
- Ex. My alarm yelled me this morning.

- Apostrophe- poetic phrase. Address to

a subject that is not literary present.
- Ex. Alarm clock please don’t fail me.

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 3 - ELEMENTS OF PLOT - Climax- the most exciting moment of

Plot
- Narrative or creative writing. Is a
sequence of event. Literary Genre:
Poetry-Stanza; Prose-Paragraph
the story. The protagonist must face the
conflict.
- the summit of freytag’s pyramid
- Falling Action- immediate outcomes
from decision. Question also answered.

Prose - Resolution- reader will see a shift in the

character’s attitude. Can identify the
- Ordinary writing style. impact the conflict’s solution had on
- Use grammatical sentences and form of protagonist/antagonist personality.
paragraph
- Include dialogues and sometimes - Denouement- quite the simply ending.
supported by images All plot conflict has been solved.
- Does not have metrical structure (w/o
pattern)
- Biography, memoir, essay, short stories,
etc.

- Element of Prose:
- Characters, Settings, Mood, Theme,
Point of view, Plot

- Element of Plot:
- Freytag’s Pyramid (Gustav Freytag
1863)

- Exposition- the beginning of the story.

Composed of when, where, who, how,
and POV.

- Inciting Incident- begin to develop the

predominant conflict between prota. &
anta.

- Rising Action- series of action that

strengthen the conflict.

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 4 – DEAD STARS - Theme:

- Forbidden Love
Paz Marquez-Benites - Responsibility (he forgets his
(1894 lucena, Tayabas (Quezon city)) responsibility toward his wife)

- First Filipino modern English language –

Dead Stars (1925, Philippine Herald)
- First batch as freshmen in UP were
trained in the American English system
as the medium.

- Characters:
- Alfredo Salazar- Son of don Julian
- Esperanza- fiancé of Alfredo
- Julia Salas- another woman.
Sister-in-law of judge del Valle
- Don Julian- father of Alfredo
- Carmen- sister of Alfredo.
- Judge del Valle- brother-in-law of Julia
Salas
- Doña Adella- wife of judge Del Valle
- Calixta- note taker of Alfredo and
Esperanza
- Brigida Samuy- Alfredo’s looking for a
case.

- Settings:
- Don Julian’s house
- Judge Del Valle’s house
- Don Julian’s house in Tanda
- Julia Salas house (Calle Luz)

- Symbolism:
- Presence of unrecognized
- Infatuation (he though his in love. But
like a dead star which is so far away and
shine could be the left over travelling
light from it, he was long away getting
the girl.)

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 5 – PRELUDES - Maximum Volume: Best New Philippine

Fiction (Anvil Publishing 2014)
Daryll Delgado (Tacloban City)
Solve the Mystery
- Maintains a Quezon City residence in
between regular field work around - “A man died singing”
Southeast Asia - Characters:
- William her husband - Nenita’s Husband
- She studied journalism and comparative - Good singer
literature in University of the Philippines - Died while singing during the ninth
(UP) death anniversary of the judge
- Has taught in UP, Ateneo De Manila - Had relationship with several
University, and Miriam College women
- Works for an international NGO, where - Nenita
she heads the research program for - The story’s major character
Southeast Asia - The widow of the deceased
- Also write global reports on labor rights husband
issues - Nenita’s Friend
- Herbalist who gave poisonous plant
- Works: to Nenita

- After the Body Displaces Water Chekov’s Gun

(University of Santo Tomas publishing
house 2012)
- Awarded the Manila Critics Circle/
Philippine National Book Award for best
book of short fiction in English, and
shortlisted for Madrigal-Gonzalez First
Book award in 2013
- According to the playwright Anton
Chekov “If in the first act you have hung
a pistol on the wall, then in the following
one it should be fire. Otherwise, don’t
put it there”

- Remains (Ateneo de Naga University

Press 2019)

- Without Borders, Perro Berde, Kritika

Kultura, Tinalunay (University of the
Philippine Press 2017)

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q2

● ELEMENTS OF DRAMA - Dialogue – conversation of two or

- Theatrical Play
- Plays or dramas are stories inverse or
prose from that are mean to be
performed onstage in front if an
audience
- Authors who write dramas are called
dramatists or playwrights
- Similar to those of fiction except that
drama is written in a form called
script, in which the lines are written in
dialogues with stage directions
- Instead of chapter, dramas are
divided into acts and scenes
Elements of Theatrical Play
more characters onstage
- Monologue – is a long speech
given by one character that can be
heard by or directed to other
characters who are also onstage
- Soliloquy – speech of a character
who is alone onstage. Portrayed as
though the character is talking to
himself or herself (reveal thoughts)
- Aside – remark that a character
makes that is meet only for the
audience to hear. The other
character on stage do not hear
asides

- Role and Character

- Plot
- Refer to the identification of a
- A drama’s plot often moves the same
character’s actions, attitudes,
way as in fiction or creative nonfiction,
intentions, etc. for furthering the
with rising and falling actions and
dramatic action of the plot
climaxes
- Role focuses on the person’s type
- It is often divided into acts so that
or stereotype
readers and audiences can clearly
- Character focuses more on the
distinguish key
specifics of one person in the
parts of the drama’s plot
drama

- Dialogue
- Conflict
- Refers to the characters’ speech and
- A drama tension id achieved when
is considered the lifeblood of drama
there is a sense of anticipation or
- The members of the audience get to
conflict within characters or among
understand the story, not only by the
character relationships, which when
characters’ actions but also by their
propel the dramatic action of the
speech
drama
- Problems, surprises, and mysteries
- Dialogues can be take the following:
can also achieve this effect

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- Setting - Musical
- It is often stated right at the start of - Characters in musical drama dance
the written text and sing
- Time is the fictional time in the - Various themes are presented, from
narrative or setting, but it can also serious to comedic
refer to other
aspects of a drama - Farce
- Under of comedy
- Voice and Movement - Is a nonsensical drama that employs
- Refer to the performance of the slapstick humor
actors onstage
- The way they use their voice to - Melodrama
deliver their lines can be used to - Characters’ exaggerated emotions in
define roles, flesh out situations and various situations
relationships, provide atmosphere,
and even add to the symbolisms and
figurative language in their lines

- Symbolism
- Extend past the use of language
- Can be seen in the props and stage
sets

Types of Theatrical Play

- Tragedy
- Central character in a tragedy has a
tragic flaw, making this character a
tragic hero
- Possesses a character that can be
led to downfall

- Comedy
- Aims to make the audience laugh
- Comedic stories are lighthearted.
They often take place in unusual
circumstances, and it is typical for
characters in these play
to utter witty remarks

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q2
● ELEMENTS OF POETRY
- A literary art where the evocative and
aesthetic qualities of language are
brought out in line, or together with the
language’s apparent meaning
- Writing that communicates intensely,
relying heavily on imagery, figurative
language, and sound effect devices
Saju Abraham
- Is a lecturer in English at Sohar University,
Oman. He was born in India and became a
missionary at the age of 15. It was during
this time that he developed his poetry-writing
skills. He left the missionary and eventually
left India to work under
the ministry of education in Oman.
- A Corner to My Soul is about of being
honest and true to ourselves
Robert Frost
th
- An eminent American poet of the 20
century was known for his realistic
depictions of rural life. He received honorary
degree from Yale University and Middlebury
College and served poet in residency at the
University of Michigan. He also recipient of
four Pulitzer in prizes for poetry. He has
authored various poetry collection, including
New Hampshire, Mountain Interval, and A
Further Range
- The Road Not Taken (1916) is about of
choosing an important thing in life. Life has
many choices, so it is important to choose
carefully without regret
Elements of Poetry
- Stanza
- Are series of lines grouped together
and separated by an empty line from
other stanzas. They are the equivalent
of a paragraph in an essay
- One way to identify is to count the
numbers of lines
- Rhyme
- Is when two words sound the same
when spoken
- Repetition of similar sounds in the final
stressed syllables and any following
syllables of two or more words
- Rhythm
- Described as the beat and place of a
poem
- Rhythm is created by the pattern of
stressed and unstressed syllables in a
line or verse
- Can also strengthen the meaning of
words and ideas in a poem
- Rhyme Scheme
- Pattern of rhyme that comes at the end
of each verse or line in poetry
- It is a structure of end words of averse
or line that a poet needs to create
when writing a poem
- Many poems are written in free verse
style
- Free Verse - without pattern of rhyme
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- Tone
- Poet’s attitude toward the poem’s
speakers, reader, and subject matter,
as interpreted by the reader
- Often described as a “mood” that
pervades the experience of reading the
poem
- It created by the poem’s vocabulary,
metrical regularity, syntax, use of
figurative language, and rhyme

- Imagery
- A vivid and vibrant form of description
that appeals to readers’ sense and
imagination
- Is a language used by poets, novelist,
and other writers to create images in
the mid of the reader
- It includes figurative and metaphorical
language to improve the reader’s
experience through their senses

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q2

● CORALINE - How do you feel about the button eyes?

- Generation Gap
- Differences of outlook or opinion
between people of different
generations
- Neil Richard Gaiman
- A British writer who earned critical
praise and popular success with richly
imagined fantasy tales that frequently
featured a darkly humorous tone
- Coraline
- Is a novel that deals with the
macabre, as reflected in mirror
images of reality
- Although it is fantasy, it is also
psychological journey inside the
protagonist’s heart and mind
- The novel is about coralline and her
parents. She unlocks and steps into a
living room that eerily look like her
own but different
What could this signify in the story?
- This signifies that the other mother is
more of a puppet or creature, rather
than alive human being
- When does Coraline have a turning
point when it comes to how she views
her real parents?
- She lives out her life in the fantasy
realm, her reality begins to disappear
when the other mother kidnaps
Coraline’s parents. When her parents
are completely absent from her life,
she is able to realize that she was
wrong
- What is the theme of the novel?
- Family and Contentment
- The power of Imagination
- Self-sufficiency

Guide questions:

- The protagonist has an unusual name.

Why do you think it is spelled that way?
- It is a play of words on the name
Caroline, but letter A and O are
interchanged into Coraline

- Why does the other mother have

significant differences in appearance
from her real mother? What could this
mean?
- It is a signal that this character is not
her mother, instead is someone
fabricated
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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q2

● English Literature Caroline – Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus

Brief History Commonwealth – It started during the end of

English civil war and the restoration of the
Begins with the Germanic tradition of the
Stuart monarchy. Oliver Cromwell
Anglo-Saxon settlers (2 Germanic tribes
Angles (and turn to English) and Saxon).

Neoclassic (1600-1785)

Old English (450-1066) Restoration – response to puritanical age.

Beowulf is the earliest and most popular work Augustan – Famous writers like Alexander
in Old English Literature. Pope, Jonathan Swift, Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu, etc.

Sensibility – Famous writers like Edmund

Middle English (1066-1500)
Burke, Samuel Johnson, etc.
As the Normans conquest England, Middle
English replaced the Old English and was used
by the father of English Literature, Geoffrey Romantic (1785-1832)
Chaucer in his famous work, The Canterbury
It is still debatable when the romantic period
Tales.
starts. But it ends with the passage of the
Notable work like Sir Gawain and The Green Reform Bill (voting rights of the people) and
Knight with the death of Walter Scott. It is the most
diverse and the time that English literature
flourish. Famous writers like Wordsworth,
Renaissance (early modern) (1500-1660) Coleridge, Mary Wilson Craft, Jane Austin,
Elizabethan – golden age of English drama. Mary Shelley.
Famous writers like Christopher Marlowe,
Francis Bacon, Edwin Spencer, William
Victorian (1832-1901)
Shakespeare, etc.
After the reign of queen Victoria and it lasted
William Shakespeare came to be considered
until her death. During that time, it was a time
as the most iconic and greatest writer in the
of great social, religious, intellectual, and
history of Renaissance English Literature
economic issue. Famous writers like Robert
(1500-1660) as he is revered for his
and Elizabeth Browning, Christina Rossetti,
legendary plays and sonnets
Alfred lord Tennison, Matthew Arnold Thomas,
Jacobean – (James the first) King James Walter Patter, Charles Dickens, Charlotte, and
translation of the Bible. Famous writers like Emily Braun (Wuthering Heights), Elizabeth
William Shakespeare, John Donne, John Gaskell.
Webster, etc.

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Edwardian (1901-1914)

The last period in British History to be named

after the monarch who reigned over it.
Although Edward VII reigned from 1901 to
1910 to be succeeded by George V. Generally,
it is considered to have ended at the outbreak
of First World War in 1914.

Georgian (1910-1936)

Refers to the reign of George the fifth. Kings

named George. Georgian Poets like Ralph
Hodgson, John Masefield

Modern (1914-1945)

It started after the start of World War One.

Include experimentation with subject matter
that inform encompassing narrative verse and
the drama. Famous writers like James, Joyce,
Virginia Woolf, Joseph Green, E.M Forrester
Door. The new criticism was popular during this
time. It ended about 1990 soon to declared
close.

Post-modern (1945-present)

It began when the World War Two

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Q2

Definition of Six-Word Story - Entice the reader to fill in the blanks

A six-word story is an entire story told in six
words. It is a short narrative that can have all
the emotional themes of longer stories—from
funny to dramatic, sad to scary. While these
quick stories don’t have the classic beginning,
middle, and end of a traditional storyline, they
have a subject and verb that give the reader a
sense of what’s happened and a bit of
conflict.
Like other forms of short stories or flash fiction,
a six-word story allows a reader to consume an
entire narrative in just a moment’s time. If
you’re trying to get in some short, but
challenging, bursts of writing practice
throughout your day, try writing six-word
stories. These bite-sized narratives are fast
and fun.
The most famous example of a six-word story
is frequently credited to Ernest Hemingway
(Urban Legend) (though there’s little evidence
that he actually wrote it):
“For sale: baby shoes. Never worn.”
In six simple words, a heartbreaking narrative
is told—from the few words but also from what
is left out.
● create a powerful story that evokes
emotions. Use what’s left on the
cutting room floor to draw the reader
in even further. In other words, part
of your story will be in what’s left
unsaid. Tease the audience with six
words that let their mind fill in the
blanks with the bigger narrative and
give them a sense of a complete
story.
- Choose your words carefully
● Choose words that have purpose
and meaning and drive your story
forward. Shorten phrases with
contractions to make room for nouns
and verbs. Use punctuation marks,
colons and dashes, to join different
phrases without having to use
conjunctions.
- Write your own story
● Find inspiration in your own life and
write a little memoir. Try thinking of a
pivotal moment and boil it down to
six words that carefully sum up your
experience and convey your
emotions.

Guidelines in writing Six-Word Story

- Have a small narrative arc.

● take an original idea, filter out most
of the words, and leave the most
informative ones in, to tell a whole
story

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