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Time domain Frequency domain

20
1
15
0.8 10
Magnitude (dB)
5
Amplitude
0.6
0
0.4 -5

-10
0.2
-15
#B@ /I><MKNFH?MPH:N=BHLG:IL
2
0 -20
2 4 6
Samples
8 10 12 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Normalized Frequency ( ×π rad/sample) ,+ )1/&,+
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;:;B>L 0A> H??>K>= LHENMBHG FHGBMHKL MA> BG?:GM ;R
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:G= :;E> MH BFIE>F>GM : L>M H? JN:EBMB>L MA:M P>K>
IK>OBHNLER HNMEBG>= 0A> IKBO:<R BLLN> A:L ;>>G K>LHEO>=
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G>>=MH<HGG><MMHMA>&GM>KG>M M:E:M>KLM:@> P>IE:GMH
BGM>@K:M> MA> FHMA>KL ;K:<>E>M MH K><>BO> :E>KML :;HNM
BG<B=>GMLBGMA><ABE=L>GOBKHGF>GM
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0 *:<ABG> E>:KGBG@ ?HK PBK>E>LL <HFFNGB<:MBHGL BG MA>
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78 ;B/>G E;HNK:>R # ':F;B ( -K>L>KOBG@ IKBO:<R <HFI:KBLHG 1 / -:M>GMIIEB<:MBHG+H
H?LF:KM <BMB>L ;:L>= HG MA> ?H@ <HFINMBG@ &G /F:KM 78 6:BMHNG + * J>E * ' /NKO>R HG BF:@>
LHMB>LBG?K:LMKN<MNK> M><AGHEH@B>L :G= :IIEB<:MBHGL / &0 L>@F>GM:MBHGM><AGBJN>L -KH<>=B: HFINM>K/G<>
/IKBG@>K
78 %:FN=: " $E:OBG * 'HG>L " LNKO>R H? BF:@>
78#HQ * ) -E:<>MH>EHG@/NIIHKM$KHNI NKKB<NENF IKH<>LLBG@M><AGBJN>L?HKIE:GM>QMK:<MBHG:G=L>@F>GM:MBHGBGMA>
?HK %>:KBG@ =HE>L<>GML H? !>:? -:K>GML ?B>E= HFINM>KL:G="E><MKHGB<LBG@KB<NEMNK>
(H=:L '!. 78)BMC>GL $ (HHB 0 >CGHK=B " />MBH BHFIB #
78 '>R:K:GC:GB ' +>L:K:GB 'NG> &GM>KG>M H? 0ABG@L ?HK $A:?HHKB:G * /VG<A>S & LNKO>R HG =>>I
%>:KBG@&FI:BK>=->HIE> &G /><HG=&GM>KG:MBHG:E HG?>K>G<> E>:KGBG@ BG F>=B<:E BF:@> :G:ERLBL *>=B<:E BF:@> :G:ERLBL
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&"""
78 /BG@E>MHG ' ) 0BMME> * ! !>:? I:K>GML :G= MA>BK
A>:KBG@<ABE=K>G 'HNKG:EH?!>:?LMN=B>L:G=!>:?>=N<:MBHG

78 !HFBG@H * G HO>KOB>P H? MA> &GM>KG>M H? 0ABG@L ?HK
I>HIE> PBMA =BL:;BEBMB>L CHNKG:E H? +>MPHKD :G= HFINM>K
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7 8 HQ 3 -KN>MM * / >GLHG 0 ' AB:O:<O>EHIF>GM H? <:F>K: M><AGHEH@R ?HK FHGBMHKBG@
G>LML A:IM>K &G.B;B< 0AHFILHG #. &&&-B>MS -' >=L
2B=>HLNKO>BEE:G<>H?G>LMBG@;BK=L /MN=B>LBGOB:GBHEH@RGH
>KD>E>R 1GBO>KLBMRH? :EB?HKGB:-K>LL
78 'HLAB * - *>A>MK> ! N@NLM &H0 :L>= /F:KM
K:=E>/RLM>FPBMA:GG=KHB=II?HK:;R*HGBMHKBG@ &G
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78 ):OG>K 5 HA>G . .NBGLDBR ! &'S>KF:G %
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78 /A:KF: / A:MM:<A:KRR: / *NDA>KC>> ' -NKD:BM - (
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"B@AMA &GM>KG:MBHG:E HG?>K>G<> HG =O:G<>L BG -:MM>KG
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78+>CD:K 2 +BF;AHKD:K / . -:EBP:E ' ( /AKBO:LM:O
/F:KM +:GGR :G &H0 :L>= :;R *HGBMHKBG@ /RLM>F B
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78 .BO>G>L):?HGM:G / /NG=;R ' "KL=:E % ;>B= * (B=:GMH
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+>P "E><MKHGB< #>M:E %>:KM .:M> *HGBMHK =NKBG@ ):;HK BG
0:GS:GB: &GM>KG:MBHG:E CHNKG:E H? >GOBKHGF>GM:E K>L>:K<A :G=
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78 )BGMB %HKM>K % ,LM>KK>B<A>K - -E:G<D % IKBE
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3HKDLAHI HG 3>:K:;E> :G= &FIE:GM:;E> H=R />GLHK +>MPHKDL
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78*BAHOLD: /:KD:K * /F:KM<HGG><MBOBMR?HKBGM>KG>M
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78 /M>O>GL 'K . !H;KHOHEGR / EB@A . - 6H@AB
"O:EN:MBHG H? /:?>MR %:K=P:K> &=>GMB?B<:MBHG *>MAH=L
!NK:;BEBMR 1LBG@ K:LA 0>LMBG@ ,IIHKMNGBMB>L 0K:GLIHKM:MBHG
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k,(((

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Time domain Frequency domain

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3 Research

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Time domain Frequency domain

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