Radio Science,Volume30, Number4, Pages1125-1138,July-August1995

Indian MST radar

1. System description and sample vector wind measurements

in ST mode

P. B. Raol, A. R. Jain1, P. Kishore

2, P. Balamuralidhar
3, S. H. Damle3, and
G. Viswanathan4

Abstract. An MST radar operatingat 53 MHz with an averagepower aperture

productof 7 x 108W m2 hasbeenestablished
at Gadanki(13.5øN, 79.2øE),
India. The radar developmerehasbeenaccomplished in two phases.In the first
phaseit wascommissioned in ST modeusinga partialsystemcomprisingone
quarter(16 x 16)of the Yagi antennaarray and 16 driverunitsof the transmitters
providing
an average
poweraperture
productof 4.8 x 10aW m2. In thispartwe
presemthe radarsystemdescription,
includingoff-linedataprocessing,
andsome
samplehigh-resolution
vectorwind measuremeres madein ST modeoperation.

1. Introduction detailson individualsystems,was givenby Rottger

and Larsen [1990]. Extensiveobservations have
The MST Radartechnique,whichevolvedfrom the beenreported
of thevariousaspects
of theturbulence
originalwork of Woodmanand Guillen [1974], has characteristics and wind fields in the middle
proven to be a powerful means to explore the atmospherewith resolutionsof the orderof a few
dynamics of the middle atmosphere with tensof metersin heightanda few tensof seconds in
unprecedented heightandtime resolutions.An MST time [VanZandtet al., 1978; Farley et al., 1979;
radaris a highlysensitivehigh-resolution
pulsecoded Fukaoet al., 1979;SatoandWoodman,1982;Fukao
phasecoherentradar operatingin the lower VHF et al., 1982; Hocking, 1985; Kato et al., 1986;
band, typically around 50 MHz, with an average Tsudaet al., 1989;Maekawaet ST andMST radars
power apertureproductexceedingabout5 x 107 were greatly intensifiedunder the coordinated
Wm2. Radarsoperatingat higher frequenciesor "MiddleAtmosphere Program"(MAP). Excellent
smalleraveragepower apertureproductsare termed reviewshaveappeared dealingin greatdetailwith
ST radars. A number of ST/MST radars have been various aspectsof the MST radar technique,
established all over the world and this class of radars theory,andobservations
[Balsleyand Gage,1980;
hascometo dominatethe atmospheric
sceneover the HarperandGordon, 1980;Rottger, 1980;Gageand
past one to two decades. An overviewon these Balsley,1984; Gage, 1990].
radars, along with numerousreferencesfor more A majorMST radarfacilityhas recentlybeen
established
in southeastern
part of Indiaat Gadanki
(13.5øN, 79.2øE). Theradarhasbeendeveloped
in
INationalMST RadarFacility,Tirupati,India. twophases. In theinitialphase
it wascommissioned
2Department
of Physics,
Sri Venkateswara
University, in low-powerST modeusingpartialpoweraperture
Tirupati, India.
of thesystem.TheST modeoperation hasenabled
3Society
for AppliedMicrowave
Electronics
Engineering
Research,Bombay, India.
notonlyvalidation
ofvarious
subsystems
oftheradar
4ISROTelemetry,TrackingandCommand
Network, andthedataprocessingsoftware
butalsocollection
Bangalore,India. of someinteresting
observations
on the turbulence
andwind fieldsin the low-latitudeST region.In this
Copyright1995 by the AmericanGeophysical
Union. part we presenta conciseaccounton various
Papernumber95RS00787. technical
aspects
of the system,including
off-line
0048-6604/95/95RS-00787 $08.00 dataprocessing,
andsomesample highresolution
1125
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1126 RAO ET AL.: INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

observationsof vector winds made on April 24-25, Table 1. Main Specificationsof the Indian MST
1992. Radar
Part2 of thepaper[Jainet al., thisissue]dealswith
theotheraspects of theobservations, suchasmultiple Aspect Specifications
stablelayer structureof tropopause andmeasurement cation Gadanki (13.47øN, 79.18øE)
of refractivity
turbulence
structure
constant
C2nand 53 MHz
Frequency
other turbulenceparameters.
Averagepower 7x 108Wm 2

2. SystemDescription apertureproduct (4.8 x 106Wm2in ST mode)

Peak power 2.5 MW
The Indian MST radar is a highly sensitive,pulse-
(180 kW in ST mode)
coded,coherentVHF phasedarrayradaroperatingat
Maximum duty ratio 2.5%
53 MHz with an averagepower apertureproductof
7 x 10• W m:. The systemdesignspecifications, Number of Yagi 1024 (256 in ST mode)
antennas
includingthat of the intermediatestageof the ST
mode, are presentedin Table 1. Figure 1 showsa Beam width 30 (4.60in ST mode)
functionalblock diagramof the radar system. The Number of beams 7*

following subsectionspresenta brief description for automatic scan

on the functioningof the various subsystemsof Pulse width 1 to 32/•s uncoded
the radar.
(in binary steps)
16 and 32/•s coded(1-/•sbaud)
2.1. Antenna Array and Feeder Network Pulserepetition 62.5 Hz-8 kHz

frequency (in binary steps)

The phasedantennaarrayconsists of two orthogonal
Maximum number of 256
sets,onefor eachpolarization,of 1024three-element
Yagi-Uda antennasarrangedin a 32 x 32 matrixover range bins
an area of 130 m x 130 m. The two sets are Number of cohrerem 4 to 512 (in binary steps)
colocatedwith pairsof crossedYagismountedon the integrations
sameset of poles. The array is alignedalong the Maximum number of 512

geomagneticaxes to enablethe radar beam to be FFT points

transverse to the Earth's magnetic field for
ionospheric backscatterapplication.An interantenna
spacingof 0.713, is usedin bothprincipaldirections
which allowsa gratinglobefree beamscanningup to
an angleof about24ø from zenith.
The arrayis illuminatedin eitherof thepolarizations
using32 transmittersof varyingpower, eachfeeding
a linear subarrayof 32 antennas.The feedernetwork
consists of two orthogonal sets, one for each
polarization,of 32 parallelruns of center-fedseries
structures.Figure 2a showsthe feedingschemefor
one linear subarryof 32 antennas. The RF power
from a transmitteris fed to a 3-dB inphasepower
divider(combinerfor reception)anddistributedalong
the subarraythrough appropriatecouplersof the
feeder line. For power levels exceeding18 kW,
rigid coaxiallinesanddistributedcouplersemploying
3,/4couplingelementsareused,while at lowerpower
levels cellflex coaxial cable and lumped couplers
employingLC elementsare used. The feeder line
Radar coreroiler PC/AT featuringprogramable
experimentspecificationfile
Computer system 32-bit supermini with vector
accelarator
(Masscomp-MC5600)
* Zenithin X andY polarizations,
+200off-zenithin EW
andNS planes,and14.80N lookingtransverseto B field.
loss from the duplexerto the end antenna of a
subarrayhasbeenmeasuredto be about3.5 dB.
The powerdistributionacrossthe arrayfollowsan
approximation to modifiedTaylor weightingin both
principaldirections.The weightingfunction was
arrived at to realize a -20 dB level for the first
sidelobe of the radiation pattern [Elliott, 1985].
Figure2b showstheamplitudedistribution alongone
subarray of 32 antennas. The desired power
 1944799x, 1995, 4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/95RS00787 by National Atmospheric Research, Wiley Online Library on [11/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
RAO ET AL.' INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1127

BROADBMqr
IF M4P.

FEEDERHETWORR

(TAYLORILLO#I•TION)

PO•RIZATION SWITCHES PRT

DISTRIBUTEDTx IF RMP.

(32 805) • T/R

SWITCHES
LI•
QUAD,
MIXER
PRE AMP.
(32 •s)
32:1
COMBlitERS
,

OIDEO

AMP.

DIOIDER
PROGi•M!•BLE
PHASESHIFTERS

(12 BIT)

Nos

MODULATOR PHASESHIFT

CODER
PLO
CONTROL
LOCRL
PROCESSOR

DECODER

IF REFERENCE
SYHTHESIZER OSCILLRTOR ]MDRR
I•EGRATOR
C•TROLLER
COMPUTER

Figure 1. A functionalblock diagramof the IndianMST radar.

distributionacrossthe array is accomplished

in one
principaldirectionby the differemialpowersof the
transmittersandtheotherdirectionby theappropriate
coupling coefficients of the series feed network
[Sarkar et al., 1988].
The far field array pattern for the aperture
distributionshownin Figure2b wascomputed using
the expressionsimilarto that givenby Ma[ 1974] for
a planar array. Figure 2c showsthe array pattern
computedfor the E plane. The radiationpatternfor
themainandfirst few sidelobes is essemially
sameas
array pattern sincethe three-elememYagi antenna
patternis fairly broadwith 3-dB beamwidth of about
66ø in the E plane.The arraypatternshowsthatfor
theaperturedistributionadopted,a directivegainof
about37 dB, a half-powerbeamwidth of 2.62ø and
a first sidelobe level of-20 dB could be realized.
The antennapatternhas been characterizedin the
receivemodeby recording
theradiosourceVirgo-A
(3C 274) which transistthe radar site at an off-zenith
angleof 1.07ø for the examplepresentedhere. The
phase-switching interferometertechniqueof Ryle
[1952] has been adoptedfor recordingthe "sum
minusdifference"(S-D) patternfrom two equal
segments,eacha 32 x 16 matrix of Yagis, with the
phasecentersalong the east-west.The 5-MHz IF
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1128 RAO ET AL.' INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

(a)

(s)
1.0 --

0.0 IttllltllllillllWllllllllllltlttllllllll
1 5 9 13 16 20 24 28 32
ANTENNA NO

0
-40-
-(50

-8C) -

-90 -60 -50 0 30 60 90

ANGLE (Deg)

Figure2 (a) Feederlineconfiguration

for onelinearsubarrayof 32 antennas.
(b) A step-wise
approximation to modifiedTaylor distribution
for the amplitudealongone subarrayof 32
antennas.
(c) Farfieldarraypattern
computed
fortheE planefortheamp!imde
distribution
shownin Figure 2 b.
 1944799x, 1995, 4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/95RS00787 by National Atmospheric Research, Wiley Online Library on [11/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
RAO ET AL.: INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1129

from one of the two segmentsof the array is phase comparingits phaseto thatof a referencesignal.The
switched between oø and 180 ø at a rate of 1 kHz and test signalreceivedor injectedat the field pointsis
combined with the other. The combined signal is carriedto or from the controlroom by meansoptical
synchronously detectedand given to a differential signalusingmodulatoranddemodulatorat bothends
amplifier to provide at the output a signal of the channel for an accurate measurement of the
proportionalto the S-D patternof the array. The calibrationphases.The segmentof thepathfrom the
patternis recordedon a chartrecorderoperatingat a controlroom to the duplexeris prone to short-term
speedof 0.5 cm min'• andfull-scale deflectionof changes,and, as such,routinephasemeasurements
100 mV. To ensureaccuracyin the time marking,a are made for this segment for all channelsand
GPS receiver has been used. A plot of the S - D necessary corrections are applied to the main
pattern of Virgo-A transitrecordedon May 27, calibrationphases.
1993 for the zenith beam of the radar is shown in
Figure 3. Using the computed"sum" and S-D
2.2. Transmitter System
patternsfor the modifiedTaylor distributionof the
aperture,it canbe shownthatthe null-to-nullwidth A total transmitterpower of 2.5 MW (peak) is
of the S-D patternis relatedto the 3-dB beamwidth providedby 32 transmittersrangingin power from
of the sumpatternby a factorof 0.52 [Chakravarly 15 kW to 120 kW, each feeding a subarrayof 32
et al., 1993]. The observedpatternfollows closely Yagis. Figure 4 showsthe blockdiagramof a typical
the expectedpatternand the peak and null positions transmitter. It has four amplifier stages and
can be determinedto within an uncertaintyof about associatedpower monitoring and controlling, and
30 s which corresponds to 0.125ø. The peak of the safetyinterlockcircuits.The amplifierchainconsists
patternoccursat 1452:23UT, whichis earlierthan of a solid state amplifier (SSA), predriver (PDR),
the computed source transit time by 34 s, driver (DR), and high-poweramplifier (HPA). The
correspondingto a beam-pointingerror of 0.14ø. SSA modulehas four stages,the first two operating
From the null-to-null time difference the 3-dB beam in classA and the final two usingBM 40-28 andBM
width of the antennapattern is found to be 2.89ø. 100 operatingin class AB. For an input signal of
Basedon the measurements taken on severalpasses 0.25 to 1 mw, it providesan outputpower ranging
of the radio sourceduring the period May 23-June from 25 to 100 W with a bandwidth of about 8 MHz.
10, 1993, it is foundthat the beam-pointingaccuracy The PDR, DR, and HPA operate in class C,
is better than 0.2 ø and the 3-dB beam width is in the employingVarian triodes3CX 1500 A7, 3CPX 1500
rangeof 2.8ø to 3ø. A7 and 3CPX 5000 A7, in a grounded grid
The radar beam can, in principle, be positionedat configuration. The output powers for the three
any look angle, but it is currentlyprogrammedto stagesrangefrom 300-1200 W, 3-15 kW and 36-120
sequenceautomaticallyany combinationof seven kW and the correspondingbandwidthsare 3.5,3.2,
look angles' zenith in X and Y polarizations,_ 20ø and 2 MHz, respectively. Four transmitterswith
off-zenith in magneticEW and NS, and 14.8ø due outputpower requirementof 15 kW do not useHPA,
northto look transverse to theEarth'smagneticfield. sincethe DR itself couldmeet the requirement.The
The phaseanglesfor transmitand receivebeamsfor HPAs use two triodesin parallelfor power levelsof
the sevenbeampositionsare storedin four EPROMs, 70 kW and above and single tube for lower
each servingeight transmitand receivechannels.A power levels.
local processor(8085 A), locatedin eachof the four The transmitteroutputpoweris maintainedto within
transmitter huts, adds the phases read from the q-1 dB of the specifiedlevelby adjustingthe inputto
EPROM to the calibrationphasesand providesthe SSA by means of a PIN attenuator.The control
controlsignalsto 8-bit phaseshifters.The calibration signalto the attenuatoris providedby an automatic
phasesfor the 32 transmitandreceivechannelsare to level control (ALC) circuit which receivesa detected
accountfor the differencesin the electricalpath sampleof the outputpower. A timer circuit ensures
lengthsup to the feed pointsof the subarraysin the that the transmitteris turnedon in a predetermined
antennafield. They are measuredperiodically by sequence,and a set of statusmonitor and interlock
running a test signal through the channels and circuits operate to ensure the safety of the
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1130 RAO ET AL.: INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

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Figure3. "Summinusdifference"patternof Virgo-Aradiosourcerecordedon May 27,

1993,for zenithbeamusingthephase-switching
interferometer
technique
of Ryle[ 1952].

transmitters.The PIN switch at the input operates otheron the southsideof the array. Each groupof
throughan interlockto switchoff the RF when any eight transmitters is servedby one local processor-
of the monitoredparametersexceedsthe specified which is linked to the remotely located radar
value. The 32 transmitters are distributed in four controller.The localprocessor controlsall operations
huts, one contiguouspair on the north side and the of the transmitters,in additionto providingcontrol

RAO ET AL.: INDIAN MST RADAR,
LOWUOLT•GE& HIGH UOLT•GEPOWER
FRO•
MIXER
$•FETV
IHTERLOC•
aNO•ITORIHG
CIRCUII$
•
Figure4. A blockdiagram
of thetransmitter
feedingonesubarrayof 32 antennas.
signalsto duplexers,polarizationswitchesand 8-bit
phase shifters.
The input to the transmitteris a low-level (1 mW)
pulse-modulated (coded/ uncoded)signalat 53 MHz
generatedby a mixer which receivesas inputs a
5-MHz pulse-modulated signalandan appropriately
phase-shifted48-MHz local oscillator(LO) signal.
These signals,generatedremotelyby a /•P 8085A
based coder and a phase-lockedoscillator, are
broughtto the four transmit(Tx) hutswheretheyare
dividedand distributedwith the desiredphaseshifts
introduced in the LO channels. The transmitters can
operateup to a dutycycleof 2.5 %, limitingthe total
averagepower to about 60 kW. It is possibleto
transmitboth codedand uncodedpulseswith pulse
repetitionfrequency(PRF) in the range62.5 Hz to
8 kHz, keepingthe duty cycle from exceedingthe
limit. The uncodedpulsescan be varied in pulse
width from 1 to 32 s in multiplesof two. The coded
pulses are either 16 or 32 baud biphase
complementary pairs(AB A B) with a baudlengthof
1 /•s, providing a range resolutionof 150 m. The
use of A B along with the complementary pair AB
facilitatesthe removalof systemdc bias, if any.
The output of the transmitteris connectedto an
antennasubarray through a transmit-receive(T/R)
duplexer and a polarization selectionswitch. The
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1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1131
SUPPLIES
DETECTO
, • •-•[DIR•(•IO•L• •
•/•
$•IIC•
duplexers,which serveto switchthe antennaarray
between the transmitters and the receiver channels,
are realized by means of distributedand lumped
hybrid couplers,and PIN diodes.Both distributed
and lumpedcouplers,makinguse of 3,/4 rigid lines
and LC elements, respectively,are employedfor
powers of 70 kW and above and only lumped
couplersfor lower powers.The duplexershave an
insertionlossof 0.5 to 1 dB andprovidean isolation
of 50 dB. For polarizationselection,vacuumrelays
of Jenningsmake with an insertionlossof 0.1 dB
are used.
2.3. Receiver and Signal Processor
The front end units of the receiver,consistingof a
blankingswitch,a low-noiseamplifier(LNA), anda
mixer-preamplifierfor eachof the 32 channels,are
locatedin the four transmitterhuts, eight in eachof
them. The LNA is a 53-MHz-tuned amplifier,
designedaroundan n channeldual-gateMOSFET
(3N200) with a gain of 24 dB and a bandwidthof
4 MHz. The outputof an LNA is mixed with an
appropriatelyphaseshifted48 MHz LO signaland
amplifiedin a mixer-preamplifier
havingan effective
gain of 7 dB. The IF outputsfrom the 32 channels
are combined,after havingbeen Taylor weightedin
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1132 RAO ET AL.' INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

order that the receive beam has the same multiplexesthe integratedoutputsfrom I and Q
characteristics as the transmit beam. The combined channelsand transfersthe data to the host computer
IF signal is amplified in a broadband modular for furtherprocessing.The computeris 32-bit super
amplifier (Avantek GPD 130) with a gain of about minicomputer (Masscomp - MC 5600). Its
15 dB. The signal then goes through a sensitivity configurationincludesa data acquisitioncontrol
time control (STC) circuit providing a fixed processor (DACP), a tightly coupled vector
attenuationof 20 dB up to a selectablerange over accelerator,and an independentgraphicsprocessor.
which the signaltendsto be saturated.The outputof The systemhasa maximumdataacquisition rateof
the STC passesthrougha programableattenuatorof 0.5 Mb/s and a maximum speedof 5 MFLOPS,
0-60 dB with 10-dB stepsand an IF amplifierchain which enableson-line processing to the extentof
with a gain of 60 dB and a bandwidthof 1.7 MHz. 512-pointfastfouriertransform(FFT) for 256 range
The IF signalis now split into two and appliedto a bins. The DACP acquires the data from the
pair of quadraturemixers (MCL-SRA1) which mix preprocessor andtransfersthemto the hostmemory
them with 5-MHz LO signalshaving quadrature using DMA in double-buffermode for FFT
phasesof 0øand90ø. The quadraturesignalsfrom the processing. The computed Dopplerpowerspectraare
mixers are fed to two identicalchannelsof low pass integratedfor a specifiednumberrecordedon a
filter (LPF) and video amplifier to obtain the two magnetic tape.For on-linemonitoring theintegrated
bipolar video signalsof A cos• and A sin• at the spectracanbe displayed on the graphicsconsoleof
output.The LPF is a six-section passiveBesselfilter the hostcomputerin a selectedformat.The method
with a 3 dB cut-off frequencyof 850 KHz and the adopted for off-line data processing,involving
video amplifier providesa gain of 40. The receiver computation of spectralmomentsandvectorwinds,
has an overall gain of about 120 dB and a dynamic is described in section 3.
range of 70 dB.
The quadrature(I andQ) outputsof thereceiverare 2.4. Exciter and Radar Controller
limitedto _ 5 voltsandgivento a preprocessor unit
consisting of two identicalchannelsof A/D converter Theexciterunitgenerates all theRF andtimingand
(ADC), decoder and coherent integrator, and a controlsignalsfor varioussubsystems of the radar.
common interface. The ADC (Datel ADS- 132) is of It comprisesa masterreferenceoscillator,a two-
12-bit resolutionto matchthe dynamicrangeof the channel frequency synthesizer,a phase-locked
receiver and of 500 ns conversion time to meet oscillator,a p-controlled biphasecoderanda timing
adequately the requirementof 1-MHz samplingrate. signal generator. The master referenceis a 5-MHz
The decodingoperationessentiallyinvolves cross oven-controlled crystal oscillator(HP 150B) with a
correlatingthe incomingdatafromtheADC with the short-term stabilitybetterthan 1 part in 10•ø. The
replica of the transmitcode. It is implementedby two-channel synthesizer (HP 3326 A), phaselocked
meansof a 16-bit, 32-tapcorrelator/transversal filter to the reference oscillator, provides two 5-MHz
chip (IMS A100). Since A100 is fast enoughto channels with digitally programable relative
decodethe signalpulseby pulse,it couldprecedethe amplitudeandphase.Onechannelis usedto provide
coherentintegratorwith someadvantage.Coherent LO signalto thereceiver,IF to thetransmitter coder,
integration is a processingstepintroducedto effecta reference input for phase calibration,and to derive
significantreductionin the volume of the data 100-kHz reference signal for the phased-locked
withoutcompromising in anyway the informationto oscillator. The other channel with programable
be derived from the signal. It is implementedin amplitudeand phaseprovidesIF to the simulator
doublebuffer modeusingtwo RAM memorybanks, coderand variableinput for phasecalibration.The
each2 k wordslongand32 bitswide, asbuffers.At phase-locked oscillator(PLO), operating at 48 MHz,
any time, while the dataare beingcollectedfor the servesas LO for up conversionwhile transmitting.
currentintegrationperiodin one memorybank, the and down conversionwhile receiving. The biphase
data stored in the other memory bank from the codergenerates a 5-MHz complementary codedpulse
previousintegrationperiodis accessible for transfer with a given Doppler shift and range delay to serve
to the host computer. A 16-bit parallel interface as a simulation test signalto check the receiver and
 1944799x, 1995, 4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/95RS00787 by National Atmospheric Research, Wiley Online Library on [11/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
RAO ET AL.: INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1133

signalprocessor.The inputsto the coderare 5 MHz couplersaredesigned to providethemodifiedTaylor

and 48 MHz from the two-channelsynthesizerand distributionof amplitudeacrossthe full array, it
PLO, respectively, and the complementarycode became necessaryto use terminalloadsto absorb
sequencefrom an 8085A processorwhich servesas nearly one third of the power suppliedin the ST
an interface between the radar controller and coder. mode. The radar controller, receiver, signal
The timing signalgenerator(TSG) is a programable processing and other related subsystemsare
multichannelpulse generatorwhich suppliescontrol essentiallythe same as for the MST mode. The
signals for synchronizingthe operations of the specificationsof the systemfor the intermediateST
varioussubsystems of theradar. It is designedaround mode operation, where different from those of the
a/•p 8085A and a programableinterval timer 8254 MST mode, are indicatedseparately in Table 1. The
(INTEL). The /•P receives, on specificationof an radarbeamfor ST modehasbeencharacterized by
experiment,a set of 11 radar parametersfrom the takingseveralpassesof Virgo-A radio sourceusing
radarcotrollerthrougha GPIB andprocesses themto thephase-switching interferometertechnique of Ryle
generateeightdifferentpulsesequences at the output. [1952] as described in the subsection in 2.1. The
This is accomplishedby meansof five 8254 counters operationof the radar in ST modehasbeenvalidated
operating at 2 MHz drawn from the frequency throughsimultaneous wind observations
by theradar
synthesizer.The outputsfrom the TSG includeTx and balloon flights from the SHAR Center and
andRx gatesignals,duplexersignal,coderandADC Madras, located about 90 km and 120 km,
sampleclocks, and control signalsto preprocessor respectively,from the radar site.
and signalsimulator.
The radar operatesunderinstructionsfrom an IBM 3. Data Processing
PC-AT based radar controller (RC) which executes
an experimentaccordingto the datagivenin the form The complex time series of the decoded and
of an experimentspecificationfile (ESF). The main integratedsignalsamplesare subjected to theprocess
function of the RC is to set up, control, and of FFT for on-linecomputation of theDopplerpower
synchronizethe operationsof various subsystems spectrafor each range bin of the selectedrange
during the normal operationof the radar. The main window. The Doppler spectraare recorded on a
subsystems functioningunderRC controlare timing magnetic tape for off-line processing.There is
signalgenerator(TSG), biphasecoder,preprocessor, provision, however, to record raw data (complex
host computer and the four satellite processors time samples)directly for any application,if so
located in the transmitter huts. The RC desired. The off-line data processing for
communication with TSG, coder,andpreprocessor is parameterizationof the Doppler spectrumfollows
established through IEEE 488 interfaceand with closelythe procedureadoptedat the Poker Flat radar
host computerand satellite processorthroughRS [Riddle, 1983]. It involves(1) the removalof dc, (2)
232. On any experiment,oncethe radar parameters estimationof the averagenoiselevel, (3) the removal
are specifiedin the form of ESF, the RC takesover of interference,if any, (4) incoherentintegration
the operation for automaticdata acquisitionand (further to whatever done on-line), and (5)
completesthe run withoutany needfor intervemion. computationof the three low-order (0th, 1st, and
2nd) moments.The dc contributions from nonfading
2.5. ST Mode Operation clutter and uncancelledsystembiases,if any, are
eliminatedby notchingout the zero frequencyand
The developmentof the IndianMST radarhasbeen averaging the two adjacent Doppler bins to
accomplishedin two phases.In the first phaseit was interpolatefor a new zero frequencyvalue. For
commissioned to operatein ST modeusingpartial estimatingthe average noise level an objective
systemwith an averagepower apertureproductof methoddevelopedby Hildebrandand Sekhon[ 1974],
4.8 x 106W m2. In thismodethesystem
wasmade which is widely used, has beenadoptedhere. This
up of the centralone quarter(16 x 16) of the Yagi techniqueis based on the statisticsof a Gaussian
antennaarray and 16 driver units of the transmitters, random variable and the expected relationship
12 of 12 kW and 4 of 9 kW. Since the feeder line betweenmean and variancefor the spectrumof a
1944799x, 1995, 4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/95RS00787 by National Atmospheric Research, Wiley Online Library on [11/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
RAO ET AL.' INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

(•),1) .I.HOI3H
o
•
o
1134
 1944799x, 1995, 4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/95RS00787 by National Atmospheric Research, Wiley Online Library on [11/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
RAO ET AL.' INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1135

ZONAL WIND
white noise source. The noise level thus determined
17:59:44 19:,_30:59 20:59:55 22:28:47 0:4'6
is subtractedfrom the received power for each
10.15
Doppler bin. Any interferenceband that might mn
through the entire range window, as experienced 8.40

often, is subtracted
out by estimatingit in a rangebin
where it dominatesthe real signal. At this stageany 6.65

incoherentintegrationof the spectra,further to that 4.90

already carried out on-line, is implementedif so
requiredto improvethe signaldetectability,although 315 ,, ! 1 ! !

at the expenseof time resolution.Now, for each 1:30:4 3:1:8 4:29:34 6.0:27 7:29.58

range bin, the highest peak in the spectrum is 10.15

recognizedas the signalandits window is determined ...•.

E 8.40
by noting all the contiguouspointsthat are above
zerolevel'.Thethreelow-orderspectral
moments
are :z:: 6.65

computedthen throughnumericalintegrationusing
4.90
the expressions
givenby Woodman[ 1985]. The three
momentsrepresentthe signalstrength,the weighted 3.15 I,•I•T

MERIDIONAL WIND 8:58:55 10:29:26 12:1 '14 13.27:44 17:11'13

17:59:44 19:,30:59 20:59:53 22:28:4-7 0:4'6

10.15

10.15
',,
8.40

'!
8.40
6.65

6.65
4.90

4.90

3.15 , !
3.15
-30 o 30-30 o 30-30
VELOCITY(m/s)
o 3o-30
,i 0 3o-3o o 30

1:30:4 3'1:8 4:29:34 6:0:27 7:29:58

10.15
Figure 6b. Same as Figure 6a but for zonal wind
component.
E 8.40

::n 6.65
meanDopplershift, andhalf-widthparameters
of the
spectrum.
4.90
The meanDopplershiftprovidesa directmeasureof
3.15 , I • I •
theradialvelocityof scattering
irregularitiesactingas
8:58:55 10:2g:26 12'1:14 13:27:44 7'11:13 tracersof thebackground wind. It is straightforward
10.15
to derive the three componentsof the wind vector
from measurements taken at a minimum of three
8.40 noncoplanarbeampositions.When observations
are
madeat morethanthreelookangles,aswe normally
6.65
do, the wind vector can be determined in a least
4.90 squaresense[Sato, 1989].

5.15 ,' i I'

20-20 0 20-20 0 20-20 0 20-20 0 20

-20 0
VELOCITY 4. Sample Observations
Figure 6a. Height profiles of the meridionalwind Figure5 showsa displayof Dopplerpowerspectra
componentobservedon April 24-25, 1992 (height from a typical rive beam(E,W,Z,N,S) scanusing
resoultion, 150 m). 16 /•s codedpulseswith a 1 /•s baud, providinga
 1944799x, 1995, 4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/95RS00787 by National Atmospheric Research, Wiley Online Library on [11/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
1136 RAO ET AL.' INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Zx
.......... Zy VERTICAL WIND integrationsand 128 FFT points.The wind profiles
18:9'17 19:40:20 21:09:15 22:58:18 0:13.55 are computedusing four incoherentintegrationsof
10.15 the Dopplerspectratakenon two zenith(Zx andZy)
and four oblique (-t-20ø NS and EW) beams.The

!i'[
8.40
meridionalcomponent shownin Figure6 a is found
6.65
to be northerlyand fairly small, less than about5
m s-l, up to a height of about5.5-6.5 km. It is
4.90
southerlyabove this height range, reachinga
3.15 , , , •
maximum of about15 m s-1in theheightrangeof
8.0-10.5 km. While the broad characteristics of the
1:39:30 3:11:22 4:38:33 6:9:16 7:58:48
profile seemto be aboutthe samethroughout the
10.15
day, thereare significantvariationswith time in the
8.40 derailedheightstructure. The zonal wind shownin
Figure6 b is foundto be fairly small,lessthanabout
6.65
5 m s-1,andeasterly
duringdaytimeupto a height
4.90
of about 7 km. It is westerlyabovethis height

5.15

9.7:27
!

10:40:58
, !,
2:09:44 13:36:17 17:14'28
throughtthe day and increases
maximum
graduallyto reacha
of 20-25m s-•in theheightof rangeof 9.5
to 10.5 km. The profiles are found to be fairly
10.15 consistentthroughoutthe day with variationsin the
derailedheightstructurenot aspronounced as in the
8.40 case of meridional wind.
Theverticalwindcomponent
isgenerallyquitesmall
6.65
and is most difficult to measure. In view of the small

4.90
Doppler shift at zenith, a stringentrequirementis
placedon the beam-pointing accuracyto avoidany
3.15
-0,6 0.0 0.6-0.6 0.0 0.6-0.6 0.0 0.6-0,6 0.0 0.6-0.6 0,0 0.6
possiblecontributionfrom the horizontalcomponent
VELOCITY(m/s) of the wind. The beam-pointingaccuracyhas been
found be better than 0.2ø, based on the Virgo
Figure 6c. Same as for Figure 6a but for vertical measurements carried out to validate the antenna
wind componem(Zx andZy representzenithbeamin beam in receive mode as described in section 2.1.
X and Y polarizations). This correspondsto an uncertaintyof about0.04 m
s-I in the vertical wind measurementfor a horizontal
wind of 10 m s-1. The Indian MST radar could be
heightresolutionof 150 m. The signalscanbe seen operatedin two orthogonalpolarizationsat zenith
up to about 12 km on obliquebeams,and beyond beamwhich is a uniquefeaturethat couldbe usedto
tropopauselevel on the zenith beam (althoughnot check the consistency of the vertical wind
continuously in range) with four incoherem measurements.The height profiles of the vertical
integrations.Since the vertical componentof the wind shownin Figure 6 c for the two polarizations
wind velocity is quite small compared to the are, in general, found to be fairly consistent.The
horizontal components,the Doppler traces for the differencesnotedbetweeneachpair of the profiles
obliquebeamsof eastand westas well as northand may be taken to representthe degreeof uncertainty
south would be almost mirror imagesas is evident in the measurement. The vertical wind is found to be
from the Figure. quite variable as expectedand is mostlyless than
Figures6a, 6b and6c presentsampleheightprofiles 0.4 m s-1. A value of this order, for conditionsnot
of meridional, zonal and vertical wind components associatedwith convectionor stronghorizontalwind
observedover a diurnalcycle on April 24-25, 1992. leadingto wave activity, has been widely reported
The observations are madeusing 16/zs codedpulses leg., Fukao et al., 1978; Ecklund et al., 1982;
a with a 1 /zs baud, 1 ms IPP, 128 coherent Nastrom et al., 1990].
 1944799x, 1995, 4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/95RS00787 by National Atmospheric Research, Wiley Online Library on [11/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
RAO ET AL.' INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1137

Aeimowledgmenl•. TheIndianMST radarprojectwas wind and turbulence in the middle atmosphere,J.

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Hildebrand, P.H., and R.S. Sekhon, Objective
(DRDO)andCouncilof ScientificandIndustrial
Research
determination of the noiselevel in Doppler spectra,
(CS1R)withDOSasthenodalagency. TheNational MST
J. Appl. Meteorol., 13, 808-811, 1974.
Radar Facility (NMRF) is operatedas an autonomous Hocking, W.K., Measuremere of turbulem energy
facilityunderDOSwithpartialsupport fromCSIR.The dissipationrates in the middleatmosphere by radar
successfuloperation
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possible bythededicatedeffortsof several
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1138 RAO ET AL.: INDIAN MST RADAR, 1, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

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